Four-pitched roof. How to build a hipped roof

The hipped roof, also called hip roof, is the most popular in the construction of individual housing in most European countries. Except, perhaps, Scandinavia, which has a similar climate and building traditions to central and northern Russia. The Varangians, like the Eastern Slavs, preferred to build from solid wood and arrange simple gable roofs. In our time, all-encompassing globalization is subject to all branches of human activity, including architecture and construction. The hip roof of a country house is now loved by residents of the CIS countries and has become an integral part of the landscape of our villages and small towns.

Let's note the pros and cons of the gable roof in comparison with the more common and structurally simple gable.

Hip roof advantages:

Correctly designed and assembled hip roof, due to the absence of vertical end walls (gables or tongs), has a low resistance to air flows. Accordingly, it resists hurricane winds in the best way and is less susceptible to destruction of the roof in places of cornice overhangs (it does not have gabled overhangs).
The hipped roof, due to the angular ribs converging to the ridge support beam, has a rigid structure and is not subject to any serious deformations.
The hip roof allows you to build large overhangs on all four sides of the building, thereby protecting the facades from precipitation.
A four-pitched roof makes a house with an attic visually lower. This is important when a building needs to be integrated into an existing one-storey building without disturbing the balance and nature of the building.
The hip roof is beautiful. Although not everyone agrees with this.

The four-pitched roof of a two-story country house. Large overhangs protect the walls well from rain and snow

Hip roof disadvantages:

Another option for integrating full-fledged windows into the roof.

Varieties of hipped roof

A classic roof with four slopes assumes straight, without fractures of the rafters, the corner ribs start from the ridge, all overhangs are at the same height.
The main type of hipped roof. Two end faces are in the shape of a triangle, the other two are trapezoidal. Large overhangs protect the facade well from precipitation, and you can easily walk around the house in the rain.
A hipped roof is a kind of hipped roof, in which all the ribs converge at one central point.
A hipped roof is more suitable for a square house plan
The Danish hip roof is a kind of hipped roof with gables located in the upper part of short slopes.
Diagram of the rafter system of the Danish hipped roof. A small tong at the top of the short slope is used for ventilation or lighting.
Full-fledged vertical windows can be built into the Danish roof.
Vertical windows
Another type of complex Danish hip roof with two slopes at a short end.
This type of roof is called Dutch.
A half-hip roof (also called a half-hip with a gable) is actually a kind of gable, since all the rafter legs supported by the Mauerlat are installed on the long side and parallel to each other.
The sloping hipped roof is also called a mansard hip roof. It is more difficult to manufacture, but allows you to set aside a large area for living quarters.
The broken shape of the roof allows more rational use of the attic space, but it is more expensive
The sloping hipped roof is a distinctive feature of the traditional architecture of China, Japan and Korea. Only they make a kink in the wrong direction to which we are accustomed.
A hip roof can be not only hipped, various combinations of different types of structures are possible.
Combined type of roof, where the hip and gable structure are combined.

This roof is hip, but there are many more ramps than four. But the principle by which the rafter system is assembled is the same as that of a simple four-slope.

Features of the structure of the rafter system

Consider how to make a hipped roof yourself, while ensuring its reliability and strength. Let's choose a simple structure with a central support.

Since only part of the rafters in the central sector of the long side have full length and converge in the ridge area, not the entire rafter system can be tightened with puffs - in the hip area they will not work as in a gable roof. In addition, often in the struggle for the height of the attic floor, the Mauerlat is placed much higher than the plane of the floor and beams (puffs). Therefore, we will proceed from the fact that in our case, the rafter system of the hipped roof will not use puffs as a structural element. The main load in the center of the roof will be borne by the beam located in the ridge area: it will be supported by the slant and ordinary full-size rafter legs.

Standard hipped roof construction with support in the ridge area

The ridge support beam must be supported by uprights. In order to perceive a fairly solid load from them, in the ideal case, there should be an internal load-bearing wall at the bottom. If not, the floor joists must be strong enough to support the weight of the central roof section. If the first floor is covered with prefabricated reinforced concrete floor slabs, their bearing capacity, as a rule, is sufficient and the support supports can be placed on the slabs through a horizontal wooden beam.

The support does not have to be in the area of the ridge. The stands can be placed on the sides of the ridge, that is, there can be two or more support zones along the ridge.

The photo shows that the ridge does not rest on the racks.

The ridge is supported on both sides along the ridge on the racks. In this case, the racks directly support the rafters, the beam was not used. Each rafter has its own rack. Pretty solid solution.

A four-pitched roof over a small building can be mounted without pillars

For small spans (up to 4 meters), you can do without racks. However, if there is an opportunity, at least in the areas of intersection of the ridge with the slopes, it is worth placing one puff and one rack.

Small structure closed without using uprights or braces

The rafter system of the hipped roof is almost identical to the hip hip. It is only recommended to install a central support instead of a ridge bar. Or arrange a closed support contour of beams and racks.

Hip roof truss system options. In the diagram on the left, the corner rafter (slope) rests on the truss, a similar solution can be used for all types of hip roofs.

Sequence of installation of a hipped roof

First of all, as in all types of roofs, the Mauerlat is mounted. For frame houses, this is the upper trim of the wall panel, for log cabins - the upper crown. As a mauerlat, a wooden beam with a cross section of 10x10 cm is used, more often at least 10x15 or 15x15 cm.It is necessary to strive to ensure that it is solid along its entire length. Special attention must be paid to the fastening of the timber. For a stone wall, an ideal solution would be a reinforced concrete monolithic belt in the support zone of the Mauerlat with embedded parts pre-installed into it (threaded studs from M12 and above). If this is not possible, you will have to fix the studs with metal expansion dowels in the masonry.

Mauerlat fixing scheme in masonry

Mauerlat connections along the length should not be made end-to-end, but into an overlay, with multiple connection points. The corners must be securely connected with metal plates, corners, brackets.

The layout of the Mauerlat on the wall. Pay attention to the joint of the elements and the connection of the corners. On the right, the installation of a bar on a monolithic belt is shown.

The next step is the installation of racks and the installation of the support ridge or side beams parallel to it. For racks, as a rule, a beam of 10x10-10x15 cm is chosen, for a beam of a higher section: 8x16, 10x20 and more. The optimal ratio of width to height is 1 / 1.5-1 / 2, then the beam twists less when drying. The same rule is true for the rafter.

The stand and support beam in this case are parallel to the ridge.

In frame-panel houses, support beams are often not used, only racks are placed with a rafter pitch. In any case, a bar is placed on the ridge, only of a smaller section. You can use an ordinary rafter element. The skate is supported on temporary stands, which are then removed. The ridge serves as a guiding element for the installation of the entire structure.

Racks are installed in a frame house. After installing the rafters, they are cut at the desired height.

Such a support contour is placed under the hipped roof, it replaces the central support

In the third place, they put corner (slant) rafters. The loads on them are higher and the cross-section must be higher. Although sometimes they prefer to first put the privates of full length, and only then mount the braids. This is not fundamental.

The rafter system of the hip roof of a wooden frame. In this case, they did without racks at all, instead they pulled the upper part of the rafters with double horizontal ties. It is better to mount the rafters on the wall of the log house on sliding supports.

First, the racks and the ridge beam are mounted. The next stage is the slant rafters, the privates are placed. Corner (slant) rafters are mounted from a bar of the same section as the rest. It is not right. The load on it is much higher and the section must be more powerful.

Sliding supports - the best solution for attaching rafters to the wall for a log house

Then the remaining rafter legs are mounted, including the shortened ones. The rafters themselves must be solid, in extreme cases, it is necessary to install overlays at the joint with a length of at least 1.5 meters and fix them on both sides at several points. Connections of wooden elements can be made with an overlap, using overlapping metal plates. In the areas where the rafters are supported on the Mauerlat and the beams, support cuts should be made and strong metal elements should be used.

This is how the rafters are attached to the Mauerlat and beams

In accordance with the table, you can roughly determine the cross-section of a wooden beam for rafter legs.

For an angled rafter, the obtained value must be increased by at least 1.5 times

The rafter system is ready. Now you need to choose the type of roof and start arranging a suitable base for it: solid flooring or lathing, if necessary, counter-rails and windscreens.

A do-it-yourself hipped roof is quite a feasible task, at least for an uncomplicated house. General principles for all types of hip roof: the Mauerlat must be well fixed and connected at the corners, you need to start with the ridge, the racks need a good foundation. It is necessary to ensure reliable support of the roof over a long span and to monitor the reliability of all connections.

The fixing of the elements will be better when using special modern metal fasteners for wood, and it will be easier to work. Of course, you must have at least basic carpentry skills. The presence of a power tool helps a lot: a drill, a circular or chainsaw. You also need to stock up on hand tools: saws, chisels, hammers. You will need measuring devices: carpentry level, plumb line, tape measure, cord.

The roof is just as important as the foundation and walls. Its design sets the mood for the entire architectural ensemble, makes the building neat and attractive. The four-pitched roof has gained wide popularity not only because of its high reliability and external attractiveness, but also due to the opportunity to equip additional structures - dormer and dormer windows, bay windows, etc. Despite the fact that the installation of such a roof is a little more expensive and more complicated than a gable structure , it is still easy to build it with your own hands.

Advantages of gable roofs over gable structures

One of the main tasks that appears even at the stage of designing your own house is the choice of the type of roof. The presence of many options among gable and gable structures requires an answer to the question of which roof to give preference to. And although the aesthetics of the structure plays an important role, the criteria of reliability and practicality still come to the fore.

The gable roof is a classic structure, which is formed by two opposite slopes and a pair of vertical end parts, called gables. The spacious under-roof space allows you to equip the attic, living quarters or use the attic for domestic purposes.

The classic gable roof is easily recognizable by a pair of rectangular slopes that adjoin each other along the central axis of the building, and two triangular pediments at its ends.

Structures of this type, due to their simplicity and practicality, have remained the most popular in individual construction for a long time. At the same time, the dependence of the geometry of the roof on the size of the structure, as well as the complication and rise in the cost of the structure when arranging the attic, forced to search for other, more practical and functional options. And they were found in the form of a variety of hipped roofs, which basically have a pair of triangular and two trapezoidal slopes. The latter are often called hips, and the roof itself is called hip. When erecting a structure of this type, the need for pediments disappears and it becomes possible to make the building more modern and original.

The slopes of the simplest hip roof define surfaces in the form of two trapezoids and a pair of triangles

There are several advantages of hip roofs over traditional gable structures:

the possibility of arranging attic windows directly on the slopes;
increased strength, reliability and stability of the rafter system;
increased resistance to weather factors;
the possibility of increasing the area of the attic by simply reducing the width of the hip base;
more even distribution of the weight of the roof;
improved temperature regime when arranging an attic room.

Don't be fooled by the many advantages of a more stylish hipped roof - it also has disadvantages. These include a more complex design, a slight reduction in the size of the attic and an uneconomical waste of roofing material. As for costs, the budget that will be required for the construction of both roofs does not differ significantly.

The four-pitched roof is not a know-how in architecture - its design has been known since ancient times.

Hip roof classification

Differences in the shape of buildings, as well as the requirements for functionality and practicality of traditional hip roofing, have contributed to many variations. If you do not consider the most exotic of them, then there are several main types of hipped roofs.

Traditional hip roof, the side slopes of which reach the level of the cornice. For the construction of its main surfaces, straight rafters are used, and the ribs of the hips form bars extending from the ends of the ridge. The well-developed design and distribution of the weight of the roof over an increased area allows not only placing the overhangs on the same line, but also increasing their overhang. Thanks to this, the facade of the building is reliably protected from rain, even with strong gusts of wind.

Glazing elements are often built into the slopes of a classic hip roof
The hipped roof can be installed on a house that is square in plan. A feature of this design is the slopes of the same configuration. Their edges converge at one point, and their hips are in the form of isosceles triangles.

Hip roofs are widely used in modern individual construction
Half-hip roofs got their name from the shortened hips. In contrast to the traditional roof, their length decreases 1.5–3 times in comparison with the dimensions of the main slopes.

Side slopes of half-hip roofs have a shortened length, so they don't reach the cornice line
The Danish half-hip roof has a small gable under the ridge and a short hip on the eaves side. This design allows the installation of ventilation and lighting elements directly into the vertical end of the roof, thereby eliminating the need to install roof windows.

The Danish project is good because it allows you to easily equip attic spaces
The semi-hip Dutch roof has a vertical pediment that divides the hip into two short ramps. The rafter system "Dutch", although it has increased complexity, but it allows you to make the attic more spacious and practical. In addition, this design is excellent for the installation of vertical glazing in the attic.

The roof, built according to the Dutch project, is still rare in our area.
The sloping hipped roof has several slopes of different sizes on one slope. Thanks to their different slopes, it is possible to increase the volume of the roof space. Although the broken structure cannot be called simple, houses with such a roof are very common. The reason for the popularity is the ability to equip additional living rooms on the upper tier. For this reason, a roof with broken slopes is often called an attic.

The sloping roof makes the architecture of the building somewhat heavier, but it allows you to equip several living quarters in the attic space

There are also more complex structures of many hips, as well as those in which a hipped roof is combined with other types of roofing systems. The design and installation of such a roof requires many years of experience and knowledge, therefore, it is better to entrust the construction of a tricky roof to specialists.

Design of hipped roofs

When developing a hip roof, all types of loads that will act on it are taken into account. To do this, first of all, several important issues should be resolved:

the purpose of the attic space;
roofing material;
the degree of atmospheric impact in the construction region.

Based on these factors, the degree of slope of the slopes and the area of the roof are determined, the loads are calculated and a decision is made on the design and parameters of the rafter system.

Geometric parameters of the slopes

The angle of inclination of the slopes depends on the snow and wind load, therefore it varies over a very wide range - from 5 to 60 degrees. In areas with rainy weather and high snow cover, roofs are erected with a slope of 45 to 60 degrees. If the region is characterized by strong winds and minimal rainfall, then the slope can be reduced to the very minimum.

When determining the angular parameters of the roof, it is imperative to take into account what material it will be covered with:

slate sheets, ondulin, roofing metal and roll materials are laid on slopes with a slope of 14 to 60 degrees;
the tiles are mounted on a surface with a slope from 30 to 60 degrees;
roll coating is used on sloping slopes - from 5 to 18 degrees.

Having decided on the angle of inclination of the roof, it is not at all difficult to calculate at what height the ridge will be. To do this, use simple trigonometric formulas for a right-angled triangle.

Roof area

Even the most complex hip roof consists of individual slopes that repeat the contours of the simplest geometric shapes, so most often for calculations it is enough to know the linear dimensions of the base and the angles of inclination of the hips.

To determine the square of the roof, it is necessary to add up the areas of the slopes of which it consists

The total roof area is calculated by summing the quadrature of the individual hips. Slopes of complex configuration are divided into several simple surfaces, after which separate calculations are carried out for each of them.

The principles of calculating the geometric parameters of hipped roofs are based on calculations for simple surfaces

Calculation of loads

Loads acting on a hipped roof are divided into two types:

permanent,
periodic.

The first includes the weight of roofing materials, rafters, battens and other frame parts. The second is the effort that precipitation and wind force exert. In addition, the calculation should take into account the payload in the form of a variety of engineering systems and communications attached to the elements of the rafter system.

Focusing on SNiP, when designing a roof, it is necessary to take a snow load of 180 kg / sq. m. If there is a danger of snow accumulation on the roof, this parameter rises to 400-450 kg / sq. m. If the roof has a slope angle of more than 60 degrees, then the snow load can be ignored - on surfaces with such steep slopes, precipitation does not linger.

The force of wind loads is much less - up to 35 kg / sq. m. If the slope of the roof is from 5 to 30 degrees, then the effect of the wind can be neglected.

The above parameters of atmospheric effects are averaged values adopted for the middle lane. When performing calculations, correction factors should be used depending on the region of construction.

Calculation of the rafter system

When calculating the rafter system, the pitch of the rafters and the maximum load that they can carry are determined. Based on these data, a decision is made on the installation of braces, which contribute to the redistribution of the load, and puffs, which protect the frame from loosening.

The main load of the hip roof falls on the diagonal rafters

The presence of hips on hipped roofs, in addition to the usual rafters, also requires the installation of diagonal (in another way, slant-type) - those that are attached to the ridge and directed to the corners of the building. Their length is greater than the transverse nodal elements of the roof. In addition, shortened elements are attached to the diagonal ribs. Compared to conventional rafters, the slant legs experience a 1.5–2 times greater load, so their cross-section is doubled, and to ensure multi-span, they are propped up with one or two racks.

Often, hip roofs have a complicated rafter system, which, in contrast to a simple four-slope structure, exerts an additional load in the places where vertical supports are installed. This feature must be taken into account when calculating the strength of the wooden roof frame.

The distance of laying the rafters is called a step and is determined based on the length of the rafter leg and the section of the lumber used. It is most convenient to determine this parameter using special tables, one of which is given below.

Table: dependence of the section and pitch of the rafters on their length

Manual calculations are quite time consuming. To reduce design time, you can use one of the online hip roof calculators. With its help, you can determine not only geometric parameters, but also a lot of other equally important factors:

the amount of moisture and thermal insulation, taking into account overlaps;
the amount of roofing material, including waste generated during cutting;
the amount of lumber required to equip the rafter system;
length of overhangs, etc.

Video: using a construction calculator to calculate the roof

What materials will be needed to assemble the rafter system

For the construction of a hip roof, timber and board made of larch, pine and other coniferous wood are best suited. When choosing a material for construction, it is necessary to carefully reject defective boards. Fungus damage, knots and cracks reduce the strength of the boards and affect the durability of the roof. When the moisture content of the wood is more than 22%, lumber is stacked in the open air and dried. It should be understood that unfinished boards can warp, and this, in turn, will lead to a violation of the geometry of the roof with possible damage to the finish coating.

To assemble a wooden frame, a rectangular bar with a cross section from 80x80 mm to 150x150 mm is used - the exact parameters are determined by calculation or using the table above. Alternatively, you can use a board with a section of 50x100 mm or 50x200 mm. If there is a need to strengthen the rafter leg, then use paired boards.

For reliable fastening, as well as increasing the rigidity of the wooden frame, steel brackets and other metal elements are used. Often, not wooden, but steel supports are installed under especially loaded ridge girders. Combined frames have increased strength and reliability.

Features of the rafter system

In order to properly design and install a hipped roof, it is necessary to understand in detail its structure, as well as the features of the arrangement of hip roofs of the most common types.

The device of the rafter system in detail

The hip roof frame consists of most of the same parts as the gable, but a more complex rafter system requires the installation of additional elements. Upon closer examination, you can find the following components:

All of these elements can be found in any type of hipped roof. The only exception is the hipped roof, which does not have side rafters and ridge beams.

In wooden and frame houses, the rafter system is mounted without a Mauerlat. In the first case, its functions are taken over by the extreme crowns, and in the second - by the upper strapping.

Varieties of rafter systems for hip roofs

Since the basis of the rafter system of the hip roof is made up of nipple rafters, the following rules must be adhered to when installing the roof frame:

In structures where the slant legs experience an increased load, a beam of double thickness is used for their manufacture.
The splicing of individual parts of the diagonal rafters is performed in places with a maximum load (most often in their upper part) and strengthened with struts and vertical racks installed at an angle of 90 ° to the rafter legs.
In the manufacture of overhead rafters, a margin should be provided for on-site trimming, therefore, the estimated length of the timber is increased by 5-10%.
The critical junctions of the rafter legs must be reinforced with metal fasteners - staples, twists or perforated construction strips.

When choosing a rafter system, it is imperative to take into account the size of the building and the presence of internal supports or capital walls. Based on the specific conditions, choose a scheme with hanging or layered rafters.

Hanging rafter system

The roof structure with hanging rafters does not have support in the middle line, so the bulk of the weight falls on the walls of the outer perimeter. This feature manifests itself in the redistribution of internal forces - the rafter system is subjected to compressive and bending loads. As for the walls, significant bursting forces are transferred to them. To eliminate this factor, each pair of rafters is interconnected by so-called puffs - jumpers made of wooden beams or rolled metal.

The tightening can be located both at the base of the rafter legs, and above. In the first case, the lintel will also play the role of a transverse beam, which is a good option for the construction of an attic roof. If the tightening is installed in the midline area or higher, then it will only serve as a fixing link. It should be noted that the cost of the rafter system depends on such a seemingly insignificant moment as the installation height of the puffs. The higher the transverse jumpers are located, the larger the cross-section of all the components of the wooden frame should be.

Hip roofs with layered and hanging rafters have differences between the supporting elements of the structure

Construction with layered rafters

A hip roof with layered rafters is only suitable for those houses whose interior space is divided into two equal parts by a main wall or supporting pillars installed to support the ceiling. In this case, the lower edge of the rafter legs rests on the Mauerlat, and the middle part on the supporting wall. The presence of additional support points allows you to unload the elements of the rafter system, removing from them, as well as from the walls of the building, alternating horizontal forces. Like roof beams, rafters only begin to work in bending. The frame with layered rafters becomes more rigid and durable compared to the structure that uses unsupported rafters. And this despite the fact that in the first case, you can use a bar of a smaller section. And this helps to reduce the weight of the wooden structure and reduces the cost of purchasing lumber.

Installation of a hipped roof

The assembly of the rafter system must be performed in a strictly defined order. This is necessary in order to correctly install and fix all structural elements of the roof.

To redistribute the load that the roofing structure, wind and precipitation exert on the walls, a Mauerlat is laid on the outer walls. In individual construction, for these purposes, a bar with a cross section of at least 100x150 mm is used. Anchor pins are used to fasten the longitudinal beams of the structure. They must be laid in the upper rows of masonry even at the stage of wall construction. Mauerlat waterproofing is performed using two layers of roofing material, which is laid on top of the load-bearing walls.

Mauerlat is attached to the load-bearing wall with bolts or anchors
If it is necessary to install vertical supports, planks are laid on the supporting walls. For horizontal alignment of the elements of the rafter system, wooden linings are used. In the future, this will greatly simplify the installation of racks and purlins. If the capital partitions are not provided for by the building plan, then the vertical supports are mounted on the floor beams. To do this, they are reinforced by splicing two boards of 50x200 mm or using one beam of 100x200 mm.

Support of vertical racks on beams is allowed only if the structure rests on a main wall
Expose the support posts. To align them, use a plumb line or a laser level, after which temporary supports are installed. Metal corners and plates are used to attach the vertical support to a bed or a horizontal beam.
Girders are laid on top of the racks. Traditional hip roofing requires the installation of one run, which, in fact, forms the ridge. Hip structures require the installation of four girders. As with the installation of racks, fastening is performed using metal corners and self-tapping screws.

The ridge girder can be attached either directly to the rafter leg or by means of wooden pads
Preparing the rafters. The side rafter legs of simple gable roofs are mounted in the same way as the layered legs on a gable roof. First you need to make a template. To do this, from the side of the extreme support, a board is applied to the ridge of the same width as the rafters. Its thickness should not exceed 25 mm - the template should be light. On this board, a cut is noted, which is necessary for reliable support and an accurate fit of the rafter leg to the ridge bar, as well as a cutout corresponding to the place where it joins with the Mauerlat. The marked places are cut out and then used to quickly prepare the rafter legs.

Making a template can reduce the time it takes to prepare the rafters for installation
When applying the manufactured sample to the purlin, it is necessary to check whether an exact fit of the rafter is necessary. If there are gaps, the cuts in the rafters are performed taking into account the amendments. After all the supporting legs are ready, they are set in 50–150 cm increments and attached to the Mauerlat and the ridge. Brackets are best suited for installation, but you can also take powerful metal corners.
As already mentioned, diagonal rafters are made from spliced boards or a bar of an increased section. For their installation, you will also need a template, which is prepared in full accordance with the method described above. Since the rafters with one side adjoin the corner of the Mauerlat, and the other rest on the racks, the cut is performed at an angle of 45 ° to the plane.

The layout of the rafters and rafters on the hip roof is performed according to the template
In the intervals between the rafters, the beads are attached. Their step corresponds to the distance between the rafters, and the diagonal legs and the Mauerlat are the support points. The load experienced by the rafters cannot be compared with the weight that falls on the rafters, so the first ones can be built from boards with a thickness of 30-50 mm. To speed up the installation, you will need a template with cuts on the side of the diagonal rafters and Mauerlat, but the cutouts on the half of the rafters must be made in mirror image.

The use of metal fasteners makes the rafter system more rigid and stable
If necessary, filly are fastened to the rafters and the rafters. The ends of the rafter elements are cut along the cord.

Attaching the rafters to the Mauerlat can be done in several ways
Strengthen the slant and side rafters. In the first case, vertical sprengels are used, and in the second, struts installed at an angle of 45 °. They are supported on benches or beams.
After the rafter system is assembled, a roofing pie is installed on top of it.

The rafter system is prepared for the installation of roofing materials

Lathing and insulation

Before proceeding with the installation of the lathing, a vapor barrier is laid on top of the rafters, and, if necessary, rolled thermal insulation. On top, the layer of insulation is covered with a waterproofing film, which is mounted with an overlap of 10–20 mm wide and attached to the timber with a construction stapler. After that, counter-lattice slats are nailed to the rafters. If the roofing cake is mounted without insulation, then vapor barrier is not required - a layer of moisture-resistant material will be enough. Of course, additional slats are not needed in this case, since the boards supporting the roof will be attached directly to the rafters and rafter legs.

Depending on the type of roofing material, one of two types of lathing is used on hip roofs:

solid;
sparse.

The first is most often equipped with a soft roof and only in some cases - for arranging an attic space. Sheathing of this type is made of boards with a width of 100 to 200 mm and a thickness of at least 20-25 mm. Installation is carried out without gaps. In addition, the use of plywood sheets and OSB boards is allowed. Their advantage is an extremely flat surface, which allows you to lay the roofing material with a minimum of time and effort.

Under the soft roof, they equip a solid crate made of OSB, plywood or boards stuffed without a gap

For a sparse lathing, the same boards are used as in the first case, but they are mounted with a gap. Since this type of base is used for laying slate, corrugated board, metal tiles and roofing iron, the distance between the individual boards must take into account the characteristics of the roofing material.

The lathing is fastened with nails, the length of which is equal to three times the thickness of the boards. If self-tapping screws are used for fixing, then shorter threaded fasteners with a length corresponding to double the thickness of the lumber can be used.

For fastening slate, ondulin and other sheet materials, a sparse crate is used

The wooden base of the roofing cake is mounted from bottom to top, with the first board of each slope being set parallel to the Mauerlat. First, the crate is stuffed on the hips, after which the protruding edges are cut off with a hacksaw flush with the diagonal ribs. Next, they proceed to fastening the lumber on the main slopes, releasing the edges of the boards for the nesting rafters. After that, the ends of the boards are sawn down in the same way as in the first case.

Video: we build a hip roof with our own hands

Typical hip roof project

When building a simple hip roof, you can use a typical project that was developed by specialists. Design documentation includes:

technological map;
roof plan;
rafter system diagrams;
drawings of sections and corner abutments;
statement and specification with a complete list of materials used.

As an example, below is the documentation for a typical project of a hip roof for a 155 sq. m.

Gallery: drawings and diagrams of a hipped roof

The drawing indicates the exact dimensions of all roof elements At the base of the truss trusses lie the rafters of the trapezoidal slopes rest on the long load-bearing walls of the structure Tightens are installed at the base of the rafters and act as floor beams When creating a project, it is necessary to take into account the length of the rafters, their pitch, the recommended section of the timber or board For rafter fastenings wooden and metal products are used Fastenings allow transferring the load from one element of the system to another

Despite the seeming complexity of a gable roof, it is not much more difficult to build it with your own hands than a gable structure. It is only important to carefully understand the purpose of individual elements and the principles of building a rafter system. For the rest, the reliability and durability of the roof will still depend on the observance of the technology and the accuracy of the installation. As for the additional complications and costs, they will pay off with complete satisfaction from the work that will make the building brighter and more attractive.

Installation of the rafter system of a hipped roof can be done in two ways. The most difficult thing is to make a hanging system, in which the rafters rest on the outer walls of the building. It should be noted that such a structure is mounted only if the architectural feature of the house requires it, when its inner part is devoid of load-bearing partitions. The nasal system may well be assembled by hand. Let's consider the design and the main stages of installation in more detail. We will not give the calculation of the rafters; it is better to entrust the implementation of this work to the designers.

Naslonny systems

Compared to hanging systems, layered systems are structurally simpler, not so material-intensive. If there is an internal load-bearing wall in the middle of the building or intermediate supports on a reinforced concrete slab, a layered system is a good choice. As a rule, such structures are mounted when arranging roofs, the slope angle of which does not exceed 40 degrees.

The structure of the layered rafter system includes:

Oblique rafters installed diagonally towards the corners of the wall structures;
Narozhniki or shortened rafters that form slopes;
Racks;
Braces;
Beds;
Runs;
Crossbars;
Sprengeli.

Let's consider each of the structural elements in more detail. You can clearly imagine the design features on photo and video materials. Slant rafters are the basis of the future roofing system. A Mauerlat is installed as their support along the perimeter. A slightly different option can also be used, when a beam is cut into the Mauerlat on one side, and a pair of rafter legs on the other. The main task of this element is to take the load from the roof and distribute it evenly over the enclosing wall structures.

The slanting rafters, in turn, will serve as a support for the people. Therefore, experts advise to perform them longer than the length, since they can withstand a significant load during operation. It is difficult to give any recommendations regarding the choice of the length of the overhead rafters; here it is necessary to make a special calculation.

Narodniks rely on the rafters on one side, and on the Mauerlat on the other. To equip the roof of a building with a large area, the hangers are made multi-span. It is necessary to resort to the creation of composite rafter structures if the width of the structure exceeds 4.5 meters. A long span is subject to significant stress during operation. To reduce it, struts and struts are installed - elements that reduce the length of the span. To prevent the occurrence of an emergency during the operation of the building, it is possible to correctly calculate all the elements of the system and the load on them.

Spacer or non-spacer?

the stability of the roof is compromised. Spacer layered roofing systems will require high costs, but in comparison with the first option, they are more stable. At the same time, we must not forget that stability - the main advantage of the spacer structure - will only be maintained up to certain load values. In order to imagine the difference between the two options, you can refer to the video materials.

Additional support for struts and struts is provided by the benches. They can be installed on interior walls or on brick posts. Regardless of the installation method, it is important to carefully align the bed horizontally. High-quality alignment of the upper part of the benches facilitates the installation of purlins and uprights. Under the beds, a layer of waterproofing must be laid, most often rolled, as you can see in the video.

The size of the bed is calculated based on the laying method. For brick posts, a section of 10 × 15 cm is sufficient. When laying an element on enclosing structures and ceilings, it is recommended to reduce its height to 5–10 cm. In such cases, the lower parts of the uprights are tied by contractions.

The girders are laid parallel to the Mauerlat. The girder is an additional support for the rafter legs and must have its own support. If the building has long spans, additional supports, for example, sprengels, are required. You can clearly see the structure of the roof truss system with four slopes in the photo and video.

Installation rules

Of course, the installation work for arranging the rafter system will differ in each case. Despite this, there are rules that are valid for any construction site:

Sequence of work

Installation of the rafter system begins with the arrangement of the Mauerlat. It is not necessary to lay it in wooden houses, since the upper crown will play the role of support in them. Further, with the help of a plumb line and a spirit level, a ridge bar is installed.

It is he who will determine the design of the future roof, therefore, the spatial position must be maintained as accurately as possible. Racks are installed under the ridge beam.

The first stage in the formation of the roof is the installation of rafter legs. At this stage, it is recommended to determine and lay the dimensions of the overhang. Depending on the climatic conditions and the location of the house, the overhang can reach up to one meter. The minimum dimensions recommended by experts are 0.5 meters.

The next step is to form the side slopes. For this, intermediate rafters are installed and the rafters are mounted. Half-legs (wipers) should be located with side slopes in a single plane. During installation, it is required to constantly monitor their parallelism relative to each other. See the video for the sequence of these steps.

After the installation of all structural elements of the roof, the lathing is performed. The step of the lathing is determined based on the characteristics of the roofing material. In some cases, continuous flooring may be required. For example, this method is used if it is planned to create a waterproof base, since most modern waterproofing and vapor barrier materials for roofs are laid on a solid base.

Advantages of hipped roofs

As you can see, the installation of a layered rafter system, in general, is simple, but this simplicity is relative. Therefore, it is worth objectively assessing the main advantages of hipped roofs - hipped roofs and hipped roofs. Their main advantages are as follows:

Good resistance even to strong wind, snow and other external loads.
The possibility of arranging large - up to one meter - overhangs, which are protection for wall structures.
Low deformability.
Uniform heating of the slopes by the sun's rays.
The possibility of arranging an attic space or a full-fledged attic.

What's the catch? Why, with such advantages, are hip roofs not so often seen? The reason for this is the disadvantages of such designs:

The most important "minus" is the already repeatedly noted complexity of installation and material consumption of work.
The complexity of roofing work.
It is necessary to carry out a serious calculation made on a professional basis, otherwise it is almost impossible to distribute the load and determine the optimal tilt angles.

An incorrect calculation, the slightest mistake, insufficient attention to at least one of the parameters - the length and width of the building, the type of roofing, the quality of the wood, etc. - can lead to the structure collapsing in the first year of operation. Not the best outcome for the roof of an apartment building.

Thus, it is possible to mount the rafter system of a hipped (hip or hip) roof independently, but such work is always performed "at your own peril and risk." The complexity of the design and installation work is a feature of such roofs. It is possible to equip the roof on your own only in one case - if you have construction skills and abilities.

Four-pitched roofs are becoming more in demand every year, due to the design conditions for sufficiently large structures. Such a roof looks more compact and neat compared to the classic versions of gable roofs. In addition, it is possible to perform not only the standard structure of such a roof, but also to diversify the roof with various elements, most often represented by dormer and dormer windows.

Hipped roof options

Four-pitched roofs are distinguished by a sufficient species diversity, which makes it possible to perform the following types of structures:

... It is characterized by two trapezoidal planes combined with a pair of triangular slopes. The design is distinguished by the absence of gables, and roof slopes are used for the construction of dormer or dormer windows.

half-hip roof... The main difference lies in the unusual design of the hips, which consist of two parts. The lower trapezoidal segment is combined with the upper triangular part.

hipped roof... The name of this design is due to the joining of all four ramps of a triangular shape at one upper point to form a quadrangular pyramid with a base of a square or rectangle. The complete absence of pediments is characteristic. The device of four-pitched roofs is due to the presence of a rather complex rafter system, which requires detailed drawings and careful planning.

Design features

To create a competent roof project, it is necessary to take into account any possible loads that the future rafter system will experience.

Project documentation should contain:

basic drawings of the rafter system and main nodes, at the junction of the rafters with the Mauerlat and the ridge, as well as the features of the location of the sheathing;

technological features of roofing cake and other roofing elements.

Drawing of a hipped roof

The basis of a detailed project makes it easy to carry out all calculations of the required amount of materials for the rafter system and roofing cake.

Load calculation

The main units of account include:

the mass of the required roofing material;

the mass of all layers of the roofing cake being performed, including steam and waterproofing, as well as the amount of insulation;

wind load, calculated on the basis of regional characteristics and roof slope;

indicators of intensity and amount of precipitation in summer;

snow load typical for the construction region;

weight of people serving the roofing;

dimensions and weight of additional equipment intended for installation on the roof surface.

Calculation of the dimensions of the hipped roof elements

The obtained parameters and the indicator of the roofing slope form the basis for calculating the length and section of the rafter system and contribute to the competent selection of roofing material.

The device of the rafter system

The process of constructing hipped roofs is based on the use of slant or diagonal rafters, which are located towards the corners of the structure. It should be borne in mind that such a structure is subject to a greater load, which requires rafters to be made of double-type beams.

A sufficiently long length implies the use of joints, which can be subject to subsidence under high loads. It is for this reason that it is required to install strong supports-supports under the connecting elements.

The design requires the use of rafters or short rafters, abutting the upper part against the rafters. For fastening, several different points are selected, contributing to the most uniform distribution of the load from the wives.

In the process of creating a four-pitched roof, in addition to standard elements, additional frame components are involved. All components of such a roof make up a single system that combines:

beds, which are internal support beams, laid on top of load-bearing walls or columns;

side rafters forming trapezoidal roof slopes;

diagonal or oblique type of rafters;

vertical type of supports, represented by racks and trusses, which help to maintain the rafter system;

girder or ridge beam, which is a horizontal support for the rafter system at the top of the roof structure. Placed on top of the racks and secured. For a hipped roof, there is no need to mount a ridge beam;

horizontal ties or crossbars for connecting side rafters, which without installing such elements can disperse in different directions;

roof rafters mounted on top of diagonal rafters to form a pitched frame;

wind types of beams and strut struts, which increase the strength of the roof and allow it to withstand most loads;

filly to create the necessary roof overhang, which are fixed in the lower segment of the rafter legs.

DIY step-by-step construction technology

Installation work is carried out immediately after the development of the project and the acquisition of all the materials necessary in accordance with the calculations.

At the initial stage, the Mauerlat is installed, which is fixed to the walls of the building. When laying, it is necessary to maintain a distance of five centimeters from the edge of the outer wall. Most often, an anchor option is used to attach the Mauerlat.

The next stage involves the implementation of high-quality markings, followed by the installation of racks and the installation of a ridge bar. In the process of work performed, it is necessary to use a plumb line. To secure the racks, you need to use special jibs.

Next, the installation of the attachment rafters is carried out., during the installation of which the size of the future overhang is taken into account. Under standard conditions, the overhang length is from fifty centimeters to a meter. The optimal size is sixty centimeters.

Correct installation of diagonal rafters must be carried out in accordance with the following rules:

slant rafters are attached to the Mauerlat with the fastening of shortened rafters or rafters;

the transfer of loads from the overhead rafters is distributed by truss trusses;

as a support for truss trusses, additional tightenings are used, mounted on beams of longitudinal or transverse types;

in accordance with the design documentation, puffs, crossbars, struts and struts are installed, which are designed to increase the rigidity of the structure;

the fastening of the diagonal rafters at the top is performed on a ridge girder, resting on a longitudinal type of beam;

it is imperative to use a special type of notches and notches, supplemented by metal fasteners, which will allow the connection of the lower rafter ends and the Mauerlat;

the installation of ordinary rafters with a step corresponding to the calculated loads is carried out immediately after the installation of the diagonal rafters;

slant rafters are connected by means of horizontal crossbars from boards with a section of 120 x 40 millimeters;

slant rafters increase the resistance of the hip slopes at significant wind loads;

the presence of a bay window in the project requires the installation of truss beams made of spliced edged boards or beams.

The next stage of installation is to install the rafters and side rafters that should be located in the same plane. As a result of these works, side roof slopes are formed. Care should be taken to ensure the parallelism of all installed rafter legs, rafters and side elements.

After completing the installation of the structure of the entire rafter system, it is necessary to perform a high-quality one for which bars with a cross section of forty or fifty millimeters are used. This is followed by the standard execution of a suitable roofing cake, on top of which the selected roofing material is mounted.

Learn more about building a roof from the video.

Summing up

A four-pitched roof is the most reliable and economical option for a roofing device without the need for an attic space.

The absence of supporting elements in the form of rigid gables requires ensuring the reliability of the structure in accordance with the calculations and the project.

Four-pitched roofs belong to the category of popular and demanded roofing structures, due to the ease of installation and minimization of costs for building materials for the construction of walls.

Complex roofs draw special attention to the architecture of the building. Four-pitched roofs are popular in the construction of country houses. Four slopes located in different planes give the dwelling a respectable look. Most often, slopes are made in different shapes: two of them are triangular and act as pediments, two are in the shape of a trapezoid.

Design advantages

The installation of a hip or hip roof, in addition to an aesthetic appearance, has practical advantages:

in the attic, surrounded by a roof on all sides, a comfortable temperature is maintained;
the structure of the rafters is strong and durable;
high resistance to wind and precipitation;
the space under the roof can be used for the attic.

Types of hipped roofs

Having a common basis, the subspecies of such coatings differ somewhat in execution:

- the classic version with two triangular hips and two trapezoidal slopes.
Half-hip - triangular slopes have a shortened shape, this design is performed for the equipment of the attic.
Hip - has the shape of a pyramid with triangular slopes. Suitable for a square building.

Design

The angle of inclination for the slopes is selected based on the recommendations of the manufacturers of roofing material and natural features. For a soft roll roof, an angle of up to 18 degrees is sufficient, an angle of 15-60 degrees is suitable for slate, and an angle of 30 to 60 degrees should be laid underneath.

The amount of precipitation in winter is of great importance, if there is a significant amount of snow, then it is better to choose steep slopes, on which precipitation lingers less.

When designing a rafter system, it is necessary to take into account a lot: the cross-section of the timber, the length of the rafters, the size of the run, the step of installing the elements. All possible loads on the roof are clarified at the design stage, they include:

weight of the selected roofing;
annual precipitation;
weight of insulation and waterproofing;
a device on the roof of various equipment (antennas, lights, windows, etc.);

In addition to the inherent loads, the roof of the house must have a margin of safety that guarantees the stability of the structure in an unforeseen situation. For the construction of the rafter system, timber and boards are used. If there is a need to strengthen the elements, the boards are doubled.

Before starting work, all lumber is treated with an antiseptic.

Sequence of work

Roof installation begins with fixing the supporting base - Mauerlat. This is a bar with a section of 150 × 150 mm, which is laid along the perimeter of the walls. Its horizontal placement is controlled by the level. The timber should not be at the edge of the wall, you need to leave a distance of 5–7 cm. The Mauerlat is fastened to studs embedded in the masonry, which are tightened with nuts. This beam allows you to connect the rafter system and the walls of the house into a common structure.

For the installation of the racks, you will need a floor or floor beams. These elements are made of 100 × 200 mm beams or double planks. All supports are installed strictly vertically and are attached to the bed with a metal corner or plate. For a hip roof, the racks are installed in one line, a ridge girder is attached to them. When erecting a hipped roof type, the supports are placed diagonally, equal distances are laid from the corner. As a result, they form a rectangle on which the purlins fit. Fastening is done with corners.

The side rafters are installed after pattern processing. A thin board is taken as a workpiece, applied to the girder and the gash is noted. The second end rests against the Mauerlat and the lower gash is outlined. The required number of rafters is prepared according to the template and installed with the selected fastening step, it can be from 60 cm to 1 meter. With the girder and the base, the connection is made with staples or self-tapping screws.

Oblique rafters with a ridge run form the angle of inclination of the slopes. These rafters are placed diagonally and carry an additional load, so they use double boards. The rafters are washed down according to a template, their length takes into account the overhang of 50 cm. In the upper part, the rafters are connected with a crossbar to give strength. When installing a hipped roof, the rafters are connected in the ridge knot with the help of puffs. The rafters are installed at an angle of 90 degrees and are certainly connected to the walls with wire clamps.

Short rafters or rafters are attached to the diagonal rafters. They are of different lengths, but must be parallel to each other. Narodniks, together with ordinary rafters, form side slopes. For the tent model, the installation of the cribs and the fastening of racks, struts and trusses is also the final stage of construction.

To relieve the load from the diagonal rafters, trusses are installed under them. These are vertical supports that rest on the beds. The side rafters are secured with struts. One of the horses of the board rests on the bed, and the second is cut off at 45 degrees and attached to the rafter leg.

Lathing and insulation

Completing the construction of the roof will allow its insulation with basalt wool or foamed polystyrene. The material is laid between the rafters. Protection of the roof from moisture will be provided by a layer of waterproofing. The dimensions of the lathing depend on the type of roofing, soft tiles look attractive on the hip type, they need a continuous lathing.

Watching a video explaining the nuances of installing rafters will help to conduct the construction correctly.

Video

See how the rafter system is installed: