Language as a social phenomenon. Communication language and society

Vera Avdeev
Consultation "Language, as a social phenomenon. Language features. Interaction of language and society "

I. Language as a social phenomenon

Since the emergence, at all stages of its existence, language Inseciously linked S. society. This connection is bilateral character: language does not exist outside society and society can not exist without language. main destination language - serve as a means communication between people. Language"It occurs only from the need, from the urgent need communication with other people" With development society, complication of shapes public Life, enrichment and development of consciousness develops and becomes complicated language. Language is used by society Absolutely in all spheres of activity. In order to comfortably live in society, talk with other people, to move on the social staircase, you need to own language.

Language occupies a special place among others public phenomena Thanks to the special role played in society. what in general, the language with other public phenomena And how does he differ from them? General is that language - prerequisite existence and development of human society. Language function, the patterns of it functioning and historical development is radically different from others public phenomena.

Significant sign that allows you to language to the discharge of public phenomena, It turns out its ability to serve society. But language serves society otherwise. The fact that language serves society, in itself is not yet a decisive criterion for assigning language to the discharge of public phenomena. Service society can cars, and even separate natural phenomenasupplied to the service man. The whole question is how language serves society And to what extent he serves it.

"In this regard, it is impossible to identify any of public phenomena. Language It is neither a form of culture, nor the ideology of a certain class, nor the add-in in the widest understanding of this word. Language has the ability to reflect changes in life societies in all its spheresthat thus distinguishes him from others public phenomena" One of the most characteristic features languageallowing it to be public phenomenon, serves the fact that society creates language, controls the created and fixes it in the system of communicative means. Right to create and form language belongs to society. Language is a product of society, it is for this reason that he deserves the name public phenomena B. more than than any other phenomenonservicing society.

Society - a system of a variety of relations between people belonging to one or another social, professional, sexual and age, ethnic, ethnographic, confessional groups, where each individual occupies its definite place and, by virtue of this, performs the carrier of a certain public status, social functions and roles. Language performs in society Certain social functions.

II. Language function

Researchers language diverge in the question of the number and character functions. Language performs many features(scientists allocate up to 25 language functions and its unitsBasic language function is to be a means of communication. To the mainstream language functions include communicative, cognitive, cumulative (otherwise - accumulative). Language Provides people with the opportunity to understand each other, establish joint work in all areas of human activity.

1. Communicative language function - Basic social language function.

Communication is communication, information exchange. The language arose and existsIn order for people to communicate. Information is information available for understanding and important to behavior to those who are addressed. Speech serves as a means of transmitting information from a person to a person. This function Speech becomes possible for implementation because in speech, in the words used in it, information can be stored. Exchange by words, perceiving them as concepts that carry certain information, people, thus exchange knowledge contained in these words. Communicating with each other, people pass their thoughts, feelings, mental experiences, volatile content, affect each other in a certain direction, achieve mutual understanding.

2. Cognitive language function

Cognition, the study of the surrounding world is largely due to language. Communication people involve certain knowledge of them about the surrounding reality, and one of the universal and effective tools knowledge of the surrounding world is language. Thereby language performs cognitive or cognitive, function.

3. Cumulative (accumulative) language function.

Language in this function Speakers the link between generations, serves "Store" and means of transmission off-language collective experience. The most brightly cumulative function manifested in the field of vocabulary, since it is it directly related to objects and phenomena ambient reality. Cumulative function is a reflection, fixation and saving in language information about the information of the person's comprehensive activity, information about the world, which is mined by all members of a certain ethnolinguistic, cultural language community people.

Despite various opinions on the issue of classification language functions, all researchers are unanimously converge in the fact that there are two undoubtedly important functionsthat language Performs in the life of humanity - cognitive and communicative.

III. Interrelation of language and society.

Time language There is only B. society, he can not do not depend on society. Development society Stimulates the development process language and speeds up or slows down the pace language changes, promotes the restructuring of some participants language System, enrich them with new elements. Language Depends on the form of the state and the nature of economic formations. Each social - Economic formation creates a certain life line societywhich manifests itself in general complex interconnected phenomena

Society Never and will not be an absolutely homogeneous team. It observes differentiation caused by various reasons.

This may be a division on the estate, class, property and professional sign, which is subsequently reflected in language

Social factors affecting development language are:

Change of carrier circle language,

Dissemination of enlightenment

Development of science, movement of the masses

Creating a new statehood

Changing the forms of legislation and office work, etc.

The impact of these factors on language different and formand strength. We illustrate the example said. After the October Revolution, the process of democratization occurs language: If the literary language owned mainly bourgeois - noble intelligentsia, now to the literary language The masses of workers and peasants are beginning to be acquired, which will be introduced into the literary system. language Pech characteristic of them and skills.

This leads to the borrowing of some dialectics and argotisms with a literary dictionary. (Examples: lack, malfunction, bow t.)New synomic arises rows: lack - shortage - deficit; Communication - contact - Union - bow and so on.

As uncertain, it is difficult to effect on the development. language and other social factors. One of important stages in the development of components functionally- Communicative systems, is the transition from capitalist society to socialist. Growth of culture, development universal literacyMandatory secondary education expand the circle of carriers of the literary languageare reflected on its composition and relationships with other components (components) nationwide language.

Social Differentiation language can reflect the bundle society. For example, special terminology due to specificity. Externally identical words in different professions Have a different meaning. Some differences in B. language Can be associated with the gentleholders. So, B. yana Indian Languageliving in Northern California (USA, the same objects and phenomena They are called differently, depending on who speaks about them is a man or a woman.

Effect of Development society, the specific historical living conditions of peoples affects the relationship between languages. For example, in feudal society communication between languages \u200b\u200bweak, cases of mass bilingualism, i.e. use by the people or its significant part of two (and more) languages, are observed mainly as collisions languages Winners and defeated. In capitalist society links between carriers of different languages become closer, the facts of borrowing words from one language in the other, become frequent cases of mass bilinguals. However, in this period, inequality is pronounced. languagesespecially in multinational states where benefits are specially created language dominant nation.

"Demographic changes can also be reflected in a certain way in language. For example, a strong increase in the urban population in our country compared with the pre-revolutionary period expanded the sphere of the use of urban coin, to a certain extent contributed to the expansion of the sphere of consumption of literary language And limited the use of dialective speech. At the same time, the influx of the rural population in the city in connection with the development of the industry had a well-known influence even on the literary language. Researchers of the history of the Russian literary language is celebratedIn the 1950s - 1960s, some discrepancy in the speech use of non-leaturated words and revolutions and, in particular, the elements of the spaciousness are observed. This is manifested in the wide inclusion of spatrical words. "

In connection with the development of productive forces society, general Cultures of science and technology arise new concepts and terms requiring language expression. Some old terms need a new interpretation, the area of \u200b\u200bspecial vocabulary is expanding. The influx of new terminology is accompanied by the disappearance of those terms that do not reflect the current level of development of sciences.

Along with independent of the will of individual people influence societies in language Conscious, purposeful, state impact (and societies in general) on the development of I. language functioning. Such impact is called language Policy. Language politics can concern the most of different side linguistic life of this society. For example, in multilingual countries the choice language or dialectwhich should be state, is consciously carried out with the direct participation of power and other social institutions. Consciously and targeted activities of specialists in the development of alphabets and writing for previously safe peoples. Improving existing alphabets and writing, for example, repeatedly conducted reforms of Russian spelling, is another type of human intervention in life language. Development and complication language clearly manifests itself in development in its composition functionally- Communicative systems that serve different groups carriers languagewhat leads to the allocation of territorial and social dialects, literary language and other forms of implementation language.

All these forms are different and in different historical periods of human development. society, and in different specific socio-historical conditions for the existence of one or another language. Not the same them functions, internal structure and relationship between them.

Of course, no social impact on language, spontaneous or conscious, can not cancel inherent language internal laws.

The language occurs, develops and exists as a social phenomenon. Its main purpose is to serve the needs of human society and above all, to ensure communication between members of a certain social collective. The concept of society refers to one of difficult-determinants. Society- this is not just a lot of human individuals, but a system of various relationships between people belonging to one or another social, professional, sexual and age, ethnic, ethnographic, confessional groups, where each individual occupies its definite place and, by virtue of this, acts as a carrier of a certain public status, social functions and roles. Individual as a member of society can be identified on the basis of a large number of relationships that are associated with other individuals. The peculiarities of the language behavior of the individual and its behavior are generally largely due to social factors. The question of communication of the language and society still remains debatable in science. However, the point of view was obtained the greatest distribution according to which the link language and society is bilateral. Language as a social phenomenonit occupies a special place among other public phenomena and has its own specific features. In general, the language with other public phenomena It is that the language is a necessary condition for the existence and development of human society and that, being an element of spiritual culture, the language, like all other public phenomena, is unthinkable in the separation from materiality. So, the language acts as a universal means of communication of the people. He retains the unity of the people in the historical change of generations and public formations, contrary to social barriers, thereby uniting the people in time, in geographical and social space .. The language is able to reflect the change in society in all its areas, which significantly distinguishes it from all other public events.The language cannot be indifferent to the social members of the memberships that arise within the Company served by these languages. "Where separated classes and groups are allocated in the structure of society," writes R. Shor in this regard, - employees of various production purposes, the language of this society decays to relevant social dialects. Where there is a division of labor (and such a separation is observed everywhere, coinciding among the peoples of primitive culture with the differentiation of floors, from where the emergence of special "women's languages"), each industry is forced to create its own special stock of "technical terms" - names of guns and work processes related to its role in production and incomprehensible for members of another production group ». For detailed characteristics of the language as a social phenomenon and identifying its specifics in this regard, it is necessary to consider the language in the following aspects: 1) Specificity of service language of the Company, 2) development dependence Language from the development and status of society, 3) The role of society in the creation and formation of the language. The language cannot be indifferent to the social members of the memberships that arise within the Company served by these languages.
Language phenomena generated by the Social Differentiation of the Company are divided into three following groups: 1 social I. special use languages;
2. Creating special "languages"; 3. Social and professional differentiation of the nationwide language.Do not underestimate the influence of the general culture on the development and functioning of the language. The development of the productive forces of society, technology, science and general culture is usually associated with the emergence of a large number of new concepts requiring a language expression. The influx of new terminology at the same time is accompanied by disappearance or pensions to the periphery of some terms, no longer reflecting the modern level of development of sciences.

The fact that the language is far from uniform in social terms, it is known for a long time. Linguistic studies that take into account the condition of language phenomena with social phenomena with a greater or less intensity began to be conducted at the beginning of this century in France, Russia, the Czech Republic. In 1952, the American sociologist Karry introduced the term "sociolinguistics" into the scientific circulation. "Since the language is possible only in human society, - wrote I. A . Boduen de Courtee- then except mental side, we need to celebrate in it always side social. The basis of linguifications should serve not only individual psychology, but also sociology. " Such an outstanding scientist of the first half of the 20th century, as I. A. Boduen de Courtee, E. D. Polyvanov, L. P. Yakubinsky, V. M. Zhirmunsky, B. A. Larin, A. M. Selishchev, G. O . Vinokur in Russia, F. Bruno, A. MEYE, P. Lafarg, M. Cohen in France, Sh. Balli and A. Semchee in Switzerland, J. Vandrises in Belgium, B. Gavrank, A. Matesius in Czechoslovakia and others belongs to a number of ideas, without which modern sociolinguistics could not exist. This, for example, the idea that all means of the language is distributed in the fields of communication, and the division of communication on the sphere has a large extent social conditionality (S. Balley); One of the founders of modern sociolinguistics
American researcher William Labov determines sociolinguistics as a science that studies the "language in his social context." If you decipher this definition, then I must say that the attention of sociolinguists has not been drawn to the general language, not on his internal organizationAnd on how people who are tongue are, who are some other society. At the same time, all factors that can affect the use of the language are taken into account - from various characteristics The speakers themselves (their age, gender, the level of education and culture, the form of the profession, etc.) to the characteristics of a particular speech act. In contrast to generating linguistics, presented, for example, in the works of N. Khomsky , sociolinguistics deals not with the ideal native speaker, generating only the right statements in this language, and with real people who in their speech can violate norms, wrong, mix different language styles etc. It is important to understand what explains all similar features actual use of language. So, the object of sociolinguistics is a language in its operation . And since the language is functioning in a society that has a certain social Structure, so far and you can talk about sociolinguistics as a science exploring the language in a social context. Sociolinguistics studies various exposure to the social environment in the language and speech behavior of people. General linguistics analyzes the language sign in itself: its sound and writing, its meaning, a combination with other signs, its changes in time. Sociolinguistics focuses on how the language sign uses the people is equally or in different ways, depending on their age, gender, social status, level and nature of education, from the level of common culture. Take for example the word prey. Describing it from the point of view of general linguistics, it is necessary to specify the following: noun feminine kind, I declining, inanimate, in the form of a plural not used, three-sided, with an emphasis on the second syllable in all cases of case, indicates an action on the verb mining (coal mining)or action result (Production amounted to a thousand tonsor, in another meaning: The hunters returned with rich prey).Sociolingwist Mark more properties of this noun: in the language of the miners it has an emphasis on the first syllable: preyand consumed both in the only and in multiple number: several boots. People of one profession or one narrow circle of communication often form quite closed groups that produce their own language. In the old days, the jargon of offsets - stray merchants, who their incomprehensible uninitiated manner of speech, as it were, were separated from the rest of the world, keeping secret of their fishery. Nowadays, the language of programmers and all those who professionally dealt with a computer also turned into a kind of jargon: they are called the monitor, the disk - pancakes, the user - user, etc., is there every language various forms Appeals to the interlocutor. In Russian, two main forms: on "you" and "you". To an unfamiliar or unfamiliar adult, you must contact the "you" (as well as the older in age, even familiar), and the appeal to "you" is a sign of closer, heart relations. Studying social conditions affecting the choice of personal appeal forms (and, in addition, greetings, apologies, requests, farewell, etc.), is also the area of \u200b\u200binterest of sociolinguistics. Sociolinguists set themselves and such a task: to regulate the development and functioning of the language (languages), without relying entirely on the spontaneous course of linguistic life.

Linguistics

(Aurumova)

Noting with in about e o b r a s i i z y k a k a k o b u i n i n o n o n i n i i can say that the language does not look like What other science about society. The language for a number of essential features is different from all social phenomena with such features as:

a) A necessary condition for the existence of society throughout the history of mankind is the language. The existence of any social phenomenon in the temporary plan is limited: it is not initially in human society and not forever. In contrast to the incomparable and / or transient phenomena of public life, the language was originally and exists until society exists;

b) The necessary condition for material and spiritual being in all spheres of social space is the presence of language. Being the most important and basic means of communication, the language is inseparable from any manifestations of the social being of a person;

c) language dependent and not dependent on society. The global language of the language, its versatility, its inclusion in all forms of public being and public consciousness generate its overall character. However, this does not mean its contribution;

d) language is the phenomenon of human spiritual culture, one of the forms of public consciousness (along with everyday consciousness, morality and right, religious consciousness and art, ideology, politics, science). This is a means of communication, the semantic shell of public consciousness. Through the language, a specifically human form of transmission of social experience (cultural norms and traditions, natural science and technological knowledge) is carried out;

e) language development, regardless of the social history of society, although it is determined and sent to the social history. The relationship of the history of the language and history of society is obvious: there are features of the language and language situations corresponding to certain steps of ethnic and social history. So, we can talk about the originality of languages \u200b\u200bor language situations in primitive societies, in the Middle Ages, in a new time. Language retains the unity of the people in the historical change of generations and public formations, contrary to social barriers, uniting the people in time, in geographical and social space;

(e) The role and position of the language in human society is the source of its duality (stability and mobility, static and dynamics). Adjusting to the new needs of society, the language is modified. On the other hand, all changes must be socially motivated and did not violate mutual understanding.

C u i n o s t l z y k a, eg o p r and r about d and n and zn and a l and s and z and a l n and znzhech e n o s t l p r o me in l i e t s i v ig o f u n to c and i x Depending on what about which external factor The nature of the language is considered, the functions performed by them are allocated. You can talk about such functions as:

Communicative (functional function), carried out in the acts of communication between people, consisting in the transfer and receipt of messages in the form of linguistic / verbal statements, in the exchange of information between people - communications as parties to the acts of language communication. About the communicative destination language in in general terms They guessed, of course, also in deep antiquity. In particular, the ancient Greek philosopher Plato (approx. 428-348 BC), describing the maximum general model of the speech act "Someone about something about the means of language" puts in it and language indicating at the same time On his role means in the transfer of information. The very need for communication in society was explained in general Only in the XIX century, and clarified in the details in the late 80s of the 20th century. Then it was believed that the urgent need for communication was historically called by two circumstances: a) quite complicated labor activity (Ludwig Naare "The origin of the language" - 1877) and b) the phenomenon of apprenticeship, involving the transfer of experience and knowledge from one being to another. The need for communication is considered, in a way, as a factor, which caused to life and its technical solution is a language. A thorough study of the language as a means of communication in the future showed that, in principle, the language can satisfy and satisfies the most diverse goals of communication due to cultural and historical factors. Thus, the communicative language function has an extensive system in which its needs implements.

Expressive, concluded in the expression of thought (according to V. Aurorin). Sometimes it is called cognitive, cognitive, gnoseological, consisting in the processing and storage of knowledge in the memory of individual and society, in the formation of the picture of the world. This feature is disclosed as a function of conceptual, or thought-effective. This means that the language is definitely associated with the consciousness and thinking of a person. As the main units of consciousness and thinking, such as submissions, concepts, judgments and conclusions are performed. The cognitive function is directly related to such a category of consciousness as the concept, and indirectly, implicitly implies its correlation and with other forms of mental operations. The largest language-thinker of the first half of the 19th century. Wilhelm von Humbold (1767-1835) called the language "forming the body of thought." Therefore, in addition to the term "cognitive function", there is also different, namely, "Mind Foruity Function". Nevertheless, there is a complete certainty in determining the cognitive function of the language, which considers the language as an instrument of knowledge, as a means of mastering knowledge and social and historical experience and as a way to express the activities of consciousness. This language function is explicitly and directly related to the study, the finding of truth.

Constructive, concluded in the formation of thought. In the most general form, the constructive function of the language can be imagined as a function of the thought-forming: Language units, language categories, as well as types of operations with them, "provided for by" language system, are the matter and the form in which human thought itself occurs. To take place the elementary thought about some fragment of reality, it is necessary to begin to segment this reality at least two "parts": what will be the subject of our thought, and the fact that we are thinking about this (and then let's notify) . In this case, the segmentation of reality is carried out in parallel with the process of its naming, name, nomination.

The accumulative, consisting in the reflection of the people of the surrounding world, which is happening by thinking when generated, is generated and information is saved. The entire luggage of human knowledge is usually fixed, stored and applies in writing-books: scientific articles, monographs, dissertations, encyclopedias, reference books, as well as in educational and methodical literature. The ability of the language to serve as a means of informing seems to be a battery function - the function of accumulation and storage of information. Without this function of the language, humanity always and in everything I would have to start from scratch, cognitive activity Humanity would not be so rapid because the comprehension of the world and implies a mandatory support on the already open, already disabled and tested. Without the accumulative function of the tongue, it would be impossible to accumulate, storage, and then the broadcast of socially important information: humanity would not have anyone and did not know its history. Without a cumulative function, the formation and development of civilizations would not occur. LES to two basic functions of the language - communicative and cognitive (expressive - V.Kh.) - adds emotional and meta-language attributable to many, as well as others under consideration below, to secondary functions of the language.

Emotional or emotive (expressive) function. Language facilities (morphological, lexical and intonational) may be the form in which the most different emotional states of the person find their expression - joy, delight, anger, surprise, annoyance, disappointment, fear, irritation, etc. So, in many languages \u200b\u200bthere was a special class of words - the class of interjections, which specializes in the expression of emotions - the expression of regret, disappointment, fatigue, surprise, doubt, distrust, as well as words with emotional and expressive connotation. It should be noted that the expression of emotions in the language has historically and ethnically conditioned in nature. The culture itself and the "scenarios" of verbal experiences of emotions of different nations Different (for which the Polish researcher Anna Wurnbitska draws attention to one of their research). Therefore, Arsenal language Means, designed to express feelings, among the various peoples of unequal, both in terms of its volume and in quality. Separate ethnic groups are experiencing certain emotions in verbally restrained forms (Japanese, Koreans, Chinese, Scandinavians), others - in more "relaxed" (Americans, Russians, Spaniards, Italians). For example, Russians have experienced hypertrophy of violence as the means of expressing emotions - and not always negative. Such a "tradition" naturally cannot decorate speech and language. Especially acute this problem is felt today. It is not by chance that they write about the peaorective dominant of Russian emotionality as a serious sociolinguistic problem. There are actual lexical funds oriented to the presentation of emotions in speech. For example, peaorective, or a branch vocabulary is one of the ways of expressing negative emotions; Benefactive, or complimentary-enthusiastic vocabulary transmits a wide range of positive human experiences. Foremost aneg Explancies emotional states Performs intonation. Studies have shown that the phonospical (intonational-accentological) samples of a given language allow a person even in early childhood Recognize the emotional type of speech addressed to it. The emotive function of the language (to which the "mixed" and the function of exposure) is implementing itself in such speech genres, like a defect, curse, renunion, admiration, praise, verbal thanksgiving, understanding.

The meta-language function (expocutor), which is also considered secondary from the communicative function, has its main content of speech commentary - an explanation, interpretation, descriptions of something in the language of the language or in the out-of-language world by means of the language itself. Methayad is a language that describes some other language, called the subject language or language-object in this case. So, if grammar of English language It was written in Russian, then the language-object in such a description will be English, and the meta language -ring. Of course, the language object and the meta language may coincide (for example, English grammar in English). Apparently, languages \u200b\u200bmay differ in character and variety of their methanevoys. The possibility of thought and speech about the language with the help of its lexico-grammatical means (i.e., the reflectivity of the language) is one of the characteristics of the language of language, which distinguishes the language of people from the language of animals. In ontogenesis modern man The facts of meta-language reflection are possible on the third or fourth year of life and are common from the fifth sixth. This attention to the language is manifested in comparison of words, correcting someone else's and their speech, in language games, in commenting on speech. The use of a language in a meta-language function is usually associated with some difficulties of speech communication - for example, when talking with a child, a foreigner who does not solve this language or style. Hearing an unfamiliar word modem, a person can ask: what does the modem mean? Suppose his interlocutor answers: this is such a console to a computer that can send messages. In this case, the question of the word modem and the explanation in response is the specific manifestations of the methane language function. As a means of interpretation, the language shows itself in such speech genres, as a vocabulary definition, comment to any document or work fiction. This language of language also demonstrates the literary criticism and the genre of explanation of the new material in training communications. There are special programs involved in interpretation, clarification and clarification of certain political steps, declarations, declarations, applications, etc. The most diverse politicians, parties, organizations or governments. Such programs are called analytical or informational and analytical.

Epistemic function of the language is one of the varieties of base expressive (cognitive) function. When they say that language performs an epistemic function, then, first of all, they mean that the content of its units, categories and internalized divisions has a reflective nature, because thinking, i.e. The reflection of the people of the surrounding world is carried out mainly in the linguistic form. Thus, the words of the language in their content reflect all aspects of the objective world in which a person lives, as well as the most diverse aspects of its social and internal, spiritual

being: - This is the space of its habitat (Wed: continents, continents, countries, plains, mountains, rivers, lakes, sea, oceans, cities, villages, village, aules, palaces, houses, huts, huts, plague, yurts, Sakli, apartments, rooms, kitchens, etc.); - These are temporary sections of human being (Wed: Antiquity, Middle Ages, Revival, Modernity, Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow, Past, Future, Present, etc.), each of which pulls a number of words with psteric-temporal Relatives (Wed: Smoothie, Boyar, Okrichnina; or: Production, Production, Collectivization, Electrification, Industrialization, etc.); - These are socially-class, caste, ethnic, religious, etc. divisions in society (Wed: Elite - Plebs; Presidents, Government-People, Citizens, Citizens; Boyars - Muslims - Muslims; Christian-Muslims, etc.; Africans -European - Asian Americans, etc.); - these are the forms of organization of society (tyranny, despotium, monarchy, democracy, anarchy, theocracy, etc.); - This is the world of all living living, in which there is a person (all nominations associated with Flora and Fauna); - This is the world of the material life and spiritual being of a person (Wed: the names of food, drinking, items, the name of spiritual values \u200b\u200band passions that the person lives; the name of his blood and spiritual ties with other community members, etc.). Grammar categories also have a reflective nature: they reflect the relationship existing in the subject matter. For instance, grammatical category The numbers reflect the relationship of singleness and multiplicity in the world of things (Wed: Table - Tables, Tree - Trees, Lake - Ozeretia, etc.), the category of degrees of comparison reflects the relationship of graduality that exists in the world of signs (Wed: Sweet - Sweat - the sweetest), etc. So, you can make sure that the content of language signs, categories and various internalized divisions has a reflective nature. In other words, the language system takes on the reflection function. However, this is not a direct, not impassive reflection of reality. All language reflections are "scrolled" in the consciousness of a person at his angle of view. And when they want to say that the language does not simply reflect in its content the world, a certain point of view on the world, they say that the language performs an epistemic function. The reflection itself, "attached" to one way or another language Forms, Formed under one or another view of vision. The "angle of view" in linguistics is indicated by the term epistema. The world interpretated by man is reflected by them already meaningful and interpreted. He simulates the outside world, reflecting his means of his psyche. The fact that a person reflects the world interpreted them finds an explanation that the language reflections of anthropocentric: a person masters and comprehends this world from a human point of view and interprets it from the point of view of his time, his culture, his knowledge. In Ontogenesis, i.e., individual development, a person mastering knowledge about the world, about the external reality - displays the external reality to a very large degree not directly, but "through" language. We give a housing example: the radiation spectrum and absorption of light waves, which determines the color, of course, everywhere is the same, the physiological abilities of representatives of different ethnic groups for color perception are not distinguished; However, it is known that some peoples differ, for example, three colors, while others have seven, etc. Naturally ask a question: why, say, every Sango's African (Ubangian group of Languages \u200b\u200bof the Niger-Congo family) is learned to distinguish Four main colors, no more and no less? Obviously, because in his language there are names for these four colors. Here, therefore, the language acts as a finished tool for one or another structuring of reality when it is displayed by a person. Thus, when the question arises why in general in this language there are so many names of flowers, snow species, etc., then the answer to it is that Russian, French, Indians, Nenets, etc. practical activities During the preceding centuries (possibly millennia), roughly speaking, "you need" was to distinguish between the species of the relevant objects, which was reflected in the language. Another question is as follows: why does each representative of the language team distinguishes so much colors? Here the answer is that one or another method of perceiving an external reality to a certain extent "is imposed on a specific individual to its language, which is nothing more than a crystallized social experience of this people. From this point of view, the Ceple Hypothesis - Wharf, according to which the person's thinking is determined by the language on which he says, and it cannot go beyond the scope of this language. One more example. For example, such an animal, like a horse was not known to the Aboriginal melanesia, and when Europeans got there a horse, seeing her, they called her "the pig on top of the ride." In different ethnic groups, the understanding of the same pig turns out to be different. For Russian, this is an animal contained to obtain meat, and for Tatar, Turk, Uzbek is an unclean animal and there is no meat. The above, definitely, does not mean that a person is not able to know what is not the designation in his language, which was inclined by B.Uorf. The whole experience of the development of various peoples and their languages \u200b\u200bshows that when the production and cognitive evolution of society creates the need to introduce a new concept, the language never interferes - to designate a new concept, or an existing word with a certain change in semantics is used, or a new one for the laws of this Language. Without this, in particular, it was impossible to imagine the development of science. So it happened with the word "horse" in Neomelanezian language Tok-Pisin: it was borrowed from English and entered into the dictionary of Tok-Pisin as "HOS" (English Horse).

Contactor or Fatic function (<лат. fateri «выказывать»), заключающаяся в установлении и поддержании коммуникативного взаимодействия. Иногда общение как бы бесцельно: коммуникантам не важна та информация, которую они сообщают друг другу, они не стремятся выразить свои эмоции или воздействовать друг на друга. Пока им важен только контакт, который подготовит дальнейшее более содержательное общение. В таких случаях язык выступает в своей фатической функции (ассоциативная функция, функция контакта), как например, англичане в разговоре о погоде. Фатическая функция является основной в приветствиях, поздравлениях, в дежурных разговорах о городском транспорте и других общеизвестных вещах. При этом собеседники как бы чувствуют своего рода нормы допустимой глубины или остроты таких разговоров: например, упоминание о вчерашней телевизионной передаче не перерастает в разговор по существу содержания или художественного решения программы. Иными словами, общение идет ради общения, оно сознательно или обычно неосознанно направлено на установление или поддержание контакта. Содержание и форма контактоустанавливающего общения варьируются в зависимости от пола, возраста, социального положения, взаимоотношений говорящих, однако в целом такие речи стандартны и минимально информативны. Ср. клишированность поздравлений, начальных и конечных фраз в письмах, избыточность обращений по имени при разговоре двоих и вообще высокую предсказуемость текстов, выполняющих фатическую функцию. Однако информативная недостаточность таких разговоров отнюдь не означает, что эти разговоры не нужны или не важны людям и обществу в целом. Сама стандартность, поверхностность, легкость фатических разговоров помогает устанавливать контакты между людьми, преодолевать разобщенность и некоммуникабельность. Характерно, что детская речь в общении и с родителями и с ровесниками выполняет вначале именно фатическую функцию, т.к. дети стремятся к контакту, не зная еще что бы такое им сказать или услышать друг от друга.

Magic or "spell" language function is used in the religious ritual, in the practice of spellcasters, psychics, etc. The manifestations of the magic feature include taboos, tabulatic substitutions, as well as vows of silence in some religious traditions; conspiracies, prayers, oaths, including the Bozhby and oath; In the Religions of Scripture - Sacred Texts, i.e. the texts that are attributed to the Divine Origin: It can be considered, for example, that they were inspired, dictated or written by the highest strength. A common feature of the relationship to the Word As a magical power is an unconvenient interpretation of the language sign, i.e. the idea that the word is not a conditional designation of a certain object, and its part, therefore, for example, the pronunciation of a ritual name can cause the presence of who who They are named, but to be mistaken in the verbal ritual - it is offended, nourishing or harm the highest forces. Often the name acted as aberg, i.e. As an amulet or spell that protects against misfortune. In ancient times, choosing the name of the child born, a person often played with spirits in hide and seek: he kept the name "real" name (and the child grown under a different, not a "secret" name); I gave children the names of animals, fish, plants; They gave a "thin name" - so that the evil spirits did not see in its carrier of valuable mining. Such a name-chaff received at the birth of the future prophet, the founder of Zoroastrianism of Zarathushtra (Zarathustra): In the Avestian language, the word Zarathushtra meant "Struft".

The aesthetic function of the language is the function of aesthetic impact, aesthetic attitude to the language. This means that the speech itself (it is herself, and not what it is reported) can be perceived as beautiful or ugly, i.e. as aesthetic object. The aesthetic function of the language is more noticeable in artistic texts, however, the area of \u200b\u200bits manifestations is wider. Aesthetic attitude to the tongue is possible in colloquial speech, friendly letters, in a journalistic, oratory, scientific and popular speech - to the extent that for speaking speakers ceases to be only a form, only the shell of content, but receives independent aesthetic value. In the story of Chekhov "Men" a woman reads the Gospel every day and does not understand much, "but holy words touched her to tears, and such words as" shelter "and" Dongezh "she uttered with a sweet sulfice of the heart." The aesthetic function of the language is usually associated with such a text organization that updates something in something, converts the usual wording and thereby violates the automatism of everyday speech (conversational, business, newspaper). The transformation may affect lexical and grammatical semantics (metaphor, metonimia and other types of portable consumption of words and forms); Next, the updated may be the syntactic structure of statements. The aesthetic function of the language expands the world of aesthetic human relationship. At the same time, the transformation of speech, capable of making the text aesthetically significant, violate automatism and spacing speech, update it and thereby open up new expressive opportunities in the language. Sometimes language functions are divided into public functions and intrastructural, which are the manifestation of the essence and nature of the language. The latter refer to the nominative function, determined by the ability of the word to serve as a means of names of items and phenomena. The name of the thing becomes a sign, which allows you to operate the thought of things: to bring the concepts about the subjects, reflect the essential properties, build judgments and conclusion. There is also division of the functions of the language into two leading - communicative with its private representatives and ingnecific, or cognitive as well with its private representations (N.V. Solonik). As can be seen from the characteristics of the functions of the language, many of them are somehow related to thinking. For example, a cognitive function connects a language with the mental activity of a person, in units of language materializes the structure and dynamics of thought. F. de Sosurur compares a tongue with a sheet of paper, where thought is its face, and the sound is turning. You can not cut the front side so as not to cut the negotiable. Similarly, in the language you can not separate the idea of \u200b\u200bthe sounds of speech, which are the natural material side of the tongue. The study of the problem of the ratio of the relationship I will go to the science in science from different points of view and this problem solves in different ways. It is possible to consider generally accepted to one degree or another that language and thinking is formed not identity and not unity, but are relatively independent phenomena that are associated with complex dialectic relations. These relationships are manifested when considering this problem with genetic, psycho-physiological and gnoseological points of view. So, the leading language function is a communicative (communication function) - follows from the social nature of the language, cognitive, constructive and accumulative - from the communication of the language with thinking, nominative - from the communication of the language with the surrounding reality.

Agafonova.

Linguistics Ticket number 2.

The common language is the most important component of the life of any society, the condition of its existence. That is why the language acts as publicphenomenon. Consider the role, the function of the language in society, the form of the existence of a nationwide language.

Definition of language

In everyday life, people do not think about what is the language, what is its main features, properties, functions. What is a language - everything is clear, these are words that we pronounce and hear around. However, to give theoretical definition of the language, open and determine its essence is very difficult, and linguists differ in many ways in opinions when they are trying to theoretically comprehend the phenomenon of the language.

Language definitions There are many, and, as a rule, they emphasize this or that function, and also indicate some properties of the language.

For example, youngsters, following idealistic philosophy, treating the language as a product of absolute spirit (Hegel) and psychology of their time, understood the language as means of expressing an individual soul.

K. Fossler interpreted the language as creative, aesthetic self-expression of an individual spirit ",L. Yelmslev - how pure relationship structure,indeline to her elements.

Naive-materialistic approach was observed in the theory of naturalism, the language treated as natural organismin the concept of American descriptivists who understand

Language as a social phenomenon 39

Like Like the form of human behavior in the struggle for the existenceand in a number of other concepts.

K. Marx and F. Engels from the standpoint of historical materialism considered the language as "practical, existing for other people, and only thereby existing for me, the most actual consciousness, and noted that the language acts" in the form of moving layers of air, sounds "(Marx K., Engels F. Ot. 2nd ed., T 3, p. 25). Thus, emphasized material languageand his role in formation of consciousnessman.

V. I. Lenin noted that "the language is the most important means of human communication" (Lenin V.I. Poly. Cons. Op., Vol. 25, p. 258), emphasizing communicative functionlanguage.

XX century linguistics developed an understanding of the language as signs of signs.

Modern science found that there is no language in the genetic code of man. The child appears on the light with biological prerequisites for mastering the tongue, but outside the team of speaking he will not learn the language. Only in the society of speaking people may be mastered by language, which indicates such the most important sign of the language as its public.

Anthropological studies, studying the formation of a language in a child show that the language did not appear in a person simultaneously, it was formed gradually and passed a long evolution from primitive communicative signals of a primitive person to a developed modern state, that is, the human language historically developed.

Based on the main signs of the language and its basic function, we can determine the language as historically, the system of material signs performing communicative features in society.

Language function

40_______________________________________ Topic 2.

tov. The lack of clarity in the content of the concept "function" leads to the fact that linguists, speaking of the functions of the language, understand them in some cases completely different things.

In most work under the function of the language, the main purpose of the language is understood - this is how the communicative function is distinguished as its only function. Domestic linguistic theorists N. I. Zhinkin, R. V. Pazukhin, V. Kolzhansky, B. A. Serebrennikov and some others are developing this idea.

A number of scientists, along with the communicative, identify the function of the expression of thought - expressive and consider it quite equal with the communicative function of the language (A. Chico-Bava, A. A. Reformatsky, V. 3. Panfilov, etc.).

In addition, the functions are referred to as the spheres of language use (CP: the function of interethnic communication, the function of scientific or domestic communication, etc.), as well as uses language B.private communication situations (Wed. Poetic function, emotive function, treatment function, index function, directive function, magic function, accumulative function, function of exposure, contact function, etc.).

Understanding the function as the target purpose of the object used by the subject (subjects), it should be recognized that it is necessary to distinguish:

1) general functions of the language as a public phenomenon other than other public phenomena;

2) language properties as signs of signs;

3) private functions that perform language in con
Create situations of people's communication.

The function of the language as a social phenomenon is communicative- The function of transmitting information from the subject to the subject. The communicative function is inherent in the language, with whatever point of view, we treat it - both from the point of view of the speaker and from the point of view of the listening. She is implemented inany situation of communication. This allows you to consider the communicative function by the main function of the language as a social phenomenon.

In the future, we will proceed from the fact that the function of the language as a public phenomenon is one: communicative

Language as a social phenomenon 41

nayaIn order for this function to perform, language and formed as a system of signs that are included with each other in combination according to certain rules, due to which the human thought is made materially expressed and perceived.

The communicative function of the language in modern conditions is implemented in three forms:

Lockless Communication - Direct
Communication of people one on one, oral or written dialogue;

Wire Direct Communication - direct
One person with a large group of people
(lesson, lecture, meeting, rally):

Mass communication - Communication of man with Neva
Dima audience through newspaper, radio, television.

Allocated by a number of scientists expressivethe function of the language (the function of expression) concerns only the activity of the speaker, and therefore it cannot be equal with communicative. This is a manifestation of the essence of the language, one of the main properties of the language as a system of signs that performs the communicative function - the ability to exercise a thought, and not a separate language function. This property is one of the essence of the language of the language as a means of communication. Such "functions" can also be attributed to the manifestation of the properties of the language as nominative(calling the language of the phenomena of objective and subjective reality), accumulative(language is a means of accumulation in the verbal, textual form of knowledge and experience of mankind), cognitive(Cognitive, through the language, people get acquainted with the results of the knowledge of the world by other people preceding; this property of the language provides the ability to train people in educational institutions).

The same functions that are manifested in private speech communication situations detail the communicative function and can be considered as its private manifestations, private derivatives. K. Buler wrote that the language is a tool, and it has a basic function, although it can be used in other, side functions. For example, the main function of the hammer is to score nails, but it can

42_____________________________________________ Topic 2.

shook between the jacket and the door so that the door is not closed; they can press the sheet of paper so that it is not taken by the wind; It can be listed for any item so that he stands evenly, etc. Similarly, the basic function of the language is communicative, but the language can also be used in non-core functions arising from communicative, which are concretizing the communicative function in certain communicative conditions.

Such are, for example, a function emotive(expressions of feelings and experiences of a person in the process of his speech), dIRECTIVE(she is also incentive) - the expression of will, the desire of the speaker; poetic(It is aesthetic) - use of the language as a means of creating artistic texts; contact(She is fatic)- establishing and maintaining contact with the interlocutor; In modern media, a peculiar Fatic monological speech of TV presenters is developing, which does not contain information, but creating an illusion of communication; detective(index) - an indication of something like type this one, there, then, here, nowetc., magic- use of the language as the instrument of divination and prediction of fate, suggestive- use of the language as a means of influence on the psyche of another person (suggestion, hypnosis), instrumental- the function of direct speech impact on a person by using direct meanings of words, symbolic- Speech impact on man with an indirect meaning of words and phrases, subtext, etc.

French Language Emil BenVenist pointed a large set of funds for the so-called so-called performativefunctions. This function is performed by words and expressions, which is simultaneously the verbal action, which they are called: i promise, I wish you happiness, congratulations on your birthday, I apologize, I give the name Nikolai, I declare a meeting open.

The number of private language functions can be increased. Obviously, communication situations may be infinitely diverse for the purpose, on the installation of speaking, on the effects of the interlocutor and on other grounds.

Language as a social phenomenon 43

Speech communication

Speech activities occurring between two or several people is communication.

The study of speech activities involves finding out the signs, species and types of communication, clarify the specifics of certain types of speech communication.

When discussing communication problems, we proceed from the concept full communication.Under full communication is understood by communication in the full volume of its functions and signs.

Communication functions are based, naturally, on the functions of the language, are manifested in the process of bilateral dialogical exchange of information and equally affect all participants in this process.

Full communication can be determined through the listing of its main features. It acts as conscious, rationally decorated, targeted information exchange between people, accompanied by the individualization of the interlocutors, the establishment of emotional contact between them and feedback.

Consider these signs.

Information exchange

This means that in the communication process, information should be transmitted to each other by all participants in communication, that is, the reciprocity of informing should take place - both parties transmit and receive information. TV, newspaper, SOS signal, traffic light, telephone answering machine, computer transmit information to us, but we do not communicate with them. It is impossible to consider natural, full-fledged communication and such situations: one "copacing", and the other acts only as a listener; One shouts to another, and he is silent; People are together, but do not talk to each other ("He was silent, and I listened to"). Communication is necessarily a bilateral process.

44___________________________________________ Topic 2.

If the language is not a natural phenomenon, then, therefore, its place among public phenomena. This solution is correct, but in order to be complete clarity, it is necessary to figure out the place of the language among other public phenomena. This place is special thanks to the special role of the language for society.

What is the common in the language with other public phenomena and the language differs from them?

In general, the language with other public phenomena is that the language is a necessary condition for the existence and development of human society and that, being an element of spiritual culture, a language, like all other social phenomena, is unthinkable in the separation of materiality.

But the functions of the language and the patterns of its functioning and historical development are in the root different from other social phenomena.

The idea that the language is not a biological organism, and the public phenomenon, expressed earlier among representatives of "sociological schools", as under the flag of idealism (F. de Sosurur, J. Vandrises, A. MEY), and under the flag of materialism (L. Nouarea, N. Ya. Marr), but the stumbling block was not understanding the structure of society and the specifics of public phenomena.

In public phenomena, Marxist science distinguishes the basis and superstructure, i.e. the economic system of society at this stage of its development and political, legal, religious, artistic views of the Company and the corresponding institutions. Each basis has its own superstructure.

No one occurred to the opposite language with the basis, but the inclusion of a language in the superstructure was typically both for Soviet linguistics and foreign.

The most popular opinion among antibiologicalists was the number of language to "ideology" - to the field of superstructures and the identity of the language with culture. And this entailed a number of incorrect conclusions.

Why is the language is not a superstructure?

Because the language is not a generation of this basis, but the means of communication of the human team, folding and persistent during the centuries, at least at this time and there was a change of bases and their respective add-ons.

Because the superstructure in the class society is the affiliation of this class, and the language belongs not to this or another class, and the entire population serves different classes, without which society could not exist.

N. Ya. Marr and followers of his "New Teaching on Language" considered the classiness of the tongue one of their main provisions. This affected not only the complete misunderstanding of the language, but also other social phenomena, since in the class society, the general for different classes is not only the language, but also the economy, without anything would fit.

This feudal diamal was common to all the steps of the feudal staircase "from Prince and to the Hall", and in the periods of capitalist and socialist development of the Russian society, Russian language also served a Russian bourgeois culture until the October Revolution, as he later served the socialist culture of Russian society.

So, there are no class languages \u200b\u200band was not. Otherwise, the situation is with the speech, as cm below (§4).

The second mistake of lingules consisted of anioric language and culture. This isoxy is wrong, as the culture is ideology, and the language does not apply to ideology.

The identity of the language with the culture attracted a number of incorrect conclusions, since the background data is incorrect, that is, culture and tongue is not the same. Culture, in contrast to the language, may be bourgeois and socialist; Language, being a means of communication, always commonly, serves bourgeois and socialist culture.

What is the relationship between language and culture? National language is a form of national culture. It is associated with culture and unthinkable outside the culture, as well as the culture is unthinkable without language. But the language is not an ideology that is the basis of culture.

There were finally attempts, in particular N. Ya. Marra, like the language of production tools.

Yes, the language is an instrument, but the "gun" in a special sense. With production guns (they are not only real-material facts, but also the necessary element of the public structure of society) in the language in general, the fact that they are indifferent to the add-on and maintain different classes of society, but the producing tools produce material benefits, the language does not produce anything and serves as a means of communication of people. Language is an ideological tool. If the tools of production (ax, plow, combine, etc.) have a design and device, then the language has a structure and system organization.

Thus, the language cannot be counted on the basis or to the add-on, nor to the instruments of production; Language is incomotive by culture, and the language cannot be class.

Nevertheless, the language is a public phenomenon that occupies its special place among other public phenomena and possessing its own specific devils . What are these specific features?

Since the language, being an instrument of communication, is simultaneously the means of exchange of thoughts, naturally arises the question of the ratio of language and thinking.

There are two opposite and equally incorrect trends in relation to this issue:

1. tearing language from thinking and thinking from language and
2. annunciation of language and thinking.

Language - the property of the team, he communicates with the team members among themselves and allows you to report and store the necessary information about any phenomena of the material and spiritual life of a person. And the language as a collective heritage is folded and there are centuries.

Thinking develops and updated much faster than language, but without language thinking is only a "thing for yourself", and the thought is not a pronounced thought - this is not the clear, distinctive thought that helps a person to comprehend the phenomenon of reality, develop and improve science, is Rather, some foresight, and not actually a vision, it is not knowledge in the exact meaning of the word.

A person can always use the finished language material (words, suggestions) as "formulas" or "matrix" not only for the known, but also for the new. Chapter II ("Lexicology") will be shown as in the language to find the means of expression for new thoughts and concepts, how to create terms for new science objects (see § 21). And it is precisely, finding yourself the necessary words, the concept is not only understandable for other members of society, but also for who these new concepts want to introduce into science and to life. Greek philosopher Plato once spoke about it ( IV century BC er). "Funny, it seems to me, Hermogen, it may seem that things become clear if you depict them through letters and syllables; However, it is inevitable so "(" Paint ").

Every teacher knows: only then he may argue that he teaches when it is clear - when he can tell it with his students. No wonder the Romans said: Docendo Discimus ("teaching, learn").

If thinking can not do without language, then the language without thinking is impossible. We speak and write, thinking, and try more precisely and clearly state your thoughts in the language. It would seem that in cases where the words do not belong to the speech, when, for example, the declamator reads someone's work or actor plays a role, where is the thinking? But you can hardly do actors, readers, even speakers to imagine as parrots and starmen who are pronounced, but do not speak.

Not only artists and readers, but everyone who "says someone else's text", in its own way, he comprehends him and gives a listener. The same applies to quotations, use of proverbs and sayings in normal speech: they are comfortable, because they are successful, concise, but also the choice of them, and the meaning embedded in them is the trace and consequence of the thought of the speaker.

In general, the usual our speech is a set of quotes from the language known to us, words and expressions of which we usually use in our speech (not to mention the sound system and grammar, where the "new" cannot be invented).

Of course, there are such situations where this speaking (for example, the poet) is not satisfied with "slaughtered like fives", ordinary words and creates its own (sometimes successfully, sometimes unsuccessful); But, as a rule, new words of poets and writers most often remain the property of their texts and are not included in a common language, because they are formed not for the transmission of "total", but to express something individual associated with the figurative system of this text; These words are not intended for mass communication and to transfer general information.

This thought in the paradoxical form expressed the Greek philosopher II century. n. e. Sex Empirik, who wrote:

"Just as a person loyally adhered to a well-known coin that is walking in the city according to local custom, can freely produce cash transactions in that city, the other, which is not accepting such a coin, but a mining some other, a new coin for Himself and applying for her recognition will make it wasted and in life, that person is close to madness, who does not want to adhere to speech, adopted like a coin, but (prefers) to create their own. "

When we think and wish to convey to someone that we realized, we climb thoughts into the form of the language.

So thoughts and born on the language base and enchant in him. However, this does not mean that language and thinking represent the youth.

The laws of thinking studies the logic. The logic distinguishes the concepts with their signs, judgments with their members and conclusions with their forms. There are other significant units in the language: morphemes , the words , offers that does not coincide with the specified logical division.

Many grammar and logic of the XIX and XX centuries. They tried to establish parallelism between concepts and words, between judgments and suggestions. However, it is not difficult to make sure that not all words express concepts (for example, interdethoods express feelings and desires, but not the concepts; pronouns only indicate, but not name and not express the concepts themselves; its own names are devoid of expressions of concepts, etc.) and not all suggestions Express judgments (for example, questioning and motivating offers). In addition, members of judgment do not coincide with the members of the proposal.

Laws of Logic - the laws are universal, since people think all the same, but express these thoughts in different languages \u200b\u200bin different ways. National peculiarities of languages \u200b\u200bhave nothing to do with the logical content of statements; The same applies to the lexical, grammatical and phonetic form of statement in the same language; It can be in a variety of languages, but correspond to the same logical unit, for example: This is a huge success and This is a huge success. This is their home and This is their home, I am a flash flag and I mash flagetc.

With regard to communication language and thinking, one of the main issues is the type of abstraction, which permeates the entire language, but differ in its structural tier, lexical, grammatical and phonetic, which determines the specifics of vocabulary, grammar and phonetics and the special qualitative difference between their units and relations between with them.

Language and thinking form unity, since without thinking there can be no language and thinking without language is impossible. Language and thinking arose historically simultaneously in the process of human labor development.

Reformatsky A.A. Introduction to Language Science / Ed. V.A. Vinogradov. - M., 1996.