In the first third of the XVIII century. 33 enterprises were built in the Urals. Geographically, they were distributed as follows: 16 plants were located on the rivers Iset, Tagil, Neiva; 1 plants - on the rivers Kama and Sylva; 5 factories - on the river. Chusovaya and its tributaries; 1-in the river basin. Lyali. In the Kama region, at first, mainly copper-smelting plants were built, working on cuprous sandstones.

The first copper smelter was Egoshikhinsky, built by the treasury in 1723 and laid the foundation for the city of Perm. The factories of the region belonged to both the treasury and private individuals. Of the 33 factories, 13 were owned by the treasury, 12 factories belonged to the descendants of Nikita Demidov, 2 factories - to the Stroganovs, 6 factories - to other private owners.

The foundation in 1723 of Yekaterinburg, the future center of the Ural industry, played an important role in the formation of a new industrial region. The Yekaterinburg plant, built according to the latest technology of that time, served as a kind of school for the factories of the Urals.

There is no doubt that the founding of Yekaterinburg is inextricably linked with the plant, if there were no plant, there would be no city. The city of Catherine was named with a double meaning: out of respect for Catherine, the wife of the Sovereign of Russia, and also in order to protect the city from the saint, who is considered the patroness of mining.

The history of Yekaterinburg began during the industrial development of the Urals at the beginning of the 18th century. At this time, in the Middle Urals, rich in natural resources, iron foundries, copper smelters and ironworks were actively built, among which the Yekaterinburg plant, the largest metallurgical enterprise in Russia at that time and the control center for the mining industry of the entire Urals and Siberia, became a stand-out. Already from the first years of its existence, Yekaterinburg has occupied an important place in the country - there was a mint that provided the treasury with copper coins, and a cutting factory that made jewelry and interior items for the imperial court. At the end of the 18th century, a new administrative center appeared in the Urals - Perm, and Yekaterinburg became a county town of the Perm province, which it remained until 1917. After the establishment of Soviet power, Yekaterinburg again becomes the main center of the Urals, and from 1924 to 1991 the city was called Sverdlovsk. The most intensive development of the city fell on the Soviet period: during industrialization, mass industrial and residential construction began, during the Great Patriotic War, Sverdlovsk became the largest evacuation center, and during the Cold War, one of the key centers of the defense industry. In the early 1990s, a crisis came and the city's economy had to be rebuilt in connection with new needs. Modern Yekaterinburg is one of the largest centers of attraction in Russia, yielding only to Moscow and St. Petersburg in a number of economic indicators.

Factories were intensively built in the Southern Urals, where a new large industrial region was formed. Of the factories that arose in the second quarter of the 18th century, it is necessary to note two Serginsky, built in the 40s on the river. Serga, a tributary of Ufa, Voskresensky, built in 1745 on the river. Tore, a tributary of the Belaya, and the Nyaz-Petrovsky plant, built in 1747 on the river. Nyaz, a tributary of Ufa. Merchants occupied a prominent place among the owners of the South Ural factories.

Geographical position

The region is located in the Middle Volga region, is part of the Volga Federal District. Most of the territory of the region is occupied by the Volga Upland (height up to 331 m), dissected by deep valleys into separate heights and ridges with a dense network of ravines and gullies. In the west - the Oka-Don lowland. It borders in the north with Mordovia, in the east - with the Ulyanovsk region, in the south - with the Saratov region, in the west - with the Tambov region. In the northwest - with the Ryazan region. The territory of the region from west to east - 330 km, from north to south - 204 km; area - 43.2 thousand km2.

Within the boundaries of the region there are two main river basins: the Volga - with the rivers Sura, Moksha and their tributaries, and the Don - with the rivers Khoprom, Vorona and their tributaries. A feature of the rivers is that almost all of them originate and end in the region. Their total number is about 330. The longest rivers are Sura and Khoper; the total length of the river. Sura 964 km, within the region - 335 km, Khopra, respectively - 1008 km and 191 km. On the territory of the region, there are lakes only in floodplains in the form of remains of oxbow lakes, also in the form of loops when two closely converging riverbed peaks break through. Such lakes are scattered in large numbers along the entire course of the Sura, Moksha, Khopra and other rivers, especially in the extended parts.

The Surskoye reservoir was created in 1979 on the river. Sura, 10 km upstream from Penza and 212 km from its source. The main purpose of the reservoir is to regulate the flow of the river. Sura for the purpose of complete and uninterrupted supply of water for all industrial and household needs of the cities of Penza and Zarechny and irrigation of agricultural land. The area of ​​the reservoir at a normal backwater level is 110 km2, the volume of water is 560 million m3. The average depth of the reservoir is 5.1 m, the maximum is 15 m. The water level fluctuates up to 5 m during the year: the minimum is in March and the maximum is in May. The main tributaries, under the influence of which the chemical composition of water and the hydrobiological regime are formed, are the Sura, Uza, Nyanga, Trueev, Kadada, Yulovka, Koldais rivers.

Climate

The region is located in a temperate geographical zone, at the junction of forest, forest-steppe and steppe natural zones. The climate is temperate continental. The growing season starts from the third decade of April, ends in the second decade of October and is 172-181 days with a frost-free period of 125-138 days.

Maximum thickness of snow cover in the region at two points: center and north - 54 cm; the smallest in the western part - 31-34 cm. Periods without precipitation are usually longer than rainy periods. Summer droughts can be very long, up to 3-4 weeks. The amount of precipitation for the growing season is 288 mm. Snowstorms and snowstorms are sensitive in winter, and "black storms" and "dry winds" in summer. Dry winds passing through the chernozem steppes raise a lot of chernozem dust, which turns into a dark dusty cloud, which bursts into the region with great force in the form of a "black storm".

Administrative-territorial structure

The region includes 27 districts (Bashmakovskiy, Bekovsky, Belinsky, Bessonovsky, Vadinsky, Gorodishchensky, Zemetchinsky, Issinsky, Kamensky, Kameshkirsky, Kolyshleysky, Kuznetsky, Lopatinsky, Luninsky, Maloserdobinsky, Mokshansky, Narovchatsky, Neverkinsky, Nizhnelomovsky, Nikolsky, Pachelmsky, Penza , Serdobsky, Sosnovoborsky, Spassky, Tamalinsky, Shemysheysky), 10 cities (including 3 regional subordination Penza, Zarechny, Kuznetsk), 16 urban-type settlements, 375 villages.

Population

The permanent population of the Penza region (2007) is 1396 thousand people, of which 86.35% are Russians, 5.97% are Tatars, 4.87% are Mordovians, 0.85% are Ukrainians, 1.96% - other nationalities. The population density is high - 32.3 people per 1 sq. km. km (with an average population density in the Russian Federation of 9 people per 1 sq. km). The proportion of the urban population in the total population is 66.1%

The total length of the boundaries of the reserve is about 270 km, of which 185 km within the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB), 85 km - within the Chelyabinsk region. In the north, the reserve borders on the Katav-Ivanovsky forestry of the Chelyabinsk region, in the rest - on the forestries of the Republic of Belarus: in the northeast - on the Tirlyansky forestry enterprise, in the east and southeast - on the Beloretsky forestry enterprise, in the west and southwest - on the Inzersky forestry enterprise . Part of the border of the reserve (about 30 km) runs along natural boundaries - the rivers Inzer and M. Inzer. A 15-kilometer section is by rail, the rest of the borders pass through forest block clearings.

The western border of the SUGPP passes along the right bank of the Yamashta and Tulmen rivers and along the eastern slopes of the Dry Mountains (the town of Salya, the town of Glinka, the town of Veselaya). The eastern border is along the left-bank part of the Bolshoy Inzer River, along the eastern slopes of the Mayardak, Aursyak and Karagas ridges. The northern border coincides with the republican border for about 40 km. Within the Chelyabinsk region, the border runs between the Nara ridge and the Dry Mountains.

The reserve is located in the central, highest and orographically complex part of the Southern Urals. Several ridges - Mashak, Zigalga, Nara, Kumardak and the Yamantau mountain range form here the highest mountain junction of the Southern Urals with the highest elevation of 1639 m above sea level. m. The main features of the relief of the reserve are due to its geological structure, the decisive role here belongs to lithology. Positive forms of relief - ridges are composed of rocks resistant to weathering, and negative - intermountain depressions, confined to outcrops of unstable rocks.

The westernmost mountain range in the reserve is formed in its northern part by mountains that are part of the system of the so-called Dry Mountains - Veselaia, Salya, Rossypnaya, Kruglaya, etc. The Bayramgul, Karyada and Belyag ridges continue. The second mountain chain is formed by medium-altitude ridges with bald peaks - Zigalga (within the reserve there is the southern part of the ridge with the highest peak Bolshoy Sholom 1427 m), Nara and M. Yamantau. The next, most complex chain is formed in its northern part by the Mashak ridge and the Yamantau mountain range, in the southern part of the mountain chain by the Naratash, Belyatur, Yusha, Kapkalka and Yeraktash ridges. In the northeastern part of the reserve, the mountain chain is formed by the Kumardak and Bakty ridges (their southern ends are located within the reserve. In the southeast of the reserve, on the left bank of the B. Inzer river, the mountain chain is formed by three short ridges - Mayardak, Aursyak and Karagas.

The river system of the reserve is included in the right-bank catchment area of ​​the Belaya River. All rivers of the reserve belong to the category of small rivers, their length is less than 100 km: Small Inzer - 96 km, Tulmen - 62 km, Bolshoi Inzer (within the reserve) - 66 km, Yuryuzan (within the reserve) - 36 km, Revet - 20 km. Another 13 rivers have a length of 10 to 19 km. The number of small rivers and streams reaches 300j

The rivers of the reserve are rich in water. The Tulmen River basin has the highest runoff modulus (18.5 l/sec, km). To the east, the value decreases to 16 l/s, km2 for the M. Inzer river basin and 11 l/s. km for the B. Inzer river basin. More than half (50-60%) of the annual runoff passes during the spring flood, which lasts from the second half of April to the end of May. The summer-autumn low water lasts from June to October, it is repeatedly interrupted by rain floods. The minimum water levels are observed at the end of summer - in August.

The process of freezing of rivers in the reserve begins in early November, ice formations appear on the rivers along the banks, inland ice and slush form. From mid-November on the rivers freeze-up is established, which persists until the second decade of April.

Place of the territorial product (geographical and climatic characteristics, administrative-territorial location)

The Kostroma region is one of the most environmentally friendly regions of Russia. It has the richest water, forest and landscape resources. This is one of the most picturesque places along the great Russian river Volga. Forests occupy 78% of the territory of the Kostroma region, the volume of standing wood exceeds 700 million m3. The estimated cutting area is more than 12 million m3 of timber.

123 mineral deposits have been explored on the territory of the region. Among them are phosphorites, oil shales, mineral cement raw materials, glass and molding sands, clays and loams for the production of ceramic bricks and expanded clay, raw materials for the production of mineral wool. In addition, there are 10 mineral water deposits. The reservoirs of the region contain a unique natural plant growth stimulant - sapropel, its reserves are more than 500 million m3. The most important natural wealth is high-quality peat lying in a thick layer, the reserves of which, according to experts, are at least 575 million tons. The Kostroma region has an advantageous transport and geographical position. The main railway (connecting Moscow with Vladivostok) transport and highways pass through its territory. Transport accessibility, excellent ecology and amazing nature make it possible to talk about the attractiveness of the region for tourists and the prospects for the development of the local tourism industry. The region is recognized as a landscape standard for the middle lane and occupies a favorable position for the development of tourism in the central part of the Russian Plain. The historical towns and villages of the Kostroma region have largely retained their flavor. There are more than 2.5 thousand monuments of history, architecture, archeology and art in the region. Kostroma is rightfully included in the world-famous Golden Ring of Russia route.

Building requirements.

Any building must meet the following basic requirements:

1) functional feasibility, i.e. the building must fully comply with the process for which it is intended (convenience of living, work, recreation, etc.);

2) technical feasibility, i.e. the building must reliably protect people from external influences (low or high temperatures, precipitation, wind), be durable and stable, i.e. withstand various loads, and durable, i.e. maintain normal performance over time;

3) architectural and artistic expressiveness, i.e. the building should be attractive in its external (exterior) and internal (interior) appearance, favorably affect the psychological state and consciousness of people;

4) economic feasibility, providing for the most optimal costs of labor, funds and time for its construction for this type of building. At the same time, it is also necessary to take into account the costs associated with the operation of the building, along with one-time construction costs.

Of course, the complex of these requirements cannot be considered in isolation from each other. Usually, when designing a building, the decisions made are the result of consistency, taking into account all the requirements that ensure its scientific validity.

The main of these requirements is functional, or technological, expediency. Since the building is a materially organized environment for people to carry out a wide variety of processes of work, life and recreation, the premises of the building should most fully meet the processes for which this room is designed; therefore, the main thing in the building or its individual premises is its functional purpose.

Settlement forms are made up of populated areas of various types and inter-settlement spaces.

A populated place is a limited part of the territory on which the concentration of permanent population is fixed by material assets (buildings, structures, roads, engineering networks).

In accordance with the two main types of settlement - urban and rural - settlements on the territory of the Russian Federation are divided into:

Cities and urban-type settlements;

Rural settlements (villages, villages, villages, kishlaks, auls, camps, zaimkas).

They can be concentrated (concentrated) or dispersed (dispersed). The concentrated resettlement is more effective from the economic and social points of view.

There are also:

Autonomous forms of settlement - implies a rather isolated development of settlements - this is due to the remoteness of settlements and the poor development of transport communications;

Group forms of settlement (more progressive) - settlement is based on stable ties with neighboring settlements in the sphere of production, labor, life and recreation.

Classification of settlements by population:

Super-large cities - more than 3,000,000 people;

the largest cities - 1,000,000-3,000,000 people;

large cities - 250,000 - 1,000,000 people;

large cities - 100,000 - 250,000 people;

medium cities - 50,000 - 100,000 people;

small cities and towns - less than 50,000 people;

large rural settlements - more than 5000 people;

large rural settlements - 1000-5000 people;

medium rural settlements - 200-1000 people;

small rural settlements - less than 200 people.

The city is a relatively large settlement with a variety of socio-economic functions, with a high population density employed in non-agricultural activities. A settlement is recognized as a city, provided that the population permanently residing in the settlement is at least 12 thousand people, and at least 85% of the residents are workers and employees.

The city arises on the basis of the concentration of industrial, commercial, fortification (defensive), transport, administrative, scientific, educational and cultural functions, the significance of which goes beyond the boundaries of a given populated area.

According to the economic profile of the city are divided into:

Industrial;

Transport (port and railway junctions);

Resort

Centers for Science and Education

Historical (tourism centers)

Multifunctional.

According to the administrative - political and cultural significance on:

Capital cities

Administrative centers of territories, regions, districts and districts

Cities of republican, regional, regional and district subordination.

According to the natural conditions of placement, there are:

Cities of the middle lane

northern zone

Cities of the southern zone

Cities located in extreme natural conditions.

In terms of growth rates, cities can be fast-growing, limited development, stabilized, with an outflow of population.