The hut inside is a drawing with a stove. The main types of peasant households and huts
Housing with an elbow, and living with a marigold
The interior of a peasant dwelling, which can be found in our time, has evolved over the centuries. Due to the limited space, the layout of the house was very rational. So, we open the door, bending down, we enter ...
The door leading to the hut was made low with a raised threshold, which contributed to the greater retention of heat in the house. In addition, the guest, entering the hut, willy-nilly had to bow to the owners and the icons in the red corner - an obligatory attribute of the peasant hut.
The location of the stove was fundamental when planning the hut. The stove played in the house the most the main role, and the very name "hut" comes from the Old Russian "istba, source", that is, to drown, to heat.
The Russian stove fed, heated, treated, slept on it, and even washed in some. A respectful attitude to the stove was expressed in proverbs and sayings: "The stove is our dear mother", "It's all red summer on the stove", "As if it's warmed up on the stove", "And over the years, and over the years - one place - the stove." Russian riddles ask: "What can't you get out of the hut?", "What is not visible in the hut?" - heat.
In the central regions of Russia, the stove was usually in the right corner of the entrance. This hut was called "spinner". If the stove was located to the left of the entrance, then the hut was called "nepryakha". The fact is that opposite the stove, at the long side of the house, there has always been a so-called “long” bench, on which women were spinning. And depending on the location of this shop in relation to the window and its illumination, convenience for spinning, huts were called “spinners” and “non-spinners”: “Do not spin from your hand: right hand to the wall and not around the world”.
Often, to preserve the shape of an adobe hut, vertical "oven pillars" were placed in its corners. One of them, which went to the center of the hut, was always placed. From it to the side front wall wide beams were thrown, hewn from oak or pine. For the color that is constantly black with soot, they were called Vorontsov. They were located at the height of human growth. "There is a Yaga, horns in his forehead" - they made up a riddle about the Vorontsy. The one of the Vorontsov, which was silk on the long side wall, was called a "ward bar". The second Voronet, walking from the stove pillar to the front facade wall, was called "a closet, cake bar". It was used by the hostess as a shelf for dishes. Thus, both Vorontsi marked the boundaries of the functional zones of the hut, or corners: on one side of the entrance of the stove and cooking (babi) kuta (corners), on the other - the master's (ward) kut, and the red, or large, upper corner with icons and table. An old saying, "The hut is not red with the corners, it is red with pies" confirms the division of the hut into different "angles".
The back corner (at the front door) has always been masculine. There was a bunk here - short wide shop cut along the back wall of the hut. Konik had the shape of a box with a hinged flat lid. From the door (so as not to blow at night), the bunk was separated by a vertical board-back, which was often given the shape of a horse's head. It was a man's workplace. Here they wove sandals, baskets, repaired horse harness, engaged in carving, etc. Tools were kept in a box under the bunk. It was indecent for a woman to sit on a bunk.
This corner was also called the polatny kut, tk. here, right above the door, under the ceiling, near the stove, special floorings were arranged - floors. One edge of the floor is cut into the wall, and the other is supported by a batten. We slept on the beds, climbing there from the stove. Here they dried flax, hemp, splinters, and removed the bedding for a day. Polati was the favorite place for children, because from their height one could observe everything that happens in the hut, especially during the holidays: weddings, get-togethers, festivities.
Anyone could enter the underground good person without asking. No knocking at the door, but the guest does not go to the floor at his will. Waiting for an invitation from the owners to enter the next kut - red at low floors was extremely uncomfortable.
A woman's or stove corner is the realm of the woman-mistress of the "big-haired woman". Here, at the very window (near the light), hand millstones (two large flat stones) were always placed opposite the furnace mouth, so the corner was also called “millstone”. A wide ship's bench ran along the wall from the oven to the front windows, sometimes a small table was placed on which hot bread was laid out. There were observers on the wall - shelves for dishes. On the shelves were various utensils: wooden dishes, cups and spoons, clay bowls and pots, iron pans. On the benches and on the floor are dairy dishes (pots, jugs), cast iron, buckets, tubs. Sometimes there were copper and pewter dishes.
In the stove (kutnoy) corner, the women cooked and rested. Here, during big holidays, when many guests gathered, a separate table for women was laid. Men even of their family could not enter the stove corner unnecessarily. The appearance of a stranger there was regarded as a gross violation of established rules (traditions).
The millstone corner was considered a dirty place, in contrast to the rest of the clean space of the hut. Therefore, the peasants always tried to separate it from the rest of the room with a curtain of variegated chintz, colored homespun or wooden bulkhead.
During the entire matchmaking, the future bride had to listen to the conversation from a woman's corner. From there she went out during the show. There she was expecting the arrival of the groom on the wedding day. And leaving from there to the red corner was perceived as leaving the house, saying goodbye to him.
Daughter in a cradle - a dowry in a small box.
In a woman's corner it hangs on a long pole (ochep) and a cradle. The pole, in turn, is threaded into a ring embedded in the ceiling mat. Cradle is made in different ways in different areas. It can be entirely woven from rods, sometimes with a bast sidewall, with a cloth or wicker bottom. And they also call it differently: cradle, shake, carriage, kolubalka. A rope loop or a wooden pedal was tied to the cradle, which allowed the mother to swing the baby without interrupting her work. The hanging position of the cradle is typical for the Eastern Slavs - Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians. And this is due not only to convenience, but above all to popular beliefs (a cradle standing on the floor appears much later). According to the ideas of the peasants, the separation of the child from the floor, "bottom", contributed to the preservation of vitality, because the floor was perceived as the border between the human world and the underground, where "evil spirits" dwells - a brownie, dead relatives, ghosts. In order to protect the child from evil spirits, piercing objects were placed under the cradle: a knife, scissors, a broom, etc.
The front, central part of the hut was the red corner. The red corner, like the stove, was an important landmark in the interior space of the hut.
No matter how the stove was located in the hut, the red corner was always diagonally from it. The red corner has always been well lit as windows have been cut through both walls that make up this corner. He was always turned "in the sun", that is, south or east. In the very corner, right under the polavochnik, a goddess was placed with icons and an icon lamp, which is why the corner was also called “holy”. Holy water, consecrated willow and Easter egg... There was certainly a feather for sweeping icons. It was believed that the icon must definitely stand and not hang. Here, for the icons, they added accounts, IOUs, payment notebooks, etc.
A curtain or "god" was hung on top of the goddess. This was the name of a specially woven and embroidered narrow, long towel (20-25 cm * 3-4m). It was decorated along one side and at the ends with embroidery, woven ornament, ribbons, lace. They hung the god in such a way as to cover the icons from above and from the sides, leaving the faces open.
The refectory consecrated with shrines is what the red corner is. Like living quarters Orthodox Christian is considered a symbol of an Orthodox church, and the Red Corner is considered an analogue of the altar, the most important and honorable place in the house.
There were shops along the walls (front and side) of the red corner. In general, shops were arranged along all the walls of the hut. They did not belong to furniture, but were an integral part of the frame and were fixed to the walls motionless. On one side, they were cut into the wall, and on the other, they were supported by fins cut from the boards. A gorge decorated with carvings was sewn to the edge of the bench. Such a shop was called pubescent, or "with a canopy", "with a gazebo." They sat on them, slept, kept things. Each shop had its own purpose and name. To the left of the door was the back bench, or threshold. She was called a conic. Behind it, along the left long side of the hut, from the bunk to the red corner there was a long bench, which differed from the others in its length. Like a stove kuta, this shop has traditionally been considered a women's place. Here they sewed, knitted, spun, embroidered, and did needlework. Therefore, this shop was also called a woman's.
Along the front (front) wall, from the red corner to the stove, there was a short bench (it’s red, front). Men were sitting on it during a family meal. A ship's bench ran from the front wall to the stove. In winter, chickens were kept under this bench, which was covered with bars. And, finally, behind the stove, to the door, there was a kutnaya shop. Buckets of water were placed on top of it.
In the red corner, near the converging benches (long and short), they always set a table. The table has always been rectangular in shape with a powerful underframe. The tabletop was revered as "God's palm" giving bread. Therefore, knocking on the table was considered a sin. The people said: "Bread is on the table, so the table is a throne, and not a piece of bread - so the table is a board."
The table was covered with a tablecloth. In a peasant hut, tablecloths were made from homespun fabric, both simple plain weave, and made using the technique of abusive and multi-thread weaving. Tablecloths used every day were sewn from two motley panels, usually with a checkered pattern (the most varied colors) or just a rough canvas. Such a tablecloth was used to cover the table during dinner, and after a meal, either they removed or covered the bread left on the table with it. The festive tablecloths were different best quality fabrics, such additional details as lace stitching between two panels, tassels, lace or fringe around the perimeter, as well as a pattern on the fabric.
All significant family events took place in the red corner. Here the bride was redeemed, from here she was taken to the church for the wedding, in the groom's house she was immediately taken to the red corner too. During the harvest, the first and last sheaf was solemnly placed in the red corner. During the construction of the hut, if lucky coins were placed under the corners of the first crown, then the largest one was placed under the red corner. They have always tried to decorate this corner of the hut and keep it clean. The very name "red" means "beautiful", "light". It is the most honorable place in the house. According to traditional etiquette, a person who came to the hut could go there only at the special invitation of the owners.
Those entering the hut, first of all, turned to the red corner and made the sign of the cross. A Russian proverb says: "The first bow is to God, the second is to the owner and the hostess, the third is to all good people."
The place at the table in the red corner under the icons was the most honorable: the owner, or the guest of honor, sat here. "For the red guest - a red place." Each family member knew his place at the table. The owner's eldest son was sitting on right hand from the father, the second son is on the left, the third is next to the older brother, etc. "Every cricket know your six." The hostess's place is at the table at the end of the table from the side of the woman's kut and the stove - it is she who is the priestess of the home temple. She communicates with the stove and the fire of the stove, she starts a dough, puts dough in the stove, takes it out transformed into bread.
In addition to the benches, the hut had movable side benches. A seat on a bench was considered more prestigious than on a bench; the guest could judge the attitude of the hosts towards him depending on that. Where he was seated - on a bench or on a bench.
The benches were usually covered with a special fabric - a half-shop. And in general, the whole hut is cleaned with household weaving items: the beds and the stove on the stove are covered with colored curtains, on the windows there are curtains made of homespun muslin, on the floor there are multi-colored rugs. The windowsills are decorated with geraniums, dear to the peasant's heart.
There was a baking oven between the wall and the back or side of the oven. When located behind the stove, horse harness was stored there, if on the side, then usually kitchen utensils.
On the other side of the oven, next to front door, a golbets was attached, - a special wooden extension to the stove, the stairs of which went down to the basement (underground), where supplies were kept. Golbets also served as a resting place, especially for old and small ones. In some places, the high head was replaced by a box - a "trap", 30 centimeters high from the floor, with a sliding lid, on which one could also sleep. Over time, the descent into the basement moved in front of the mouth of the furnace, and it was possible to get into it through a hole in the floor. The stove corner was considered the habitat of the brownie - the keeper of the hearth.
From the middle of the XIX century. In a peasant dwelling, especially among wealthy peasants, a ceremonial living room appears - an upper room. The upper room could be a summer room; in the case of all-season use, it was heated by a Dutch oven. Upper rooms, as a rule, had a more colorful interior than the hut. In the interior of the rooms, chairs, beds, and slides of chests were used.
The interior of a peasant house, which has been developing for centuries, is the best example of a combination of convenience and beauty. There is nothing superfluous here and every thing is in its place, everything is at hand. The main criterion of a peasant house was convenience, so that a person could live, work and rest in it. However, in the construction of a hut, one cannot fail to see the need for beauty inherent in the Russian people.
The interior of the Russian hut is dominated by the horizontal rhythm of furniture (benches, shelves, shelves). The interior is united by a single material, carpentry techniques. The natural color of the wood was preserved. Leading colors was golden ocher (the walls of the hut, furniture, dishes, utensils) with the introduction of white and red colors (the towels on the icons were white, the red color sparkled in small spots in clothes, towels, in the plants on the windows, in the painting of household utensils).
Russian hut- This is a log house in which the Slavs lived since ancient times. Our ancestors were mostly domestic people. And their whole life was spent within the walls of these unique structures. The word "hut" comes from the ancient Slavic "istba", which means a house or a bath. In the "Tale of Bygone Years" the Slavic dwelling is referred to as "source".
History of the Russian hut
Until the 10th century, huts were semi-dugouts. Since the log structures partially went into the ground. And from the ground, as a rule, several rows of logs were completed. This was enough. There were no doors and windows in such huts. Instead of a door, there was a small hole up to 1 meter. There was a hearth in the room, which consisted of stones. There was no chimney, so all the smoke escaped through the inlet. The floors in the room were earthen. And over time, they began to fit with boards. Gradually, the huts were improved and as a result that image of the hut appeared, which is familiar to many: with windows, a door and a Russian stove.
Types of huts
It is possible to single out 2 basic principles according to which huts are divided. By the principle of heating and by the number of walls. Depending on the heating, the following huts can be distinguished:
- Kurnaya hut
- White hut
Kurnaya hut- this is a hut that has existed in Russia since ancient times. Their main feature was the absence of a chimney.... There was an expression among the people "to drown in black". The stoves in such houses were called "chimney". The smoke from them came out through the door. As a result, soot settled on the ceilings. Later, holes with latches (drags) began to appear in the walls.
Russian hut of the 15-16th centuries - a modified house, which took the form of "White hut"... These are huts with chimney, which made it possible to avoid the ingress of smoke into the room. Such houses first of all began to appear in cities of wealthy people. Over time, they became the main residences. Emperor Peter 1 in the 18th century, he forbade the construction of chimney huts in St. Petersburg. Nevertheless, black huts in Russia continued to be built until the 19th century..
By the number of walls, the following types of huts can be distinguished:
- The four-walled hut is the simplest structure of four walls. Such a dwelling could be built with or without a passage.
- A five-walled hut - in such dwellings, the entire structure was divided by an additional transverse wall. One part was an upper room, and the other was a vestibule. If the canopy was added additionally, then in such cases the second part could be a living room.
- A six-wall hut - in this case, everything is similar to a five-wall hut, only instead of one transverse wall, two are used.
- A krestovik hut is a dwelling in which the main frame of the four walls was additionally divided by two intersecting walls. In such a structure, 4 separate rooms were obtained, which made it possible for a large family to live in one house.
Before building a hut great attention was paid to the place where the new dwelling will be erected... So, for example, a well-lit place on a hill was considered the most favorable. And the unfortunate places are the places of former burials of people, roads and territories where the bathhouse used to be located.
An important role in the construction was played by choice of material for construction... It was believed that the best species for construction are pine, spruce or larch. But it is not enough to be able to choose a breed. The age of the trees is also important. On the one hand, there is a reference to popular beliefs, and on the other, there is an understanding of the properties and characteristics of each species and age of trees:
"The forest must be cut carefully and with meaning."
For example, dry trees cannot be used in construction... Since they are dead. Also trees growing at crossroads were not used in construction... They were called "violent". It was believed that they could destroy the log house.
Having picked up required material, construction of the house began. Today, the foundation of any structure is the foundation. But the hut can be installed without a foundation. For example, arriving in a village and seeing two side by side standing at home, an unknowing person might think that there are exactly the same huts. But in fact, it turns out that one is installed on the foundation, and the second on oak columns. During the construction of the hut, temporary pads (1) can be used as a basis, which will later allow to establish the foundation. Next, the blockhouse is installed. The log house is the main structure of the building, consisting of stacked logs... One row of rectangularly laid logs is called crown.
"The crown of business has begun."
The logs were interconnected with a castle connection. In Russia, 2 main methods of joining logs were used.:
- in oblo - in the form of a bowl with protruding edges
- in the paw - a clean corner without protrusions
For insulation fits into the locks linseed tow or moss... They can also be placed between the logs to provide greater heat retention in the hut.
The more crowns the building has, the higher the hut will be. The first crown of a log house is called a salary(2). The largest logs are taken for him. Next comes main crown (bottom strapping)(3), into which the logs are cut (4). Lags are used for laying the floor... Crowns from bottom strapping before the beginning of the window opening, it is customary to call window sills (5). Next are the window crowns (6). When the windows end, the crowns above the window begin to fit, the first of which is called closing crown(7).
The next stage of construction is roof installation... First of all, the base of the roof is installed - the upper trim. She consists of upper girders(8)and podstropilin(nine). On which the rafters (10) are installed, which are the frame for installing the roof. If the plan provides for the installation of a veranda, then veranda pillars (11) are placed before installing the upper girders.
After installing the rafters, it remains to install the roof. To do this, slabs are installed on the rafters, to which the roof will be attached in the future. The main advantage of such roofs is that the replacement individual elements the roof does not require a complete analysis. The roof allows you to quickly replace one damaged board.
At the top of the hut, an oglupen was installed. He was also called a horse or prince. It connected 2 sides of the roof. His the installation made it possible to avoid skewing the hut, so it was considered one of essential elements in construction. A roof-mounted cooler signified the imminent completion of construction.:
"Whoopen is the crown of business."
When the roof was ready, they began to install the barriers. Roofs are side boards that hold the roof on the sides... In addition, they protected the space under the roof from snow. More modern huts are used to hide the ends of the logs.
The last stage of construction is the installation of the carved elements. One of these is the frame on the windows. Their installation means that the hut is waiting for its owner. The carved porch and moorings are also a symbol of the completion of the work.
Traditional Russian hut today
Long gone are the days when our ancestors lived in chicken huts. Over time, the Russian hut has undergone significant changes. Undoubtedly, there are unique works of masters that have no analogues. But arriving today in a village, you will notice that a huge number of houses are very much alike. It is these houses that are the ultimate the result of the development of a traditionally Russian hut... Despite their general similarity, each home remains unique due to its individual design. 
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3 In a peasant hut
The peasant's dwelling was adapted to his way of life. It consisted of cold rooms - cages and canopy and warm - huts with a stove. The canopy connected the cold cage and the warm hut, the utility yard and the house. In them, the peasants kept their goods, and in warm time slept for years. I was in the house basement, or subfloor (that is, what was under the floor, under the cage). It was a cold room where food was stored.
The Russian hut consisted of horizontally folded logs - crowns, which were stacked on top of each other, having cut round grooves along the edges. They put the next log in them. Moss was placed between the logs for warmth. Huts were built in the old days from spruce or pine. There was a pleasant resinous smell from the logs in the hut.
Cutting the corners of the hut: 1 - "in the field"; 2 - "in the paw"
The roof was made sloping on both sides. Rich peasants covered it with thin aspen planks, which they fastened to one another. The poor, on the other hand, covered their houses with straw. The straw was stacked on the roof in rows, starting from the bottom. Each row was tied to the base of the roof with bast. Then the straw was "combed" with a rake and watered with liquid clay for strength. The top of the roof was pressed with a heavy log, the front end of which was in the shape of a horse's head. Hence the name skate.
Almost the entire facade of the peasant house was decorated with carvings. Carvings were made on shutters, window frames, which appeared in the 17th century, and the edges of the porch canopies. It was believed that images of animals, birds, ornamentation protect the home from evil spirits.
Hut on the basement of the XII-XIII centuries. Reconstruction
If we enter a peasant hut, we will surely stumble. Why? It turns out that the door, hung on forged hinges, had a low lintel at the top and a high threshold at the bottom. The incoming stumbled over him. They took care of the warmth and tried not to let it out in this way.
The windows were made small so that there was only enough light for work. There were usually three windows in the front wall of the hut. These windows were closed (covered) with planks and were called drag. Sometimes they were tightened with a bovine bubble or oiled linen. Through the window, which was closer to the stove, smoke was released during the firebox, since there was no chimney on the roof. It was called to drown "In black".
In one of the side walls of the peasant hut, they made oblique window - with jambs and vertical beams. Through this window they watched the courtyard, through it the light fell on the bench, on which the owner was engaged in his craft.
Drag window
Oblique window
Hut on a residential basement. Reconstruction. On the second floor you can see the oven on the guardianship
Grip and cast iron
In the northern regions of Russia, its central regions, the floors were laid from floorboards- halves of logs, along the hut from the door to the front windows. In the South, the floors were earthen, smeared with liquid clay.
The central place in the house was occupied by the stove. Suffice it to recall that the word "hut" itself came from the word "to heat": "stove" is the heated part of the house, hence the "isba" (hut). There was no ceiling in the hut where the stove was fired "in black": the smoke came out of the window under the very roof. Such peasant huts were called smoked. Only the rich had a stove with a chimney and a hut with a ceiling. Why is that? In the smoky hut, all the walls were black and smoked. It turns out that such smoky walls do not rot longer, the hut could serve for a hundred years, and the stove without a chimney "ate" less firewood.
The stove in the peasant house was set on guardians- a foundation made of logs. Inside laid out under- the bottom, where firewood was burning and food was cooked. The upper part of the furnace was called vault, hole - mouth. The stove occupied almost a quarter of the peasant hut. Depends on the location of the furnace interior layout huts: even a saying arose - "To dance from the stove." The stove was placed in one of the corners, to the right or to the left of the entrance, but so that it was well lit. The location of the furnace mouth relative to the door depended on the climate. In areas with a warm climate, the stove was placed with its mouth towards the entrance, in areas with a harsh climate - with its mouth against the wall.
The stove was always built at a certain distance from the wall so that there was no fire. The small space between the wall and the stove was called bake- it was used for household needs. Here the mistress kept necessary accessories for work: grips different sizes, poker, chapelnik, a large shovel.
Grips are “horned” semicircular devices for placing pots in the stove. The bottom of the pot, or cast iron, entered between the horns of the grip. With a chapel, they took the pans out of the oven: for this, a bent tongue was made in the middle of the iron strip. These devices were mounted on a wooden handle. With the help of a wooden shovel, they put bread in the oven, and with a poker they raked out coals and ash.
The stove was sure to six, where the pots were. Coals were raked onto it. Under the pole in a niche they kept inventory, a splinter, and in winter ... chickens lived there. There were also small niches for storing household items, drying gloves.
Everyone loved the stove in the peasant family: she fed it with delicious, steamed, incomparable food. The stove warmed the house, the old people slept on the stove. But the hostess of the house spent most of the time near the stove. The corner near the mouth of the furnace was called so - woman's kut, i.e. the female corner. Here the hostess prepared food, there was a cupboard for storing kitchen utensils - dishware.
Another corner - near the door and opposite the window - was masculine. There was a shop where the owner worked and sometimes slept. Peasant goods were kept under the bench. And on the wall hung a horse harness, clothes and accessories for work. This corner, like the shop that stood here, was called conic: on the bench they made patterns in the form of a horse's head.
Wooden spoons. XIII and XV centuries
Ladles. XV century.
Think why so often in a peasant hut there is a pattern with a horse's head.
Between the oven and the side wall under the ceiling was laid polati, where children slept, stored property, dried onions and peas. They even added a tongue twister about this:
Under the mat, under the ceiling
Hanging half a cap to the peas
No worm, no wormhole.
From the side of the entrance to the stove there was an extension made of boards - hangers, or golbets. It was possible to sit on it, from it - to climb onto the stove or down the stairs to the cellar. Household utensils were also kept in the oven.
In the peasant house, everything was thought out to the smallest detail. A special iron ring was inserted into the central beam of the hut ceiling - matica, a cradle was attached to it. A peasant woman, sitting on a bench at work, inserted her leg into the loop of the cradle and rocked it. So that there was no fire, where the torch burned, a box with earth was always placed on the floor, where sparks flew.
Interior view of a hut with battens. Reconstruction
Interior view of the 17th century hut. Reconstruction
The main corner of the peasant house was the red corner: there was a special shelf with icons - goddess, stood under it dinner table... This place of honor in the peasant hut was always located diagonally from the stove. The person entering the hut always looked into this corner, took off his hat, crossed himself and bowed low to the icons. And only then he greeted.
In general, the peasants were very religious, and the word “peasant” itself came from the related “Christian”, “Christian”. The peasant family attached great importance to prayers: morning, evening, before meals. It was an obligatory ritual. Without praying, they did not start any business. The peasants regularly attended church, especially in winter and autumn, when they were free from economic hardships. The peasant family also strictly observed posts. The peasants loved icons: they were carefully kept and passed on from generation to generation. The icons were lit icon lamps- special small vessels with oil. The goddess was decorated with embroidered towels - towels.
Russian village in the 17th century Engraving
Water dispenser. XVI century
Russian peasants who sincerely believed in God could not work badly on the land, which they considered a divine creation.
In the Russian hut, almost everything was done by the hands of the peasants themselves. The furniture was home-made, wooden, of a simple design: a table in the red corner of the size of the number of eaters, benches nailed to the walls, portable benches, and chests. Good was kept in the chests, so in several places they were upholstered with iron strips, locked with locks. The more chests there were in the house, the richer the peasant family was considered.
The peasant hut was notable for its cleanliness: cleaning was done regularly, curtains and towels were changed often. Next to the stove in the hut was always water dispenser- an earthenware jug with two spouts: on one side, water was poured, on the other, it was poured. Dirty water collected in tub- a special wooden bucket. Water was also carried in wooden buckets on yoke. It was said about him: "Not the dawn came, bent over, from the yard."
All the dishes in the peasant house were wooden, and the pots and patches(low flat bowls) - earthenware. Cast irons were made from a hard material - cast iron. Furnace cast irons had a rounded body and a narrow bottom. Thanks to this shape, the oven heat was evenly distributed over the surface of the pots.
The liquids were stored in clay pots with a round body, a small bottom and an elongated throat. For storing kvass, beer were used korchagi, valleys(with spout) and brothers(without him). The most common form bucket in Russia there was a swimming duck, the nose of which served as a handle.
Earthenware was covered with simple glaze, wood was decorated with paintings and carvings. Many of the ladles, cups, bowls and spoons are now in museums in Russia.
Ladle. XVII century
Wooden dishes of the XII-XIII centuries: 1 - plate (traces of cutting meat are visible); 2 - bowl; 3 - bettor; 4 - dish; 5 - valley
Cooper products of the 10th – 13th centuries: 1 - tub; 2 - gang; 3 - barrel; 4 - tub; 5 - tub; 6 - bucket
Teslo and scraper
In the peasant economy, cooperage products were also widely used: barrels, tubs, vats, tubs, tubs, gangs. Tub It was called so because on both sides ears with holes were attached to it. A stick was threaded into them to make it more convenient to carry water in a tub. Gangs were with one handle. Barrels called large containers rounded with a narrow bottom, while tub the bottom was wide.
Bulk products were stored in wooden suppliers with lids, birch bark tuesah and beetroot. Wicker items were in use - baskets, baskets, boxes made of bast and twigs.
All the utensils were made by the peasants with the help of simple tools. Chief among them was axe. There were carpentry, big axes and joiner, small hatchets. When chiselling troughs, making barrels and tubs, a special ax was used - adze. For planing and skinning the tree used scraper- a flat, narrow, slightly curved plate with a blade on the working part. For drilling used drills. The saw did not appear immediately: in ancient times, everything was done with axes.
Centuries passed, and the peasant hut with its simple household utensils was passed on from generation to generation without changing. The new generation only gained more experience and dexterity in making products and building houses.
Questions and tasks
1. How was the peasant hut built? What parts did it consist of? Try to draw her plan.
2. Describe what the inside of the peasant hut looked like.
3. How were windows, stoves and benches located in the peasant hut? Why is it so?
4. What role did the Russian stove play in the peasant house and how was it arranged?
5. Draw the items of peasant utensils:
a) stove utensils; b) kitchen utensils; c) furniture; d) tools for work.
6. Rewrite, insert missing letters and explain the words:
k-h-rga
to-r-thought
kr-stianin
p-catcher
hand wash
p-bet
7. Make up detailed story"In a peasant hut."
8. Solve the riddles and draw the answers to them.
1. Basis - pine, Ducks - straw.
2. Marya-princess Herself in the hut, Sleeves in the yard.
3. Two clerks Lead Mary to the spin.
4. White eats, Black drops.
5. The mother is fat, The daughter is red, The son is a falcon, He has gone under the skies.
6. Good to pray, Good to cover pots.
7. The black horse Rides into the fire.
8. Not a bull, but butts,
He does not eat, but there is enough food,
What grabs, gives
He goes to the corner himself.
9. - Blackie-tan!
Where did you go?
- Shut up, twisted-twisted,
You will be there.
10. Three brothers
Let's go swimming,
Two are swimming,
The third is lying on the shore.
Have a swim, come out,
They hung on the third.
11. Fish in the sea,
The tail is on the fence.
12. It is worth a hit,
It is belted with three belts.
13.With ears, but may not hear.
14. All the doves
Around one groove.
Answers: buckets and a rocker, an icon, a burning torch, a ladle, a tub, a roof, a poker, spoons and a bowl, a mat, hinges and a door, a stove, a grab, a tub, cast iron and a pot.
One of the symbols of Russia, which, without exaggeration, the whole world admires, is a wooden hut. Indeed, some of them are striking in their incredible beauty and uniqueness. About the most unusual wooden houses - in the review of "My Planet".
Where: Sverdlovsk region, village Kunara
In the small village of Kunara, located 20 km from Nevyansk, there is a fabulous tower, recognized in 1999 at the homemade wooden architecture competition as the best in our country. The building, reminiscent of a large gingerbread house from a fairy tale, was created by hand by one and only person - the blacksmith Sergei Kirillov. He created this beauty for 13 years - from 1954 to 1967. All decorations on the facade of the Gingerbread House are made of wood and metal. And children holding posters with the inscriptions: "Let there always be sunshine ...", "Fly, pigeons, fly ...", "Let there always be mother ...", and rockets ready to soar up, and riders on horseback, and the sun, and heroes, and symbols of the USSR ... And also many different curlicues and unusual colors. Anyone can enter the courtyard and admire the man-made miracle: the widow of Kirillov does not lock the gate.
Where: Smolensk region, the village of Flenovo, the historical and architectural complex "Teremok"
This historical and architectural complex includes four buildings that used to belong to the famous philanthropist Maria Tenisheva. Special attention deserves the Main Estate, created in 1902 by the project of Sergei Malyutin. This carved fabulous little house is a real masterpiece of Russian small architecture. There is an incredibly beautiful window on the main facade of the house. In the center, above carved frames, the Firebird with a coquettish tuft sat down to rest, graceful skates rearing up on both sides of it. The carved sun warms the wonder animals with its rays, and the ornate fabulous patterns of flowers, waves and other curls amaze with their fantastic airiness. The log building of the tower is supported by green scaly mountain snakes, and under the arch of the roof it has settled down for two months. On the other side of the window is the Swan Princess, "floating" on wooden waves under a carved sky with the Moon, moon and stars. Everything in Flenovo was decorated in this style. It is a pity that this beauty has survived only in photographs.
Where: Irkutsk, st. Friedrich Engels, 21
Today's House of Europe is the former estate of the Shastins merchants. This house is one of the hallmarks of Irkutsk. It was built in the middle of the 19th century, but only in 1907 it was decorated with carvings and was called Lacy. Fishnet wooden decorations, graceful patterns of the front part and windows, amazingly beautiful turrets, complex outlines of the roof, curly wooden posts, relief carving shutters and platbands make this mansion absolutely unique. All decor elements were cut by hand, without patterns and templates.
Where: Karelia, Medvezhyegorsk district, about. Kizhi, Museum-reserve of wooden architecture "Kizhi"
This two-storey house, similar to a richly decorated tower, was built in the village of Oshevnevo in the second half of the 19th century. Later he was transported to about. Kizhi from the Bolshoy Klimetsky Island. Both residential and utility rooms are located under one large wooden hut: this type of building was formed in the North in the old days due to the harsh winters and the peculiarities of the life of local peasants.
The interiors of the house were recreated in the middle of the 20th century. They represent the traditional decoration of the home of a wealthy peasant of the North at the end of the 19th century. There are massive huts along the walls. wooden benches, above them are shelves-Vorontsy, in the corner - a large bed... And, of course, a must-have oven. Authentic things of that time are also kept here: earthenware and wooden dishes, birch bark and copper items, children's toys (horse, sled, weaving machine). In the upper room you can see a sofa, a sideboard, chairs and a table made by local craftsmen, a bed, a mirror: common objects of everyday life.
Outside, the house looks very elegant: galleries surround it on three sides, carved platbands on the windows ... The decoration of the three balconies is completely different: a chiseled baluster serves as a fence for the western and southern balconies, while the northern one is completely laced with flat gorges. The decor of the facades is distinguished by a combination of sawing and volumetric carving. And the combination of oval protrusions and rectangular teeth is a method of "cutting" patterns typical for the regions of Zaonezhie.
Where: Moscow, Pogodinskaya st., 12a
There are very few old wooden houses left in Moscow. But in Khamovniki, among the stone buildings, there is a historical building built in the traditions of Russian wooden architecture in 1856. Pogodinskaya hut - wooden blockhouse famous Russian historian Mikhail Petrovich Pogodin.
This high blockhouse, built of solid logs, was built by the architect N.V. Nikitin and presented to Pogodin by businessman V.A. Kokorev. The gable roof of the old house is decorated with a carved wood pattern - saw-cut carvings. The shutters of the windows, "towels", "valances" and other details of the hut were also removed with wooden lace. And the bright blue color of the building, coupled with snow-white decorations, make it look like a house from some old Russian fairy tale. Only the present at the Pogodinskaya hut is not fabulous at all - now there are offices in the house.
Where: Irkutsk, st. December Events, 112
The city estate of V.P.Sukachev was created in 1882. Surprisingly, over the past years, the historical integrity of this structure, its amazing beauty and even most of the adjacent park area has remained virtually unchanged. Log house with hipped roof decorated with saw-cut carvings: figures of dragons, fantastic stylized images of flowers, intricate weaving of the fence on the porch, quilts, belts of cornices - everything speaks of rich imagination Siberian masters and is somewhat reminiscent oriental ornaments... Actually, oriental motives in the design of the estate are quite understandable: at that time, cultural and economic ties with China and Mongolia, which influenced the artistic taste of Siberian craftsmen.
Nowadays, the estate has not only retained its magnificent appearance and amazing atmosphere, but also lives enough busy life... It often hosts concerts, musical and literary evenings, balls, master classes for young guests in modeling, drawing, and making patchwork dolls.
Russian hut is wooden house partially sinking into the ground. Despite the fact that the hut most often consisted of one room, it was conditionally divided into several zones. There was a stove corner in it, which was considered a dirty place and was separated from the rest of the hut by a curtain, there was also a female corner - to the right of the entrance, and a male corner - at the hearth.
The red corner was the most important and honorable place in the house. In Russia, the hut was always built in a certain way, taking into account the sides of the horizon, the red corner was on the east side, in the farthest and most well-lit place. It housed a home iconostasis. It was considered important that when entering the hut, a person should first of all pay attention to the icon.
The icons were installed on a special shelf and had to be in a certain order. The most important icons that should have been in every home were the icons of the Mother of God and the Savior. The red corner was always kept clean and sometimes decorated with embroidered towels.
Traditionally, on the wedding day, the bride was taken to the wedding from the red corner. Daily prayers were also performed there.
The huts, in which the stove was heated in black, were called chicken houses (without a chimney).
At first, the peasant's hut had only one room. Later, they began to build the so-called five-walled, in which the total area was divided log wall into two parts.
The windows were initially covered with mica or bull bubbles. Glass in Novgorod and Moscow appeared in the 14th century. But they were very expensive, and they were installed only in rich houses. And mica, and bubbles, and even glass of that time only let light through, and what was happening on the street could not be seen through them.
In the evenings, when it was getting dark, the Russian huts were lit with torches. A bundle of torches was inserted into special forged lights that could be fixed anywhere. Sometimes they used oil lamps - small bowls with upward-curved edges. Only fairly wealthy people could afford to use candles for this purpose.
The interior decoration of the traditional Russian hut was not distinguished by any special luxury. Each item was necessary in the household, and the inner area of the hut was strictly divided into zones. For example, the corner to the right of the stove was called the woman's kut or middle. Here the hostess was in command, everything was adapted for cooking, and there was a spinning wheel. Usually, this place was fenced off, hence the word nook, that is, a separate place. Men were not included here.
The good owners in the hut all sparkled with cleanliness. On the walls there are embroidered white towels; floor table, benches scrubbed; lace frills on beds - valances; the frames of the icons are polished to a shine. The floor in the hut was made of wide solid blocks - logs, cut in half, with one flat side carefully hewn. They put blocks from the door to the opposite wall. So the halves lay better, and the room seemed larger. The floor was laid three or four crowns above the ground, and in this way the subfloor was formed. It contained food, various pickles. And raising the floor almost a meter from the ground made the hut warmer.
Almost everything in the hut was done by hand. On long winter evenings, they cut bowls and spoons, hollowed out ladles, weaved, embroidered, weaved sandals and tuesa, baskets. Although the decoration of the hut did not differ in a variety of furniture: a table, benches, benches (benches) taktsy (stools), chests, everything was done carefully, with love and was not only useful, but also beautiful, pleasing to the eye. This desire for beauty, the skill has been passed down from generation to generation.
