How to write an essay in oge. How to write an essay on the OGE in Russian. General recommendations

It is necessary to make a new text out of the old, in which there will be only the most important and basic of the old. As a rule, the new text is very dry and short.

You need to be able to distinguish the important and the main from the rest. It happens that a student takes secondary information for the main one and writes it, but forgets the main one. This is a big minus.

You need to be able to divide the text into 3 paragraphs, that is, into 3 micro-topics, into 3 main thoughts. It is desirable that your division does not differ from the division of the author of the text.

It is necessary to abbreviate so that the information that was not in the initial text appears.

You need to use text compression techniques throughout the presentation.

Text compression techniques.

There are only three of them:

an exception;
generalization;
replacement.

An exception. The name speaks for itself. The elimination method involves discarding everything that can be discarded:

introductory words
homogeneous members of the proposal;
repetitions;
similar examples;
rhetorical questions and exclamations;
quotes;
details that do not affect the course of the author's thought;
explanations;
reasoning;
descriptions;
words, sentences that can be removed without affecting the content.

Most often, dropping occurs on several of these points at once, for example:

It is my deep conviction that goodness and beauty are the same for all peoples. They are united in two senses: truth and beauty are eternal companions, they are united among themselves and are the same for all peoples (29 words).

We removed the introductory construction, repetitions, unnecessary reasoning, synonyms. Happened:

Goodness and beauty are the same for all peoples and among themselves (10 words).

Generalization. You can summarize:

several offers in one;
parts of one sentence;
specific facts on the basis of the common between them.

For instance:

In almost all the stories of V. Rasputin, a woman is central - Maria in “Money for Mary”, Daria in “Farewell to Matyora”, Anna in “Deadline”, Nastena in the story “Live and Remember”. And in the stories of the writer, a woman comes first. And this is not at all accidental (43 words).

We combine these 3 sentences together (and at the same time exclude the excess) and get:

Almost in all the novels and stories of V. Rasputin, a woman stands in the central image, which is not at all accidental (15 words).

Replacement. You can replace:

Homogeneous members with a generalizing word;
- complex sentence simple;
- part of a sentence or a series of sentences general concept or expression;
- direct indirect speech (and this must be done, because it is very difficult to remember the quote verbatim);
- part of the text in one sentence;
- part of a sentence with a pronoun, etc.

For instance:

On the shelf were lipsticks, shadows, creams, powders, mascaras, eyeliners (12 words).

We find a generalizing word for all homogeneous members and replace them with this word.

There were cosmetic items on the shelf (5 words).

It is not necessary to use all methods. You can only use one. But you will hardly succeed, since all these techniques are almost always used together. The main thing is to do this throughout the text! This is stated in the evaluation criteria. summary.

Stage 1. We read carefully task 1 OGE, highlight the main requirements for the presentation.

Listen to the text and write compressed exposition.
Please note that you must submit main content how each micro-theme, and entire text generally.
Scope of presentation - at least 70 words.
Write an essay neat, legible handwriting.

Stage 2. We study evaluation criteria condensed presentation.

Stage 3. Getting to know main compression methods text.

Stage 4. Learning applycompression techniques in practice.

Stage 5. learning compress printed text.

You can save time in the following ways:

1. write down not all words, but only key (usually nouns and verbs)

2. reduce the words

Remember that when abbreviating nouns and verbs, it is necessary to prescribe the beginning of the word and the end: travel-e (journey), har-et (characterizes) etc.

When shortening adjectives, it is enough to write down the beginning of the word, because the adjective always agrees with the noun: psycho. health (mental health)

3. use different words instead of some signs(mathematical, physical), symbols, drawings:

+ - positive

≈ - approximately

< >- less - more

→ - leads to

∈ - belongs

∪ - combines

t - time

F - strength

♡ - love, heart, etc.

4. during the 1st listening to record odd sentences (1st, 3rd, 5th, etc.), during the 2nd listening - even(2nd, 4th, 6th, etc.); at the same time, during the 1st listening, do not forget to leave space for missed sentences; if the sentences are long, divide them into parts

The "plus" of this method is that you have more time to write the first sentence by skipping the second.

The "minus" is that there is a chance of confusion if you do not follow the boundaries of sentences.

In connection with the latest changes made to the OGE format exam, task C1 is now called task 1 and is included in the first part of the examination paper. But this is where all the changes end, in fact, as before, you need to write a concise presentation, retaining the author's microthemes. At the same time, it is important to convey the content of both each micro-theme and the entire text as a whole. It is important not to forget to use text compression methods. But first things first.

What is a microtheme?

microtheme- this is a small part of the general topic, otherwise - the topic around which the sentences of one paragraph are grouped. Thus, all sentences of a paragraph should be connected by one microtopic. And all micro-themes must obey the general theme of the text. For example, the theme of the entire text is autumn. But in the first paragraph, the author can talk about the Indian summer in September, in the second, the author will talk about the golden autumn that comes in October, and in the third, describe the cold November autumn. The theme and micro-themes of this type of text can be represented as the following plan:

Autumn

1. Great time - Indian summer!
2. Pushkin's time - golden autumn.
3. Autumn is the time of preparation for winter.

Having such a plan, it is easy to imagine the content of the entire text as a whole, however, your task in the exam will be to hear all the micro-topics, and, as here, there will be exactly three of them in any readable text. It's much more difficult. Trying not to miss the important, the ninth-grader tries to write down every word, but this is not necessary, since already at the first listening, having mastered the techniques of text compression, one can distinguish the main from the secondary.

Ways to compress text

There are three main ways to compress text:

At EXCEPTION necessary:

highlight the main (essential) and details (details);
remove details;
skip sentences containing secondary facts;
skip sentences with descriptions and reasoning;
combine the essential;
compose a new text.

Options EXCEPTIONS:
1. We exclude one or more synonyms in a series of homogeneous members, we save one of the synonyms that has the greatest capacity in this context.

EXAMPLE:
before compression
joyful, bright, cheerful smile.

after compression
Every person who entered the room to the kids, on the face appeared friendly smile.

2. We remove explanatory constructions from the text, for example, a number of homogeneous members with a generalizing word or a series simple sentences as part of the unionless complex, explaining the content of the first part.

EXAMPLE:
before compression
He knew different languages: German, French, Italian and Moldovan , and no one could recognize a Russian in him.

after compression
He knew different languages, and no one could recognize a Russian in him.

At GENERALIZATION necessary:

isolate single facts;
pick up language tools their generalized transmission;
write a new text.

EXAMPLE:
before compression

Residents of the village spend their leisure time in different ways. Someone rereads Jules Verne novels loved since childhood; someone spends a lot of time on the river or in the forest. The main occupation of teenagers is sport games and competition. The most memorable event was last year's cyclocross.

after compression
Residents of the village spend their leisure time in different ways, depending on tastes and habits.

At SIMPLIFICATION necessary:

replace a complex sentence with a simple one;
replace the sentence or part of it with a demonstrative pronoun;
combine two or three sentences into one;
break a complex sentence into abbreviated simple ones;
convert direct speech into indirect speech.

EXAMPLES:
1. Replacing the accessory defining sentence synonymous definition.

before compression
A small room on the second floor is occupied by a company which offers its clients tours to all continents and countries.
after compression
A small room on the second floor tourist firm.

2. Replacing the subordinate adverbial clause with a participial turnover.

before compression
When you read Nikitin's diary you feel his boundless love for the motherland.
after compression
Reading Nikitin's diary You feel his boundless love for the motherland.

3. Reducing the number of structural parts of a complex sentence.

before compression
It is pleasant to look at the kingfisher, which, smoothly descending on an alder branch, bowed to the very mirror of the river, began to spy on prey.
after compression
It is pleasant to look at the kingfisher, which smoothly sank down on an alder branch and began to watch for prey.

All these and other methods of text compression can be used both separately and in combination. complex.

The following example demonstrates complex application of compression techniques:

replacement adverbial adverbial clause with adverbial turnover;
replacement an agreed definition expressed by a participial turnover, a non-spread inconsistent definition.

before compression
When I hear the harmonious combination of bird voices , hosting a morning concert When you admire the river and enjoy the birds singing you are truly relaxing.
after compression
listening morning concert birds I try to look at the river. Admiring the river and enjoying the singing of birds, rest for real.

Information source - Levchenko O.S., Tishina T.N. "Preparing for the GIA in the Russian language. Grade 9" Omsk 2009

The OGE in the Russian language consists of three parts: a presentation, the main part (of thirteen questions in the text) and an essay. Oddly enough, schoolchildren, as a rule, experience the greatest difficulties with the first part, that is, with the presentation. However, learning how to write an excellent essay is not so difficult - and now we will tell you how.

one of thirty
First of all, I would like to note that now there are only 30 texts, one of which may come across to you at the OGE. All these 30 texts are presented in the open bank of FIPI tasks in the form of audio recordings, and you can use them - and you need to! - prepare. That is, we can say with confidence: if you yourself write a summary of each of these texts, you will not have any problems in the exam. But how do you write an essay?

The structure of the summary
Each of the thirty texts is written on a moral topic (about friendship, love, care, etc.) and consists of three paragraphs - and, accordingly, of three micro-topics. Your task is to discover and write the main ideas of each paragraph. By doing this, you will receive 2 points out of 7 possible.
Do not forget that the presentation is not a dictation, so you should not repeat the text you listened to word for word: on the contrary, it is necessary rewrite everything in your own words and remove irrelevant information. Extra details, descriptions, examples, introductory words and sentences, complex structures- all this should not be in your presentation. And if you can keep it, you will get 3 more points.
Finally, the last criterion is no logical errors and clarity of presentation. The work should not contain contradictions caused by inattentive listening to the text, and three semantic parts should be clearly traced, that is, the presentation should be written in three paragraphs delimiting micro topics. Meeting this criterion will add the remaining 2 points.
But do not forget about literacy! It is evaluated - albeit separately.

How to write an essay?
On the exam you will be asked to write twice. Important: don't write anything on the first listen! Try to listen carefully to the text and memorize the micro-themes. Once this is done, rewrite the micro-themes into a draft, leaving room for some key phrases and important details. So you can accurately determine main topic text and all its microthemes and you will not fall into those traps that every passage given at the OGE is full of.
On the second listening, in contrast, try to write as much as possible. You will already know what each micro-topic is, and it will not be difficult for you to enrich it with important information. We remind you again: write in your own words if possible! Paraphrase the original text - and achieve a better result.
After writing everything, do not forget to carefully and thoughtfully re-read your work to check if there are any contradictions in it and whether everything is written correctly. If there are words you are unsure about spelling, replace them with synonyms. Complex sentences divide, getting rid of extra commas.
And most importantly: practice! The more essays you write, the easier it will be for you on the exam.

Today we will try to help ninth graders understand how to write summary and how to get the maximum score for this task.

Requirements for writing a summary

First you need to find out by what criteria experts evaluate task 1. Here are the main requirements for a concise presentation:

1. The content of the presentation.

The examinees must convey the main content of the text and reflect the micro-topics important for its understanding. For this block you can get from 0 to 2 points.

2. Compressing the original text

Candidates must use compression techniques throughout the presentation. (from 0 to 3 points)

3. Semantic integrity, sequence of presentation

Examinees must follow the sequence of presentation, avoid logical errors. (from 0 to 2 points)

The maximum score for task 1 - 7 points.

- An audio recording with a text for presentation will sound during the exam. The audio recording lasts 2-3 minutes and is repeated twice. After the first listening, the examinees are given time to comprehend and process the text.

— The required volume of a condensed presentation is 70 words, the work of less than 70 words is NOT CHECKED, and points are not awarded for it. But you should not write too long statements, the most optimal volume- 80-90 words.

- The presentation must be divided into parts, break the text into 3 paragraphs.

- Write an essay if possible clear, legible handwriting and when dividing the text into paragraphs, observe sufficient line indent distance so that examiners can see exactly how you divide the text.

- Try not to use words and expressions in the work, in the meaning and spelling of which you are not sure. Allowed to use during the exam spelling dictionary , but it is better to do this after you have completely written the "draft" version of the presentation.

The main stages of work on the presentation

1. Perception and comprehension of the text

On the exam, you must have a draft and a good writing pen(and preferably two).

Get ready to listen carefully to the text and write down at least two or three key words from each sentence. Do not try to write down the entire text in a row! Shorten words, leave large spaces between them to complete sentences during a break and a second listening to the text.

During breaks, read your notes where possible, write abbreviated words. Try to understand what the text is about and what the author wanted to say.

During audio repeat playback put in the blanks what was not written at the first listening to the text. Think again about the theme of the text.

Your aim:

- Understand the topic (what is being said?)

- Catch the main idea (what the author calls for, how he wants to influence the reader)

1. Writing your own text

Based on your notes, restore the text, combine everything in one work. The text should be easy to read, be logical, coherent, the topic and purpose of the resulting presentation should correspond topic and purpose of the source text. To test this, ask yourself the question: “Does my text say the same thing as the author said? Does it encourage what the source text encourages?

In your work, select 3 paragraphs. Each paragraph is a micro-theme. Did you get three microthemes? If yes, let's move on.

We reduce each paragraph to two or three sentences, leaving only the MOST IMPORTANT.

To get a high score for your work, be sure to use compression techniques in each paragraph. There are several ways to shorten text:

1. Generalization method

She took out a package of carrots, potatoes, fish, milk and only then answered my question. → She took it out of the package products and only then answered my question.

2. Exclusion method

Kremlin stones can sound. Each wall and dome has a special sound, and all together they merge into a heroic symphony, performed by a huge orchestra from the pipes of the golden domes of the Kremlin. → Each stone, wall, dome of the Kremlin has its own sound, which merges into a single heroic symphony.

3. Replacement method

Give consent - agree; in order to enter - for admission; provide evidence to prove.

When compressing the text, get rid of turns, introductory words and introductory constructions that clarify the members of the sentence.

It is also better to get rid of rhetorical questions, or translate them into a declarative sentence.Example: Is it possible to forget about this great feat? → It is impossible to forget about this great feat.

4. Text check

After shortening your presentation, reread it again.

Ask yourself a few questions:

- Did you manage to convey the main theme of the text?

Does the received text contradict the original?

— Did you manage to reflect all three micro-themes in your work?

- Is the text logical, are all three paragraphs related in meaning?

- Are there any uncompressed places in the presentation (introductory words, participles and participial revolutions etc.)?

After making sure that your text meets the requirements, check it for errors. Underline any words that you have doubts about spelling and check them in spelling dictionary. Be careful when placing punctuation marks.

Rewrite the presentation in a clean copy.

Additional Tips

Try to manage your time wisely. Task 1 is recommended to be given no more than 40-60 minutes.

And most importantly: the secret to successfully passing any exam is preparation. Train regularly on typical tasks, and you will be able to develop the necessary skills and abilities.

We wish you good luck at the OGE!