Figuratively expressive means of the language table exam. Basic language means in Russian

The Russian language is one of the richest, most beautiful and complex. Last but not least, the presence of a large number of means of verbal expression makes it so.

In this article, we will analyze what a language tool is and what types it comes in. Consider examples of use from fiction and everyday speech.

Language means in Russian - what is it?

The description of the most ordinary object can be made beautiful and unusual by using language

Words and expressions that give expressiveness to the text are conditionally divided into three groups: phonetic, lexical (they are also tropes) and stylistic figures.

To answer the question of what a language tool is, let's get to know them better.

Lexical means of expression

Tropes are linguistic means in the Russian language, which are used by the author in a figurative, allegorical sense. Widely used in works of art.

Paths serve to create visual, auditory, olfactory images. They help to create a certain atmosphere, to produce the desired effect on the reader.

Lexical means of expression are based on implicit or explicit comparison. It may be based on external resemblance, personal associations of the author, or the desire to describe the object in a certain way.

Basic language tools: trails

We are confronted with trails from the school bench. Let's take a look at the most common ones:

1. The epithet is the most famous and common trope. Often found in poetry. An epithet is a colorful, expressive definition that is based on a hidden comparison. Emphasizes the features of the described object, its most expressive features. Examples: "ruddy dawn", "light character", "golden hands", "silver voice".
2. Comparison is a word or expression based on the comparison of one object with another. Most often it is drawn up in the form of a comparative turnover. You can find out by using the unions characteristic of this technique: as if, as if, as if, as, exactly, what. Consider examples: “transparent as dew”, “white as snow”, “straight as a reed”.
3. Metaphor is a means of expression based on hidden comparison. But, unlike it, it is not formalized by unions. A metaphor is built relying on the similarity of two objects of speech. For example: "onions of churches", "whisper of grass", "tears of heaven".
4. Synonyms are words that are close in meaning but differ in spelling. In addition to classical synonyms, there are contextual ones. They take on a specific meaning within a particular text. Let's get acquainted with examples: "jump - jump", "look - see".
5. Antonyms are words that have exactly the opposite meaning to each other. Like synonyms, they are contextual. Example: “white - black”, “shout - whisper”, “calm - excitement”.
6. Personification is the transfer of signs, characteristics of an animate object to an inanimate object. For example: “the willow shook its branches”, “the sun smiled brightly”, “the rain pounded on the roofs”, “the radio chirped in the kitchen”.

Are there other paths?

There are a lot of means of lexical expressiveness in the Russian language. In addition to the group familiar to everyone, there are those that are unknown to many, but also widely used:

1. Metonymy is the substitution of one word for another that has a similar or the same meaning. Let's get acquainted with examples: "hey, blue jacket (appeal to a person in a blue jacket)", "the whole class opposed (meaning all the students in the class)".
2. Synecdoche is the transfer of comparison from part to whole, and vice versa. Example: “it was heard how the Frenchman rejoiced (the author speaks of the French army)”, “the insect flew in”, “there were a hundred heads in the herd”.
3. Allegory - expressive comparison ideas or concepts using an artistic image. Most often found in fairy tales, fables and parables. For example, the fox symbolizes cunning, the hare - cowardice, the wolf - anger.
4. Hyperbole is deliberate exaggeration. Serves to give the text more expressiveness. Emphasizes a certain quality of an object, person or phenomenon. Let's get acquainted with examples: "words destroy hope", "his deed is the highest evil", "he became more beautiful forty times."
5. Litota is a special understatement of real facts. For example: “it was thinner than a reed”, “it was no higher than a thimble”.
6. Paraphrase is the replacement of a word or expression with a synonymous combination. Used to avoid lexical repetitions in one or adjacent sentences. Example: "the fox is a cunning cheat", "the text is the brainchild of the author."

Stylistic figures

Stylistic figures are linguistic means in the Russian language that give speech a certain imagery and expressiveness. Change the emotional coloring of its meanings.

Widely used in poetry and prose since the time of ancient poets. However, modern and obsolete interpretations of the term differ.

In ancient Greece, it was believed that stylistic figures are linguistic means of language, which in their form differ significantly from everyday speech. Now it is believed that figures of speech are an integral part of the spoken language.

What are stylistic figures?

Stylistics offers a lot of its own means:

1. Lexical repetitions (anaphora, epiphora, compositional junction) are expressive language means that include the repetition of any part of a sentence at the beginning, end, or at the junction with the next. For example: “That was a great sound. It was the best voice I've heard in years."
2. Antithesis - one or more sentences built on the basis of opposition. For example, consider the phrase: "I drag myself in the dust - and soar in the sky."
3. Gradation is the use of synonyms in a sentence, arranged according to the degree of increase or decrease of a feature. Example: "The sparkles on the Christmas tree shone, burned, shone."
4. Oxymoron - the inclusion in the phrase of words that contradict each other in meaning, cannot be used in one composition. The most striking and famous example of this stylistic figure is Dead Souls.
5. Inversion is a change in the classical order of words in a sentence. For example, not "he ran", but "he ran".
6. Parceling is the division of a single sentence into several parts. For example: “Nicholas is opposite. Looks without blinking.
7. Polyunion - the use of unions to connect homogeneous members of the proposal. It is used for greater speech expressiveness. Example: "It was a strange and wonderful and beautiful and mysterious day."
8. Unionlessness - the connection of homogeneous members in the proposal is carried out without unions. For example: "He rushed about, shouted, cried, moaned."

Phonetic means of expression

Phonetic expressive means are the smallest group. They include the repetition of certain sounds in order to create picturesque artistic images.

Most often this technique is used in poetry. The authors use the repetition of sounds when they want to convey the sound of thunder, the rustle of leaves or other natural phenomena.

Also, phonetic means help to give poetry a certain character. By using some combinations of sounds, the text can be made more rigid, or vice versa - softer.

What are the phonetic means?

1. Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonants in the text, creating the image necessary for the author. For example: "I dreamed of catching the departing shadows, the departing shadows of the fading day."
2. Assonance is the repetition of certain vowel sounds in order to create a vivid artistic image. For example: "Do I wander along the noisy streets, do I enter a crowded temple."
3. Onomatopoeia is the use of phonetic combinations that convey a certain clatter of hooves, the sound of waves, the rustle of leaves.

The use of speech means of expression

Language tools in Russian were widely used and continue to be used in literary works whether it be prose or poetry.

Excellent mastery of stylistic figures is demonstrated by the writers of the golden age. Due to the masterful use of expressive means, their works are colorful, figurative, and pleasing to the ear. No wonder they are considered a national treasure of Russia.

We encounter linguistic means not only in fiction, but also in Everyday life. Almost every person uses comparisons, metaphors, epithets in his speech. Without realizing it, we make our language beautiful and rich.

There is already a hint in the task itself, for example: name the path in sentence No. _, And there are only 4 main paths: metaphor -extended metaphor; epithet, comparison, personification("animated metaphor"), as well as hyperbole, litote, allegory, metonymy, synecdoche. Other means that are proposed in KIM (in the task) are either stylistic, or syntactic devices, or lexical means.

So, all techniques are divided into four groups: 1. trails; 2. Stylistic means.3. Syntactic means (techniques) 4. Vocabulary - lexical means. 5. Phonetic possibilities. Sound media.

USE. Task B8. Figurative and expressive means of language(these are paths, or artistic techniques)

The figurative and expressive means of language are the methods by which the visual appearance of a phenomenon is reproduced in the imagination, designed for sensory-emotional perception.

1. TROPES (Descriptive and expressive means of language)

Tropes (Greek tropos - turnover) - the use of the word is not in the literal, but in a figurative, allegorical sense.

The most important types of trails:

Comparison - comparison of phenomena and concepts with other phenomena. The ice is not strong on the icy river, as if it lies like melting sugar. Joy crawls like a snail

Epithet (Greek epitheton - application) - artistic definition. Marmalade mood A. Chekhov. The golden grove dissuaded Birch with a cheerful language. (S. Yesenin):

A) epithets expressed by nouns (mother-Volga, father-Don, wind-tramp);

B) epithets expressed by adjectives(light eyes, sable eyebrows, green wine, damp earth);

B) epithets expressed in adverbs:

You love bitterly and hard.

And a woman's heart - jokingly A.S. Pushkin

A constant epithet is a well-established definition of heroes, images in folklore: burning tears, a red sun, a good fellow, a path is a path, a fierce enemy

Metaphor (Greek metaphora - transfer) - a hidden comparison based on the hidden likening of one object or phenomenon to another in similarity or contrast (the forest is noisy, the garden is empty, bad weather has risen):

A) personification - a speech turnover in which words denoting the properties and signs of the phenomena of the animate world are used in descriptions of outwardly similar phenomena of the inanimate world. In other words, personification is the attribution of the properties of living beings to inanimate objects:

Above the darkened Petrograd

November breathed autumn chill A.S. Pushkin

Terek howls, wild and vicious. M.Yu. Lermontov;

Silent sadness will be consoled ... A.S. Pushkin

b ) extended metaphor:

But the church is on a steep peak

It is still visible between the clouds,

And at her gate stand

On guard are black granites,

They are covered with snow cloaks, And on their chest, instead of armor, Eternal ice burns. M. Lermontov

Metaphorical epithet - a combination of the function of an epithet and a metaphor: foggy youth, golden dreams, gray morning, iron will, silk eyelashes, stone heart, iron will (these are well-established phrases, reminiscent of phraseological units in the form of ad + noun)

A symbol (Greek symbolon - a conventional sign) is an object or word that conditionally expresses the essence of a phenomenon:

Long live the sun, long live the darkness! A.S. Pushkin

Here the sun is a symbol of reason, happiness and knowledge.

An example of an expanded symbol is M. Lermontov's poem "Sail". A symbol is more understandable, deeper than a metaphor.

Allegory - type of allegory; an abstract idea, a concept embodied in a concrete image. Or a detailed assimilation, the components of which add up to a system of allusions, i.e. designation of specific phenomena through the signs of these phenomena. So, the goddess of justice Themis was depicted with scales and blindfolded. Scales measured human sins, blindfolds allegorically indicated the impartiality and objectivity of the goddess-judge. Hence came such expressions as the scales of justice, blind justice. Allegory is often used in fables and fairy tales, where animals, objects, natural phenomena act as carriers of properties.

Metonymy (Greek metonomadzo - to rename).

This is a technique in which words are replaced not on the basis of similarity (as in a metaphor), but on the basis of various kinds connection of phenomena. This connection can be of several types:

A) the connection of the vessel with its contents (drank two glasses, ate a bowl of soup, ate seven glasses);

B) the connection between the material and the thing made from it (amber on the pipes of Tsaregrad, Porcelain and bronze on the table; there is on gold);

C) the connection of actions and circumstances with the place where they took place (exuberant Rome rejoices; this is its Waterloo);

D) the connection of things with their property, purpose or character (crafty dagger, bloody lesson);

E) the connection of general concepts with specific ones (the courage of the city takes, bloodied villainy);

E) the connection of the phenomena of mental order with the characteristic forms of their manifestation. (Compare: to be sad, to yearn - to sigh; to expose yourself to danger because of your stupidity - to sharpen an ax on yourself, to cut a branch under you).

Synecdoche (a special kind of metonymy) - (Greek synecdoche - understanding through something) - replacement of words based on quantitative relations, for example, the name of the larger in the meaning of the smaller, the whole in the meaning of the part and vice versa. "All flags will visit us." “We are all looking at Napoleons.” - A.S. Pushkin

“Everything is sleeping - both man, and beast, and bird” - N. Gogol. "Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts - A.S. Pushkin"

gradation gradualness (Strengthening or weakening) - usually involves the arrangement of words and expressions according to the principle of their increasing or decreasing strength (“I spoke, persuaded, demanded, ordered.”)

oxymoron

Paraphrase(s)- trail indicating sign(the king of beasts is a lion; the master of the taiga is the tiger, Northern Palmyra, Northern Venice - all St. Petersburg, the golden-domed capital - Moscow, the mother of all Russian cities - Kiev)

2. Stylistic figures.

Stylistic figures are expressions that are constant in meaning and construction and have certain artistic possibilities.

anaphora or monogamy:

I swear on the first day of creation

I swear on his last day

I swear on the shame of crime

And eternal truth triumph

M.Yu. Lermontov;

Epiphora , or ending, extremely rare in Russian verse, typical of Eastern poetry:

I am a confidante, except for my soul, - I did not find,

More disinterested than your heart - I did not find ...

And I have not found a heart captivity anywhere more terrible.

pleonasm - the repetition of similar words and phrases, the injection of which creates one or another stylistic effect:

My friend, my friend

I am very, very sick.

gradation . This technique consists in the fact that not the same word is repeated, but semantically close words, that is, words that are close in meaning, which, gradually reinforcing each other, create one image that usually expresses a consistently growing or fading feeling, thought, and they also recreate an event or action: In the old days they loved to eat well, they loved to drink even better, and even better they loved to have fun (N.V. Gogol);

Burned in tanks my comrades

To ashes, to ashes, to ashes. (Slutsky) Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts - A.S. Pushkin "

oxymoron (oxymoron) - a figure of speech in which a new expressive meaning arises as a result of combinations of words that are opposite in meaning (good-natured ferocity, hot snow, wretched luxury, a living corpse, Dead souls).

Irony (Greek eironeia - pretense) - can take the form of any other trail. This is such a turn of speech in which the words characterizing the phenomenon are used in order to achieve a comic effect in the opposite sense (philosopher at eighteen, A.S. Pushkin. Where, smart, are you wandering head? I. Krylov.)

hyperbola - artistic exaggeration (a feast - for the whole world; a rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper, N.V. Gogol);

litotes – stylistic figure, consisting in an underlined understatement, humiliation (a boy with a finger; a peasant with a fingernail, Nekrasov, he does not shine with his mind).

alogism

3. Lexical means. Figurative possibilities of vocabulary.

BUT) lexical repetitions- intentional repetition of a word to draw the attention of the reader (Take care of a penny, a penny will not give out, you will break everything in the world with a penny. N.V. Gogol);

Pleonasm is the repetition of similar words and phrases, the injection of which creates one or another stylistic effect:

My friend, my friend

I am very, very sick.

I don’t know where this pain came from ... S. Yesenin.

Phraseologisms (winged words) - stable combinations of words, constant in their meaning, composition and structure. Curve your soul, on hastily, neither fluff nor feather, Knight without fear and reproach

synonyms - words that are close in meaning. Contextual synonyms are close in context.

antithesis - a comparison of phenomena that are opposite in meaning and significance. (Compare: the first day of creation is the last day, M.Yu. Lermontov);

Contextual antonyms in the context are opposite. Out of context, the meaning changes (Wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire - A. Pushkin)

Evaluative vocabulary- emotionally colored words containing an assessment: simpleton, fidget, clever, golosche.

Homonyms for words that sound the same but have different meanings passage in birdsong, trading in the passage

Paronyms - similar in sound, but different in meaning, the words heroic - heroic, effective - real

vernacular (colloquial vocabulary, or reduced, or colloquial) - words of colloquial use, which are distinguished by some rudeness, blockhead, flirtatious, wobble.

Dialectisms - Words used in a certain area. Draniki, Mshara, Buryaki.

Loan words are words transferred from other languages. PR, parliament, consensus, millennium.

Book vocabulary - words characteristic of written speech and having a special stylistic coloring. Immortality, incentive, prevail

jargon - words that are outside the literary norm. / Argo / - Head - watermelon, globe, pumpkin ...

Neologisms - new words that arise to denote new concepts. Prosessed, shopping, clip maker, marketing.

Professionalisms (special vocabulary)- words used by people of the same profession. Galley.

Terms - special concepts in science, technology ... Optics, catatar.

Obsolete words. (Archaisms)- words ousted from modern language others denoting the same concepts. Zealous - caring, joy - joy, lad - young man, eye-eye, vyashey

Expressive colloquial vocabulary- emotionally colored words, which have a slightly reduced stylistic coloring compared to neutral vocabulary. Dirty, screamer, bearded man.

Palindrome - word, phrase, line, equally read from left to right and right to left (tavern)

4. Syntactic means

pass - a form of laconic, "slogan" style. Its strength is in brevity, and brevity depends on how skillfully the words that are most full in meaning and picturesque are selected and left in the phrase. (We sat down - in ashes! Grad - in dust! In swords - sickles and plows. V.A. Zhukovsky);

Incomplete sentences see blank(often in dialogue, slogan)

Default or ellipsis- a form that reproduces the speech of a very excited person. The default is close to a pass:

Father ... Mazepa ... execution - with a plea

Here, in this castle, my mother ... / The figure allows the listener to guess for himself what will be discussed /.

rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal- to enhance the expressiveness of speech, do not require an answer:

Where are you galloping, proud horse,

And where will you lower your hooves? A.S. Pushkin

Do you know Ukrainian night? Oh, you don't know the Ukrainian night! N.V. Gogol.

A number of homogeneous members-these are groups of homogeneous members that complicate the structure of the sentence. Any members of the sentence can be homogeneous, with the help of which the meaning of the sentence is conveyed more meaningfully and fully.

asyndeton - a list of phenomena, actions, events when the necessary unions are deliberately omitted. The effect of the speed of changing images, feelings, emotional anguish, excitement:

Flickering past the booth, women,

Boys, benches, lanterns,

Palaces, gardens, monasteries,

Bukharians, sleighs, vegetable gardens,

Merchants, shacks, men,

Pharmacies, shops, fashion.

Balconies, lions on the gates,

And flocks of jackdaws on crosses.

A.S. Pushkin

polyunion (polysyndeton) - a special introduction of additional conjunctions to give speech smoothness, stateliness, sometimes - to emphasize an epic-calm, narrative manner:

And a sling, and an arrow, and a crafty dagger.

Years spare the winner ...

A.S. Pushkin

Parceling - intentional violation of the boundaries of the proposal

It was the Volga. Ashy. With Moscow number. (Usually, when parceling, 2 sentences are indicated. To correctly determine this technique, you need to re-read the previous sentence and the next).

Incomplete sentences- in which a member of the sentence is missing, which could be restored from the context. There's another turn ahead, and then another.

Question-answer form of presentation- A form of presentation in which questions and answers to a question alternate.

Syntax parallelism- a figurative comparison of two similar phenomena, compositionally expressed in the form of parallel phrases:

Black raven in the gentle dusk,

Black velvet on swarthy shoulders

A. Blok;

Grass overgrown graves -

The pain grows over time.

M. Sholokhov.

Negative parallelism: emphasize the coincidence of the main features of the compared phenomena:

It is not the wind that bends the branch,

It’s not the oak forest that rustles, -

That my heart is groaning

Like an autumn leaf trembles.

S. Stromilov

Parallelism serves to compare the phenomena of nature with the mood of man.

Full, white birch, rage over the water,

Enough, silly girl, to play pranks on me - a similar syntactic construction.

alogism - association as homogeneous members of different species values, with the aim of creating a comic effect. (As soon as I passed the exams, I immediately went with my mother, furniture and brother ... to the dacha, A.P. Chekhov);

inversion - violation of the standard word order, reverse: The sail turns white lonely

She is slim, her movements

That swan of desert waters

Reminds me of a smooth ride

That deer is a quick aspiration. A.S. Pushkin.

Italics - highlighted word

Ellipsis - omission of any member of the proposal Men - for axes. We villages - in ashes, hailstones - in dust, In swords - sickles and plows. V. Zhukovsky

5. Sound means of expression. Phonetics (rare)

Alliteration - a technique for enhancing figurativeness by repeating consonant sounds Like a winged lily, / Hesitating, Lala-Ruk enters

Assonance - reception of strengthening of figurativeness by repetition of vowel sounds. The thaw is boring to me: stench, dirt, in the spring I am sick ... A. Pushkin

sound recording - a method of enhancing the figurativeness of the text by constructing phrases, lines in such a way that would correspond to the reproduced picture. Nightingale: “Then suddenly crumbled like small shot through the grove” I. Krylov

Onomatopoeia- imitation with the help of the sounds of the language of the sounds of living and inanimate nature. When the mazurka thundered ... A. Pushkin

• Some techniques can be in style and tropes, or in syntax and stylistics - you need to be careful and distinguish: figurative meaning (figurative) - these are tropes; if the structure of the sentence itself, its construction, is syntax. And if you produce an effect on the reader, highlight the peculiarity of the phrase as the key to the problem of the text - this is style.

It is known that not a single European lexicon can be compared with juiciness: this opinion is expressed by many literary critics who have studied its expressiveness. It has Spanish expansion, Italian emotionality, French tenderness. Language tools used by Russian writers resemble the strokes of an artist.

When experts talk about the expressiveness of a language, they mean not only the figurative means that they study at school, but also an inexhaustible arsenal literary devices. There is no single classification of figurative and expressive means, however, language means are conditionally divided into groups.

In contact with

Lexical means

Expressive means, working at the lexical language level, are an integral part of a literary work: poetic or written in prose. These are words or phrases used by the author in a figurative or allegorical sense. The most extensive group of lexical means of creating imagery in the Russian language is literary tropes.

Varieties of trails

There are more than two dozen tropes used in the works. Table with examples combined the most used:

The article contains main trails, known in the literature, which are illustrated by a table with examples.

Sometimes archaisms, dialectisms, professionalisms are referred to as paths, but this is not true. These are means of expression, the scope of which is limited to the depicted era or area of ​​application. They are used to create the color of the era, the place described or the working atmosphere.

Specialized expressive means

- words that were once called objects familiar to us (eyes - eyes). Historicisms mean objects or phenomena (actions) that have gone out of use (caftan, ball).

Both archaisms and historicisms - means of expression, which are readily used by writers and screenwriters who create works on historical topics (examples are "Peter the Great" and "Prince Silver" by A. Tolstoy). Poets often use archaisms to create a sublime style (bosom, right hand, finger).

Neologisms are figurative means of language that have entered our lives relatively recently (gadget). They are often used in artistic text to create an atmosphere of the youth environment and the image of advanced users.

Dialectisms - words or grammatical forms used in colloquial speech of the inhabitants of one locality (kochet - rooster).

Professionalisms are words and expressions that are typical for representatives of a particular profession. For example, a pen for a printer is, first of all, a spare material that was not included in the room, and only then the place where the animals live. Naturally, a writer who tells about the life of a printing hero will not bypass the term.

Jargon is the vocabulary of informal communication used in the colloquial speech of people belonging to a certain circle of communication. For example, linguistic features of the text about the life of students will allow the word "tails" to be used in the sense of "exam debt", and not parts of the body of animals. This word often appears in works about students.

Phraseological turns

Phraseological expressions are lexical language means, whose expressiveness is determined by:

1. Figurative meaning, sometimes with mythological background (Achilles' heel).
2. Everyone belongs to the category of high set expressions (sink into oblivion), or colloquial turns (hang ears). These can be linguistic means that have a positive emotional coloring (golden hands - a load of approving meaning), or with a negative expressive assessment (small fry - a shade of disdain for a person).

Phraseologisms use, to:

• to emphasize the clarity and figurativeness of the text;
• build the necessary stylistic tone (colloquial or elevated), having previously assessed the linguistic features of the text;
• express the author's attitude to the reported information.

figurative expressiveness phraseological units intensifies due to their transformation from well-known to individual author's: to shine in all of Ivanovskaya.

A special group is aphorisms ( idioms ). For example, happy hours are not observed.

Aphorisms include works of folk art: proverbs, sayings.

These artistic means are used in literature quite often.

Attention! Phraseologisms like figurative and expressive literary means cannot be used in a formal business style.

Syntactic tricks

Syntactic figures of speech are turns used by the author in order to better convey the necessary information or the general meaning of the text, sometimes to give the passage an emotional coloring. Here are some syntactic means expressiveness:

1. Antithesis is a syntactic means of expressiveness based on opposition. "Crime and Punishment". Allows you to emphasize the meaning of one word with the help of another, opposite in meaning.
2. Gradations are means of expressiveness that use synonymous words arranged according to the principle of the rise and fall of a feature or quality in the Russian language. For example, the stars shone, burned, shone. Such a lexical chain highlights the main conceptual meaning of each word - “shine”.
3. oxymoron - right opposite words nearby. For example, the expression "fiery ice" figuratively and vividly creates the contradictory character of the hero.
4. Inversions are syntactic expressive means based on the unusual construction of a sentence. For example, instead of "he sang" it says "he sang". At the beginning of the sentence, the word that the author wants to emphasize is taken out.
5. Parceling is the intentional division of one sentence into several parts. For example, Ivan is nearby. Worth watching. In the second sentence, an action, quality or sign is usually taken out, which takes on the author's emphasis.

Important! These figurative means representatives of a number scientific schools referred to as stylistic. The reason for the replacement of the term lies in the influence exerted by the expressive means of this group on the style of the text, albeit through syntactic constructions.

Phonetic means

Sound devices in Russian are the smallest group of literary figures of speech. This is a special use of words with the repetition of certain sounds or phonetic groups in order to depict artistic images.

Usually such figurative means of language used by poets in poetry, or writers in lyrical digressions, when describing landscapes. The authors use repetitive sounds to convey thunder or the rustling of leaves.

Alliteration is the repetition of a series of consonants that create sound effects that enhance the imagery of the described phenomenon. For example: "In the silky rustle of snow noise." The pumping of sounds С, Ш and Ш creates the effect of imitation of the whistle of the wind.

Assonance - the repetition of vowel sounds in order to create an expressive artistic image: "March, march - we wave the flag / / We march to the parade." The vowel “a” is repeated to create an emotional fullness of feelings, a unique feeling of universal joy and openness.

Onomatopoeia - the selection of words that combine a certain set of sounds that creates a phonetic effect: the howling of the wind, the rustling of grass and other characteristic natural sounds.

Expressive means in Russian, tropes

Use of words of speech expressiveness

Conclusion

It is the abundance of figurative means expressiveness in Russian makes it truly beautiful, juicy and unique. Therefore, foreign literary critics prefer to study the works of Russian poets and writers in the original.

Means of speech expressiveness- this is one of the most important factors due to which the Russian language is famous for its richness and beauty, which has been glorified more than once in poetry and immortal works of Russian classic writers. To this day, Russian is one of the most difficult languages ​​to learn. This is facilitated by a huge number of means of expression that are present in our language, making it rich and multifaceted. To date, there is no clear classification of means of expression, but still two conditional types can be distinguished: stylistic figures and tropes.

Stylistic figures- these are speech turns that the author uses in order to achieve maximum expressiveness, which means that it is better to convey the necessary information or meaning to the reader or listener, as well as to give the text an emotional and artistic coloring. Stylistic figures include such expressive means as antithesis, parallelism, anaphora, gradation, inversion, epiphora and others.

trails- these are speech turns or words that are used by the author in an indirect, allegorical sense. These means of artistic expression- an integral part of any work of art. Tropes include metaphors, hyperbolas, litotes, synecdoches, metonymies, etc.

The most common means of expression.

As we have already said, there are a very large number of means of lexical expressiveness in the Russian language, so in this article we will consider those that can most often be found not only in literary works, but also in the everyday life of each of us.

1. Hyperbola(Greek hyperbole - exaggeration) - this is a type of path, the basis of which is exaggeration. Through the use of hyperbole, meaning is enhanced and the desired impression is made on the listener, interlocutor or reader. For example: sea ​​of ​​tears; Ocean Love.
2. Metaphor(Greek metaphora - transfer) - one of the most important means of speech expressiveness. This trope is characterized by the transfer of the characteristics of one object, creature or phenomenon to another. This trope is similar to a comparison, but the words "as if", "as if", "like" are omitted, but everyone understands that they are implied: tarnished reputation; glowing eyes; seething emotions.
3. Epithet(Greek epitheton - application) is a definition that gives the most ordinary things, objects and phenomena an artistic color. Examples of epithets: golden summer; flowing hair; wavy fog.

   IMPORTANT. Not every adjective is an epithet. If the adjective indicates the clear characteristics of the noun and does not carry any artistic load, then it is not an epithet: green grass ; wet asphalt; bright sun.

4. Antithesis(Greek antithesis - opposition, contradiction) - another means of expression that is used to enhance the drama and is characterized by a sharp opposition of phenomena or concepts. Very often the antithesis can be found in verses: “You are rich, I am very poor; you are a prose writer, I am a poet ... ”(A.S. Pushkin).
5. Comparison- a stylistic figure, the name of which speaks for itself: when compared, one object is compared with another. There are several ways in which comparison can be represented:

   - noun ("... storm haze the sky covers…”).

   A speech turnover in which there are unions “as if”, “as if”, “like”, “like” (The skin of her hands was rough, like the sole of a boot).

   - subordinate clause (Night fell on the city and in a matter of seconds everything was quiet, as if there was not that liveliness in the squares and streets just an hour ago).

6. Phraseologisms- a means of lexical expressiveness of speech, which, unlike others, cannot be used by the author individually, since this is, first of all, a stable phrase or phrase that is characteristic only of the Russian language ( neither fish nor fowl; fool around; how the cat cried).
7. personification- this is a trope that is characterized by endowing inanimate objects and phenomena with human properties (And the forest came to life - the trees spoke, the wind sang in the tops of the fir trees).

In addition to the above, there are the following means of expression, which we will consider in the next article:

• Allegory
• Anaphora
• gradation
• Inversion
• Alliteration
• Assonance
• Lexical repetition
• Irony
• Metonymy
• Oxymoron
• polyunion
• Litotes
• Sarcasm
• Ellipsis
• Epiphora etc.

Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed in tasks 20–23.

This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps (A, B, C, D) with the numbers corresponding to the numbers of the terms from the list. Write in the table under each letter the corresponding number.

Write down the sequence of numbers without spaces, commas and other additional characters.

“Telling the reader the story of the holiday organized by Mitrich, N.D. Teleshov generously uses the most diverse means of artistic expression. At the lexical level, it is worth noting active use(A)_____ (“theirs” in sentence 17, “adjust” in sentence 36, “Mitrich”), as well as such a path as (B)_____ (in sentence 2). Among other means of expressiveness, one can single out such a device as (C) _____ (for example, in sentences 15-16, 57-58), and such a syntactic means as (D) _____ (in sentences 3, 68, 69).

List of terms

1) synonyms

2) comparison

3) metonymy

5) colloquial vocabulary

6) rows of homogeneous members

7) rhetorical exclamations

8) anaphora

9) rhetorical appeals

(1) It was Christmas Eve...

(2) The caretaker of the resettlement barracks, a retired soldier, with a beard as gray as mouse hair, named Semyon Dmitrievich, or simply Mitrich, went up to his wife and said cheerfully:

- (3) Well, woman, what a thing I thought up! (4) I say, the holiday is coming ... (5) And for everyone it is a holiday, everyone rejoices in it ... (6) Everyone has their own: who has a new thing for the holiday, who will have feasts ... (7) Your room, for example, will be clean, I also have my own pleasure: I will buy sausages for myself! ..

- (8) So what? the old woman said indifferently.

- (9) Otherwise, - Mitrich sighed again, - that everyone will have a holiday as a holiday, but, I say, it turns out for the kids, and there is no real holiday ... (10) I look at them - and my heart bleeds : oh, I think it’s wrong! .. (11) It’s known, orphans ... (12) Neither mother, nor father, nor relatives ... (13) It’s awkward! .. (14) So I thought of this: it’s necessary Amuse the kids! .. (15) I saw a lot of people ... and ours, and I saw everyone ... (16) I saw how they like to amuse children for the holiday. (17) They will bring a Christmas tree, remove it with candles and gifts, and their children just even jump for joy!

(19) Mitrich winked merrily, smacked his lips and went out into the yard.

(20) Around the yard, here and there, were scattered wooden houses covered with snow, clogged with boards. (21) From early spring to late autumn, settlers passed through the city. (22) There were so many of them, and they were so poor, that good people built these houses for them, which were guarded by Mitrich. (23) By the fall, the houses were vacated, and by winter there was no one left except Mitrich and Agrafena, and even a few children, no one knows whose. (24) For these children, the parents either died or went to no one knows where. (25) Mitrich had eight such children this winter. (26) He settled them all together in one house, where he was going to arrange a holiday today.

(27) First of all, Mitrich went to the church warden to beg for stubs of church candles to decorate the Christmas tree. (28) Then he went to the resettlement official. (29) But the official was busy; without seeing Mitrich, he ordered me to say "thank you" to him and sent a fifty kopeck piece.

(30) Returning home, Mitrich did not say a word to his wife, but only laughed silently and, looking at the coin, figured out when and how to arrange everything.

(31) “Eight children,” Mitrich reasoned, bending his clumsy fingers on his hands, “so eight candies ...”

(32) ... It was a clear frosty afternoon. (33) With an ax in his belt, in a sheepskin coat and a hat, Mitrich returned from the forest, dragging a Christmas tree on his shoulder. (34) He had fun, although he was tired. (35) In the morning he went to the city to buy sweets for the children, and sausages for himself and his wife, to which he was a passionate hunter, but he rarely bought it and ate only on holidays.

(36) Mitrich brought a Christmas tree, sharpened the end with an ax; then he adjusted it to stand, and when everything was ready, dragged it to the children in the barracks.

(37) When the tree warmed up, the room smelled of freshness and resin. (38) Children's faces, sad and thoughtful, suddenly cheered up ... (39) No one yet understood what the old man was doing, but everyone already foresaw pleasure, and Mitrich looked cheerfully at the eyes fixed on him from all sides.

(40) When the candles and sweets were already on the Christmas tree, Mitrich thought: the decoration was poor. (41) No matter how fond he was of his idea, however, he could not hang anything on the Christmas tree, except for eight sweets.

(42) Suddenly such an idea came to him that he even stopped. (43) Although he was very fond of sausage and valued every piece, but the desire to treat to fame overpowered all his considerations:

- (44) I will cut off a circle for everyone and hang it on a thread. (45) And slices of bread, and also on the Christmas tree.

(46) As soon as it got dark, the Christmas tree was lit. (47) It smelled of melted wax, resin and greens. (48) Always gloomy and thoughtful, the children screamed with joy, looking at the lights. (49) Their eyes brightened, their faces blushed. (50) Laughter, cries and talk revived for the first time this gloomy room, where from year to year only complaints and tears were heard. (51) Even Agrafena clasped her hands in surprise, and Mitrich, rejoicing from the bottom of her heart, clapped her hands. (52) Admiring the Christmas tree, the children having fun, he smiled. (53) And then he commanded:

- (54) The audience! (55)Come! (56) Taking a piece of bread and sausage from the Christmas tree, Mitrich dressed all the children, then took Agrafene for himself.

- (57) Look, the orphans are chewing! (58) Look, they're chewing! (59) Look! (60) Rejoice! he shouted. (61) And after that, Mitrich took the harmonica and, forgetting his old age, started dancing with the children. (62) The children jumped, squealed merrily and whirled, and Mitrich did not lag behind them. (63) His soul was filled with such joy that he did not remember if such a holiday had ever happened in his life.

- (64) The audience! he exclaimed at last. - (65) Candles burn out. (66) Take your own candy, and it's time to sleep!

(67) The children screamed with joy and rushed to the Christmas tree, and Mitrich, touched almost to tears, whispered to Agrafena:

- (68) Good! .. (69) You can directly say: right! ..

(according to N.D. Teleshov*)

*Nikolai Dmitrievich Teleshov (1867–1957)- Russian Soviet writer, poet, organizer of the famous circle of Moscow writers "Wednesday" (1899-1916). The story "Yolka Mitrich" (1897) is included in the cycle "Settlers", dedicated to a large migration beyond the Urals, to Siberia, where the peasants were given allotments of land.

Explanation (see also Rule below).

“Telling the reader the story of the holiday organized by Mitrich, N.D. Teleshov generously uses the most diverse means of artistic expression. At the lexical level, it is worth noting the active use (A) colloquial vocabulary(“theirs” in sentence 17, “fit” in sentence 36, “Mitrich”), as well as such a path as (B) comparison(in sentence 2). Among other means of expressiveness, one can single out such a technique as (B) anaphora(for example, in sentences 15-16, 57-58), and such a syntactic device as (D) rhetorical exclamations(in sentences 3, 68, 69)".

List of terms

2) comparison B (with sulfur, like mouse fur, beard)

5) colloquial vocabulary A

7) rhetorical exclamations G ( exactly exclamations: Good! Right!)

8) anaphora B ((15)Vidal I have a lot of people ... both ours, and I have seen everyone ... (16) Vidal how they love to amuse children for the holiday .. The same construction of the beginning of the sentence)

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Answer: 5287

Answer: 5287

Rule: Language means of expression. Task 26

ANALYSIS OF THE MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing a correspondence between the gaps indicated by the letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write down matches only in the order in which the letters go in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put "0" in place of this number. For the task you can get from 1 to 4 points.

When completing task 26, you should remember that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates that agree with omissions, etc. It will facilitate the task and the division of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division, knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; into the second figure of speech (some of them are called syntactic).

26.1 A TROPWORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A PORTABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSION. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.

Note: In the task, as a rule, it is indicated that these are TRAILS.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.

1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks a feature that is essential for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. From simple definition the epithet is distinguished by artistic expressiveness and figurativeness. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.

Epithets include all the "colorful" definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:

sad orphan land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I. A. Bunin).

Epithets can also be expressed:

-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative description of the subject: sorceress-winter; mother - cheese earth; The poet is a lyre, and not only the nurse of his soul(M. Gorky);

-adverbs acting as circumstances: In the north stands wild alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tense elongated in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);

-gerunds: the waves are rushing thundering and sparkling;

-pronouns expressing the superlative degree of this or that state of the human soul:

After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, more what kind! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-participles and participial phrases: Nightingale vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of ... scribblers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in the language, except for words, not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison- This is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binomial: it names both compared objects (phenomena, features, actions).

Villages are burning, they have no protection.

The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

Playing in the clouds, frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:

The form of the instrumental case of nouns:

nightingale stray youth flew by,

wave in bad weather Joy subsided (A. V. Koltsov)

Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea ​​and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);

Comparative turnovers with unions like, as if, as if, as if, etc .:

Like a predatory animal, to a humble abode

The winner breaks in with bayonets ... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

Using the words similar, similar, this is:

Into the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

With the help of comparative clauses:

Golden foliage swirled

In the pinkish water of the pond

Just like a light flock of butterflies

With fading flies to a star. (S. A. Yesenin)

3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena on some basis. In contrast to comparison, in which both what is being compared and what is being compared is given, a metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness of the use of the word. The metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.

All metaphors are divided into two groups:

1) general language("erased"): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, mountains to move, strings of the soul, love has faded;

2) artistic(individual-author's, poetic):

And the stars fade diamond thrill

IN painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);

AND eyes blue, bottomless

Blooming on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)

Metaphor happens not only single: it can develop in the text, forming whole chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This extended, complex metaphor, an integral artistic image.

4. Personification- this is a kind of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:

Rolling through sleepy valleys, Sleepy mists lay down And only the horse's clatter, Sounding, is lost in the distance. The autumn day went out, turning pale, Rolling up fragrant leaves, Taste a dreamless dream Half-withered flowers. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy(in translation from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their adjacency. Adjacency can be a manifestation of a connection:

Between action and tool of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed swords and fires(A. S. Pushkin);

Between the object and the material from which the object is made: ... not that on silver, - on gold ate(A. S. Griboyedov);

Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls ... (Yu. K. Olesha)

6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) is kind of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. Most often, the transfer occurs:

From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not go ... (A. S. Pushkin);

Part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Paraphrase, or paraphrase(in translation from Greek - a descriptive expression), is a turnover that is used instead of a word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse

A. S. Pushkin - "Peter's creation", "Beauty and wonder of midnight countries", "city of Petrov"; A. A. Blok in the verses of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.

8. Hyperbole(in translation from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N. V. Gogol)

And at that very moment couriers, couriers, couriers... you can imagine thirty five thousands one couriers! (N.V. Gogol).

9. Litota(in translation from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)

And walking importantly, in orderly calmness, The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant In large boots, in a sheepskin coat, In large mittens ... and himself with a fingernail!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Where, smart, are you wandering, head?(I. A. Krylov)

26.2 "Non-special" lexical figurative and expressive means of the language

Note: The tasks sometimes indicate that this is a lexical means. Usually in the review of task 24, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets, either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these funds are most often needed find in task 22!

11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but the same or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.

Synonyms can be contextual.

12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lies, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive possibilities.

Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Lies happen good or evil,

Compassionate or merciless,

Lies happen cunning and clumsy

Cautious and reckless

Captivating and joyless.

13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression

Phraseological units (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. reproduced in ready-made phrases and sentences in which the integral meaning dominates the meanings of their components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, a bone of contention) have great expressive potential. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:

1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, the sword of Damocles, Achilles' heel);

2) the relevance of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to the category of language means with a positive emotionally expressive coloring ( store as the apple of an eye - torzh.) or with a negative emotionally expressive coloring (without the king in the head is disapproved, the small fry is neglected, the price is worthless - contempt.).

14. Stylistically colored vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:

1) emotionally expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:

a) words with a positive emotional and expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Church Slavonics): inspiration, coming, fatherland, aspirations, secret, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, spell, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, courageous; affectionate: sun, darling, daughter

b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: conjecture, bicker, nonsense; disparaging: upstart, delinquent; contemptuous: dunce, cramming, scribbling; swear words/

2) functionally-stylistically colored vocabulary, including:

a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks

b) colloquial (everyday-household): dad, boy, braggart, healthy

15. Vocabulary of limited use

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:

Dialect vocabulary (words that are used by the inhabitants of any locality: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic coloring: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: goofball, bastard, slap, talker);

Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of the general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);

Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of jargons - youth: party, bells and whistles, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; jargon of criminals: dude, raspberry);

Vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they designate: boyar, oprichnina, horse; archaisms - obsolete words, naming objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: brow - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).

26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC TECHNIQUES based on special combinations of words that are beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and descriptiveness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.

Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format that indicates these means: they are called both syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expression, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

16. Rhetorical question is a figure in which a statement is contained in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, to draw the reader's attention to a particular phenomenon:

Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He, who from a young age comprehended people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17. Rhetorical exclamation- this is a figure in which an assertion is contained in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations strengthen the expression of certain feelings in the message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:

That was in the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! Oh the light of the sun! O fresh spirit of birch. (A. K. Tolstoy);

Alas! a proud country bowed before the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

18. Rhetorical appeal- This is a stylistic figure, consisting in an underlined appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathos of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:

My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like a soul, is unstoppable and eternal (A. S. Pushkin);

Oh deep night! Oh cold autumn! Silent! (K. D. Balmont)

19. Repeat (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to draw special attention to them.

The types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and catch-up.

Anaphora(in translation from Greek - ascent, rise), or monotony, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:

lazily hazy noon breathes,

lazily the river is rolling.

And in the fiery and pure firmament

The clouds are lazily melting (F. I. Tyutchev);

Epiphora(in translation from Greek - addition, final sentence of the period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely.

What is a day or a century

Before what is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely(A. A. Fet);

They got a loaf of light bread - joy!

Today the film is good in the club - joy!

Paustovsky's two-volume book was brought to the bookstore joy!(A. I. Solzhenitsyn)

pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:

he fell down on the cold snow

On the cold snow, like a pine,

Like a pine in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);

20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking side by side) - an identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, lines of poetry, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:

I look to the future with fear

I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

I was your ringing string

I was your blooming spring

But you didn't want flowers

And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)

Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country - for business, but business - for the country (from the newspaper).

21. Inversion(translated from Greek - rearrangement, reversal) - this is a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to emphasize the semantic significance of any element of the text (word, sentence), to give the phrase a special stylistic coloring: solemn, high-sounding, or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristics. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:

The agreed definition is after the word being defined: I am sitting behind bars in damp dungeon(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there was no swell on this sea; stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns are in front of the word, which includes: Hours of monotonous fight(monotonous strike of the clock);

22. Parceling(in translation from French - particle) - a stylistic device that consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonation-semantic units - phrases. At the place of division of the sentence, a period, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis can be used. In the morning, bright as a splint. Terrible. Long. Ratny. The infantry regiment was destroyed. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why is nobody outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important spheres of society's life! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); It is necessary that the state remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on intentional omission, or, conversely, conscious repetition of unions. In the first case, when unions are omitted, speech becomes compressed, compact, dynamic. The depicted actions and events here quickly, instantly unfold, replace each other:

Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.

Drum beat, clicks, rattle.

The thunder of cannons, the clatter, the neighing, the groan,

And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)

When polyunion speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and a repeated union highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:

But And grandson, And great-grandson, And great-great-grandson

They grow in me while I myself grow ... (P.G. Antokolsky)

24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of the theme and intonation splitting into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) goes with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a separating significant pause, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:

Whenever I wanted to limit my life to a domestic circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a spouse, / If I were captivated by the family picture for at least a single moment, then, it would be true, except for you, one bride would not be looking for another. (A.S. Pushkin)

25. Antithesis, or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) - this is a turn in which opposite concepts, positions, images are sharply opposed. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general language and contextual:

You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet.(A. S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into your eyes

And now - everything is squinting to the side,

Yesterday, before the birds sat,

All larks today are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive and I'm dumbfounded.

O cry of women of all times:

"My dear, what have I done to you?" (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

26. Gradation(in translation from Latin - a gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting in the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a sign. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and influencing power of the text:

I called you, but you did not look back, I shed tears, but you did not descend(A. A. Blok);

Glowing, burning, shining huge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)

Descending gradation is used less often and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:

He brought the tar of death

Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A. S. Pushkin)

27. Oxymoron(in translation from Greek - witty-stupid) - this is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, as a rule, contradictory to each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence etc.); at the same time, a new meaning is obtained, and speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);

There is melancholy cheerful in the scares of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);

But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

28. Allegory- allegory, the transfer of an abstract concept through a specific image: Must defeat foxes and wolves(cunning, malice, greed).

29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the excitement of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was not said: But I wanted ... Perhaps you ...

In addition to the above syntactic means Expressiveness in tests also includes the following:

-exclamatory sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

-question-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences- sentences in which a member is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning. Missing members of the sentence can be restored and context.

Including ellipsis, that is, skipping the predicate.

These concepts are considered in the school course of syntax. That is probably why these means of expression are most often called syntactic in reviews.