Phraseological units of the Russian language. Sources of phraseological units

Practice #5

Topic: Phraseology as a component of speech culture

1. The concept of phraseology and phraseological units.

Phraseology is the science of phrases that are stable in their grammatical connections and meaning.

Phrases can be free (an iron rod - you can say that a wooden rod, etc.) and well-established ( Railway- you can't say wooden road) that have acquired the meaning of the term, replacing any one object or term ( hand on heart - frankly)

Stable indecomposable phrases are called phraseological turns
That is, stable combinations of words that are different or close in meaning to one word are called phraseological units: hang your nose - lose heart. Like words, phraseological units serve as names for objects, phenomena and signs: to confuse - to confuse.
Phraseologisms can be classified according to different criteria:
according to the degree of semantic cohesion of the components;
by the morphological nature of the reference word;
by syntactic function.

What is the difference between phraseological units and free phrases.

In Russian (as in a number of other languages) words are combined with each other, forming phrases. Some of them are free, others are not. Compare, for example, the use of the phrase upside down in sentences: There they sheathed the boat with boards; there, turning him upside down, they caulked and tarred (G.). - At night, the police broke into Taras's house. They turned all the rooms and closets upside down (Hump). In the first sentence, this phrase is free, each word in it retains an independent meaning and fulfills a certain syntactic function. Both words can be freely combined with other words: upside down, with a strong bottom; sideways up, stern up, up and down, etc. Such combinations are created in the process of speech in accordance with personal perceptions, impressions as a result of a certain situation. Such combinations are not stored in our memory: circumstances will change - new free combinations will arise. In the second sentence, the same combination has a completely different meaning: "bring something into disorder, into a state of chaos." It is no longer free. The independent meaning of the words-components in it is weakened, since the correlation with the subject has been lost, the nominative properties of words have disappeared, so the meaning of the whole turnover is almost not connected with the semantics of each word separately. Lexically, such a combination is indivisible and is reproduced in speech as a ready-made speech unit. Syntactically, the role of the phrase as a whole, and not of each word separately, is considered. The connections of words in it are very limited: if you can still say upside down or use upside down in the same meaning, then other combinations will completely destroy the meaning of the turnover.

What are the main sources of the emergence of phraseological units and winged expressions.

The main part of the phraseological resources of the Russian language consists of phraseological units of native Russian origin. Among the phraseological units of a colloquial nature, there are a significant number of those whose source is professional speech, for example: to sharpen laces, without a hitch and without a hitch (from the professional speech of carpenters), leave the stage, play the first violin (from the speech of actors, musicians), get into a mess ( associated with the manufacture of ropes, ropes; prosak - a machine for twisting ropes, ropes).
Single phraseological units got into the literary language from slang speech, for example, the turn to rub glasses is a cheating expression (sharpers used special powder cards to literally rub glasses, that is, add or remove glasses during card game).
In the sphere of everyday and colloquial speech, turns have constantly arisen and arise, in which various historical events and customs of the Russian people are socially evaluated. For example, the phraseologism put (or put off) on the back burner is associated with the name of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (XVII century)

phraseological units of book origin, both Russian and borrowed. For example: seek and you will find, the holy of holies, the fiend of hell, in the image and likeness, etc.
The phraseology of the Russian language is actively replenished with popular expressions of literary origin. For example, the sword of Damocles, the Gordian knot, the Procrustean bed - from ancient mythology; affairs of bygone days - A.S. Pushkin;

As part of the modern phraseology of the Russian language, there is a certain number of foreign phraseological units used without translation. For example, a1ta ma1eg [alma mater], lat. "mother-nurse" - the higher educational institution where the speaker studied; 1abu1a gas [tabula times], lat. "blank slate" - something clean, untouched;

2.Complete practical tasks:

1. Choose as many phraseological units as possible for the following words and combinations:

Clever - Not a head, but a house of councils; has a head on his shoulders; mind not to occupy; mind chamber; the kettle cooks; seven spans in the forehead; not bast shoes slurp; golden head, bright head.

Until the end of life - until the last breath, until the coffin, until the gravestone, until the last breath, until the last drop of blood, until the very grave, while the heart beats.

Experienced - in this case, the dog was eaten by a shot sparrow.

To die is to go to the bottom, to perish for nothing, to accept death, to go to dust, to lay down one's head. lay down life, find your end, go to the wind, fly to hell, abyss without a sniff of tobacco, jump down, go to hell, abyss for a penny, go down the drain, lay down your head, abyss for nothing, find your death, pay life, fall a victim, go to hell, find your death, fall the death of the brave.

Inexperienced - he ate little porridge, the milk did not dry on his lips, he was still young, his nose had not grown, he did not smell gunpowder.

Very quickly - like a bullet, valiantly, sparkling with heels, at the speed of light, like the wind, the wind waves its ears, rushing at full speed, galloping across Europe, headlong.

To ask - to beat with a forehead, roll at your feet, fall at your feet, beg for poverty, beg for alms, live on alms, walk with a bag, stand with an outstretched hand, beg for alms, ask for Christ's sake, ask under the windows, live for Christ's sake, feed on the name of Christ , collect pieces, walk around the world, go to bow.

Take risks - experience happiness, gather courage, set out for luck, put it on the map, he has enough (get it) spirit, take business at risk and fear; whoever has the last penny point-blank, not toil, neglect danger, bet, put your head in a noose, put yourself at risk, put yourself in danger, take risks, tempt fate, play with fire, joke with fire, jeopardize, shove against gouge, go on the rampage, play with life and death, climb on the rampage, climb into the noose, go for broke, walk on the edge of a knife, go, work on the verge of a foul, tempt fate.

2. Set the differences between phrases

Not enough money - not enough gunpowder (not enough strength);

put the book on the shelf - put your teeth on the shelf (no money);

reveal your notes - reveal your cards (reveal your intentions);

take up a pencil - take up your mind (become more reasonable);

play the violin - play on the nerves (intentionally annoy);

hold a glass - bet (bet on something);

stand over the table - stand over the soul (annoying to ask).

3. What character traits or qualities of a person do the following phraseological units express?

From the bottom of my heart, sincerity

mind chamber - smart,

burning in the hands - diligence,

live your mind - independence,

tirelessly - diligence,

soul wide open - excessive frankness,

knee-deep sea - determination, courage,

to fill your hand - to do something well and deftly,

young green - inexperience,

long tongue - talkativeness,

turn up your nose - pride.

5. Using phraseological dictionary, explain the meaning and origin of the following phraseological units.

Archimedes lever- the most effective means for the implementation of any task.

Augean stables- extreme neglect, pollution.
Achilles' heel- Any weak, vulnerable place of a person
Ariadne's thread- a means to get out of difficulty, a guiding principle, a guiding thread.

Baptism of fire- 1) about the first participation in the battle; 2) about the difficult beginning of some activity

Keep gunpowder dry- to be ready to fight, to be vigilant and well-armed.
Shoe a flea- skillfully perform the most intricate, especially delicate work.

Fly to Helikon - The meaning of the expression: discover a poet in yourself, get carried away by writing poetry.

White spots- a place that has not yet been, unknown.

hang by a thread- to be in a very precarious position

All over Ivanovo- a particularly loud cry.

all-seeing eye- something that no one can hide from.

Second wind- sudden surge of energy

Barrel Danaid - useless and endless work

pin your hopes- to hope, to count, to bet, to have views

To make mountains out of molehills- to exaggerate.

uproot- destroy the feeling to the very foundation, so that no trace remains of it

bosom friend- a very close friend

Lay the foundation of- start something

Hero of our time- a person whose thoughts and deeds most fully express the spirit of modernity

Goal like a falcon- a person who has nothing behind his soul shows the extreme degree of poverty. Two-faced Janus- insincere, two-faced person.

Gordian knot- any complicated matter, difficult to resolve the issue

play first fiddle- people who are clearly dominant, leading others

Like the apple of an eye- carefully, gently, carefully

A drop in the sea- negligible.

The stone fell from the soul- great spiritual relief, getting rid of something oppressive

break firewood- Do stupid things, blunders

Massacre of the innocents-when a person abruptly cracks down - usually just in a dispute - with his weak, like children, opponents.

twenty two misfortunes- to people with whom some kind of misfortune constantly happens.

Scapegoat- a person forced to pay for other people's misdeeds.

Not of the world this - Applies to people immersed in dreams

a swan song- “the last song of the poet”, so that it is with this song that he will be remembered.

Nothing summed up- without any hesitation, without any hesitation.

Pour from empty to empty- useless action, conversation.

Byword- to receive sad glory, to be subjected to general ridicule

hang your ears– Listen with excessive enthusiasm, gullibility.

Release the red rooster- commit arson, deliberately set a fire in someone else's house.
Between Scylla and Charybdis- between two equal dangers

Put on the map- take a chance

head over heels - do something very fast.

sleeveless - to work carelessly, badly, lazily

eat the dog get good at something, learn something very well

sharpen laces - to talk nonsense, to engage in frivolous, pointless conversation

Sodom and Gomorrah - a place where the moral foundations of society are violated; terrible mess

on the seventh sky - experience a state of bliss, happiness

run aground - predicament, more often about lack of money

sphinx riddle - tasks that require great intelligence and wit to solve them; something incomprehensible, mysterious, insoluble

filkin's diploma - an ignorant, illiterate or invalid document

cast pearls in front of pigs - talk about something beyond the listener's understanding

4. Make two sentences with each of the phrases so that in one case there is a free phrase, and in the other - a connected one.

cast a shadow -

The tree casts a shadow on the grass. This act casts a shadow on you.

Fly into the pipe -

Smoke flew up the chimney. He deceived everyone, and now he flew into the pipe.

Speak in different languages

AT different countries speak different languages. Since then we have been speaking different languages.

Take water in your mouth

It was necessary to type boda in your mouth. He stood as if he had taken water in his mouth.

Right hand -

Most people write right hand. He was the right hand of the boss.

Wash your head -

In order to wash your hair, you must first lather it. For such an act, you can lather your head.

put down roots -

The sprout has taken root. My family took root in this city many years ago.

Keep in hand -

He was holding a pencil. He's used to being in control.

Take rubbish out of the hut -

When cleaning, we took out all the rubbish from the hut. You should not take dirty linen out of the hut.

Make ends meet -

He couldn't make ends meet.

Put on your feet -

Put the chair on its feet. We put him on his feet, and now he can live an independent life.

6. What phraseological units served to create language game? How does the meaning of the original phraseological unit change?

1. An apple does not fall far from a cloud (apple tree). 2. For the sake of credit, a student goes to any lengths, even to classes. 3. That's where the dog rummaged! (buried) 4. The devil is not so terrible as his little one (painted). 5. It is better to look at everything through your fingers than through bars. 6. A firefighter always works with a spark. (fire) 7. That's where useful elements and vitamins are buried. 8. From the world on a thread - a naked loop. 9. Talk about the menu in relation to spiritual food.

7. Make sentences with the following phraseological units.

Keep your mouth shut, hold your tongue, do not find a common language, speak different languages, scratch your tongue, tongue does not turn, tongue is well suspended, find mutual language.

You should always be able to keep your mouth shut

Would you hold your tongue to avoid conflict

During the discussion, the interlocutors could not find a common language in any way.

They did not understand each other, as if they spoke different languages.

They would just do nothing and scratch their tongues

I don't have the guts to say it

The lecturer's tongue is not badly suspended

During the discussion, the interlocutors were able to find a common language

8. What kind of person do they say this about:

White crow (sharply distinguished from environment those or other qualities), the prodigal son (who carelessly neglected his loved ones, exchanged his home, family, homeland for a foreign land.), not timid dozen (not fearful, not cowardly), would not hurt a fly (good-natured, meek), a crow in peacock feathers (who is trying to play someone else's role, to embellish himself in some way and thereby only emphasizes his shortcomings, making himself ridiculous in the eyes of others), was born in a shirt (lucky), a dog in the hay (Who either does not use anything and does not give others use), a shot sparrow (about an experienced, experienced person who is difficult to outwit or deceive), fell from the moon (does not understand the simple, obvious at all), one field of berries (the same), seven Fridays a week (which easily changes its decisions, intentions etc.)), decoy duck (Sent provocateur.), Swallowed a stake (ceremonial, prim), Kolomna verst (About a man of excessively tall stature), grated kalach (experienced, experienced), right hand (First, chief assistant) .

9. What is the source of the following winged expressions (movie, song, literature)?

1) And yet it spins (Galileo before the Inquisition). 2) And the king is naked (The fairy tale “Naked King” by Anderson. 3) A car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation. (from the novel (ch. 6 “Gnu Antelope”) “The Golden Calf”) 4) The rich also cry. ( Mexican TV series) 5) Big is seen at a distance. (From the poem "Letter to a Woman" by Yesenin) 6) I will hit carefully, but hard. (Lyolik's phrase from the movie "Diamond Hand".) 7) To be or not to be. ( soliloquy of Hamlet "Hamlet" Shakespeare) 8) The main thing, guys, is not to grow old in your heart. (: A. Pakhmutova Song: The main thing, guys, is not to grow old in your heart) 9) Was there a boy? (M. Gorky's novel "The Life of Klim Samgin") 10) Let's compliment each other. sun of the desert") 12) We'll live until Monday. ("We'll live until Monday" - a Soviet feature film) 13) No matter what happens. from the "movie" Operation "Y".) 15) The client has matured. 16) And things are still there. (Krylov "Swan, pike, cancer"

10. Restore the original form of stable expressions.

To win with a bang; to lie (cover) with a good obscenity; soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done (done); at least with a stake on the head teshi (cheshi); without thinking slyly.

11. What do the following paraphrases mean?

White gold (cotton, salt, cotton, tusks), black gold (oil), blue gold (flammable gas), green gold (tea), blue planet (earth, neptune), green friend ((park, vegetation, green outfit, forest), white flies (Falling snowflakes), white death (white plague, sugar, drug addiction, avalanche, salt, drugs), desert ship (camel), green serpent (alcohol), life partner (wife), green fire (soniaks) , one-armed bandits (slot machines), foggy Albion (England), the city on the Neva (St. Petersburg), our smaller brothers (pets), the city of the Yellow Devil (New York).

Exploring a phraseological unit as a structural unit of the lexico-semantic system of a language, one cannot ignore the question of the origin of this unit.

Such scientists as A. I. Vlasenkov, N. F. Alefirenko, A. A. Girutsky were engaged in the study of sources of phraseological units.

A. I. Vlasenkov proposes to divide phraseological units depending on their origin into several groups: native Russian, borrowed and Slavic origin [see. 6.48]. N. F. Alefirenko says that “according to their origin, phraseological units are usually divided into two groups - natively existing in a given language and borrowed ones. That is, N.F. Alefirenko combines native Russian and phraseological units of Slavic origin into one group. A. A. Girutsky in his work lists the sources of phraseological units. Now let's take a closer look at this problem.

Phraseologisms with a native Russian origin, according to A. I. Vlasenkov, arise: 1) from turns of colloquial everyday speech: from the fire and into the frying pan, with gulkin's nose, in all Ivanovo; 2) from proverbs, sayings, winged words and stable combinations from Russian folklore: red girl, good fellow, open field; 3) from individual expressions of professional speech: an hour later, a teaspoon; without a hitch, without a hitch; pull the strap; 4) expressions from the book language: Fresh legend, but hard to believe[cm. 6.48].

A. I. Vlasenkov only mentions phraseological turns of Old Slavonic origin, but he gives many examples: “ for the dream to come, a stumbling block, daily bread, to make your contribution ... "[cm. 6.48]. As you can see, these turns are mostly quotations from the Bible.

According to N.F. Alefirenko, phraseological units with a native Russian origin include: 1) colloquial and everyday origin, which form the core of the phraseological composition of the language: roll up your sleeves, barefoot; 2) proverbial and proverbial origin: old sparrow; 3) arising in professional and slang speech ( lay the foundation, beat the map...); 4) book origin: And nothing has changed; 5) related to historical events, traditions and customs of the people: how Mamai passed, disappeared like a Swede near Poltava[cm. 2.265].

Thus, A. I. Vlasenkov and N. F. Alefirenko, among the general ones, cite such sources of phraseological units as the appearance of phraseological turns from colloquial everyday speech; from proverbs, sayings, winged words; from individual expressions of professional speech; from bookish language. In addition, N.F. Alefirenko also points to the emergence of phraseological units from jargon and their appearance associated with historical events, traditions and customs of the people.

Phraseologisms borrowed from other languages, according to A. I. Vlasenkov, are 1) a literal translation of foreign proverbs, sayings: bird's eye view, funny mine at bad game, tastes could not be discussed; 2) expressions and quotations from literary works, sayings, aphorisms: bonds of Hymenaeus; it is not worth it; golden mean; 3) expressions used without translation: after the fact, notabene, terra incognita[cm. 6.48].

N. F. Alefirenko considers the sources of the emergence of phraseological units of foreign origin: 1) Holy Bible(rus. Babel, wolf in sheepskin ); 2) ancient culture and mythology (rus. Trojan horse); 3) works of foreign authors ( Augean stables, Achilles heel); 4) quotations used without translation (ital. Finita la commedia- the performance is over) [see. 2.265].

Based on the foregoing, we conclude: A. I. Vlasenkov gives three sources for the emergence of phraseological units, and N. F. Alefirenko - four. Common sources include: works by foreign-language authors; quotes used without translation. In addition, A. I. Vlasenkov also notes that phraseological units can arise as a result of a literal translation of foreign proverbs and sayings, and N. F. Alefirenko cites Holy Scripture and ancient culture and mythology as sources.

Girutsky A.A. cites the following sources of the occurrence of phraseological units. “One of the sources of phraseology,” in his opinion, “is folklore: broke, Emelya, your week; not to fat, to be alive ". “An important source of replenishment of Russian phraseology,” he continues, “is the professional speech of representatives of various professions, jargons: pull the strap- from the speech of barge haulers, pull the gimp- from the speech of the masters of golden threads, etc. . They are also adjoined by rethought composite terms of sciences and industries: negative value, center of gravity[cm. 10.170]. A. A. Girutsky also names popular expressions that go back to the text of the Bible, that is, biblical words ( Babylonian pandemonium, prodigal son, vanity of vanities), quotes from world literature ( between Scylla and Charybdis), Russian tracing paper [see 10.170].

By origin, phraseological units are divided into two layers - native Russian and borrowed. A significant part of the phraseological system is made up of native Russian turns, which, according to the time of their appearance in the language, are divided into common Slavic, East Slavic and Russian proper. So, for example, the following turns were inherited from the common Slavic language: head like a falcon, burn to the ground, nod, take for a living, neither fish nor meat, hang your nose, hang dogs, etc. East Slavic are turns like without a king in the head, deaf black grouse, sharpen balusters, crush water in a mortar. However, most of the turns arose in the Russian language and constitutes the proper Russian phraseology to keep your mouth shut, with a gulkin's nose, sticking out your tongue, your mouth is full of trouble, etc.

Loanwords are phrases that came into the language already in ready-made and are used without translation. For example, volens-nolens - "willy-nilly", alma mater - lit. “nursing mother” (about the university); tet-a-tet - “eye to eye, one on one”, idee fixe “an obsession”, o tempora, o mores “about times, about people”, etc. Many borrowed stable combinations are used both in the original and in translation: Finis coronat opus (lat.) - the end - the crown of business; Mens sana in corpore sano (lat.) - a healthy mind in a healthy body; Repetitio est mater studiorum (lat.) - repetition is the mother of learning. Among the borrowed phraseological units, a large group is represented by Old Slavonicisms, in many respects already Russified - pitch darkness, for the coming sleep, for God's sake, mortal sin.

Separate turns saved characteristics, obsolete words and grammatical norms, but, nevertheless, are quite common: you seek and you will find, the poor in spirit, the holy of holies, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the fiend of hell, etc. The Russian language widely uses phraseological units borrowed from different languages. It is necessary to distinguish from borrowed such phraseological units that arose on the basis of borrowing images of biblical stories, legends and myths, and not turns: a wolf in sheep's clothing, Babylonian pandemonium, build chickens (castles) on the sand, etc.

Despite the apparent originality of individual units, their formation is based on certain patterns, models and patterns. Features of the formation of phraseological units are associated with the type of material on the basis of which they are created. So many phraseological units arise in the language as a result of a metaphorical rethinking of free phrases (white flies, the bowler hat does not cook, go with the flow, rummage through dirty laundry, etc.) or on the basis of words with a phraseologically related meaning (heart-rending cry, red maiden, crackling frost , sudden death). The source for phraseology can be the colloquial speech of artisans, representatives of certain professions: to get hooked (fishermen), one block (shoemakers), a teaspoon per hour (medics), a second wind (athletes), not a hitch (carpenter), and in the tail and in the mane (coachmen), etc.

Often the origin of phraseological units is associated with historical events, religious and superstitious ideas: Mamai passed, the Kazan orphan, wash the bones, guess on coffee grounds, Kolomna verst, scream at the top of Ivanovo, put in a long box. The sources of Russian phraseology are winged words and expressions - proverbs, sayings. The tales of the Russian people, passed down from generation to generation, were also sources. For example, a shot sparrow, without a king in his head, a lip is not a fool, hunger is not an aunt arose on the basis of the proverbs of the shot (old) sparrow on the chaff; Your mind is the king in your head, The lip is not a fool - the tongue is not a shovel, Hunger is not an aunt of a pie.

A separate group is made up of words and expressions, the source for which was the works of art by Russian poets and writers: And the chest just opened; With the strong, the powerless is always to blame; And Vaska listens and eats; Trishkin caftan and others (from the fables of V.A. Krylov); I would be glad to serve - it's sickening to serve; Fresh legend, but hard to believe (from A. Griboyedov's comedy); All ages are submissive to love, the star of captivating happiness, Genius pure beauty(From the works of A.S. Pushkin). The group of phraseological units of primordially Russian origin includes aphorisms of great people: Delaying death is like (Peter the Great), They fight not by number, but by skill; Hard in learning - easy in battle (A.V. Suvorov).

Phraseological units of the Russian language. Sources of phraseological units. Idioms.

In the language of every nation there are stable figurative phrases that are reproduced in speech like a word, and are not built like phrases and sentences. Such turns are called phraseological units. Another important property of phraseological units: the meaning of a whole phraseological unit does not consist of the meanings of its constituent words, for example, the expression ate a dog, denoting being a master in some business, is completely unrelated to the meaning of its constituent words.

Phraseologisms differ in the degree of cohesion of the components. If it is maximum, then these are phraseological fusions, for example, to get into a mess, beat the thumbs, without hesitation. If the connection between the components is smaller, these are phraseological units (pull the strap, lather the neck). In phraseological combinations, one member of a phraseological unit has the so-called limited, associated use, and the second is free: a sensitive issue, fraught with consequences, pitch darkness.

The sources of phraseological units of the Russian language are diverse.

The main part of the phraseological units of the Russian language is of primordially Russian origin, their source is, for example, professional speech (sharpen lyasy, beat backhands, without a hitch, remove shavings, run aground, play first violin). Some got into the literary language from jargon (rubbing glasses, a bit card, going all-in - with gamblers) and colloquial speech. Some phraseological units came from dialects and are associated with the labor of the peasantry (to turn the shafts, from a bag into a matting, it is written on the water with a pitchfork). Many phraseological units have liturgical books as their source (the holy of holies, the fiend of hell, in the image and likeness, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the promised land).

A lot of phraseological units came from ancient mythological literature (Augean stables, Achilles' heel, sword of Damocles, Prometheus fire, tantalum torment).

Sometimes borrowed phraseological units are used without translation: alma mater (lat. mother-nurse); tabula rasa (lat. clean board; something untouched, absolutely clean).

The source of the original phraseology is turns from the works of writers: happy hours are not observed (A. Griboyedov); affairs of bygone days (A. Pushkin); and the chest just opened (I. Krylov); knight for an hour (N. Nekrasov); living corpse (L. Tolstoy); a man in a case (A. Chekhov); Man - that sounds proud! (M. Gorky)

Such fixed expressions from fiction and journalism is usually called catchphrases.

Phraseologisms are almost always bright, figurative expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc.

For example, K. Paustovsky in the novel “Smoke of the Fatherland”, characterizing the action of one of the characters, instead of words, without hesitation, thoughtlessly uses phraseologism headlong: She was attracted to him by childishness, a tendency to get carried away headlong, chivalry, an ironic attitude towards himself.

On the use of phraseological turns, A. Sitkovsky's poem "All the best that is in the world" is built:

All the best that is in nature, And wherever we find it, As it was customary for the Russian people, We call red from time immemorial.

There is a red corner in every house,

Honorable, festive, for those who have the honor of being our friend, with whom we share grief and success!

And a girl you won't meet, At least go around the whole world, Of those that are better in the world, We call the red maiden

And the Red Square since ancient times is glorified, exalted! .. There are even red trees, And death is red on the world.

Or N. Gogol in "Dead Souls": I believe, for my part, in all honesty: eight hryvnia per soul, this is the reddest price I. Ilf and E. Petrov in the novel "The Twelve Chairs" give a whole synonymous series phraseological units with the meanings "to die":

Claudia Ivanovna died, - said the customer.

Well, the kingdom of heaven, - Bezenchuk agreed. - It means that the old woman has passed away ... Old women, they always pass away .. Or they give their souls to God - it depends on what kind of old woman. Yours, for example, is small and in the body, which means it has passed away. And for example, which is larger and thinner - that one, it is believed, gives her soul to God ...

So how is it considered? Who considers it?

We count. At the masters. Here you are, for example, a prominent man, of lofty stature, although thin. You, it is considered, if, God forbid, die, that you played in the box. And who is a merchant, a former merchant guild, that means he ordered to live long. And if someone of a lower rank, a janitor, for example, or one of the peasants, they say about him: he spread or stretched his legs. But the most powerful when they die, railway conductors or someone from the authorities, it is considered that they give oak. So they say about them: “But ours, they heard, gave oak.”

Shocked by this strange classification of human deaths, Ippolit Matveyevich asked:

Well, when you die, how will the masters say about you?

I am a small person. They will say: "Bezen-chuk bent." And they won't say anything else.

Sometimes writers use phraseological units in a modified, re-arranged form. In these cases phraseologism acquires new aesthetic qualities. For example, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin uses the phraseologism to poke his nose somewhere, expanding it: Censorship is used to sticking its stinking nose into the very sanctuary of the writer's thought.

An example of playing on the direct meaning of words and phraseological unit, consisting of these words, we find in a poem by V. Orlov:

BREAK A LEG

Early in the morning

Quot mom

Sent to class

Sonny.

She said:

Don't fight

Don't tease

Don't rooster.

Hurry -

It is time!

Well, neither fluff nor feathers! (fr unit)

In one hour

barely alive

Goes home.

Barely hobbles

He's from the schoolyard

And on it, in fact

Introduction. Phraseologisms exist throughout the history of the language, they contain the centuries-old experience of the people, which is passed down from generation to generation.

I suggested that the meaning of phraseological units is related to their origin. Having learned about the origin and meaning of various phraseological units, I will be able to open pages of the history of the language unknown to me.

I got interested in this topic. I decided to learn more about such stable combinations, their meaning, and origin in Russian. That's why I chose my topic. design work: "Sources of the origin of phraseological units".

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in Everyday life, faced with phraseological turns, many people do not even notice it. They do not know how to correctly use phraseological units both in written and oral speech, because they do not know their meanings and sources of origin. Phraseologisms are a special layer of the Russian language that enriches our speech and is part of the culture of the Russian people.

The purpose of my work: 1) to find out the sources of the origin of phraseological units;

2) use phraseological units correctly in your speech.

Object of research: myths, spiritual literature, Russian folk tales and works of Russian classic writers.

Subject of research: phraseological units.

Project objectives:

to search for the necessary language information about phraseological units; find out the sources of the origin of phraseological units;

Hypothesis: I assume that phraseological units can be combined into groups according to the source of origin.

Research methods:

study and analysis of literature; collection of information; survey - questioning; observation; study

Main part

1.1. What are phraseological units?

Exploring various information sources, I got acquainted with the concept of "phraseologism" and learned that phraseological units are stable combinations of words that are close in lexical meaning one word. Therefore, phraseological units can often be replaced with one word, less expressive. Let's compare: at the end of the world (earth) - far away; lather your neck - teach a lesson, punish;

1.2. Sources of the origin of phraseological units

In the course of my research, I drew attention to the fact that all phraseological units can be grouped by origin.

Phraseologisms that came from myths seemed very interesting:

Augean stables - a heavily littered, polluted or cluttered room. Ariadne's thread is what helps to find a way out of a predicament. Achilles' heel is a weak point. The sword of Damocles is a looming, threatening danger. Two-faced Janus is a two-faced man. The Golden Fleece is gold, wealth that they seek to master. To sink into oblivion - to disappear forever, to be forgotten. Olympian calmness - calmness, unperturbed by anything Torments of tantalum - "suffering caused by the contemplation of the desired goal and the consciousness of the impossibility of achieving it", the Apple of discord - "the reason, the reason for the quarrel, disputes, serious disagreements", the Colossus on clay feet - "something in appearance majestic, but essentially weak, easily collapsing, etc.

Cornucopia. Father gods zeus after his birth, he was hidden in a secret place, in a grotto, where the sacred goat Amalthea fed him with her milk. It was not in vain. The father of Zeus, the titan Kronos, wanted to destroy his son and heir, to devour him, as he had already devoured his other children. Grateful Zeus, becoming the main god, raised Amalthea to heaven; there and now everyone can see it between the constellations. And to his tutors, the nymphs, he gave one of the goat's horns: from this horn everything that the nymphs needed arose poured and poured. This very horn, having become a symbol of an inexhaustible source of treasures, was nicknamed the cornucopia. The expression "as from a cornucopia" means: with extraordinary generosity, in huge numbers.

Getting to know Russians folk tales, I found the following phraseological units:

and I was there, drinking honey-beer, a hut on chicken legs Koschey Bessmertny Lisa Patrikeevna, neither in a fairy tale to say, nor to describe with a pen under Tsar Peas it was said - done, a fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint of a fairy tale about a white bull, three days and three nights .

And phraseological units that came from the Bible:

Make a contribution - about a person who took his feasible part in some business. The word "leptos" in Greek meant: thin, small; "mite" was the smallest ancient coin.

One of the gospel parables tells about a poor widow who, while collecting donations in the temple, put in a sacrificial bowl next to the rich gifts of noble people all that she had - two miserable mites. But to God, the parable says, these mites of the widow were more pleasing than the rest of the treasures.

"A widow's mite" refers to any modest donation made from a pure heart. The expression "to contribute" means: to make your own, albeit small, feasible contribution to the common cause.

The voice of one crying in the wilderness - vain calls that remain unanswered.

Antediluvian times - prehistoric times.

Bury talent in the ground - about a person who does not develop his natural abilities.

Manna from heaven - unexpected luck, wonderful help.

And what phraseological units did our classic writers use? In this academic year, we studied the work of the fabulist Ivan Andreevich Krylov. To obtain the result, his fables were examined. They found 9 phraseological units:

- "Donkey and Nightingale": in a thousand ways, far away

- "Trishkin caftan": Trishkin caftan;

- "Two dogs": walk on hind legs;

- "Monkey": monkey labor;

- "The Cat and the Cook": and Vaska listens and eats;

- "Demyan's ear": Demyan's ear;

- "Squirrel": like a squirrel in a wheel;

- "Cabin": and the casket just opened;

- "The wolf in the kennel": and I have long known your wolf nature;

Having found out the sources of the origin of phraseological units, I began to pay attention to them when reading fiction.

I really like the works of the children's writer Nikolai Nosov. And I especially singled out his book “Vitya Maleev at school and at home” and found 20 phraseological units in his stories:

clean water

As a result of working on this issue, I became interested, and what phraseological units are most often used by teachers in our school? Of the 30 teachers surveyed at MBOU secondary school No. 8, the most “popular” phraseological units turned out to be “with grief in half”, “hover in the clouds”, “hack on the nose”, “like a chicken with a paw”, “don’t put your finger in your mouth”, “off your feet fall down" and less "pull the tongue", "eggs don't teach a chicken", "crawl ahead of the father into hell", "swallowed the tongue".

2. Keep your head in the clouds (18)

3. Hack on the nose (19)

4. Water in the mouth scored (6)

5.Like a chicken paw (15)

6.Tongue swallowed (6)

7. Pull the tongue (4)

8. Don't put your finger in your mouth (14)

9. Like a fish in water (14)

10. Eggs don't teach chicken (3)

11. Climb forward dads into hell (8)

12. How fell from the moon (12)

13. Like a squirrel in a wheel (11)

14. Fall off your feet (13)

15. With grief in half (22)

Conclusion

In the course of my research, I gained a more complete understanding of phraseological units, their origin and meaning, learned to find them in the text. I came to the conclusion that the main sources of phraseological units are myths, fairy tales, the Bible, fables, that you need to know the meanings of phraseological units in order to use them correctly. They help to make our speech lively, beautiful, emotional. I also learned to work with dictionaries, use information from the Internet.

The tasks that were set before the work were completed, the hypothesis put forward was confirmed - phraseological units can indeed be combined according to the source of origin.