What part of speech is the adjective easier. Ranks of adjectives by meaning

In Russian, adjectives are divided into three categories. The classification is based on the lexical and grammatical features of the discussed parts of speech. Common to all adjectives is the designation of a constant (not changing over time) attribute of an object; differences begin with the nature of their lexical bases, expressing direct (manifested by themselves), mediated (determined through comparison with other phenomena) and "belonging" properties and qualities of objects.

1. quality adjectives. Qualitative adjectives answer the question "what?" and denote direct names of features associated with lexical meanings:
   • flowers (red, pink, crimson);
     
   • spatial characteristics (right - left, straight - curve);
     
   • physical properties of objects (sour - sweet, hot - cold, light - heavy);
     
   • appearance and internal qualities of people and animals (thin - fat, smart - stupid, lazy - hardworking).
     
   The signs expressed by qualitative adjectives can be manifested to a greater or lesser extent, and the adjectives themselves can have degrees of comparison (easy - lighter - easiest), combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very light) and turn into them (easy). Qualitative adjectives can have antonyms (good - evil, high - low). Abstract nouns are often formed from them (sweet - sweetness, curve - curvature). Qualitative adjectives can have full and short form(easy - easy). With the help of diminutive suffixes, speakers easily give them a subjective evaluative form (light).
   All of the above features do not necessarily appear in the same word, but they are not characteristic of other categories of adjectives, and the presence of at least one of them already indicates qualitative characteristic parts of speech.
   
2. Relative adjectives. Relative adjectives answer the question "what?" and denote indirect names of features defined through relation to another:
   • an object or person (orange juice - orange juice, children's clothes - clothes for children);
     
   • action (washing powder - washing powder);
     
   • time or place (spring rain - rain that falls in the spring; urban transport - transport operating in the city);
     
   • concept (philosophical treatise).
     
   Relative adjectives do not have degrees of comparison. Most often they can be replaced by prepositional-nominal combinations with the words from which they are formed (see above). Relative adjectives are characterized by a derivative character, while qualitative adjectives themselves serve as the basis for other words.
   Relative adjectives can become qualitative adjectives. This usually happens when the word gets into a different content and changes its lexical meaning (iron lattice - a lattice made of iron and iron will - strong, strong, unbending).
   
3. Possessive adjectives. Possessive adjectives answer the question "whose?" and denote the belonging of one object to another. As a rule, possessive adjectives indicate an animated person - a person (mother's dressing gown, uncle's car) or an animal (bear's lair). Belonging to inanimate objects in Russian is usually expressed using relative adjectives or other parts of speech, but sometimes here (mainly in fiction, in the author's, metaphorical context) one can meet possessive adjectives - for example, Mayakovsky's rib arches.
   Possessive adjectives are formed from nouns using two groups of suffixes:
   • -ov (-ev), -in (-yn);
     
   • -th, -ya, -e, -other, -sky.
     
   Possessive adjectives can go into the category of both relative (beaver house - possessive value, beaver collar - relative) and qualitative: (bear's lair - possessive value, bear service - quality) parts of speech.
   

Summarize. The rank of an adjective can be determined based on its lexical meaning. At the beginning, it is worth asking a question and seeing what exactly this or that word means: whether it is valuable in itself (qualitative adjective) and whether it refers to some inanimate object (relative adjective) or an animate person (possessive adjective).

By the difference in the questions "what?" - "whose?" possessive adjectives are easily separated from qualitative and relative ones. Qualitative adjectives are easiest to determine by trying to change them, giving a subjective assessment, putting them in a short form, or developing their quality to one degree or another. Relative adjectives are “visible” to form combinations of two nouns whenever possible.

And numbers may have a short form. In a sentence, the adjective is most often a definition, but it can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.

Classes of adjectives

Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three discharge adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive.

Quality adjectives

Denote a feature that can be to a greater or lesser extent.

As a rule, they have the following signs:

• combined with the adverbs "very" (and its synonyms) and "too" ( very big, too beautiful, extremely smart).
• from quality adjectives it is possible to form
  • compound adjective by repetition ( delicious-delicious, big big).
  • one-root adjective with a prefix not- (not stupid, ugly).
• have an antonym ( stupid - smart), and sometimes a hypernym ( big - huge)

Some quality adjectives do not satisfy all of the above criteria.

Most quality adjectives, and only they, have two forms: full ( clever, tasty) and short ( smart, delicious). The full form changes according to numbers, genders and cases. Short form - only by gender and number. In a sentence, the short form is used as a predicate, and the full form is usually used as a definition. Some quality adjectives do not have a short form ( friendly, amiable) . Others, on the contrary, do not have a full form ( glad, much, must, need)

Possessive adjectives

Denote the belonging of an object to a living being or person ( paternal, sisters, fox). They answer the question "whose?", "whose?". Possessive adjectives can become relative or qualitative: hare (possessive) hair, hare (qualitative) soul, hare (relative) trace.

General information

The boundaries of the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives are mobile. So, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive) dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives are declined according to cases and change according to numbers, in the singular they also change according to gender. The exceptions are short adjectives and comparative adjectives: they are not declined. In addition, there are a number of indeclinable adjectives: Komi people, khaki, gross weight.

The gender, case and number of the inflected adjective depend on relevant characteristics the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives usually appear after the noun, and their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: jackets beige.

• solid: red th, red Wow, red omu
• soft: syn uy, sin his, sin him
• mixed: big Oh, large Wow, large them.

The adjective name denotes a sign of an object, its quality: good, big, copper and answers the questions: which? whose?

adjectives change by birth:red, red, red;

by numbers : red, red;

by cases(them. P.: White, genus. P.: white, dates P.: white, wine P.: White, tv. P.: white, R. on) white).

The grammatical categories of the adjective name are completely dependent on the noun with which it agrees, and, therefore, are non-independent.

Defining the sign of the subject, the adjective in the sentence most often acts as definitions:
dissuaded by the grove golden birch, cheerful language ... (S. Yesenin)

The adjective can also be included into the predicate:

At the moment of shipwreck, water to us seemed extremely cold , but we soon got tired of it (I. Turgenev).

Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives

By lexical meaning and grammatical features, adjectives are divided into categories: qualitative, relative and possessive.

quality adjectives denote a feature of an object that determines its quality:

beautiful flower, sweet berry, hot day.

The lexical meaning of quality adjectives is varied:

they can represent color physical properties, taste, smell, etc.

Qualitative adjectives can be used with diminutive suffixes(green - greenish)

and with adverbs of measure and degree:very, very, much, absolutely etc.: very cold, very pleasant.

From quality adjectives can be formed:
adverbs on -o (-e):

hot - hot

melodious - melodious

abstract nouns:

red - redness

white - whiteness

young - youth, etc.

Qualitative adjectives call signs denoting the qualities of an object:
. in size (small);
. by age (young);
. by color (bright);
. by weight (light);
. on appearance(cute);
. by internal qualities (lazy), etc.
Qualitative adjectives can have:
. degrees of comparison (evil - angrier - the most evil);
. short form (evil - evil - evil);
. synonyms, antonyms (angry, kind);
. can form adverbs in -o, -e: evil (looked); compound adjectives by repetition: evil-prezly; abstract nouns: anger.

relative adjectives name a sign in relation to the material, place, action, abstract concept:

Iron door, Golden ring, sea air, city square.

Relative adjectives have parallel synonymsforms expressed by prepositional-nominal combinations:

Example:

stone palace - a palace made of stone;

silver ball - a ball of silver;

institute building - the building of the institute.

Relative adjectives are called signs expressing the relationship of one object to another:
. local ( Ukrainian language- the language of Ukrainians);
. by material (crystal glass - crystal glass);
. by time (last year's meeting - last year's meeting);
. by appointment (washing powder - washing powder), etc.
They do not have degrees of comparison, short form, synonyms, antonyms, etc.

Possessive adjectives indicate that an object belongs to a person or animal,answer whose questions? whose? whose? whose?:

Example: father's house, grandmother's glasses, fox tail.

Possessive adjectives are formed only from animate nouns using the suffixes -y, -ov (-ev), -in (-yn), -ovsk- (-evsk-), -insk- (-ynsk-):

Example: fox, father's, mother's, chicken, father's, mother's.

Comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives

A distinctive feature of quality adjectives is that they have degrees of comparison:
comparative (closer, stronger) and excellent(nearest, strongest).

Both the comparative and the superlative can be simple (synthetic):

kinder, kinder;

and complex (analytical):

kinder, kinder.

A simple form of the comparative degree is formed using the suffixes -ee (s), -e:

weak - weaker, weaker; cool - cooler.

Synthetic form of excellent - with the help of suffixes -eysh, -aysh:

kind - the kindest; great is the greatest.

complex shape comparative degrees and combine words More or less and the initial form of the adjective:

kind - more kind, less kind;

honest - more honest, less honest.

Complex form of superlatives and can be formed by adding:

1) the words most to the adjective in the initial form:

high - the highest;

kind - the kindest;

2) words most or least to the adjective in the initial form:

reliable - the most reliable; comfortable - least comfortable;

3) words of everything or all to an adjective in a simple form of a comparative degree:

nicer - all the nicer;

hard - the hardest.

1. Adjectives in the simple comparative degree with the suffix -ee are stylistically neutral, those with the suffix -ee are colloquial.

2. complex shapes comparative degree are bookish.

3. Adjectives in simple superlative form are bookish.

4. Complex superlatives are: neutral (see 1st mode of education), bookish (2nd mode), colloquial (3rd mode).

Short forms of adjectives

Most quality adjectives can have both full and short forms:

a long way - a long way;

beautiful garden beautiful garden.

Short adjectives are formed from full ones by discarding endings:

low - low, hot - hot.

In adjectives with a stem on hissing in Im. and Vin. p. units h. ь is not written: prickly, powerful, fresh, handsome, burning, odorous, clumsy, melodious, good.

Adjectives in -enn form a short form in two ways:

identical - identical, identical.
Sharp - sharp and sharp, worthy - worthy,

but: honored - honored(participle).

Short adjectives change only in numbers and have a gender form:

the day is bright - the days are bright;

smart boy, smart girl.

Short adjectives in modern Russian do not decline, therefore they only act as predicate:

The air is full of a storm that has swept by ( B. Pasternak);

I AM last poet villages, modest in songs boardwalk bridge. (S. Yesenin)

Short adjectives can also act as a definition, but this function is obsolete for them:

The prince walks by the blue of the sea... (A. Pushkin);

on bare feet.

Possessive adjectives with suffixes -ov, -ev, derived from surnames, are obsolete.

For instance: Platonic writings, Hegel's "Logic" etc.

Transition of adjectives from one category to another

Relative and possessive adjectives can move into the category of qualitative ones.

Wed: stone house (stone house) stone heart(heart like a stone, cold)

father's house(father's house) paternal feelings(like his father, warm).

Possessive adjectives can become relative:

hare tail(hare tail) - hare sheepskin coat(sheepskin coat from a hare).

Morphological analysis of the adjective

1. General grammatical meaning - a sign of the subject.
2. Morphological features:
1) Initial form: nominative singular masculine.
2) Permanent signs - rank by value:
qualitative, relative or possessive;
3) Non-permanent signs:
a) for quality adjectives:
- degree of comparison: comparative and superlative,
- short and long forms;
b) for all adjectives:
- case (in full forms),
- number,
- genus (singular)
3. Syntactic role - role in the sentence:
- agreed definition;
- nominal part compound predicate;
- predicate (short adjectives)

Example morphological analysis them. adjective.
A crow perched on a tall pine tree.

Oral analysis.
On the high- an adjective, since it denotes a sign of an object: (on which?) high, the initial form is (what?) high.
Has morphological features.
Permanent: high quality
Inconstant: used in full form, in prepositional, singular, feminine.
In the sentence it is a definition (syntactic role): on a pine tree (what?) high.

Written review.
On the pine(which?) high
n.f. - high
Permanent signs: quality
Non-post. signs: in full form, in Pr.p., in singular, in f.r.
on a pine (what?) high - definition.

NAME ADJECTIVE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC

On the other hand, it relates adjectives used in a figurative, qualitative sense can form a) short forms and b) compare forms. degree. a) moon where-then behind, above city, river under shadow his black and velvety (Bitter .); Derevyanen brother your, wooden... brain at him straight what kind-then(Leon.); V my Revolution believe! Word my – railway . AND the words glandular - no! (R. Rozhd.); More languish mothers and children | v in vain waiting fathers. | They not lie, what Sveta No on the light, | what peace terrible – stuffy and lead (Invalid); Today's Bryusov even v their revolutionary works too much yesterday (journal); b) Gently lighten up lips and shadow golden Near sunken eye(Color.); Maple nails more useful, – tested by sea rains; | maple nails glandular | faceted German nails! (Invalid); WITH each afternoon all longer, all glassier evening dawn(Yu. Kazak.).

Possessive, ordinal and pronominal adjectives as separate lexical and grammatical categories have specific morphological features: they have neither correlative full and short forms, nor compare forms. degree. Changes in the semantics of the adjectives of the listed three groups do not entail changes in their morphological behavior: developing figurative qualitative meanings, possessive, ordinal and pronominal. adjectives do not simultaneously acquire the ability to form forms of comparison. degree (about single deviations from general rule cm. § ); in addition, attract., ordinal and pronominal. adjectives differ from each other and from all other adjectives by the nature of inflection.

In conjunction with the words pluralia tantum, the forms of adjectives with inflections pl. h. do not indicate the plurality of defined objects in the event that with noun. there is no lexical indication of quantity: large sled- perhaps "one" and "several" sledges; new glasses- both "one" and "several" points are possible. The plurality of objects in attributive combinations with the words pluralia tantum is indicated only by counting words: two couples new scissors; several peasant sleigh; v flow five long days; raked hay several rake.

Comparative forms are used in combination with genus. n. name or in conjunction with the union how: foxes smarter wolves – foxes smarter, how wolves. However, the absolutive (without dependent word form) use of the comparative is also normal. At the same time, if the dependent word form is not implied, then in the comparative are compared different states the same subject: nails ki not without reason slyly looking, not without reason, O roses, on the your sheets hotter blush, fresh fragrance: I AM understood, who fled, buried v flowers! (Tyutch.); Memory O Sun v heart weakens, yellow grass, Wind snowflakes early blows Barely, barely(Ahm.).

Note 1. Adjectives with suf. - eysh-, -aish- (stupidest, most honest, deepest, cruelest), sometimes called a superlative degree, in their meaning of a large degree of manifestation of a feature are correlative with other adjectives with a similar meaning of the type huge, hefty, cheerful, easiest, beautiful. They do not express a special morphological meaning and represent word-formation types (see §, item 2c).

Note 2. The value of a high degree of manifestation of a feature can also be expressed in a descriptive way using word combinations most with form adj. in posit. degrees ( most beautiful, most bold), as well as with the help of combinations of pronouns. adj. the whole in the form of a genus. p. units h. av. R. ( Total) or in the form genus. n. pl. h. ( all) with the form adj. in comp. degrees: more seriously Total, louder all; You on the light all cuter , All rouge and whiter (Pushk.); V present time healthier Total negation – we deny(Turg.).

WORD CHANGING adjectives

ADJECTIVE DECLINE

All adjectives with final - uy and - Oh(in the form of im. p. masculine r. unit) belong to the basis (i.e., they are not inflection), to the adjective skl. do not apply; are: 1) pronominal. adjectives: my, your, mine, coy(outdated); 2) attract. adjectives like wolf, fox; 3) ordinal adjective third. They are all in the shape of them. p. have zero inflection and change according to mixed declination (see §).

The phonemic composition of inflections of adjectives of the adjective skl. next:

Singular
	masculine	Neuter gender	Feminine
AND.	-|иj|/-|оj|	-|oj a 1 |	-|aj a 1 |
R.		-|ovo|	-|oj|
D.		-|omm|	-|oj|
V.	how to them. or genus. P.	how to them. P.	-|yjy|
Tv.		-|im |	-|oj|(-|ojy|)

Etc.		-|ohm|	-|oj|
Plural
AND.	-|and j a 1 |
R.	-|their|
D.	-|im|
V.	how to them. or genus. P.
Tv.	-|im'i|
Etc.	-|their|

Note. In the forms of and wine. n. husband R. units h. morphs -|иj|/-|oj| are distributed depending on the stress: when stressed on the basis - morph -|иj| ( red-|and j|, si|н "-иj|), and when stressed on inflection - morph -|oj| ( big-|oj|, simple-|оj|).

With spelling. point of view (depending on the spelling of inflections), there are four varieties of adjective skl. (differences in the spelling of inflections are due to the nature of the final consonant stem): 1) adj. with a base on a paired-hard consonant; 2) adj. with a base on a paired soft consonant; 3) adj. with a base on sizzling; 4) adj. with base on |k|, |r|, |x|. All varieties of adjective skl. are characterized by the following features of the formation of case forms.

1) App. with a base on a paired-hard consonant and with an accent on inflections differ from adj. with unstressed inflection only in the forms of them. and wine. p. units h. husband R.: young-Oh, ill-Oh, but new-th, kind-th.

2) Forms of wines. p. units h. husband and avg. R. and wine. n. pl. hours are identical to the corresponding forms of them. n. (i.e., forms named after n. masculine and middle. r. units or forms named after n. pl.) in cases where adj. defines a noun denoting an inanimate object, and the corresponding gender forms. n. (i.e., forms of genus. n. masculine singular or forms of genus. n. plural) in cases where adj. defines a noun denoting an animated object.

3) All app. female R. have variant forms of TV. n. on - Oh, -oyu and - her, -her: young-Oh, new-Oh and young-oyu, new-oyu, syn-her and syn-her. The main form for the modern language is the form on - Oh, -her; form on - oyu, -her found in book speech, in poetry: AND above thoughtful Fly Cane revived resounded(Ahm.); AND now always he breathes | above June Moscow | toy military anxiety, | unforgettable longing(Tushn.).

Samples declination adjectives

§ . Declension of adjectives with a stem into a pair-solid consonant ( hard variety).

Singular
	masculine		Neuter gender
AND.	new - th	young - Oh	new - oh	young - oh
R.		new - Wow	young - Wow
D.		new - omu	young - omu
V.	new- th and new - Wow	young- Oh and young - Wow	new - oh	young - oh
Tv.		new - th	young - th
Etc.		(O ) new - ohm	(O ) young - ohm

	Feminine
AND.	new - and I	young - and I
R.	new - Oh	young - Oh
D.	new - Oh	young - Oh
V.	new - wow	young - wow
Tv.	new - Oh (- oyu )	young - Oh (- oyu )
Etc.	(O ) new - Oh	(O ) young - Oh

	Plural
AND.	new - s	young - s
R.	new - s	young - s
D.	new - th	young - th
V.	new- s and new - s	young- s and young - s
Tv.	new - s	young - s
Etc.	(O ) new - s	(O ) young - s

§ . Declension of adjectives with a stem into a paired soft consonant ( soft variety).

Singular
	masculine		Neuter gender
AND.	syn - uy	homely - uy	syn - her	homely - her
R.		syn - his	homely - his
D.		syn - him	homely - him
V.	syn- uy and syn - his	homely- uy and homely - his	syn - her	homely - her
Tv.		syn - them	homely - them
Etc.		(O ) syn - eat	O homely - eat

	Feminine
AND.	syn - ya	homely - ya
R.	syn - her	homely - her
D.	syn - her	homely - her
V.	syn - yuyu	homely - yuyu
Tv.	syn - her (- her )	homely - her (- her )
Etc.	(O ) syn - her	(O ) homely - her

	Plural
AND.	syn - ie	homely - ie
R.	syn - their	homely - their
D.	syn - them	homely - them
V.	syn- ie and syn - their	homely- ie and homely - their
Tv.	syn - them	homely - them
Etc.	(O ) syn - their	(O ) homely - their

Note. In the 19th century many adjectives had variant forms - with a base on a hard and soft consonant and formed case forms both in hard and in soft variety. These include: boundless, interior, old, further, perennial, annual, country, nonresident, sincere, primordial, juvenile, perennial, unilateral, late, mulberry(simple). The following uses of these words are different from the modern: mental agony magic healer, My friend Morpheus, my old comforter(Pushk.); For shores homeland distant You left edge stranger(Pushk.); V suburbs distant , Where, how black snakes, are flying Clubs smoke from pipes colossal(Nekr .); Nonresident may address v Newspaper expedition(Pushk.).

V modern language adj. interior, old further, perennial, nonresident, sincere, perennial, unilateral, late form all case forms according to the soft variety, adj. annual, country, primordial, suburban- solid variety. A usage that does not follow this rule is obsolete: distant acquaintance sheltered my kids(journal); tame Russia and Then rob her, how before wars robbed Turkey, China, how are going rob Germany, – here sincere wish imperialists(Bitter.). In the formation of case forms adj. boundless, intercity and lofty(bookish) fluctuations are allowed, and forms with bases on a soft consonant prevail: Division, advancing, deepened v boundless forests(Kazakevich); went on the intercity station(Simon.); praised theatre, using incredible number foreign words and lofty expressions(N. Virta). Compare: Forest on the horizon drowned v boundless water(G. Berezko); Beketov lived and increased v boundless sands Turkmenistan(Gaidar); Removes handset, calling on the our intercity (Field); None lofty requirements To him not present(Fed.).

§ . Declension of adjectives with stem into sibilant.

Singular
	masculine		Neuter gender
AND.	fresh - uy	big - Oh	fresh - her	big - oh
R.		fresh - his	big - Wow
D.		fresh - him	big - omu
V.	fresh- uy and fresh - his	big- Oh and big - Wow	fresh - her	big - oh
Tv.		fresh - them	big - them
Etc.		(O ) fresh - eat	(O ) big - ohm

	Feminine
AND.	fresh - and I	big - and I
R.	fresh - her	big - Oh
D.	fresh - her	big - Oh
V.	fresh - wow		Plural
AND.	fresh - ie	big - ie
R.	fresh - their	big - their
D.	fresh - them	big - them
V.	fresh- ie and fresh - their	big- ie and big - their
Tv.	fresh - them	big - them
Etc.	(O ) fresh - their	(O ) big chalk - uy	chalk - oh		chalk - and I
	dry - Oh		dry - oh		dry - and I
R.		strict - Wow			strict - Oh
		chalk - Wow			chalk - Oh
		dry - Wow			dry - Oh
D.		strict - omu			strict - Oh
		chalk - omu			chalk - Oh
		dry - omu			dry - Oh
V.	strict - uy			strict - oh	strict - wow
	chalk - uy			chalk - oh	chalk - wow
	dry - Oh			dry - oh	dry - wow
	and
	strict - Wow
	chalk - Wow
	dry - Wow
Tv.		strict - them			strict - Oh (- oyu )
		chalk - them			chalk - Oh (- oyu )
		dry - them			dry - Oh (- oyu )
Etc.		(O ) strict - ohm			(O ) strict - Oh
		(O ie			chalk - ie	dry - ie
R.	strict - their	chalk - their	dry - their
D.	strict - them	chalk - them	dry - them
V.	strict - ie	chalk - ie	dry - ie
	and	and	and
	strict - their	chalk - their	dry - their
Tv.	strict - them	chalk - them	dry - them
Etc.	(O ) strict - their	(O ) chalk - their	(O ) dry - their

Note 1. In App. with base on |r|, |k|, |x| and with unstressed inflection in the forms of them. p. units h. husband R. the last consonant of the stem is pronounced in two ways - as hard or as soft, although inflection - uy spelling does not differ from flexion adj. with a stem into a soft consonant ( strict, liquid and blue, summer). in the form of TV. p. units h. husband and avg. R. and in all case forms pl. hours at adj. with a stem on |r|, |k|, |x|, regardless of the place of stress, consonants |r|, |k|, |x| positionally soften.

Note 2. In cos. pad. pronominal adj. no preposition position - after negation: Neither at which relatives I am not was; Neither With what student not met; Neither O what meetings speeches not It was.

At pronouns. adj. with initial something-, coy- the position of the preposition can be as before the morpheme something- and after it: With something-what commission, v something-what home and - less often - something With what commission, something v what home.

Note 3. By type of app. with base on |r|, |k|, |x| pronoun changes. adj. some (some, some, some). Under the influence of declension is obsolete. pronominal adj. coy forms genus., dat., tv. and suggestion. p. units h. husband and avg. R. this adjective is based on |j|: some, to some, some(and some), O some(and O no one); forms genus., dat., tv. and suggestion. n. wives. R. can also be based on |j|: some(and some): Equilibrium became different, how would from some internal severity(Lidin) and: Soon let's start we suspect presence some of magic(Soloukh.). In many hours are used obsolete. forms some, some, some instead of some(genus and suggestion n.), some(dat. p.) and some(tv.p.). Plural forms are also acceptable in use. h. P. some, date P. some, tv. P. some, preposition P. O some: Are formed snowflakes v form tiny products... – some concentric octagons, some versatile crosses..., some stars With transverse rungs on the everyone beam(Olesha).

Ranks of adjectives

Discharge is the only constant morphological feature of this part of speech. There are three types of adjectives:

Most quality adjectives have a long form and a short form. The full form changes according to cases, numbers and genders. Adjectives in short form change by number and gender. Short adjectives are not declined; in a sentence are used as predicates. Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary. Some quality adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes denoting a high degree sign, and an adjective, which are part of the terminological names (fast train, deep rear). Qualitative adjectives can be combined with the adverb very, have antonyms. Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison. In form, each degree can be simple (consists of one word) and compound (consists of two words): harder, quietest.

• relative(answering the question “which one?”)
  • relative adjectives do not have degrees; designate the material from which the object is made, the spatial and temporal features of the object: tree - wood, January - January, freezing - frosty;
  • most relative adjectives do not combine with the adverb "very";

Relative adjectives denote such a feature of an object that cannot be in the object to a greater or lesser extent. Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with an adverb very much, do not have antonyms. Relative adjectives change by case, number, and gender (singular).

• possessive- answer the question "whose?" and denote belonging to something living or person ( paternal, sisters, fox).

Possessive adjectives indicate that something belongs to a person and answer the questions whose? whose? whose? whose? Possessive adjectives change for case, number, and gender (singular).

To attribute an adjective to any category, it is enough to find at least one sign of this category in the adjective.

The boundaries of the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives are mobile. So, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive) dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).

Coordination of adjectives with nouns

Adjectives agree with the nouns they refer to in gender, number and case.

• Example: adjective "blue"
  • blue (Sing., m.r., Im.p.) house (Sing., m.r., Im.p.)
  • blue (Sing., Wed, Im.p.) sky (Sing., Wed, Im.p.).

Declension of adjectives.

The gender, case and number of an adjective depend on the respective characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually in postposition with respect to the noun, and their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: red jacket, beige jackets.

• solid: red th, red Wow, red omu
• soft: syn uy, sin his, sin him
• mixed: big Oh, large Wow, large them.

The declension of adjectives includes a change in numbers, and in the singular - in cases and genders.

The form of the adjective depends on the noun to which the adjective refers and with which it agrees in gender, number and case.

Short adjectives change only by gender and number.

The masculine and neuter forms differ in the nominative and accusative cases, while in other forms they are the same.

The forms of the accusative case of adjectives in the singular masculine and in plural relating to animate and inanimate nouns:

• V.p. = I.p. with inanimate nouns:
  • “Their villages and fields for a violent raid he doomed to swords and fires” (A. Pushkin);
• V.p. = R.p. with animate nouns:
  • “Masha did not pay attention to the young Frenchman” (A. Pushkin);
  • And the whole earth must praise forever ordinary people, to whom for victories I would have poured stars into orders ”(V. Sysoev).

masculine adjectives in -Oh inclined in the same way as th, but always have a stressed ending: grey, young - gray, young - gray, young - about gray, about the young.

The letter designation of the endings of adjectives in some cases sharply diverges from the sound composition: white - white [bv], flying-his - summer [b].

Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives:

• hard declination;
• soft declension;
• mixed declension.

Hard declension of adjectives

According to the solid type, adjectives with a base on a solid consonant are inclined, except for G, K, X, C and hissing ones: thin, white, straight, native, boring, stupid, gray, bald, cool, well-fed.

Formation of adjectives

Adjectives are most often formed in a suffixal way: swamp - swamp n th. Adjectives can also be formed by prefixes: not big, and prefixed-suffixal ways: under waters n th. Adjectives are also formed in a compound suffix way: flax O seed cleaner tedious. Adjectives can also be formed by compounding two stems: pale pink, three-year.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

1. General grammatical meaning.
2. Initial form. The initial form of an adjective is considered to be singular, nominative, masculine ( blue).
3. Constant signs: discharge.
4. Non-permanent features: used in short/full (only for qualitative ones); degree of comparison (only for qualitative ones); number, gender, case (blue - used in full form, singular)
5. syntactic role - definition

Transition to other parts of speech

Most often, participles pass into the category of adjectives. Pronouns can also act as adjectives ( No artist from him).

Adjectives, in turn, can substantiate, that is, move into the category of nouns: Russian, military.

Features of adjectives in other languages

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Synonyms:

See what "Adjective" is in other dictionaries:

Exist., number of synonyms: 1 adjective (2) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Adjective- see adjective ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Part of speech characterized by; a) designation of an attribute of an object (quality, property, belonging, etc.) (semantic attribute); b) variability in cases, numbers, genders (morphological feature); c) use in a sentence in a function ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

An adjective is a part of speech denoting a sign of an object and answering the question “what” / “whose”. In Russian, adjectives change by gender, case, number and person, and can have a short form. There are adjectives in a sentence ... ... Wikipedia

The numeral is an independent part of speech denoting the number, quantity and order of objects. Answers the questions: how much? which the? Numerals are divided into three lexical and grammatical categories: quantitative (two, five, twenty, ... ... Wikipedia

Is an separate part speech denoting an object and having a developed morphology, inherited mainly from the Proto-Slavic language. Contents 1 Categories 1.1 Number 1.2 Pa ... Wikipedia

ADJECTIVE, wow, cf. or an adjective. In grammar: a part of speech denoting a quality, property or belonging and expressing this meaning in the forms of case, number and (in units) gender. Full, short adjectives. Quality,…… Dictionary Ozhegov

Exist., number of synonyms: 2 adjective (1) word (72) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary