Literary phraseological units and their meanings. Examples of phraseological units with explanation

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Phraseological units are the national wealth of the language. They enliven speech, make it colorful. Steady turns are expressive stylistic device. Without them, it is difficult to imagine a text rich in speech turns. They enliven and fill with images, the texts begin to take on a new life.

In a work of art - the method of characterizing a hero, creating a vivid character, spectacular pictures of reality along with metaphors and.

General concept of phraseological units

Phraseologism is a ready-made stable speech turnover with a single, holistic meaning. Stability is understood as the relative constancy of the lexical (component) composition.

Phraseologism	The meaning of phraseology
keep a stone in one's bosom	hold a grudge against someone
how to drink	exactly, definitely
bring to a white heat	to a state of intense irritation, anger
come to a standstill	be in a stalemate
small fry	a person who has no power
take the rubbish out of the house	divulge family secrets
smoke the sky	live in idleness
like uncut dogs	many
take the bull by the horns	get down to business with determination
dig in dirty laundry	show interest in the details of someone's private life
build castles in the air	come up with unrealistic plans
cover their tracks	hide something that can serve as evidence
take water in your mouth	stubbornly silent
unsalted slurping	be deceived in one's expectations
no hind legs	1) to be exhausted, extremely tired; 2) sleep soundly
hold the tail with a gun	try to appear cheerful, independent

Set phrases are studied by phraseology (Greek. phrase- "expression", logos- "teaching"). All constant speech turns of the language are called "phraseology".
In a broad sense, phraseological units are proverbs and sayings, idioms- all complete phrases or phrases.

Examples:

And the chest just opened;
familiar faces;
the tongue talks, but the head does not know;
a husband loves a healthy wife, and a brother loves a rich sister;
shitty situation.

Phraseologism is a kind of linguistic unit. Outwardly, in structure, it is similar to phrases - it consists of two or more word components.

They differ in that the words in it lose their independent lexical meaning.

The meaning of a phraseological unit is not the sum of the meanings of the components, as in a free phrase - green + field = green field, but completely different - brew + porridge = "start a difficult and unpleasant business", sideways + get out = "do not pass without a trace, end badly." The meaning follows from a stable phrase and expresses one concept. It has the same meaning.

Phraseologisms have the property of impenetrability: it is impossible to introduce a new component into their structure. They are characterized by a stable sequence of words.

Other terms for defining phraseological units are idiom (Greek. idioma– “special property”), phraseological unit, phraseme, set phrase, phraseological phrase. In any language phraseological units individual, they need to be understood. They are not translated into another language verbatim.

Lexical meaning of phraseological units

Like words, phraseological units serve as names for actions, phenomena, states, objects, signs. Some of them combine expressive coloring with meaning.

Expressiveness is understood as the presence of an evaluative component, informational "redundancy" in contrast to a neutral word: turn tail, talk about lofty matters- ironic from rags to riches, disentangle porridge- disapproving monkey labor, oatmeal forehead - contemptuously alive smoking room, zhdanki eat- playfully.
Phraseologisms sound like free phrases. This phenomenon is defined as homonymy:

give up during charging and give up in the meaning of "lose the desire to do something";
cast a line into the lake and cast a line meaning "to hint at something".

Homonymous will be ideoms that have several meanings: close your eyes- to be close to the dying last minutes life; hide, keep silent about something; deliberately not to pay attention, not to notice something.

Phraseologisms that are close in meaning are combined into synonymous rows. Examples: "very fast" (run, run away) - one leg here, the other there, with all legs, as if on fire, with all blades.

From stable turns of speech, you can also form pairs that are opposite in meaning (antonyms): a yellow-mouthed chick is a shot sparrow, soul to soul - like a cat with a dog, lose your temper - pull yourself together, bend your line - dance to someone else's tune.

The origin of phraseological units

Steady turns are not created spontaneously during oral communications, written speech. These are ready-made lexical units with a known meaning. Etymology (a branch of linguistics) deals with the study of phraseological units and their origin.

Most of them came to literary language from folklore: behind seven seals, milk rivers, self-collection tablecloth, good fellow, red maiden. Many turnovers are associated with ancient rites, now forgotten.

Many phraseological units came from the vocabulary: hit the tone, play the first violin- from musicians; game is not worth the candle- from furriers, cut under the walnut, without a hitch- from carpenters. Some phrases are related to history: ice carnage, Monomakh's hat, all over Ivanovo.

There are turns associated with biblical stories, ancient mythology: carry your cross Babel until the second coming,with or on a shield, Augean stables, Trojan horse.

Here are a couple of interesting phraseological units, the meaning of which is related to their origin.
According to the ancient belief of the ancestors, a closed (circular) line, made with coal or a knife, and spoken with special words, gained power and protected from evil spirits. The circle was also held in the air.

In Nikolai Gogol's story "Viy" Khoma Brut is saved from a witch by drawing a circle around him and saying a prayer. The Russian warriors drew a circle over their heads with the end of the sword, believing that enemy blows would not touch them, the spoken ones. From the ancient rite, the expression " headlong"- boldly, without fear.

turnover " rub glasses» (to deceive someone) came from the jargon of card cheats and means real action- rubbing extra points on the so-called powder cards. Using powder - "sticky", the player turned the six into a seven or eight, two into a three. That is, he rubbed the points needed for the desired amount (for example, 21 points).

The expression took root in speech and served as the basis for the formation of nouns eyewash(deception) and eyewash(deceiver).
Phraseological units still appear today: give out on the mountain, new Russians, rich Pinocchio, cherchet la femme, rush hour.

Milk rivers - kissel banks

Phraseologism - a means of attracting attention

Phraseological turns are well remembered. Ready and known to the reader, they facilitate perception. The use of antonymic (opposite in meaning) contextual combinations, figurative phrases, ambiguity attracts the attention of the audience.

The problem is that the administration of our enterprise selects and arranges personnel contrary to good traditions, which long time ago told in folklore. According to these traditions, it is not recommended to let the goat into the garden, throw the pike into the river, and appoint the fox as the head of the chicken coop.

The use of phraseological units when writing content is appropriate in a conversational style, as well as in an artistic and journalistic style. Here are some methods for transforming phraseological units:

Literalization. The context of the turnover implies the perception of it in its direct meaning: If the listeners do not laugh, I get upset, withdraw into myself and sit there.
Permutation or replacement of individual words: Of the two evils, I choose the one that I have not tried before. Learning is light, and ignorance is a pleasant twilight.
Expansion of the phraseological unit structure: What a pity that you are finally leaving.
Combining parts of different meanings: All people are brothers, but not all of the mind.
A complete change in the meaning of the ideoma: There are brave people. I am not a brave man; How could one call the weaker sex, which takes so much strength?
Inserting a specifying definition: I am his personal king. He is without a king in his head, so I have him instead of a king.

Headings built on the basis of phraseological units arouse the reader's interest. Metaphor has an emotional effect on the audience: Water Don't Come Alone, Push Racing, Freedom on the Left.
News presented as a word game with sustainable turnover sounds like a slogan: In the courtyard - a pillar, at the pillar - gop.

Winged expressions help to express thoughts more accurately, give speech a more emotional coloring. They allow in a few short but precise words to express more emotions and convey a personal attitude to what is happening.

1 sly

Initially, this expression meant to secretly dig a mine or a secret tunnel. The word "zappa" (translated from Italian) means "digging shovel".
Borrowed in French, the word turned into the French "sap" and got the meaning of "earthworks, trenches and undermining works", the word "sapper" also arose from this word.

In Russian, the word "sapa" and the expression "quiet glanders" meant work that is carried out with extreme caution, without noise, in order to get close to the enemy unnoticed, in complete secrecy.

After widespread the expression acquired the meaning: carefully, in deep secrecy and slowly (for example, “So he drags all the food from the kitchen on the sly!”).

2 Can't see anything

According to one version, the word "zga" comes from the name of a part of the horse harness - a ring in the upper part of the arc, into which a rein was inserted so as not to dangle. When the coachman needed to unharness the horse, and it was so dark that this little ring (zgi) could not be seen, they said that "you can't see it at all."

According to another version, the word "zga" comes from the Old Russian "sytga" - "road, path, path." In this case, the meaning of the expression is interpreted - "so dark that you can not even see the road, the path." Today, the expression “nothing is visible”, “nothing can be seen” means “nothing is visible”, “impenetrable darkness”.

A blind man leads a blind man, but both of them cannot see. (last)

“Darkness hangs over the earth: you can’t see it ...” (Anton Chekhov, “Mirror”)

3 dance from the stove

The expression "to dance from the stove" first appeared in the novel by the 19th-century Russian writer Vasily Sleptsov " Good man". The book was published in 1871. There is an episode in it when the main character Seryozha Terebenev recalls how he was taught to dance, but the “pas” required from the dance teacher did not work out for him. There is a phrase in the book:

- Oh, what are you, brother! - Father says reproachfully. - Well, go back to the stove, start over.

Vasily Alekseevich Sleptsov. 1870

In Russian, this expression began to be used, speaking of people whose habit of acting according to a hardened scenario replaces knowledge. A person can perform certain actions only “from the stove”, from the very beginning, from the most simple and familiar action:

“When he (the architect) was ordered to plan, he usually drew the hall and the hotel first; just as in the old days, college girls could only dance from the stove, so his artistic idea could only come and develop from the hall to the living room. (Anton Chekhov, "My Life").

4 shabby look

During the time of Tsar Peter I, Ivan Zatrapeznikov lived - an entrepreneur who received the Yaroslavl textile manufactory from the emperor. The factory produced a cloth called “stripe”, or “stripe”, popularly called “mesh”, “mesh” - a coarse and low-quality cloth made from hemp (hemp fiber).
Clothes were sewn from shabby clothes mainly by poor people who could not buy something better for themselves. And the appearance of such poor people was appropriate. Since then, if a person is dressed sloppily, they say about him that he has a shabby appearance:

“The hay girls were poorly fed, dressed in shabby clothes and given little sleep, exhausting them with almost continuous work.” (Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, "Poshekhonskaya antiquity")

5 Sharpen laces

To sharpen folly means to idle talk, to engage in useless chatter. Lassy (balusters) are chiseled curly columns of railings at the porch.

At first, “sharpening balusters” meant having an elegant, whimsical, ornate (like balusters) conversation. However, there were few craftsmen to conduct such a conversation, and over time, the expression began to mean empty chatter:

“They used to sit in a circle, some on a bench, some simply on the ground, each with some kind of business, a spinning wheel, a comb or bobbins, and they would go and go to sharpen their laces and babble about a different, experienced time.” (Dmitry Grigorovich, Village).

6 Lying like a gray gelding

To lie like a gray gelding means to speak fables without being embarrassed at all. In the 19th century, an officer, a German named von Sievers-Mehring, served in one of the regiments of the Russian army. He liked to tell the officers funny stories and fables. The expression "lies like Sievers-Mering" was understandable only to his colleagues. However, they began to use it throughout Russia, completely forgetting about the origins. Sayings appeared among the people: “lazy as a gray gelding”, “stupid as a gray gelding”, although the horse breed has nothing to do with this.

7 Bullshit

According to one version, the expression "bullshit" comes from "lying like a gray gelding" (in fact, these two phrases are synonymous)
There is also a version that the expression "bullshit" came from the name of one scientist - Brad Steve Cobile, who once wrote a very stupid article. His name, consonant with the words "bullshit" correlated with scientific nonsense.

According to another version, "bullshit" is an expression denoting stupid statement or thought; appeared due to the beliefs of the Slavs that the gray horse (gray with an admixture of a different color) was the most stupid animal. There was a sign according to which if a gray mare is dreamed, then in reality the dreamer will be deceived.

8 Androns ride

"Androns are coming" means nonsense, nonsense, nonsense, complete nonsense.
In Russian, this phrase is used in response to someone who tells a lie, inappropriately puts on airs and boasts about himself. In the 1840s, on the territory of almost all of Russia, andretz (andron) meant a wagon, various kinds of carts.

“And you don’t have to scold my house! “Do I scold you?.. Cross yourself, Petrovnushka, the androns are coming!” (Pavel Zarubin, "The Dark and Bright Sides of Russian Life")

9 Biryuk live

Mikhail Golubovich in the movie Biryuk. 1977

The expression "to live with a biryuk" means to be a hermit and a closed person. In the southern regions of Russia, a wolf is called a biryuk. The wolf has long been considered a predatory animal dangerous for the economy. The peasants perfectly studied his habits and habits and often remembered them when speaking about a person. “Oh, and you have grown old, little brother! Dunyashka said regretfully. “Some kind of gray has become like a biryuk.” (Mikhail Sholokhov, Quiet Flows the Don)

10 to play with spillikins

Spillikins are various small household items that were used during the ancient game. Its meaning was to pull out one toy after another from a pile of toys with fingers or a special hook, without touching or scattering the rest. The one who moved the adjacent spillikin passes the move to the next player. The game continues until the whole pile is taken apart. By the beginning of the 20th century, spillikins became one of the most popular games in the country and were very common not only among children, but also among adults.

In a figurative sense, the expression "playing spillikins" means to engage in trifles, nonsense, leaving aside the main and important:

“After all, I came to the workshop to work, and not to sit back and play spillikins.” (Mikhail Novorussky "Notes of the Schlisselburger")

11 Pies with kittens

In Russia, they never ate cats, except in severe famine. During long sieges of cities, their inhabitants, having exhausted all food supplies, people used domestic animals for food, and cats and cats were the last to go.

Thus, this expression means a catastrophic state of affairs. Usually the proverb is shortened and they say: “These are the pies”, in other words, “these are the things”.

12 Leave unsalted slurping

In Russia in the old days, salt was an expensive product. It had to be transported from afar off-road, taxes on salt were very high. When visiting, the host salted the food himself, with his own hand. Sometimes, expressing his respect for especially dear guests, he even added salt to the food, and sometimes those who sat at the far end of the table did not get salt at all. Hence the expression - "to leave without salty slurping":

“And the more she spoke, and the more sincerely she smiled, the stronger the confidence became in me that I would leave her without salty slurping.” (Anton Chekhov "Lights")

"The fox missed the live and went away slurping unsalted." (Alexey Tolstoy "The Fox and the Rooster")

13 Shemyakin Court

Illustration for the fairy tale "Shemyakin Court". Copper engraving, first half of the 18th century. Reproduction.

The expression "shemyakin court" is used when they want to emphasize the unfairness of any opinion, judgment or assessment. Shemyaka is a real historical person, the Galician prince Dimitri Shemyaka, famous for his cruelty, deceit and unrighteous deeds. He became famous for his tireless, stubborn struggle with the Grand Duke Vasily the Dark, his cousin, for the Moscow throne. Today, when they want to point out the partiality, unfairness of some judgment, they say: “Is this criticism? Shemyakin court of some kind.

According to aif.ru

phraseological units they call stable combinations of words, turns of speech such as: “beat the buckets”, “hang your nose”, “ask a brainwasher” ... The turn of speech, which is called a phraseological unit, is indivisible in meaning, that is, its meaning does not consist of the meanings of its constituent words. It works only as a whole, a lexical unit.

Phraseologisms- these are popular expressions that do not have an author.

The meaning of phraseological units is to give an emotional coloring to the expression, to strengthen its meaning.

When phraseological units are formed, some components acquire the status of optional (optional): “The components of a phraseological unit, which can be omitted in some cases of its use, are called optional components of a phraseological unit, and the phenomenon itself, as a feature of the form of a phraseological unit, is called optional components of a phraseological unit.

The first component of the turnover may be optional, facultative, i.e. expression will sound without it.

Signs of phraseological units

Phraseologisms usually do not tolerate the replacement of words and their permutations, for which they are also called set phrases.

No matter what can't pronounce no matter what happens to me or no matter what, but take care of the pupil of the eye instead of cherish like the apple of an eye.

There are of course exceptions: puzzle over or break your head, surprise And take someone by surprise but such cases are rare.

Many phraseological units are easily replaced by one word:

headlong- fast,

at hand- close.

The most important feature of phraseological units is their figurative and figurative meaning.

Often a direct expression turns into a figurative one, expanding the shades of its meaning.

Bursting at the seams- from the speech of the tailor acquired a wider meaning - to decline.

Confound- from the speech of railway workers it passed into common use in the sense of confusing.

Examples of phraseological units and their meanings

Buckwheat beat- mess around
henbane overeat- get mad (applied to people who do stupid things
After the rain on Thursday- never
Anika warrior- braggart, brave only in words, away from danger
Ask a brainwash (bath)- lather the neck, head - strongly scold
White crow- a person who stands out environment one quality or another
Biryuk live- to be sullen, not to communicate with anyone
Throw down the gauntlet- challenge someone to an argument, competition (although no one throws gloves)
wolf in sheepskin - evil people pretending to be kind, who hide under the guise of meekness
Soar in the clouds- blissfully dream, fantasize about what
The soul has gone to the heels- a person who is afraid, frightened
Don't feel sorry for your belly- sacrifice life
Nick down- remember firmly
Make an elephant out of a fly- turn a small fact into a whole event
On a silver platter- get what you want with honor, without special efforts
At the edge of the earth- somewhere very far away
On the seventh sky- to be in complete ecstasy, in a state of supreme bliss
Nothing is visible- so dark that you can not see the paths, paths
Throw headlong- act recklessly, with desperate determination
Eat a pood of salt- get to know each other well
Good riddance- go away, we can do without you
Build castles in the air- to dream about the unrealizable, to indulge in fantasies. Think, think about what cannot be realized in reality, get carried away by illusory assumptions, hopes
Roll up your sleeves- work hard, with diligence.

See “PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN PICTURES. Meanings of phraseological units "

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Phraseological units about school

Learning is light and ignorance is darkness.
Live and learn.
A scientist without work is like a cloud without rain.
Learn from a young age - you will not die of starvation in old age.
What I learned, that's what came in handy.
Hard in teaching - easy in battle.
Teach the mind.
Go through the school of life.
Hit in the head.
Bang your head on the ice.
To teach a fool that the dead can be cured.

Phraseological units from ancient Greek mythology

There are native Russian phraseological units, but there are also borrowed ones, including phraseological units that came into the Russian language from ancient times. Greek mythology.

Tantalum flour- unbearable torment from the consciousness of the proximity of the desired goal and the impossibility of achieving it. (An analogue of the Russian proverb: “The elbow is close, but you won’t bite”). Tantalus is a hero, the son of Zeus and Pluto, who reigned in the region of Mount Sipila in southern Phrygia (Asia Minor) and was famous for his wealth. According to Homer, for his crimes, Tantalus was punished in the underworld with eternal torment: standing up to his neck in water, he cannot get drunk, as the water immediately recedes from his lips; branches weighed down with fruits hang from the trees around it, which rise up as soon as Tantalus stretches out his hand to them.

Augean stables- a heavily littered, polluted place, usually a room where everything is lying in disarray. Phraseologism comes from the name of the huge stables of the king of Elis Avgeas, not cleaned for many years. Cleaning them was only possible for the mighty Hercules - the son of Zeus. The hero cleared the Augean stables in one day, directing the waters of two turbulent rivers through them.

Sisyphean labor- useless, endless hard work, fruitless work. The expression came from the ancient Greek legend of Sisyphus, a famous cunning man who was able to deceive even the gods and constantly came into conflict with them. It was he who managed to chain Thanatos, the god of death, sent to him, and keep him imprisoned for several years, as a result of which people did not die. For his actions, Sisyphus was severely punished in Hades: he had to roll a heavy stone up the mountain, which, reaching the top, inevitably fell down, so that all work had to be started anew.

sing praises- to praise someone or something with great enthusiasm; to praise someone or something. It arose from the name of dithyrambs - laudatory songs in honor of the god of wine and vine Dionysus, which were sung during processions dedicated to this deity.

Golden Rain- large sums of money. The expression originated from the ancient Greek myth of Zeus. Captivated by the beauty of Danae, the daughter of the Argos king Acrisius, Zeus penetrated her in the form of a golden rain, and from this connection Perseus was later born. Danae, showered with a rain of golden coins, is depicted in the paintings of many artists: Titian, Correggio, Van Dyck and others. Titian. Danae.

Throw thunder and lightning- scold someone; speak angrily, irritably, reproaching, denouncing someone or threatening him. It arose from ideas about Zeus, the supreme god of Olympus, who, according to myths, dealt with his enemies and people who were objectionable to him with the help of thunderbolts, terrifying in their power, forged by Hephaestus.

Ariadne's thread, Ariadne's thread- that helps to find a way out of a predicament. Named after Ariadne, the daughter of the Cretan king Minos, who, according to ancient Greek myth, helped the Athenian king Theseus, after he killed the half-bull-half-man Minotaur, safely get out of the underground labyrinth with a ball of thread.

Achilles' heel - weak side, the weak point of something. In Greek mythology, Achilles (Achilles) is one of the strongest and bravest heroes; He is sung in Homer's Iliad. The post-Homeric myth, transmitted by the Roman writer Hyginus, reports that the mother of Achilles, the sea goddess Thetis, in order to make her son's body invulnerable, dipped him into the sacred river Styx; dipping, she held him by the heel, which the water did not touch, so the heel remained the only vulnerable spot of Achilles, where he was mortally wounded by the arrow of Paris.

Gifts of the Danaans (Trojan horse)- insidious gifts that bring death to those who receive them. Originated from Greek legends about the Trojan War. The Danaans, after a long and unsuccessful siege of Troy, resorted to a trick: they built a huge wooden horse, left it near the walls of Troy, and pretended to swim away from the coast of Troy. The priest Laocoon, who knew about the tricks of the Danaans, saw this horse and exclaimed: “Whatever it is, I am afraid of the Danaans, even those who bring gifts!” But the Trojans, not listening to the warnings of Laocoon and the prophetess Cassandra, dragged the horse into the city. At night, the Danaans, who hid inside the horse, went out, killed the guards, opened the city gates, let in their comrades who returned on ships, and thus captured Troy.

Between Scylla and Charybdis- to be between two hostile forces, in a position where danger threatens from both sides. According to the legends of the ancient Greeks, two monsters lived on the coastal rocks on both sides of the Strait of Messina: Scylla and Charybdis, which swallowed sailors. “Scylla, ... incessantly barking, With a piercing squeal, similar to the squeal of a young puppy, The whole neighborhood of monsters announces ... Past her, not a single navigator could pass unscathed With an easy ship: all the toothy mouths gaping, At once she is six people from the ship kidnaps... Close up you will see another rock... Terribly the whole sea under that rock disturbs Charybdis, Three times a day absorbing and three times a day spewing Black moisture. Do not dare to approach when it absorbs: Poseidon himself will not deliver from certain death then ... "

Promethean fire sacred fire, burning in the human soul, an unquenchable desire to achieve high goals in science, art, social work. Prometheus in Greek mythology is one of the Titans; he stole fire from heaven and taught people how to use it, which undermined faith in the power of the gods. For this, the angry Zeus ordered Hephaestus (the god of fire and blacksmithing) to chain Prometheus to a rock; the daily flying eagle tormented the liver of the chained titan.

Apple of discord- the subject, the cause of the dispute, enmity, was first used by the Roman historian Justin (II century AD). It is based on a Greek myth. The goddess of discord Eris rolled between the guests at the wedding feast Golden Apple with the inscription: "To the most beautiful." Among the guests were the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, who argued about which of them should get the apple. Their dispute was resolved by Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, by awarding the apple to Aphrodite. In gratitude, Aphrodite helped Paris kidnap Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus, which caused the Trojan War.

Sink into oblivion- to be forgotten, to disappear without a trace and forever. From the name of Leta - the river of oblivion in the underground kingdom of Hades, the souls of the dead drank water from it and forgot their entire past life.

Phraseologisms with the word "WATER"

Storm in a teacup- big commotion for a small reason
It is written with a pitchfork on the water- it is not yet known how it will be, the outcome is not clear, by analogy: “grandmother said in two”
Do not spill water- great friends, about strong friendship
Carry water in a sieve- wasting time, doing useless business Analogously: crushing water in a mortar
Got water in my mouth- silent and unwilling to answer
Carry water (on smb.)- burden with hard work, taking advantage of his complaisant nature
Withdraw to clean water - expose dark deeds, convict of lies
Come out dry from water- go unpunished, without bad consequences
Money is like water- refers to the ease with which they are spent
Blow on the water, getting burned in milk- be overly cautious, remembering past mistakes
How to look into the water- as if he knew in advance, foresaw, accurately predicted events
How to sink into the water- disappeared without a trace
Down in the mouth- sad, sad
Like water through your fingers- one who easily escapes persecution
As two drops of water- very similar, indistinguishable
As you do not know the ford, then do not go into the water- a warning not to take hasty action
Like a fish in water- feel confident, very well oriented, good at something,
Like water off a duck's back- nothing to man
Much water has flown under the bridge since that time- a lot of time has passed
Carry water in a sieve- wasting time
Seventh water on jelly- very distant relationship
Hide the ends in the water- hide the traces of the crime
Quieter than water, lower than grass- behave modestly, inconspicuously
Pound water in a mortar- do something useless.

Phraseologisms with the word "NOS"

It is interesting that in phraseological units the word nose practically does not reveal its main meaning in any way. The nose is the organ of smell, however, in stable phrases, the nose is associated primarily with the idea of something small, short. Remember the fairy tale about Kolobok? When the Fox needed Gingerbread Man to get within her reach, to get closer, she asks him to sit on her nose. However, the word nose does not always mean the organ of smell. It also has other meanings.

grumble under your breath- grumbling, grumbling, muttering indistinctly.
lead by the nose- this phrase came to us from Central Asia. Visitors are often surprised how small children manage to cope with huge camels. The animal obediently follows the child leading it by the rope. The fact is that the rope is threaded through the ring located in the camel's nose. Here you already want it, you don’t want it - but you have to obey! Rings were also put into the noses of bulls to make their temper more docile. If a person deceives someone or does not fulfill the promise, then they also say about him that he "leads by the nose."
Turn up one's nose- unjustifiably proud of something, boast.
Nick down- To chop on the nose means: to remember firmly, once and for all. It seems to many that this was said not without cruelty: it is not very pleasant if you are offered to make a notch on your own face. Useless fear. The word nose here does not mean the organ of smell at all, but just a commemorative plaque, a tag for records. In ancient times, illiterate people always carried such boards with them and made all kinds of notes on them with notches, cuts. These tags were called noses.
nod off- fall asleep.
Curious Barbara got her nose torn off at the market Don't meddle in your own business.
On the nose- so they say about something that is about to come.
Can't see beyond your own nose- ignore the surroundings.
Don't poke your nose into other people's business- in this way they want to show that a person is too, inappropriately curious, interferes in what he should not.
Nose to nose On the contrary, close.
Keep your nose to the wind- in the glorious times of the sailing fleet, movement by sea completely depended on the direction of the wind, on the weather. Calm, calm - and the sails nick, more like a rag. A contrary wind is blowing in the bow of the ship - you have to think not about sailing, but already about throwing all the anchors, that is, “anchoring” and removing all the sails so that the air current does not throw the ship ashore. In order to go to sea, a fair wind was required, which inflated the sails and directed the ship forward into the sea. The sailors' vocabulary associated with this received figurativeness and entered our literary language. Now "to keep your nose to the wind" - in a figurative sense, means to adapt to any circumstances. "Anchor", "Anchor", - stop in motion, settle down somewhere; "Sit by the sea and wait for the weather"- inactive expectation of change; "On full sail"- move towards the intended goal at full speed, as quickly as possible; Wish "fair wind" to someone - means a wish for him good luck.
Nose hang or Nose hang- if suddenly a person is depressed or just sad, it happens about him, they say that he seemed to “hang his nose”, and they can also add: “a fifth”. Quinta, translated from Latin, it means: "fifth". Musicians, or more precisely, violinists, so call the violin's first string in terms of tonality (the highest). While playing, the violinist usually supports his instrument with his chin and his nose almost touches this string closest to him. The expression "hang your nose on the fifth", improved in the circle of musicians, has entered the literature.
Stay with your nose- without what he hoped for.
Right under your nose- close.
show nose- to tease someone by putting your thumb to your nose and waving the others.
With a goofy nose- very little (a bun is a dove, the dove's beak is small).
Poke your nose into other people's business- take an interest in other people's affairs.
Get away with your nose- the roots of the expression "go away with the nose" are lost in the distant past. In ancient times, bribery was very common in Russia. Neither in institutions nor in court could a positive decision be achieved without an offering, a gift. Of course, these gifts, hidden by the petitioner somewhere under the floor, were not called the word "bribe". They were politely called "bringing" or "nose". If the manager, judge or clerk took the "nose", then one could be sure that the case would be favorably resolved. In case of refusal (and this could happen if the gift seemed small to the official or if the offering from the opposite side had already been accepted), the petitioner left with his “nose” on his way. In this case, there was no hope for success. Since then, the words “go away with a nose” have come to mean “to fail, to fail, to lose, to stumble, having achieved nothing.
Wipe your nose- if you managed to surpass someone, then they say that they wiped his nose.
bury your nose- immerse yourself completely in some activity.
Full, drunk and nose in tobacco- means a satisfied and contented person.

Phraseologisms with the word "MOUTH, LIPS"

The word mouth is included in whole line phraseological units, the meanings of which are associated with the process of speaking. Food enters the human body through the mouth - a number of stable expressions in one way or another indicate this function of the mouth. There are not many phraseological units with the word lip.

You won't take it in your mouth- they say if the food is cooked tasteless.
Lip no fool- they say about a person who knows how to choose the best.
Shut someone's mouth It means not letting him talk.
Porridge in the mouth- the person speaks indistinctly.
There was no poppy dew in the mouth- it means that the person has not eaten for a long time and needs to be fed urgently.
Wet behind the ears- they say if they want to show that someone else is young and inexperienced.
Take water in your mouth is to shut up.
pout lips- be offended.
open mouth- to freeze in amazement before something that struck the imagination.
Hassle full mouth- they say, if there are so many things to do that you don’t have time to cope with them.
wide open mouth is a sign of surprise.

Phraseological units with the word "HAND"

be at hand- to be available, to be in close proximity
Warm your hands- take advantage of position
Keep in hand- do not give free rein, keep in strict obedience
How it was removed by hand- disappeared quickly
Wear on your hands- to give special location, attention, appreciate, indulge
Without stopping ru k - work hard
Get under your arm- randomly appear nearby
Get under hot hand - get in a bad mood
The hand doesn't go up- it is not possible to perform an action due to an internal prohibition
Hand in hand- holding hands, together, together
hand washes hand- people who have common interests protect each other
Hands don't reach- there is no time or energy to do something
Itchy hands- a strong desire to do something
At hand- very close, very near
Grab with both hands- happy to accept a proposal
Rake heat with the wrong hands- to enjoy the fruits of someone else's work
Skillful fingers- about someone who skillfully, skillfully does everything, copes with any work

Phraseologisms with the word "HEAD"

wind in my head- unreliable person.
Flew out of my head- forgot.
Head is spinning- too much to do, responsibilities, information.
Giving head to cut off- promise.
Like snow on your head- suddenly.
fool your head- to deceive, to lead away from the essence of the matter.
Don't take off your head- be responsible for your actions.
View from head to toe- of everything, carefully, attentively.
Headlong- risky.
Don't pat on the head- they scold.
From a sick head to a healthy one- to put the blame on someone else.
Turn upside down- vice versa.
Break your head over the task- think hard.
Breaking my head- very fast.

Phraseologisms with the word "EAR"

The word ear is included in phraseological units, one way or another connected with hearing. Harsh words act primarily on the ears. In many stable expressions, the word ears means rather than the organ of hearing, but only its outer part. I wonder if you can see your ears? Using a mirror in this case is not allowed!

Keep eyes open- a person tensely waits for danger. Vostry is the old form of the word acute.
prick up your ears- listen carefully. The dog's ears are pointed and the dog's ears stick up when listening. This is where phraseology came from.
Can't see your ears- they say about a person who will never get what he wants.
Dive deep into something- they say to a person if he is completely absorbed in any occupation. You can also be deeply in debt - if there are a lot of debts.
Blushed to the ears- they say when a person is very embarrassed.
hang your ears- so they say about a person who listens to someone too trustingly.
Listen with all ears means to listen carefully.
Listen with half an ear or listen with the corner of your ear- listen without much attention.
Ears wither- it is disgusting to listen to something extremely.
Ears cuts- they say when something is unpleasant to listen to.

Phraseologisms with the word "TOOTH"

With the word tooth in the Russian language, there are a fairly large number of set expressions. Among them, a group of phraseological units is noticeable, in which teeth act as a kind of weapon of defense or attack, a threat. The word tooth is also used in phraseological units denoting various deplorable states of a person.

be in the teeth- to impose, to bother.
Armed to the teeth- they say about a person who is dangerous to attack, because he can give a worthy rebuff.
speak teeth- divert attention.
tooth for tooth- quarreling (a tendency to swear), unyielding, "as it comes around, it will respond."
Tooth not touching- they say if someone is cold from a strong cold or from trembling, excitement, fear.
Give a tooth- to ridicule, to ridicule someone.
Tooth eat- push, push.
Bare teeth- laugh.
eat teeth- gain experience.
scratching teeth- talk nonsense, nonsense.
Try it on the tooth- learn, try directly.
Something too tough for anyone- it is difficult to bite off, beyond the power, beyond the abilities.
Nothing to put on the tooth- they say when there is nothing to eat.
Not in the tooth with a foot- absolutely nothing (not to know, not to understand, etc.).
look someone in the mouth- learn everything about the person.
Raise by the teeth- laugh.
Show teeth- means to demonstrate one's evil nature, the desire to be at enmity, to threaten someone.
Put your teeth on the shelf- to starve when there is no food left in the house.
speak through teeth- barely open his mouth, reluctantly.
Grit your teeth- do not lose heart, do not despair, start the fight.
Sharpen or have a grudge against someone- To be mean, to do harm.

Phraseologisms with the word "CHEST, BACK"

The words chest and back are included in oppositely colored phraseological units. However, there are positively colored phraseological units with the word back.

Stand up or stand with your chest for someone- rise to the defense, steadfastly defend.
Riding on someone's back- achieve your goals by using someone in your interests.
Bend your back- work, or bow.
Hunch your back- work.
Ride on whose back- to use someone for any of their purposes.
Behind someone (to do something)- so that he did not see, did not know, secretly from someone.
Put your hands behind your back- cross them at the back.
On one's own back (experience, learn something)- from my own bitter experience, as a result of troubles, difficulties, hardships that I myself had to endure.
Knife in the back or stab in the back- traitorous, treacherous act, blow.
turn your back- leave, leave to the mercy of fate, stop communicating with someone.
Pave the way with your chest- to achieve a good position in life, achieves everything by hard work, overcomes all the difficulties that have fallen to him.
Skulk- shift your duties or responsibilities to someone else.
Work without bending your back- diligently, diligently, a lot and hard. They can praise an approximately working person.
Straighten your back- gain self-confidence, cheer up.
Show back- leave, run away.
Stand behind someone- secretly, covertly lead someone.

Phraseologisms with the word "LANGUAGE"

Language is another word often found in phraseological units, since language is extremely important for a person, it is with it that the idea of the ability to speak and communicate is associated. The idea of speaking (or, conversely, silence) can be traced in one way or another in many phraseological units with the word language.

Run with your tongue out- very fast.
Keep your mouth shut- be silent, do not say too much; be careful in your statements.
Long tongue- they say, if a person is a talker and likes to tell other people's secrets.
How a cow licked her tongue- about something that quickly and without a trace disappeared.
To find mutual language - reach mutual understanding.
step on the tongue- make them fall silent.
Hang your tongue on your shoulder- very tired.
Get on the tongue- to become the subject of gossip.
bite your tongue- shut up, refrain from speaking.
untie tongue- encourage someone to talk; give someone the opportunity to speak.
Dissolve language- without restraining oneself, losing control over oneself, blurting out, saying too much.
Pip on your tongue- an angry wish to an evil talker.
pull tongue- to say something not entirely appropriate to the situation.
shorten tongue- to make someone shut up, not to let them speak insolence, superfluous.
Scratch your tongue (scratch your tongue)- talk in vain, engage in chatter, idle talk.
scratch tongues- to gossip, to slander.
The devil pulled the tongue- an unnecessary word breaks off the tongue.
Tongue without bones- they say if a person is talkative.
Tongue is braided- you can't say anything clearly.
Tongue stuck to throat- suddenly shut up, stop talking.
Tongue swallow- shut up, stop talking (about the unwillingness of someone to speak).
The tongue is well suspended- they say about a person who speaks freely, fluently.

Phraseologisms with the word "LITTLE"

Almost- about, almost
Small spool but precious- value is not determined by size
Small small less- one is smaller than the other (about children)
Small bird, but the nail is sharp- insignificant in position, but inspires fear or admiration for his qualities
small dog to old age puppy- a person of small stature always seems younger than his years, does not make a solid impression
You never know what– 1. anything, anything 2. not essential, not important 3. excitement, what if…
little by little- slowly, little by little
low speed- slowly
From small to large– all ages
Little by little (drink)- a little, a small portion
play little by little- make a small bet (in games)
From an early age- since childhood
The smallest- a small part of something.

The correct and appropriate use of phraseological units gives speech a special expressiveness, accuracy and imagery.

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN PICTURES

See if phraseological units are illustrated correctly, and tell me how do you understand their meaning?

Guess a few poetic riddles about phraseological turns:

You will not find friendlier than these two guys in the world.
They are usually referred to as water...

We walked the town literally along and …
And we were so tired on the road that we barely ...

Your friend asks furtively
Copy the answers from your notebook.
No need! After all, you will give this to a friend ...

They are out of tune, they confuse words, someone sings in the forest, ...
The kids won't listen to them.
From this song, ears ...

Phraseologisms

Phraseologisms are called stable combinations of words, turns of speech such as: “beat the buckets”, “hang your nose”, “ask a brainwasher” ... The turn of speech, which is called a phraseological unit, is indivisible in meaning, that is, its meaning does not add up from the meanings of its constituent words. It works only as a whole, a lexical unit.

Phraseologisms are winged expressions that do not have an author.

The meaning of phraseological units is to give emotional coloring to the expression, to strengthen its meaning.

Many phraseological units are easily replaced by one word:

headlong - quickly,

close at hand.

Often a direct expression turns into a figurative one, expanding the shades of its meaning.

Bursting at the seams - from the speech of the tailor has acquired a wider meaning - to decline.

To confuse - from the speech of railway workers it has passed into common use in the sense of confusing.

Examples of phraseological units and their meanings

Buckwheat beat - mess around

Henbane overeat - go berserk (applied to people who do stupid things

After rain on Thursday - never

Anika the warrior is a braggart, brave only in words, away from danger

Set a brain wash (bath) - lather your neck, head - strongly scold

White crow - a person who stands out sharply from the environment with certain qualities

Biryuk to live - to be gloomy, not to communicate with anyone

Throw down a glove - challenge someone to an argument, competition (although no one throws gloves)

A wolf in sheep's clothing - evil people pretending to be kind, who hide under the mask of meekness

Soar in the clouds - blissfully dream, fantasize about what

The soul has gone to the heels - a man who has become cowardly, frightened

Don't feel sorry for your belly - donate your life

Hack on the nose - remember firmly

To make an elephant out of a fly - to turn a small fact into a whole event

On a silver platter - get what you want with honor, without much effort

On the edge of the earth - somewhere very far away

In the seventh heaven - to be in complete delight, in a state of supreme bliss

You can’t see a single thing - it’s so dark that you can’t see the paths, paths

Rush headlong - act recklessly, with desperate determination

Eat a pound of salt - get to know each other well

Good riddance - go away, we can do without you

Roll up your sleeves - work hot, diligently

Phraseologisms with the word "WATER"

A storm in a teacup - big worries over an insignificant occasion

It is written with a pitchfork on the water - it is not yet known how it will be, the outcome is not clear, by analogy: "grandmother said in two"

Do not spill water - great friends, about strong friendship

Carry water in a sieve - waste time, do useless business Similarly: crush water in a mortar

He took water in his mouth - he is silent and does not want to answer

To carry water (on someone) - to burden with hard work, taking advantage of his complaisant nature

Bring to clean water - expose dark deeds, convict of lies

Get out of the water dry - go unpunished, without bad consequences

Money is like water - meaning the ease with which it is spent

Blowing into the water, getting burned in milk - being overly cautious, remembering past mistakes

As if he looked into the water - as if he knew in advance, foresaw, accurately predicted events

How he sank into the water - disappeared, without a trace, disappeared without a trace

As if lowered into water - sad, sad

Like water through your fingers - one who easily escapes persecution

Like two drops of water - very similar, indistinguishable

If you don’t know the ford, then don’t go into the water - a warning not to take hasty actions

Like a fish in water - feel confident, very well oriented, good at something,

Like water off a duck's back - nothing to a man

A lot of water has flown under the bridge since then - a lot of time has passed

Carry water in a sieve - waste time

The seventh water on jelly is a very distant relationship

Hide the ends in the water - hide the traces of the crime

Quieter than water, lower than grass - behave modestly, imperceptibly

Crush water in a mortar - do a useless thing.

Phraseologisms with the word "NOS"

Lead by the nose - this phrase came to us from Central Asia. Visitors are often surprised how small children manage to cope with huge camels. The animal obediently follows the child leading it by the rope. The fact is that the rope is threaded through the ring located in the camel's nose. Here you already want it, you don’t want it - but you have to obey! Rings were also put into the noses of bulls to make their temper more docile. If a person deceives someone or does not fulfill the promise, then they also say about him that he "leads by the nose."

Turn up your nose - unjustifiably proud of something, boast.

Hack on the nose - Hack on the nose means: remember firmly, once and for all. It seems to many that this was said not without cruelty: it is not very pleasant if you are offered to make a notch on your own face. Useless fear. The word nose here does not mean the organ of smell at all, but just a commemorative plaque, a tag for records. In ancient times, illiterate people always carried such boards with them and made all kinds of notes on them with notches, cuts. These tags were called noses.

Nodding off - falling asleep.

Curious Varvara's nose was torn off at the market - do not interfere in your own business.

On the nose - so they say about something that is about to come.

Do not poke your nose into other people's business - in this way they want to show that a person is too, inappropriately curious, interferes in what he should not.

Nose to nose - on the contrary, close.

Keep your nose downwind - in the glorious days of the sailing fleet, movement by sea completely depended on the direction of the wind, on the weather. Calm, calm - and the sails nick, more like a rag. A contrary wind is blowing in the bow of the ship - you have to think not about sailing, but already about throwing all the anchors, that is, “anchoring” and removing all the sails so that the air current does not throw the ship ashore. In order to go to sea, a fair wind was required, which inflated the sails and directed the ship forward into the sea. The sailors' vocabulary associated with this received figurativeness and entered our literary language. Now "to keep your nose to the wind" - in a figurative sense, means to adapt to any circumstances. “Drop anchor”, “anchor”, - stop in motion, settle somewhere; “Sit by the sea and wait for the weather” - an inactive expectation of change; "In full sail" - to move towards the intended goal at full speed, as quickly as possible; Wishing a “fair wind” to someone means wishing him good luck.

Hang your nose or Hang your nose - if suddenly a person is depressed or just sad, it happens about him, they say that he seemed to “hang his nose”, and they can also add: “a fifth”. Quinta, translated from Latin, it means: "fifth". Musicians, or more precisely, violinists, so call the violin's first string in terms of tonality (the highest). While playing, the violinist usually supports his instrument with his chin and his nose almost touches this string closest to him. The expression "hang your nose on the fifth", improved in the circle of musicians, has entered the literature.

Stay with the nose - without what he expected.

Under the very nose - close.

Showing your nose - teasing someone by putting your thumb to your nose and waving the others.

With a gulkin's nose - very little (a gulka is a dove, the beak of a dove is small).

Poke your nose into other people's affairs - be interested in other people's affairs.

To leave with a nose - the roots of the expression "to leave with a nose" are lost in the distant past. In ancient times, bribery was very common in Russia. Neither in institutions nor in court could a positive decision be achieved without an offering, a gift. Of course, these gifts, hidden by the petitioner somewhere under the floor, were not called the word "bribe". They were politely called "bringing" or "nose". If the manager, judge or clerk took the "nose", then one could be sure that the case would be favorably resolved. In case of refusal (and this could happen if the gift seemed small to the official or if the offering from the opposite side had already been accepted), the petitioner left with his “nose” on his way. In this case, there was no hope for success. Since then, the words “go away with a nose” have come to mean “to fail, to fail, to lose, to stumble, having achieved nothing.

Wipe your nose - if you managed to surpass someone, then they say that they wiped his nose.

Bury your nose - immerse yourself completely in some kind of activity.

Full, drunk and nose in tobacco - means a satisfied and contented person with everything.

Phraseologisms with the word "MOUTH, LIPS"

The word mouth is included in a number of phraseological units, the meanings of which are associated with the process of speaking. Food enters the human body through the mouth - a number of stable expressions in one way or another indicate this function of the mouth. There are not many phraseological units with the word lip.

You can’t take it in your mouth - they say if the food is cooked tasteless.

Guba is not a fool - they say about a person who knows how to choose the best.

Shutting someone's mouth means preventing them from speaking.

Porridge in the mouth - the person speaks indistinctly.

There was no poppy dew in the mouth, which means that the person has not eaten for a long time and needs to be fed urgently.

The milk on the lips has not dried up - they say if they want to show that someone else is young and inexperienced.

To take water in your mouth is to shut up yourself.

Pout your lips - take offense.

Open your mouth - freeze in amazement before something that struck the imagination.

The mouth is full of trouble - they say, if there are so many things to do that you don’t have time to cope with them.

A wide open mouth is a sign of surprise.

Phraseological units with the word "HAND"

To be at hand - to be available, to be in close proximity

Warm your hands - use the position

Hold in hands - do not give free rein, keep in strict obedience

Like a hand removed - quickly disappeared, passed

Wear on your hands - give a special location, attention, appreciate, pamper

Tirelessly - work hard

Tuck under the arm - accidentally be nearby

Get under a hot hand - run into a bad mood

The hand does not rise - it is in no way possible to perform an action due to an internal prohibition

Hand in hand - hand in hand, together, together

Hand washes hand - people connected by common interests protect each other

Hands do not reach - there is no strength and time to do something

Hands itch - about a great desire to do something

At hand - very close, very close

Grab with both hands - gladly agree with some proposal

Rake heat with the wrong hands - enjoy the fruits of someone else's work

Golden hands - about the one who skillfully, skillfully does everything, copes with any work

Phraseologisms with the word "HEAD"

The wind in the head is an unreliable person.

It flew out of my head - I forgot.

My head is spinning - too many things to do, responsibilities, information.

Giving your head to cut off - promise.

Like snow on the head - unexpectedly.

To fool - to deceive, divert from the essence of the matter.

Do not take off your head - be responsible for your actions.

Examine from head to toe - everything, carefully, carefully.

Head over heels - risky.

They don’t pat on the head - they scold.

From a sick head to a healthy one - shift the blame onto another.

Upside down - vice versa.

To break one's head over a task is to think hard.

Breaking my head - very quickly.

Phraseologisms with the word "EAR"

Keep your eyes open - a person is tensely waiting for danger. Vostry is the old form of the word acute.

Perk up your ears - listen carefully. The dog's ears are pointed and the dog's ears stick up when listening. This is where phraseology came from.

You can’t see how your ears are - they say about a person who will never get what he wants.

Immerse yourself in something up to your ears - they say to a person if he is completely absorbed in any occupation. You can also be deeply in debt - if there are a lot of debts.

Blushed to the ears - they say when a person is very embarrassed.

Hang your ears - so they say about a person who listens to someone too trustingly.

To listen with all ears means to listen carefully.

Listen with half an ear or listen with the corner of your ear - listen without much attention.

Ears wither - it is disgusting to listen to anything to the utmost.

Ears hurt - they say when something is unpleasant to listen to.

Phraseologisms with the word "TOOTH"

To be in the teeth - to impose, to bother.

Armed to the teeth - they talk about a person who is dangerous to attack, because he can give a worthy rebuff.

Speak teeth - divert attention.

Tooth for tooth - quarreling (a tendency to swear), unyielding, "how it comes around, it will respond."

A tooth does not fall on a tooth - they say if someone is cold from extreme cold or from trembling, excitement, fear.

To give a tooth - to mock, to ridicule someone.

There is a tooth - to drive, to cramp.

Show your teeth - mock.

Eat teeth - gain experience.

Scratch your teeth - talk nonsense, nothing.

On a tooth to try - to learn, to try directly.

Something is too tough for anyone - it is difficult to bite off, beyond the power, beyond the abilities.

There is nothing to put on the tooth - they say when there is nothing to eat.

Not in the tooth with a foot - absolutely nothing (not to know, not to understand, etc.).

Look someone in the mouth - find out everything about a person.

Raise on the teeth - mock.

Showing your teeth means demonstrating your evil nature, the desire to be at enmity, to threaten someone.

Put your teeth on the shelf - starve when there is no food left in the house.

Speak through teeth - barely open your mouth, reluctantly.

Grit your teeth - do not lose heart, do not despair, start the fight.

To sharpen or have a grudge against someone - to be spiteful, to seek to cause harm.

Phraseologisms with the word "CHEST, BACK"

The words chest and back are included in oppositely colored phraseological units. However, there are positively colored phraseological units with the word back.

Stand up or stand with your chest for someone - rise to the defense, steadfastly defend.

To ride on someone's back - to achieve your goals, using someone in your own interests.

Bend your back - work, or bow.

Hump your back - work.

Ride on someone's back - use someone for some of their own purposes.

Behind someone (to do something) - so that he does not see, does not know, secretly from someone.

Put your hands behind your back - cross them behind.

On your own back (to experience, to learn something) - from your own bitter experience, as a result of troubles, difficulties, hardships that you yourself had to endure.

A knife in the back or a stab in the back is a treacherous, treacherous act, a blow.

Turn your back - leave, leave to the mercy of fate, stop communicating with anyone.

Pave the way with your chest - to achieve a good position in life, achieves everything with hard work, overcomes all the difficulties that have fallen to him.

Hiding behind someone else's back - shifting your duties or responsibilities to someone.

To work without straightening your back is diligently, diligently, a lot and hard. They can praise an approximately working person.

Straighten your back - gain self-confidence, cheer up.

Show your back - leave, run away.

To stand behind someone's back - secretly, covertly lead someone.

Phraseologisms with the word "LANGUAGE"

To run with your tongue out is very fast.

Keep your mouth shut - be silent, do not say too much; be careful in your statements.

Long tongue - they say if a person is a talker and likes to tell other people's secrets.

Like a cow licked with her tongue - about something that quickly and disappeared without a trace.

Find a common language - reach mutual understanding.

To step on the tongue - to silence.

Hanging your tongue on your shoulder is very tired.

Get on the tongue - become the subject of gossip.

Bite your tongue - shut up, refrain from speaking.

Untie the tongue - encourage someone to talk; give someone the opportunity to speak.

To dissolve the tongue - without restraining oneself, losing control over oneself, to speak out, to say too much.

Pip on your tongue - an angry wish to an evil talker.

To pull the tongue - to say something that is not entirely appropriate for the situation.

To shorten the tongue - to silence someone, not to let insolence speak, superfluous.

Scratch your tongue (scratch your tongue) - talk in vain, chatter, idle talk.

Scratch tongues - gossip, slander.

The devil pulled the tongue - an unnecessary word breaks off the tongue.

Boneless tongue - they say if a person is talkative.

The tongue is tangled - you can not clearly say anything.

Tongue stuck to the larynx - suddenly shut up, stop talking.

Swallow the tongue - shut up, stop talking (about the reluctance to speak to anyone).

The language is well suspended - they talk about a person who speaks freely, fluently.

Phraseologisms with the word "LITTLE"

Nearly, almost

Small spool, but expensive - value is not determined by size

Mal mala is smaller - one is smaller than the other (about children)

The bird is small, but the nail is sharp - insignificant in position, but inspires fear or admiration for its qualities

A small dog until old age is a puppy - a person of small stature always seems younger than his age, does not make a solid impression

You never know what - 1. anything, anything 2. not essential, not important 3. excitement, but suddenly ...

Little by little - slowly, little by little

Slowly - slowly

From young to old - all ages

Small (drink) - a little, a small portion

Play small - make a small bet (in games)

From an early age - from childhood

The smallest part is the smallest part of something.

The correct and appropriate use of phraseological units gives speech a special expressiveness, accuracy and imagery.

There are so many phrases and phrases in the Russian language that, with a literal translation, we won’t go far - the new generation of the Russian people is no worse than the same foreigners. We forget the powerful and rich Russian language, we borrow more and more Western words and terms...

Today we will analyze examples of the most famous set expressions; let's learn together to understand, "decipher" and understand the meaning and secret meaning of Russian phraseological units. So, what is "phraseologism"?

Phraseologism- this is a stable combination of words peculiar only to a given language, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the words included in it, taken separately. Due to the fact that a phraseological unit (or idiom) cannot be translated literally (meaning is lost), translation and understanding difficulties often arise. On the other hand, such phraseological units give the language a bright emotional coloring ...

We often say well-established phrases without delving into their meaning. Why, for example, do they say “goal like a falcon”? From what is it “they carry water on the offended”? Let's understand the real meaning of these expressions!

"Goal like a falcon"

“Goal like a falcon,” we say about extreme poverty. But this proverb has nothing to do with birds. Although ornithologists say that falcons really lose their feathers during molting and become almost naked!

"Falcon" in the old days in Russia was called a ram, a tool made of iron or wood in the form of a cylinder. It was hung on chains and swung, thus breaking through the walls and gates of the enemy's fortresses. The surface of this weapon was even and smooth, simply speaking, bare.

The word “falcon” in those days was used to refer to cylindrical tools: iron scrap, a pestle for grinding grain in a mortar, etc. Sokolov was actively used in Russia until the advent of firearms at the end of the 15th century.

"Hot spot"

The expression "hot spot" is found in the Orthodox prayer for the dead ("... in a hot place, in a resting place ..."). So in the texts in the Church Slavonic language is called paradise.

The democratic intelligentsia of the time of Alexander Pushkin ironically rethought the meaning of this expression. language game was that our climate does not allow growing grapes, so in Russia intoxicating drinks were produced mainly from cereals (beer, vodka). In other words, green means a drunken place.

“They carry water on the offended”

There are several versions of the origin of this saying, but the most plausible seems to be the one connected with the history of St. Petersburg water carriers.

The price of imported water in the 19th century was about 7 kopecks of silver per year, and of course there were always greedy merchants who inflated the price in order to profit. For this illegal act, such unfortunate entrepreneurs were deprived of a horse and forced to carry barrels in a cart on themselves.

"Sitny friend"

- We have here, my friend, not a front! We don't need "languages"...

It is believed that a friend is so called by analogy with sieve bread, usually wheat. For the preparation of such bread, flour is used much finer grinding than in rye. To remove impurities from it and make the culinary product more “airy”, not a sieve is used, but a device with a smaller cell - a sieve. Therefore, the bread was called sieve. It was quite expensive, was considered a symbol of prosperity and was put on the table to treat the dearest guests.

The word "sitny" in relation to a friend means the "highest standard" of friendship. Of course, this turnover is sometimes used in an ironic tone.

"7 Fridays in a week"

In the old days, Friday was a market day, on which it was customary to fulfill various trade obligations. On Friday, the goods were received, and the money for it was agreed to be given on the next market day (on Friday of the next week). Those who broke such promises were said to have seven Fridays a week.

But this is not the only explanation! Friday was previously considered a free day from work, therefore, a loafer was characterized by a similar phrase, for whom every day is a day off.

“Where Makar did not drive calves”

One version of the origin of this saying is as follows: Peter I was on a working trip to Ryazan land and communicated with the people in an “informal setting”. It so happened that all the men he met on the way called themselves Makars. The king was very surprised at first, and then he said: “From now on, all of you will be Makars!”

Allegedly since then, "Makar" has become collectively the Russian peasant and all peasants (not only Ryazan) began to be called Makars.

"Sharashkin office"

The office got its strange name from the dialect word “sharan” (“trash”, “bad”, “rogue”). In the old days, a dubious association of swindlers and deceivers was called that, but today it is simply a "undignified, unreliable" organization.

"Not by washing, so by skating"

In the old days, skilled laundresses knew that well-rolled linen would be fresh, even if the wash was not done brilliantly at all. Therefore, having sinned in washing, they achieved the desired impression “not by washing, but by rolling.”

"Drunk in the zyuzyu"

We find this expression in Alexander Pushkin, in the novel "Eugene Onegin", when we are talking about Lensky's neighbor - Zaretsky:

Falling off a Kalmyk horse,
Like a drunk zyuzya, and the French
Got captured...

The fact is that in the Pskov region, where Pushkin was in exile for a long time, "zyuzey" is called a pig. In general, “drunk like a zyuzya” is an analogue of the colloquial expression “drunk like a pig.”

"To share the skin of an unkilled bear»

It is noteworthy that back in the 30s of the 20th century it was customary in Russia to say: “Sell the skin of an unkilled bear.” This version of the expression seems closer to the original source, and more logical, because there is no benefit from the “divided” skin, it is valued only when it remains intact. The original source is the fable "The Bear and Two Comrades" by the French poet and fabulist Jean La Fontaine (1621-1695).

"Retired Goat Drummer"

In the old days, among wandering troupes, the main actor was a learned, trained bear, followed by a "goat", and behind it - a mummer with a goat's skin on his head - a drummer.

His task was to hit homemade drum calling the audience. Surviving by odd jobs or handouts is rather unpleasant, and here also the “goat” is not real, retired.

"The promised three years are waiting"

According to one version - a reference to the text from the Bible, to the book of the prophet Daniel. It says: “Blessed is he who waits and reaches a thousand and thirty-five days,” that is, three years and 240 days. The biblical call to patient waiting was jokingly rethought by the people, because the whole proverb sounds like this: “The promised three years are expected, and the fourth is denied.”

"Good riddance"

In one of Ivan Aksakov's poems, one can read about the road, which is "straight, like an arrow, with a wide smooth surface that the tablecloth lay down." So in Russia they saw off on a long journey, and they did not put any bad meaning into them.

This initial meaning of the phraseological unit is present in the Explanatory Dictionary of Ozhegov. But it is also said there that modern language the expression has the opposite meaning: "An expression of indifference to someone's departure, departure, as well as a wish to get out, anywhere." An excellent example of how ironically stable etiquette forms are rethought in the language!

"Scream all over Ivanovskaya"

In the old days, the square in the Kremlin, where the bell tower of Ivan the Great stands, was called Ivanovskaya. On this square, clerks announced decrees, orders and other documents relating to the inhabitants of Moscow and all the peoples of Russia. So that everyone could hear well, the clerk read very loudly, shouted all over Ivanovskaya.

"Pull the rope"

What is a gimp and why should it be pulled? This is a copper, silver or gold thread used in gold embroidery for embroidering patterns on clothes and carpets. Such a thin thread was made by drawing - repeatedly rolling and drawing through ever smaller holes.

Pulling the gimp was a very painstaking task, requiring a lot of time and patience. In our language, the expression to pull the gimp is fixed in its figurative meaning - to do something long, tedious, the result of which is not immediately visible.

In our time, it is understood as a boring conversation, a boring conversation.

"Japanese policeman!"

"Japanese policeman!" - a persistent curse in Russian.

Appeared after the Otsu Incident, when policeman Tsuda Sanzo attacked Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich.

In his youth, Tsarevich Nicholas, the future Tsar Nicholas II, traveled to the countries of the East. The Tsarevich and his friends had as much fun as they could. Their violent fun, which violated Eastern traditions, was not very liked by the locals, and finally, in the Japanese town of Otsu, a local policeman, outraged by the tactlessness of the Europeans, rushed at the Tsarevich and hit him on the head with a saber. The saber was sheathed, so Nikolai escaped with a slight fright.

This event had a significant resonance in Russia. The Japanese policeman, instead of ensuring the safety of people, rushes at a man with a saber just because he laughs too loudly!

Of course, this minor incident would have long been forgotten if the expression "Japanese policeman" did not also turn out to be a successful euphemism. When a person draws out the first sound, it seems that he is now cursing obscenely. However, the speaker only remembers an old political scandal, which, most likely, he has never heard of.

Disservice

"The incessant praise from your lips is a real disservice."

Its meaning is unsolicited help, a service that does more harm than good.

And the Primary Source was the fable of I. A. Krylov “The Hermit and the Bear”. It tells how the Bear, wanting to help his friend the Hermit to swat a fly that sat on his forehead, killed the Hermit himself along with it. But this expression is not in the fable: it took shape and entered folklore later.

Shelving

“Now you will put it on the back burner, and then you will completely forget.”

The meaning of this phraseological unit is simple - to give the matter a long delay, to delay its decision for a long time.

This expression has a funny story.

Once Tsar Alexei, the father of Peter I, ordered in the village of Kolomenskoye in front of his palace to install a long box where anyone could drop their complaint. Complaints fell, but it was very difficult to wait for a decision: months and years passed. The people renamed this "long" box to "long".

It is possible that the expression, if not born, was fixed in speech later, in “presences” - institutions of the 19th century. The then officials, accepting various petitions, complaints and petitions, undoubtedly sorted them, putting them in different boxes. "Long" could be called the one where the most unhurried things were put off. It is clear that the applicants were afraid of such a box.

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