Human life in different climatic conditions

The geographical and climatic differences between the places of settlement, differences in nutrition — these are the things that made people so different from each other. Climate and nutrition influenced the difference in skin color, physique, and the size of the jaws of the inhabitants of different continents. The most favorable for life is considered a hot belt. Here are located “the cradle of mankind - the African savannah, and the centers of the most ancient states - India, Ethiopia, the states of Mesopotamia, Greece; Today there are many resorts and recreation areas. The warm, humid climate and the abundance of wild vegetation helped the person in the transition from gathering to farming. In areas with two seasons - dry and wet - crops can be harvested twice a year; where seasonal changes are not observed - even more often.

But such generosity of nature has served the inhabitants of favorable climatic zones poorly - today industry is not as developed here as in zones farther from the equator. The population of many countries in many countries is completely dependent on the crop, and drought can cause hunger.

A person's skin color indicates whether his ancestors were adapted to a hot or cold climate. Caucasian people living in the temperate and cold zones retained fair skin, and Negroids, descendants of the inhabitants of the hot belt, have dark skin color. They also have thick, curly hair - such a “cap” does not block the air access to the head and protects it from overheating.

The blacks of Africa and the Melanesians of the Pacific Ocean have the same black skin, but they are as little racially related to each other as they are to white people. It turns out that skin color does not mean belonging to one race or another. Just black skin is good for the "big sun", and white - for the "small". A white person in the sun will be blistered, and a black person in cool, foggy countries will have difficulty producing vitamin D, which promotes bone growth.

So the difference in skin color is the result of different climatic conditions of life of the same subspecies of living creatures, people, descendants of one mother. It took millennia to paint us all.

So, the Negro has a large surface of the body, compared with its volume (high growth, thin, long limbs). But in hot weather he has good heat transfer. Eskimo, on the contrary, is of small stature, dense build - it has a smaller surface of the body with a larger volume, but also less heat loss through the surface. The fat subcutaneous layer also contributes to this. In a cold climate, the human body needs more meat. This need coincides with the capabilities of the Arctic lands. It is almost impossible to grow edible plants here, since ancient times, the inhabitants of the Arctic have been eating venison, seal and fish, and occasionally berries replenish their diet. But there are no problems with storing food - meat laid in a pit in snow or ice will not deteriorate.

Far North residents protect clothes and homes from the cold. There they build semi-dugout houses lined with stone, boards or skins; the entrance to such a house is usually located below floor level so that heated air does not go outside. Residents of the polar coasts use whale bones in the construction. Eskimos in the Arctic belt build igloos from snow. The igloo is small, about 2 meters high and 3-4 meters wide; 1-2 families live there - in cramped conditions it is easier to keep warm. Furniture can also be made of ice, it is covered with skins. The fur clothing of the peoples of the Arctic served as a "prototype" for equipping polar expeditions, and a jacket with a hood came to us from the Eskimo’s wardrobe.

Life in a particular climate even affects a person’s appearance. When scientists and travelers come to the Arctic or Antarctica, they should wear glasses with dark glasses - the rays of the sun reflect off the snow and blind. And the indigenous peoples of the North over many millennia have adapted to this - they have a narrow eye section. The inhabitants of arid plains in warm and temperate zones are adapted to dust storms and constant windy weather - their eyes are protected by a special fold of the upper eyelid.

The tribes that lived along the equator and ate fruits harvested from the land constantly lacked food. This led to the survival of only small people! So the pygmy tribes were formed in Africa and in the state of Kerala in India, Ceylon, the Andaman Islands and Malaysia, on the islands of Palawan, Luzon, Mindanao, Sumbawa, Timor. Building materials in the hot belt are reed, bamboo, palm leaves, clay. Ground structures have always prevailed here, which protect primarily from the wind, the scorching sun and heat. Likewise, clothing - travelers should wrap their head in long hoodies or cloaks made of camel hair to avoid sunstroke, overheating, burns, chapping, and protect themselves from dust and sand.

Further. To the north, in the strip from Egypt and Europe to China, because of prolonged overcrowding and lack of food, people of medium height but fragile physique lived. As living conditions improved, body sizes changed. (In the 1960s, children of Italian immigrants born in the USA were examined in America. It turned out that children in most cases are taller than their parents. This is the result of improved living conditions - it manifested itself in the next generation) Where the humidity was too much high for human life, people built houses on stilts or climbed the mountains and made settlements there. To protect things from moisture, they are not placed on the floor, but suspended.

Teeth size also depends on nutrition. Large teeth of peoples accustomed to eating rough raw food (aborigines of Australia, residents of southeast India, western Africa). Long consumption of boiled food led to a decrease in those facial structures that are associated with chewing. The smallest teeth are among the people of Europe, the Middle East, and China. The lower jaw tended to decrease until the teeth of the upper jaw began to overlap the lower ones.

Life in different conditions influenced the "nasal" of different peoples. In the highlands there is less oxygen in the air; frost is severe in the north. A Chukchi with an eagle nose will quickly catch a cold and die, a Caucasian with small nostrils will be tormented by a lack of air.

The use of tools reduced the need for powerful muscles and strong bones. As a result, skeletons everywhere become less durable, and the overall structure is fragile.

Undoubtedly, from all of the above, that the climatic conditions of a person’s life and the associated ways of eating determined the features of both the external structure of a person - growth, body weight, nose, hair, and the features of its internal structure (for example, different sizes of the jaw). A change of residence will accordingly lead to a change in these characteristics.

Similar essays:

Habitats, culture, features and appearance of representatives of the hominid family: Tumai, Ororins, Afar, Anamenian, African, Ethiopian Australopithecus, skilled, upright, working, Heidelberg, idalt and intelligent.

Abstract on the topic: Cro-Magnon Man __________________________________________________________________________________ Completed: "Enter your NAME ships yourself"

About 150 million years ago, in the Jurassic period, mammals already lived on Earth. And there were a lot of them - both in numbers and species diversity, they were not too inferior to the "kings of nature" of that time - dinosaurs. But much less is known about them.

A biology essay on the topic "Australopithecus" Australopithecus "Australopithecus" should not be understood as "Australian", but as "southern monkey" (a combination of Latin.Australis - southern, and Greek.Pithekos - monkey). This not very successful term was introduced into science by the discoverer - an ...

The history of the first bird on earth and its characteristics.

The structure of the eyes is similar to a camera. Its wall consists of three shells. The outer forms the frame of the eyeball. Its rear part is the sclera (from the Greek “scleros” - “dense”) white and is clearly visible between the eyelids on both sides of the cornea - the front of the outer membrane. The cornea is thin, transparent ...

Anthropology is the science of man. Ethnic anthropology: the concept of race. The significance of the problem of ethnogenesis (origin of the people). The appearance, classification, territorial distribution of races. Racogenesis factors (gene drift, isolation, population mixing).

At the end of the XIX century, great efforts were made to find the fossil "missing link" ("missing link") - a transitional form between monkeys and humans. Dryopithecus. The most ancient people. Ancient people. The human race.

You probably heard fairy tales, and songs, and poems about a stork. It is he who gullibly walks around the meadow near the village itself and sets up his large wide nest, composed of twigs and branches, right on the roof of the village house.

Stages of growth, development of the body. Age periodization. General periodization of ontogenesis. Physico-biological and social factors of the evolution of Homo sapiens. Ethnic anthropology. The anthropological composition of the peoples of the world now and in the past.

Characteristic features and geography of residence of representatives of the Negroid, Caucasoid, Mongoloid race. The influence of natural conditions on the appearance of characteristic features of human races. Urban development and the impact of urbanization on the environment.

Paleontological evidence of human origin. Discovered remains and structural features of the skull and facial bones of Australopithecus, Neanderthal, Pithecanthropus, Cro-Magnon. The unity of the structure of the leading signs in people of different human races.

Section 1. "MY HOUSE"

Theme. "WHERE AND HOW WE LIVE." Lesson 4.

Purpose:   To acquaint children with the concepts of "Far countries", "Globe", "Climate", with the living conditions of people in distant countries.

Tasks: 1. Introduce children to the globe, map. 2. To form the concept of different conditions of human life in different parts of the planet. 3. Show the human dependence on climatic conditions. 4. Observe how a person adapts to the conditions that surround him.

Lesson equipment : globe, map, textbook, pictures of human dwellings in different climatic zones.

Class progress

Checking homework

Stories on the topic "What health depends on" and "My home is an ecological system."

What provides a comfortable life for a person in the house? (Light, heat, water, food).

The man is the master in his house, he is responsible for the order in it. And what is the order in the house?

These are all living conditions that a person forms and regulates. A man himself must take care of himself and others.

Work on the topic of the lesson: "Where and how do we live?"

Answering the teacher’s questions, children find out that there are territories with different climates on our planet. The most characteristic of them are distinguished: far North, taiga, steppes and deserts, mountainous regions, tropics.

1. North. The home is called PLUM. How is it built? Why is it convenient? The dwelling of the northern peoples is adapted for nomadic life. The inhabitants of the North are mainly engaged in fishing and reindeer husbandry. Reindeer need new pastures and people often have to change their place of residence, to roam. The house is built quickly from poles (thin trees), they are covered in deer skins (see picture). Northern peoples eat meat and fish. The plague is warm, a fire burns there and an ear is prepared from delicious fish. If the northern peoples change their way of life, their housing changes. In the far north there is no scaffold. In the cities built in the far North, almost everything is made of their materials imported from other parts of the country.

Kovalenko N.D.

I live in the northern part of the planet

And I admit, I do not regret it at all.

Snow and deer, and my native plague,

River with cold and clear water,

Frosts and blizzards surround me

I can’t do without them; they know this.

I do not need a hot and sunny south.

Love when the plague, deer around.

2. Taiga.Housing - log cabin. People are engaged in hunting, harvesting mushrooms, berries, harvesting wood. Houses are built solidly and permanently. Scaffolding - PINE. The wooden house is warm, easy to breathe.

3. Steppes and deserts.   Steppes occupy large spaces. People also live there, they are engaged in cattle breeding. There the dwelling is called YURTA. This is a temporary home. A nomadic way of life is necessary in order to feed livestock on new pastures. A yurt is like a plague, but it is larger in size and different in shape.

4. Highlands. Mountains are inhabited by many nationalities. They adapted to live both at the foot of the mountains and high in the mountains. People also build housing and there is a lot of material there. This is a stone. Stone houses are very durable, they can stand for centuries. In winter, the house is warm, and in summer it is cool. The windows in these houses are small.

I'm a highlander and proud of it

That I wake up with the dawn

And I see: the clouds below are floating,

Good people live here.

Thank you to mother Earth,

What life gives you and me

5. The tropics.Eternal summer in the rainforest. But there is also a heavy rainy season, so people build houses on special logs, raise them higher from the ground so that rainwater does not flood the dwelling. In this part of the planet, houses are built from tropical plants. Thick pine logs are not needed there, as in Siberia, where it is cold. Here, warmth and housing are more needed for salvation from the heat, the scorching sun. It is also convenient to live in such a house, although it is built of tropical trees, huge leaves.

So a person adapted to the area where he lives.

Question: Can residents of different parts of the world and natural areas change their homes? Why can't they?

Kovalenko N.D.

My Home is Native! The planet is blue!

Live, dear, grief, misfortune without knowing.

Earthlings - we are your own children,

You are the best for us in this world.

You gave birth to us, Mother Earth-Planet!

We are grateful to mother for this!

Cosmic distances beckon to themselves,

Long-distance flights, awards and medals.

Yes, no matter how long they fly,

Homeland - Mom recalled.

And we still flew to her,

They thought: they were alive if they stood on the ground.

Cosmic distance, don’t wave,

O people, you take a look at the planet.

She is cute and so beautiful

And in people she has all the power!

O man, you are an earthly creature,

Turn on your "fifth" consciousness.

Keep your house - a blue planet.

The only thing you can’t find.

You think far ahead

Then the planet will not die.

Years will pass, you will become a grandfather,

You will only be happy at the same time.

Let life go and not stand still

Everyone on the planet is not crowded.

And the only thing is that life should be

Planet - Mother lived!

Total.

Homework.

Municipal treasury educational institution
Novosibirsk region, Novosibirsk region -
Plotnikovskaya secondary school No. 111

Address: Russia, Novosibirsk region, Novosibirsk region, village Plotnikovo
st.Beregovaya, 19

Natural sciences (geography)

The impact of climate on traditional homes of people in different parts of the world

Head: Lavrentieva Svetlana Vladimirovna,
geography teacher

Content
Introduction 3
Chapter 1. The theoretical part
1.1. The main climatic factors .. 5
1.2. Climatic zones. 5
1.3. Design features of climate-dependent dwellings. 7
Chapter 2. The practical part
2.1. Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the equatorial climate
  belt 8
2.2. Traditional dwellings of peoples living in a subequatorial climate
  belt .. .. 9
2.3. Traditional dwellings of peoples living in a tropical climate
  Belt. 10
2.4. Traditional dwellings of peoples living in a subtropical climate
  belt 11
2.5. Traditional dwellings of peoples living in temperate climates
  belt .. ... 11
2.6. Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the subarctic and arctic climatic zones 13
Conclusion 15
Sources of information 16

Once upon a time people lived
No roofs overhead
The rocks were protected
And forests are shelter alive.
Flickers year after year
Goes century after century,
Depend on nature
The person does not want.
Useful tools
By creating with your labor,
People have become stronger
And now - the house is built!
  Anatoly Roshchin

Introduction

All over the world, people build houses to have shelter and weather protection. For many peoples living in different parts of our planet, the concept of "bad weather" has a different meaning. Somewhere bad weather is heat and incessant rain, and somewhere frost and blizzard. People live everywhere: beyond the Arctic Circle, in mid-latitudes, high in the mountains, in the steppes and deserts. Natural conditions are different everywhere, but people adapt to live in different climatic conditions. And to live, you need to build a home.
As you know, the national houses of the peoples of the world are very diverse in form, layout and materials used for construction. And if the form and layout of dwellings most often depends on national traditions, then the choice of building material is dictated by natural and climatic conditions, as well as the way of life of the people (settled or nomadic). In the construction of dwellings, people use wood, stone, clay, grass and shrubs, tree leaves, fabrics, animal skins and even snow, silt and dung.
Recently, interest in climate accounting issues in the construction of residential buildings has greatly increased. People need more housing. There was a problem of mass housing construction in areas of new industrial and agricultural development. Therefore, interest in construction in deserts, in the North and in mountainous regions, interest in protecting homes from showers, dust, etc. is logical. The task of new construction determines the need to expand our knowledge in the field of architectural and construction climatology, to identify patterns of climate accounting in architecture. But in order to create something new, it is necessary to study the previously accumulated experience of nationalities in the construction of traditional houses.

The problematic question of our study: what explains the variety of types of traditional dwellings of people living in different corners of the Earth?
Purpose: to prove the relationship between climate and the type of traditional dwellings of people in different corners of the Earth and to create a visual geography guide that demonstrates this dependence.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:
1. To study the material of the geography textbook on climate and its types.
2. To select and analyze information from various sources about the traditional dwellings of people in different parts of the world.
3. Determine whether the type of housing depends on the climate.
4. Select materials for the manufacture of models of houses.
5. Construct house models from improvised materials and place them on a world map.
6. To analyze the results of work and draw conclusions.

The novelty and practical significance of this research project lies in the fact that we have created a manual for geography lessons, which can be used in elementary and basic schools to increase interest in studying the subject.
The object of our study is the traditional dwellings of people. The subject of the study is the connection between climate and structural features of dwellings.

At the beginning of the study, we suggested that there is a close relationship between the type of climate and the type of traditional dwellings of people: the harsher the climate, the warmer and more durable a person’s house should be.

In the research process, the following methods were used:
Theoretical:
Selection and analysis of information from scientific sources about the types of climate and traditional houses of people.
Comparison of housing types.
Analysis of the data.
Experimental:
Modeling of housing models from various materials.
Photographing project results.

Chapter 1. The theoretical part.
Key climatic factors

From the weather forecasts that are broadcast on television and radio, published in newspapers and the Internet, it can be seen that the weather is different in different parts of the Earth.
Changes in air temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation and moisture in the air, clouds occur in the lower part of the atmosphere. All these phenomena characterize the weather. Weather is the state of the lower atmosphere (troposphere) in a given place for a certain period of time.
  Weather in one and the same place on Earth is constantly changing, but each area is characterized by a special weather regime called climate.
The climate in each area of \u200b\u200bthe globe has its own characteristics. In the equatorial part of the Earth every day is hot weather with heavy rain. In the circumpolar regions of the Earth, the weather is cold all year round, so the snow on land there almost does not melt and turns into a glacier over time. In our (middle) latitudes, the seasons change: the warmest season is always summer, and the coldest is winter.
The main characteristics of the climate are average temperatures, average annual rainfall and mode of precipitation, as well as information about the prevailing winds.

Climatic zones
Due to the uneven distribution of solar heat and precipitation on the Earth’s surface, Earth’s climates are very diverse. The famous climatologist Boris Pavlovich Alisov identified 13 climatic zones on Earth that differ from each other in temperature conditions and air masses (Fig. 1). Climatic zones are divided into basic and transitional. Transitional climatic zones are located between the main zones, their names contain the prefix “sub”, which means “under” in Latin.

Climatic zones:

equatorial climate zone - from year to year there is uniformly hot and humid weather;

subequatorial belts - the climate changes in two seasons: in summer it is similar to equatorial, and in winter to tropical;

tropical zones - there is very high temperature and little rainfall all year round;

subtropical zones - the climate changes in two seasons: hot summers and warm winters;

temperate zones - seasons are clearly pronounced here (winter, spring, summer and autumn), much colder than in the tropics and significant annual rainfall;

subarctic and subantarctic zones - two seasons are distinguished: moderate prevails in summer and arctic air in winter;

the Arctic and Antarctic zones - here, with a small amount of precipitation, low temperatures and strong winds all year round.

Climate-specific housing features

When building a house, first of all, the peculiarities of the climate of the area in which the house is being built are taken into account and in accordance with this, the shape of the house and its layout, building materials, acceptable designs and the necessary thermal protection are selected. At the same time, such requirements for the house as warm, dry and comfortable remain decisive in most cases. What physical and climatic factors, temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction, snow depth and amount of precipitation, the depth of freezing, the number of sunny and cloudy days in a year should be taken into account when building a cozy house?
Compact houses with thick heat-insulating walls and small windows have long been built in cold regions, in warm and humid pavilion-type for the possibility of through ventilation, in dry desert areas with massive walls that allowed to stabilize the huge daily temperature fluctuations, and sometimes deep or underground.

Depends on the outdoor temperature.
The most important factor influencing the choice of building material for the walls of the house is the outdoor temperature. In a log cabin or in a house with massive walls on a frosty day, a person does not feel the cold. Such houses are built in harsh climates, where temperatures are low in winter.
If the outside temperatures are high year round, then the walls can be made of thin, lightweight materials. Or, on the contrary, make dwellings in the recesses of the rocks, so that the thick walls keep cool inside the dwelling.
Dependence on humidity.
In addition to the outside temperature, the humidity in the construction area must also be taken into account. Moisture has a huge impact, very often negative, on the thermal performance of fences. It is known that water conducts heat very well, and air, especially dry, has heat-insulating qualities. Therefore, building materials with a large number of pores filled with air have good heat-shielding properties. However, if the pores are filled with moist air or moisture penetrates into them, the thermal insulation ability of any material is impaired. In addition, moisture dissolves chemicals, which leads to the rapid destruction of materials. The walls are damp, the microclimate of the premises is sharply deteriorating, a person will chill and often catch a cold.

Dependence on the wind.
Considering the influence of climatic factors on the thermal protection of a house, one cannot but mention the wind, which brings a lot of trouble in the cold season. Indeed, at an air temperature of about -5 ° C and a strong wind, a person freezes in the same way as in a 25-degree frost. The wind helps the penetration of cold air into the room, more intensive movement of air inside the house. Strong drafts weathering heat from the rooms lead to lower internal temperatures and a sharp increase in heat loss in winter.

Part 2. Practical.

Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the equatorial climate zone.

Equatorial Africa, Indonesia, Amazonia (South America). The sultry and humid equatorial climate in the dwellings requires protection from the sun, rain and poisonous insects.
You can say about these places: “Here, if it is raining, it is so raining, if a tree is so giant, if a butterfly is like that with a bird, and if a house is like that on stilts.” When the time comes for the Great rains, it pours for a month like a bucket. Wherever you step, water is everywhere. And in the houses it’s dry, because the “stilts” raise them high above the ground. Do not get water. Yes, and snakes, insects and rodents are difficult to climb.
Houses here are built in the form of huts, tents and awnings, they are necessarily raised above the ground.
The building material is branches of low shrubs, bamboo, palm trees, clay. Depending on the climatic zone, the dwellings are covered with leaves of ficus, banana and other herbs. The connecting material is always clay, sand and camel manure.
I made models from dry grass, branches, sticks.

Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the subequatorial climate zone.

New Guinea. The cow tribe live in tree houses, some of which reach 40 meters in height, so they avoid the attack of large predators, a variety of small pests. The house is light, made of straw and branches, because protection from the cold is not required, as it is hot all year round.

Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the tropical climate zone.

Mexico, Sahara desert and southern Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Australia. People’s dwellings here must be protected from the scorching sun, sand storms.
Mexico. Anasazi is a prehistoric Native American culture that existed in the modern United States. Anasazi is characterized by its own style of construction of dwellings: houses were built from clay or cut down directly in the rock. Thick walls protected from heat. Multi-story dwellings with thick stone walls and small windows are typical of a dry, hot climate.

Sahara Desert. The traditional dwelling for the Bedouins was felts made of felted camel or goat hair, painted black. Felidge - this is the name of this tent. Such a dwelling successfully resists the effects of drying winds and sand. Even such winds as a burning sumum or sirocco are not terrible for the nomads who have taken refuge in tents.

Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the subtropical climate zone.

Central America, the Mediterranean, Central Asia, Japan; South Africa, South America and Australia.
Minka (minka; literally "house of people") is a traditional Japanese house. The "skeleton" of the house and roof, walls and supports are made of wood.
In the manufacture of external walls, bamboo and clay were often used, and internal walls were not erected, and instead of them sliding walls were used.
High roofs made it possible to dispense with a chimney and arrange extensive storage rooms, as well as, first of all, protect the house from moisture, because the climate on the Japanese islands is humid.
Thanks to the roof construction, snow or rain immediately rolled down without stopping, so the roof was "waterproof", and the straw covering it almost did not rot.

Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the temperate climatic zone.

North US, South Canada, Europe, Asia. South South America.

From time immemorial, people in Russia have lived in chopped wooden houses - huts. Carpenters chopped a hut of spruce or pine logs and covered it with a roof made of plank boards. A log house with wooden walls has the properties of a natural air conditioner that provides air renewal twice a day. The thermal conductivity of wood is such that in the winter the house keeps warm, and in the summer, coolness is maintained. The corners of the house are tightly and securely connected in the castle and do not freeze.

In Germany, the traditional dwelling was a one-story or two-story frame house. The frame of wooden poles is connected on top of the crossbars, plastered and whitewashed. Such a building accommodates living rooms, a barn and a barn under one roof. Inside, it is made in the form of a large hall with rooms located on each side. Since the country is located in the temperate sea belt, with a transition to the continental climate, it is extremely rare to have a variety of natural disasters (severe frosts, heat, storms, etc.) and the frame house fully fulfills its protection functions.

Because of the nomadic way of life, North American Indians required their home to be easily moved from place to place. Therefore, they came up with a special design of poles with skins thrown on them. Such a building is called tipi, it is sometimes mistakenly called a wigwam. "Ti-pi" ("for life" in the language of the Lakota Indians). Tipi covered with birch bark, later hides, are typical of the temperate continental climate of the Great Plains.

The ancient Mongols, Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Yakuts and many other peoples who built their homes on the same principle were their yurts, which even now have not forgotten how to do this. A yurt is a dwelling made of felt (a specially made coat of domestic animals, for example, sheep). The yurt protects from the steppe climate of strong winds and temperature extremes. Felt coverings cool in the summer and keep the hearth warm in the winter.
  The word "yurt" means, in translation from Turkic, "home, homeland."

Traditional dwellings of peoples living in the subarctic and arctic climatic zones.

The north of Canada, Yakutia, Karelia, Magadan, Kamchatka and Murmansk regions as well as the islands of the Arctic Ocean and its seas.
Due to the harsh climate, this region is one of the most difficult for people to live. About 40 northern indigenous peoples live here - Eskimos, Nenets, Pomors, Enets, Chukchi, Evenks, Yukagirs, etc. For many centuries, they have maintained the traditional way of life established by their ancestors.

The Chukchi live in the distant Chukotka, which they call Chau-chu, which means "rich in deer." Yaranga is the home of the Chukchi. Instead of walls, this house has poles covered with deer skins. Inside, a square room is fenced off with deer skins. Here people sleep, eat. And behind the canopy they have pantries and a kitchen. Fire bursts in an iron stove, warming the yaranga.

Neither caves nor wood are accessible to the inhabitants of the northern regions. They cut bricks for their homes from the most accessible material - snow. Such houses, which are called igloos, are being built by northern peoples now.
The igloo is being built by Canadian Eskimos living beyond the Arctic Circle. It is made of large blocks of snow. Furniture in the house is also made of snow. The building is given a domed character, due to which it retains heat in the room. The gradual icing of the surface makes the building very durable. An interesting fact is that when the air is heated, the inner surfaces of the walls of the needle melt, but do not melt due to the fact that the snow quickly removes excess heat outside the house, and due to this, a temperature that is comfortable for a person is maintained in the room. Moreover, snow walls are able to absorb excess moisture, so the needle is always dry.

All the housing models we have located on the climatic map of the world:

Conclusion

As a result of the study, we concluded that the type of traditional human dwellings depends on the climate, available natural materials, human skills and tools.
A person’s dependence on weather and climate is direct, tough, and in many respects decisive for his health, economic activity, and life! Thus, the hypothesis that there is a close relationship between the type of climate and the type of traditional dwellings of people has been confirmed.

So, if the climate is warm, without sharp changes in temperature, then the dwellings are quite simple, the walls are thin. The main thing in such conditions is to build walls and a roof that would protect from rain and heat. To build such houses, it is enough to be able to weave tree branches or dig holes.
If the climate is harsh, cold and windy, then people have to build warmer and more durable homes.

During the research work, models of dwellings were created: a stilt house, a hut, a canopy, a tree house, a house in a rock, a felage, a hut, a German house, a tipi, a yurt and an igloo. It is planned to create more mock minks, yaranga and wigwam.
The material found during the study, and the created models of the dwellings will be a guide for geography lessons in a primary school and the “World around” lessons in an elementary school.
Knowing the basic climatic factors and the features of their influence on the quality of building materials allows people to build houses on their own, as well as make it warm, dry and comfortable.

Information sources

Gerasimova T.P. Geography. Beginner course. 6 cl .: a textbook for educational institutions / T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukova. - M.: Bustard, 2013 .-- 159 p.

Korinskaya V.A. Geography: The geography of continents and oceans. 7 cl .: textbook / V.A. Korinskaya, I.V. Dushina, V.A. Shchenev. - M.: Bustard, 2014 .-- 335 s.

Dietrich A., G. Jurmin, R. Koshurnikova. How much. Encyclopedia for children.- M.: Pedagogy, 1987.

13PAGE \\ * MERGEFORMAT141615

Antarctic

Tree House Model

The tipia model is made of white non-woven and wooden sticks

The igloo model is made of foam and paper.

The model of the yurt is made of a plastic frame and fabric.

The model of the felage - the Berber tent is made of black non-woven fabric and straws for a cocktail.

Winter and summer in the tundra and forest-tundra

Model hut made of branches and planks

The model of the German house is made of polystyrene, paper and wooden sticks.

Stilt House Model

Hut model

Canopy model

Model house in the rock

The model is made of dry leaves, sticks and matches.

The model is made of polyurethane foam, painted with gouache.

The authors:

students in grade 7

MOU secondary school with. Buturlinka

Olga Smyslova

Sergey Feduleev

Alesya Romanicheva

Tasks and research plan:

• Consider the features of human residential buildings in various climatic zones.

• Reveal the connection of living conditions with climate and natural areas.

• Find similarities in the method and material of construction on different continents, but within the same belt.

• Find out if the lifestyle and traditional occupations of the population affect their type of housing.

• To conclude: in the process of building his house, what does a person put in the first place: beauty, convenience or practicality?

What do we want to know?

• 1. What are houses built in different parts of the world from?

• 2. How does climate determine building architecture?

• 3. Do the lifestyle and traditional occupations of peoples affect the form, content, appearance of a dwelling?

The climatic features of the construction site of the house always have a significant impact on the types of dwellings.

Climatic zones of the Earth

Equatorial Climate Belt

The territory located within this belt is characterized by

the predominance of equatorial air masses and low atmospheric pressure; high air temperatures and high rainfall throughout the year.

Types of housing in the equatorial belt

Stilt houses are common in the southeast. Asia, Oceania, in some areas of Africa and South America. Such buildings

  They are reliable flood protection. Light bamboo huts, covered with palm leaves, stand high above the ground, and residents are not afraid of either floods or predators.

Inhabitants of equatorial forests

A humid and hot, stable climate, generously supplying a person with everything necessary, has led to the emergence of peoples not inclined to long hard work. Some tribes of rainforests do not know how to build dwellings, sculpt pots, cultivate the soil

Subequatorial belt

  The inhabitants of the savannah and woodlands

Tropical climate zone

The territory within the tropical zone is characterized by high atmospheric pressure and the dominance of tropical air masses; in summer high air temperature, in winter - cool. Rains are a rare occurrence.

The zone is poor in vegetation.

Typical Deserts in Asia

Pueblo

In dry, treeless, as well as in foothill and mountainous areas, starting from the Neolithic, stone, adobe, raw brick, adobe and combined dwellings of various types developed, which still exist today in Central, Central and Western Asia, the Caucasus, Y.-V. Europe, North Africa, South-West North America, Mexico, Yucatan, Andean Highlands.

Often such dwellings, closely interconnected and even piling one on top of the other, form multi-tier stone or adobe structures (for example, settlements of the type pueblo   in the southwest North America).

Desert Dwellings

  Nomadic Bedouin Arabs in Saudi Arabia now contemptuously call sedentary Arabs clay people, and they proudly call themselves wool people - because they live in tents made of coarse fabric, which Bedouin women make from goat hair. This wool is good because the material from it hardly absorbs water, otherwise the tent after the rain would have been impossible to load on a camel - it is already quite heavy. In cold areas, tents usually have double walls, and the open side of the dwelling is hung with a special curtain.

Wet tropics and subtropics

Unlike the dry tropics, they are rich in forests.

  In warm and humid zones - houses of the pavilion type, for the possibility of through ventilation.

The traditional homes of Australian aborigines are wind screeners, awnings, huts. In Oceania - frame-pillar with a high gable roof of palm leaves.

Temperate climate zone

This KP occupies vast areas of the Earth. Main features:

the prevalence of temperate air and westerly winds; distinctly expressed seasons. The growing continental climate from west to east, cold winters and hot summers. There are a lot of precipitation, but they are not evenly distributed..

The plant world is diverse, with a predominance of coniferous and deciduous forests.

Typical Temperate Housing

In regions with cold winters, compact houses were built with thick heat-insulated walls and small windows. Representative countries are Canada, Russia, and Norway.

Since these latitudes are rich in forests, the main building material is wood.

Steppes and semi-deserts of the temperate zone

The steppes and semi-deserts of the arid zone of the temperate zone of Central Asia are characterized by the economic and cultural type of semi-nomadic and semi-saddry cattle farmers with portable, collapsible dwellings in the form of yurts of various kinds.

Arctic and Antarctic Belt

The prevalence of cold air masses, low air temperatures all year round, low rainfall.

The absence of almost any vegetation, except for mosses and lichens.

Arctic and Subarctic

Igloo is a house made of blocks of snow, usually domed, which is built by the Eskimos of Canada and Greenland in winter camps.

Yarangi - the traditional home of the Eskimos, reindeer herderswhich was also built from improvised material. The walls of yarang were often lined with turf, made of stones or boards.

In conclusion:

  The house is the beginning of the beginnings, in it we are born and go through our life path. Native home gives a feeling of comfort and warmth, protects from bad weather and troubles. It is through him that the character of the people, their culture, and the characteristics of everyday life are revealed to a large extent. The appearance of the dwelling, building materials and the method of construction depend on the environment, climatic conditions, customs, religion and the occupation of the people who create it. But no matter what housing is built and no matter how it looks, it is considered among all peoples the center around which the rest of the world is located.

Progress has stepped far forward, but many peoples continue to live and build traditional houses that are characteristic of their area.

  Man has always called his house a fortress.

Conclusion:

  1. Housing is one of the most important elements of the material culture of every nation.

  2. The architecture of the peoples of the world always takes into account the climatic conditions and lifestyle of a person.

  3. The home must meet all the necessary requirements to ensure a comfortable and safe stay. When building his house, a man strives to ensure that it is for him first of all:

  - practical, opposed and protected him from all natural adversities;

  - convenient for life to flow easily useful;

  - and finally, beautiful, for the joy of the eyes of the owner and beauty on Earth.

Information sources:

• http: / www.etnolog.ru/

• http: /www.cultinfo.ru/

• http: //images.geo/

• http://www.geoport.ru/