What to choose? Types of cameras. What is the best camera
Advantages and disadvantages of SLR cameras. Description of their main parameters and capabilities. Features of operation.
When choosing a new digital camera, it is worth considering: SLR cameras become cheaper over time, and non-SLR cameras become more expensive, but at the same time they improve many times and in many functions.
SLR cameras, which were originally film, and then improved to digital format, have always been considered the “blue” dream of every amateur photographer. Some amateurs did not buy this type of cameras because of the dimensions, the complexity of controlling the functions and settings of the camera, and the high price.
But a few years later, SLR cameras have become more affordable and affordable, the controls have also improved and become easier, and the dimensions have become many times smaller than before.
To date, the price of "whale" sets of "reflex cameras" for amateurs, i.e. kits that include a camera with a tripod lens range from $500.
This price is comparable to the price of low-cost non-SLR cameras designed for advanced users, who are called prosumers. Their price is 600-700 dollars.
But the price of SLR cameras continues to drop. They go down due to the fact that some companies appeared on the sales market that had not previously specialized in “DSLRs” and did not release them from production, and due to this, competition for products has increased.
Another factor in the difficulty of choosing a SLR camera is the ever-increasing improvement of non-SLR cameras, because. sometimes they get high-end optics.
Advantages of mirrors
One of the most important and indisputable arguments when purchasing a SLR camera is the largest physical size of the matrices. This characteristic of SLR cameras quite strongly affects the quality of the resulting images.
The larger the camera's matrix, the lower the level of noise (color noise in the image), the most extended range of dynamics (the number of steps in the contrast difference that the camera can capture), and the smallest depth of field. We will sequentially talk about the main characteristics of SLR cameras.
Let's talk about noise first. The more the matrix is installed in the camera and the less it works in the process of photo and video shooting, the less noise in the resulting photographs. It is recommended to use optical stabilizer when shooting in low light.
A large matrix has a wider dynamic range, which is its plus. This characteristic allows you to shoot contrasting objects in excellent quality. As before, in terms of dynamic range, the advantage remains with the SLRs.
Features and benefits of optics
Interchangeable lenses are one of the main advantages of SLR cameras. You can choose from a variety of lenses. But for most photography enthusiasts, a non-reflex camera and a lens with a large zoom are sufficient.
Although a large zoom ratio somewhat reduces the optical qualities of the lens, it cannot be said that the quality of photographs suffers. At the same time, the 6-12x "prosumer" zoom lens is compact, which a DSLR with a set of optics cannot boast of.
If we analyze the "drawing" of the lens - "bokeh", then of course there is no alternative to the "mirror", but not every amateur photographer wants to carry kilograms of photographic equipment. And the lenses of inexpensive "reflex cameras" are usually equipped with a 3x zoom.
SLR cameras have a minimum focal length. In the "film" equivalent, it is 28 mm, while non-mirror cameras have 35-38 "equivalent millimeters". This provides a wider shooting angle.
The mechanical zoom drive is another plus of SLR cameras that I would like to draw your attention to. This type of zoom is convenient and does not consume battery power.
It is not worth comparing the standard optics of "prosumers" and "DSLRs" for maximum sharpness, because this parameter is much better for "prosumers", and the optics of "DSLRs" from various manufacturers are very different.
There are "prosumer" models, on which optics from well-known manufacturers are installed, and in many respects it surpasses many standard SLR lenses, such as sharpness, macro photography, a tendency to glare, chromatic aberration, etc.
Ease of use
Usually SLR cameras with a standard lens are bought for a long time, due to the versatility of the cameras. It should be noted that both cheap and expensive models are multifunctional, and in this parameter they practically do not differ. Their main difference is in ease of use, in the strength of the case, etc. But cameras of the "prosumer" class are in no way inferior to "DSLRs" in their capabilities.
But, how many consumers, so many opinions .... Some people like small DSLRs, others like compact prosumers. They also have many differences. In “DSLRs” (except for one model), sighting on the display is impossible, but if you hold the camera correctly while sighting, then hand tremor and muscle tension decrease. They can't make videos. "SLRs", unlike non-mirror cameras with a rotary display, cannot be removed by holding them above your head.
SLR cameras outperform others (non-reflex cameras) in high focusing speed and high-quality manual focusing, while manual focusing in prosumers is ineffective and is rarely used.
We did a general comparison of DSLRs and non-DSLRs. We think that this will be enough for you to decide on your own whether you need a SLR camera, or "prosumer" will be enough.
The topic of choosing a camera, probably, has always been and will be relevant. Time passes, technology changes, old materials written on this topic become hopelessly outdated. General principles remain unchanged, but a huge number of nuances makes us look at the problem of choice differently. Purpose of the article What is the best camera- dot the i's in the matter of buying a digital camera, given the current market situation. The article is primarily aimed at beginner amateur photographers, but I'm sure the article will be useful for experienced users as well.
Where to start choosing the "best" camera?
First of all, you must determine the range of tasks for which the camera will be used. Tasks can be completely different and you need to come to terms with the fact that there is simply no absolutely universal camera. There are only cameras that are suitable for solving certain tasks or not suitable. For example, to go on a picnic with friends it is absolutely not necessary to bring a professional DSLR there (although there are enthusiasts), an inexpensive soap dish or even a smartphone is quite enough - after all, photos from such events, as a rule, do not go beyond social networks and home photo albums. In this case the best camera there will be one that is always at hand.
For professional purposes, the requirements for technique vary considerably depending on the genre of shooting. To shoot a reportage, you need a high burst speed and the ability to take pictures handheld in low light, for a landscape - maximum clarity and depth of colors, for a portrait - high-quality reproduction of skin color and the ability to get a beautiful background blur, for macro photography - the ability to focus on very close object, and so on. Naturally, all these possibilities cannot be realized in one camera with a single lens. Thus, choosing the best option for a camera is always a compromise between the capabilities of technology, its size, ease of use and price.
Classes of digital cameras
One of the main criteria by which cameras are divided into different classes is physical size of the matrix. It is not measured in megapixels, but in millimeters (or inches). It is this parameter that has a decisive influence on the quality of photographs - color reproduction, noise level, dynamic range. Traditionally, it was believed that for DSLRs and mirrorless cameras a large matrix is good, for soap dishes a small matrix is bad. Now this division is very conditional, since many compact cameras have matrices comparable in size to amateur DSLRs and mirrorless cameras.
Conventionally, digital cameras can be divided into several classes.
entry-level amateur cameras
The vast majority of digital cameras costing up to about 20 thousand rubles fall under this category. The electronic filling of all these devices is almost always comparable in their characteristics, the difference is in the lens and additional functions, often not directly related to photography.
The characteristics of compact cameras "on paper" can look very convincing - more than 20 megapixels, 20-30x zoom, ISO sensitivity range like a professional SLR, a bunch of all sorts of chips and lotions - Wi-Fi, GPS, NCP, FullHD, 4K and etc. But in reality, everything is not so rosy. The main trouble with these devices is that their characteristics are fully manifested only in "greenhouse" conditions, for example, outdoors with good lighting. As soon as the sun goes behind a cloud, the quality of the photos is noticeably reduced, and if we try to shoot in a dimly lit room, we are in for a quiet horror in the form of digital noise (ripples in the pictures), distorted colors and degraded detail.
Cameras with small sensors do not know how to blur the background, because of this, the picture looks flat, it is difficult to achieve volume transfer on it. Sometimes there is a special "blurred background" mode in soap dishes, which programmatically determines the objects of the foreground and background and adds an artificial blur to the background. But like all software, this mode does not always do it efficiently and beautifully.
Soap dish will the best choice in the event that you do not set yourself creative tasks - just buy a "photo recorder", which is always at hand. In this case, it is better to prefer a camera with an increased optical zoom ratio in order to have a more or less versatile tool. There is no point in buying the cheapest digital compacts with 2-3x zoom, since they have no advantages over smartphones. Soap dishes with a 5-10x zoom are still sold at the very least, but there is simply nothing to advise among them.
If you really need a compact camera with a really good zoom, then you should understand that if the size is not the most compact, the photo quality will be the same “soapy”, because the matrix is the same as in simple models.
Another scourge of superzoom compacts is their short battery life. To minimize the dimensions, the manufacturer supplies the camera with a compact small-capacity battery, from which the lens mechanics, image stabilization, flash, and, in fact, the rest of the electronic stuffing, must work. With a small number of “on / off” cycles, you can really take 400-500 photos in a short period of time, but if you turn on the camera before each shot and then turn it off, then the best you can count on is 200 frames on a single battery charge. The only advantage of such cameras is their versatility.
To decide to buy a device with a "superzoom" you need to have good reasons and a firm belief that you need exactly 50-60x zoom. The topic of choosing a superzoom has been taken out. If speak about the best manufacturer soap dishes, then in this niche there is not much difference between them. Choose a device with a 10-20x zoom from Sony, Nikon, Panasonic, Canon, Olympus. The quality of the photos will be the same, the difference is only in appearance.
Widget from SocialMartSome entry-level cameras have a full range of manual settings. This is primarily aimed at those amateur photographers who want to learn how to photograph, however, the value of manual settings for such cameras is often greatly exaggerated. The presence of a programmable exposure mode (P), as a rule, covers 99% of the needs of an enthusiastic amateur photographer - verified from our own experience.
If you want to do artistic photography, I strongly recommend not to mess with "small" cameras. The picture quality will be acceptable only outdoors in daylight. When lighting conditions deteriorate, the quality of photographs deteriorates rapidly. Photos from these devices are difficult to process in Photoshop, because even with minor manipulations with brightness, contrast, saturation, artifacts begin to appear - color distortion, increased noise level, "steps" on smooth color transitions.
Cameras for advanced amateurs
This niche is the most diverse, it contains at least three subgroups, in varying degrees, competing with each other in terms of their capabilities.
"Top soap dishes"
These are compact devices with an oversized matrix and non-replaceable optics. According to their declared characteristics, they seem to be inferior to entry-level amateur devices (see above) - they have fewer megapixels, the zoom ratio rarely exceeds 3-5 times, sometimes they have worse video capabilities, but they do their job more honestly and with better quality - and namely, they provide better detail and color reproduction than entry-level devices. All this is due to a larger matrix and a better lens.
Among the top compacts, in my opinion, Sony and Panasonic are the most successful, but there are interesting options from Canon, Nikon and other manufacturers.
Widget from SocialMartAnother advantage of the "top" compacts (as well as all the groups listed below) is the ability to shoot in RAW format. What is RAW, we will briefly analyze a little later, but for now, just take my word for it - this is a very useful feature for which you can sacrifice the zoom ratio, rotary / touch screen, not to mention the "trendy chips" such as Wi-Fi, GPS, etc. .P.
"Top" compacts take excellent pictures during the day on the street, indoors with them you can also achieve acceptable photo quality. The merit of everything is a higher quality matrix of an increased size (from 1 / 1.7 to 1 inch) - the larger, the better, but also more expensive.
Almost all compacts of this class can shoot in RAW. The presence of the RAW format opens up great opportunities for stretching photos to an acceptable level of quality. The only limitation is that most devices in this niche are not able to provide beautiful and powerful background blur (bokeh) where it is needed (for example, in a portrait or when shooting close-ups). To "make bokeh" in photographs, you need a device with an even larger matrix and a fast lens. For more information on choosing an entry-level or advanced point-and-shoot camera, see the Best Compact Cameras article.
Mirrorless
Mirrorless cameras are essentially the same "top" compacts, only with interchangeable lenses. The main advantage of mirrorless cameras is their "consistency". In fact, this is a constructor in which the "carcass" acts as a basic element and you can hang a lot of interesting things on it. Another question, this "interesting" costs extra money, and often its cost is many times higher than the cost of a carcass :)
The matrix of mirrorless cameras is several times larger than that of amateur compact cameras - from 4/3" (Micro 4/3) to "full frame" (36 * 24 mm). This gives great advantages in the form of a large margin of light sensitivity, better color reproduction and more freedom when working with depth of field.Where amateur soapboxes turn the picture into a mess of pixels, mirrorless cameras provide quite acceptable image quality.Those who mount a fast lens with a fixed focal length, for example, 25mm / 1.4, get even greater advantages. 50mm / 1.8 - with them, shooting indoors turns from torment into pleasure.The whale lens does not differ in large aperture and in some cases healthy limits the possibilities of using the camera.
If we talk about manufacturers, I would recommend first of all to look towards Sony, Panasonic, Olympus, Fujifilm. These manufacturers entered the "mirrorless" niche earlier than others and, in this regard, their choice of additional lenses and accessories is wider than that of the "catching up" - Canon and Nikon.
Widget from SocialMartA modern mirrorless camera is a fast, reliable and functional device that is not inferior in image quality and speed to SLR cameras (and in some ways even surpasses them) and at the same time is much lighter and more compact. The main disadvantage of most mirrorless cameras is that in the pursuit of compactness, many physical controls (buttons, wheels) are often replaced with software ones (menu items). Since the functionality of mirrorless cameras is very high, the menu becomes multi-level and complex - this makes life difficult for the photographer if you need to photograph something in non-standard conditions, when the standard settings and presets cannot provide the correct result. But this is more the exception than the rule. In my opinion, if you need a device "for every day", a mirrorless camera will be the most practical solution.
Having at my disposal a Canon EOS 5D reflex and an Olympus E-PM2 mirrorless, I prefer the latter on most trips and light walks, as well as for amateur home shooting. The quality of the Olympus images suits me personally, especially if the whale lens is changed to a fast fix. This is despite the fact that the E-PM2 model belongs to the most budget class of mirrorless cameras. The mirrorless camera does a great job with landscape photography - color reproduction, dynamic range at a quite decent level.
SLR Cameras
SLRs- devices in which a shutter with a movable or fixed mirror is used, through which the picture that the lens sees is projected into the viewfinder. This design has an advanced age, however, it has very successfully taken root in digital.
In terms of picture quality, DSLRs do not have advantages over mirrorless cameras, since their matrices are the same, however, SLR cameras have their own advantages: the ability to use fast phase autofocus (although modern mirrorless cameras have also learned to use it), low power consumption in standard mode (when shooting through viewfinder, not on the screen). Another advantage of DSLRs lies in the large number of accessories available for sale (including in the secondary market) is truly huge. DSLR lenses are generally less expensive than comparable mirrorless lenses (keep this in mind if you plan to grow and develop).
SLRs have taken root in the field of professional photography - for professional photographers, it is important not only the number of functions of the camera, but also the ease of access to them (it's easier to press a button than to climb the menu every time!). And the autofocus of advanced DSLRs in difficult conditions works faster and more accurately than mirrorless ones. The main disadvantage of a DSLR is its size and weight, although some models are very compact and comparable in size to top compacts (for example, Canon ESO 100D). If this drawback is not critical, the purchase of a DSLR is fully justified, otherwise it is better to look towards mirrorless cameras.
Among the manufacturers of DSLRs, Canon and Nikon traditionally share the palm, I recommend considering these manufacturers first of all. Not because Sony and Pentax DSLRs are bad - not at all! The question is that over time you will want to buy a new lens for your camera. If you have a Canon or Nikon, you can buy a lens at any photo store (after finding out where it is cheaper) or used on Avito. Sony has a worse situation - optics, in principle, are on sale, but the range is smaller and prices can be higher. Pentax - a separate song! The devices themselves are very interesting, but to find the right optics for them on sale, you need to try very hard.
Widget from SocialMartDSLRs hold the record for battery life, as the matrix "turns on" only at the moment the shutter is opened. For other classes of cameras, the matrix always works to transfer the picture to the screen. DSLRs also have a LiveView mode, in which the camera works like a "soap box" and shows the picture not in the viewfinder, but on the screen. At the same time, energy consumption increases accordingly.
Cameras for enthusiastic amateurs and professionals
This niche is also very diverse. The main characteristic feature of these devices is the presence of some unique features for which people are willing to pay 2, 3 and even 10 times more than for middle-class equipment. Everyone has different requests - someone needs a full-frame sensor (mostly professional portraitists, landscape painters, wedding photographers), someone needs an image component (most often, wealthy people, for whom the main criterion in choosing is "so that the camera is pleasant to hold in hands" - it is for them that compact stylish "image" devices are created).
Full frame cameras provide the most the best quality images, therefore, are very popular among professional photographers and photo-advanced amateurs. If earlier this niche was dominated by Canon and Nikon DSLRs, now mirrorless devices are beginning to penetrate it. Sony Alpha A7 is the first swallow, a full-frame mirrorless camera for a sane cost for a full frame. The "vintage" Leica is a fashion device "for the rich", however, it has a full-frame sensor and quite good photographic capabilities.
The screenshot was taken when the dollar cost 33 rubles :) Now the cost of such a Leica is from 600 thousand rubles. I will modestly keep silent about the practicality of such an acquisition, for the price of one Leica M carcass you can buy a professional Canon or Nikon DSLR with a professional lens (or even several).
If you aim for a full frame, keep in mind that its capabilities are fully realized only with high-quality optics, which can cost comparable to the camera, and sometimes much more. Buying a full frame for amateur home shooting is not the most practical investment. If you are a beginner, it is better to buy simpler equipment, and invest the difference in price in photography training. If you have photographic experience and the desire to improve yourself, a full-frame camera will be a great tool in your hands!
Added on 05/15/2018
Recently, one of the readers made a remark to me that I did not consider in this article another category of professional equipment - medium format cameras. I must say right away that I am a little far from this topic and have only superficial knowledge about this technique. Medium format cameras have a matrix on average 1.5 times larger than the "full frame", their own fleet of optics and additional equipment. The cost of a full-fledged kit for shooting on a "medium format" can exceed the cost of a new foreign car, so it's no wonder that the demand for this technique, even in the professional niche, is small compared to the same full-frame DSLRs.
Shooting on a "medium format" is characterized by slowness, the use of slow shutter speeds and strongly (by "cropped" standards) clamped apertures. The reward for this will be images with tremendous detail (40-50 megapixels or more), perfect perspective transfer (since 50 mm on a medium format is a very wide-angle lens), and if you want to blur the background, then you can do wonders.
Conclusion. Which camera is right for whom?
So, it's time to draw a line under all of the above. Let's try to summarize the most typical options in a table. The options are "basic", depending on your preferences, they can be combined with each other. The table shows the approximate models of cameras that are suitable for this role. Sometimes I referred to entire families of cameras. I did not have a goal to list everything that fits - just designate a class of equipment, among which you need to look for options.
| What will you be photographing? | A good choice | A very good choice! | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I like to take pictures of everything, I post pictures on Vkontakte. Artistic photography is not interested. I am loyal to quality. | Good smartphone :) Not necessarily an iPhone. Samsung and top Chinese smartphones have very good cameras! | Inexpensive soap dish with a 1/2.3" matrix with a 10-20x zoom, absolutely any or all-weather waterproof soap dish will do - strong, tenacious, not afraid of anything. If it breaks, it's not a pity. |
| 2 | I want the camera to always be at hand, shoot well on the machine, but so that you can indulge in manual settings. I love walking light. I want to learn photography! | Top compact with matrix size from 1" Sony RX100(Mark * - depending on the budget), Canon G*x | An entry-level mirrorless camera often costs less than top-end compacts, in the standard configuration it can be inferior to top-end soap dishes, but it gives more growth opportunities - interchangeable lenses, an external flash, a microphone - all this can be purchased as needed. Olympus E-PL8, E-PL9 |
| 3 | Camera for home, family, allowing you to take high-quality photos indoors and shoot video | Entry-level mirrorless with a kit lens and an additional "portrait" lens and an external flash (if there is a place to connect it) Canon EOS 2000D, Nikon D3xxx | Mid-range DSLR or mirrorless DSLR with swivel screen, kit and optional "portrait" lens and external flash Canon EOS 800D, Nikon D5xxx |
| 4 | Travel camera, mainly for landscape | For walking light close to home - a "top" soap dish or an amateur mirrorless camera with a whale lens Olympus E-PL8 | For long trips to beautiful places - a SLR or mirrorless camera with a set of optics from wide-angle to telephoto. |
| 5 | The camera as a means of production, mainly reportage | Semi-professional cropped or full-frame DSLR with semi-professional zoom lens (constant aperture 1:4.0) and external flash | Professional full-frame DSLR with fast zoom lens (1:2.8) and external flash |
| 6 | Mainly artistic portrait photography | Semi-professional device (crop, full frame) with fast aperture, can be non-autofocus (via an adapter) | Full-frame camera with a professional high-aperture fix. If the money has nowhere to go, then the "medium format". |
| 7 | Wedding photo | Entry level - cropped camera (DSLR, mirrorless) with an "advanced" kit 18-135 mm, fast aperture for portraits, external flash | Full-frame camera with a set of lenses covering the range of 24-200 mm, with a constant aperture of 1: 2.8, a professional portrait fixed lens, an external flash, additional light, reflectors, an assistant who will carry it all :) |
| 8 | Photo hunting | Amateur level - cropped camera (DSLR, mirrorless) with a 250-300 mm telephoto lens | Professional level - a full-frame device with a fast telephoto lens of at least 400 mm, possibly also a teleconverter (extender). |
On this, I think, we can finish. Good luck with your choice of camera and more good pictures!
About my help in choosing a camera
Until recently, I provided a consultation service on choosing a camera according to your criteria. Now I am her do not provide. In view of my busy schedule, I no longer have the opportunity to regularly get acquainted with the latest in the photo industry, attend presentations and exhibitions of new products. Therefore, the maximum that I can offer you is to look again at the table above, determine the selection criteria from it, and with these criteria go to a specialized photo store, in which sellers, as a rule, understand this topic. Seeking help from a professional seller is just as normal as using the services of a real estate agent, servicing a car not in a garage on your own, but in a good car service. For the extra charge that is included in the cost of goods in the Canon, Sony, Fujifilm, Olympus, etc. brand store, you get professional advice. If you don’t want to pay for a consultation, figure it out yourself and buy in the online store, find out a lot of new things, and even save money :)
No matter how long you have your digital camera, there is always something to learn. And if you've just bought your first DSLR, the learning curve can seem incredibly daunting.
But this should not scare you and discourage you from working. In this article, we'll help you get the most out of your DSLR by explaining some of the key features found on almost every model.
Learning camera functions and controls at an early stage in your exposure to photography will help you avoid some common mistakes, which means your photos will be better and more beautiful.
Front panel of the camera body
1. Red-eye reduction lamp
To prevent red-eye from appearing in the frame, you need a light source that will compensate for the glare from the flash. This lamp is such a light source. The lamp also acts as a handy self-timer countdown indicator.
2. Focus ring
In auto focus mode, this ring rotates until the camera focuses on the subject. In manual focus mode, you can turn the ring yourself and focus on the desired shooting point.
3. Zoom ring
Rotate the ring clockwise to zoom out and get a wide angle shot. Turning the ring counterclockwise will bring the subject closer and give you a close-up of the subject.
4. Flash button
When shooting in semi-automatic or manual mode, you have the option to turn on the built-in flash. To do this, click this button.
5. Focus mode switch
Here you can set the AF (autofocus) mode if you want the camera to focus on its own. You can also switch to MF (manual focus) mode, in which case you will control the focus yourself. In manual focus mode, you can use the autofocus points in the viewfinder to tell you exactly what your camera is concentrating on.
6. Image stabilization switch
IS (Image Stabilizer) lenses are designed to prevent blur caused by camera shake (especially noticeable when you focus on a distant subject). Nikon lenses have a similar VR (vibration reduction) switch.
7.Built-in microphone
Most cameras like the Canon 500D (pictured above) can now record video. Audio for these videos is recorded through the built-in microphone.
8. Depth of field and preview button
By clicking on this button, you can see what your frame will look like with these settings.
Rear panel of the camera body
1. Exposure compensation button
In. While in manual mode, hold down this button and rotate the main command dial to open or close the aperture.
2. Focus point selection
Press this button and then rotate the channel selector to select the camera's AF point to use.
3. Exposure lock button
This button allows you to lock the exposure. You can also use it to zoom out when viewing a picture on the LCD monitor in playback mode. It also allows you to focus the camera when using Live View.
4. Live view
Click here to see what the camera will capture on the LCD screen. The newest cameras have a Live View feature that eliminates the need to view the scene through the viewfinder.
5. Four control buttons
These buttons allow you to navigate through the camera's menus and submenus. Also, each button allows you to get into a specific settings menu. Thus, the buttons provide quick access to popular functions such as WB (white balance) or AF (autofocus).
6. Self-timer
This button allows you to change the shooting mode on the camera and set the timer shooting.
7. Play button
The play button allows you to view the pictures you have taken.
8. Delete button
The button with the universal trash can symbol allows you to delete files that you, while viewing on the display, decide to get rid of.
9. Menu button
Pressing this button will give you access to a wide range of menus and submenus where you can change the settings to suit your requirements.
Top panel of the camera
1. Built-in flash
When you shoot from low level light, get a decent shot, the built-in flash can help you. In some modes, you will need to turn it on manually. In scene modes, the flash fires automatically.
2. Shutter button
This button is required to take a picture. By pressing the button halfway, you will be able to focus, or activate auto focus. When fully pressed, the camera will take a picture.
3. Main dial
Rotating this dial allows you to manually set the camera's aperture or shutter speed.
4.ISO button
By clicking on this button, you can adjust the ISO sensitivity. You can then use the main command dial to increase or decrease the ISO level. You also have the option to set the ISO manually using the appropriate menu item.
5. On/off button
This will allow you to turn off the camera when not in use (although it will automatically go to sleep after 30 seconds of inactivity).
6. Mode dial
On the mode dial, you can set the desired shooting mode. The disc contains all possible scene modes, semi-automatic and manual mode.
7. Hot shoe
Using a SLR camera, you will be able to set the flash as additional source Sveta. An external flash is usually more powerful and easier to control.
Top reasons to buy a versatile 35mm lens
The history of luxury 35mm lens goes back to the early days of photography. This is one of the best lenses ever made, with a brilliant focal length that can be applied to any photograph. Whether on a full frame or cropped camera, this lens has its own added value.
35mm optics dominate not only the world of photography, but also cinema. In the days of film cameras, "35mm" was the width of the film used. Later, this format was adapted for photography and has not lost popularity since then.
During the First World War, 35 mm was widely used in Leica cameras, which were mainly used for outstanding military shots.
And now, let's look at the various factors that speak in favor of this lens.
Why is a 35mm lens useful?
In this article, we list the top reasons why you should get a 35mm lens if you don't already have one:
· This is ideal for shooting while walking, if you want to photograph everything you see.
· It is much more versatile than any other optic option. It also outperforms the 50mm lens as you get a wider and more varied perspective with it.
This type of optics gives a fairly wide-angle coverage on a full frame, as well as on a camera with a “cropped” matrix.
· At f/1.4, this lens is the fastest lens in its category and lets in a lot of light when wide open. Therefore, it is good when shooting in difficult conditions with insufficient lighting.
· The 35mm focal length draws you in to your subject. Therefore, it is suitable for both street photography and portrait photography, when the subject becomes especially important.
· This lens can be enough for you to shoot landscapes.
· With this lens, you can get close to your subject as the minimum focus distance is much shorter than other lenses with a focal length range above 35mm.
· It is a miniature lens with a low weight, which means it will not burden you too much, and you can almost always take it with you.
· Such a lens, as a rule, is the most frequently used and quickly self-sustaining.
· With an aperture of f/1.4, it allows you to create excellent portraits with wonderful bokeh.
· Has a large maximum aperture, is sold at an inexpensive price and has a multi-purpose application.
5 things you need to know about DSLRs
Buying a camera the most important choice for every photographer. This article provides 5 criteria to help you choose the camera that is right for you. It will be about the resolution of the matrix, shooting modes, user interface, and much more that you should know when choosing.
The world of photography has reinvented itself with the advent of digital technology. Gone are the days when only the elite could do photography, people with big money. Now almost everyone can afford to buy a camera.
There's a lot to be said for the convenience of compact cameras, but for optimal image quality and limitless creative possibilities, a real semi or professional camera is the way to go.
The rise in popularity and affordability of SLR cameras is fueling fierce competition among major camera manufacturers such as Canon, Nikon, Pentax and Sony.
This state of affairs is extremely beneficial for consumers, as camera manufacturers strive to constantly improve their product by introducing new innovative features into cameras that increase their performance and improve image quality, while making DSLRs easier to use. But what are the key factors to consider when choosing a camera? This is what we will talk about today.
Benefits of SLR cameras
The advantages of DSLRs over more compact cameras are numerous and varied - first of all, this is the size of the image sensor. Many compact cameras can have the same or even more megapixels than a DSLR, but resolution per se is not the key to image quality, so don't forget that!
Image sensors in DSLRs are physically larger than in compact cameras, and this makes a significant difference in image quality. First, a larger sensor means more pixels, which individually capture more light. This, in turn, greatly reduces the digital image noise and graininess that can occur when shooting at high ISO speeds.
Secondly, a large sensor allows you to achieve a shallower depth of field, which means you can get beautiful bokeh and a nice background blur that will look great in macro photography and portraits.
Another important advantage is that the DSLR allows you to see the world through the lens as it will later be in the picture.
Ideal Camera
A DSLR is more comfortable to use, manual zoom and focus rings on the lens allow you to focus with much greater accuracy and get the shot you were aiming for.
In addition, when you buy a SLR camera, you open up a whole world of possibilities and discoveries, you get a whole system. You will have the opportunity to buy and change lenses, and various accessories that will make the creative process more enjoyable and productive. On the other hand, when buying a compact, you limit yourself to only one camera, which in a year, at most, will not be enough for you.
Today we will dwell in more detail on the main fundamental differences between different types SLR and compact cameras, as a result, you can make right choice, depending on the type of camera you want to purchase.
Body design and new features of SLR cameras.
Most DSLRs are built on the basis of their predecessors, but unlike previous models, the new models offer many innovative improvements.
Shooting modes
All DSLRs generally have the usual set of modes, which includes auto, manual, aperture priority, shutter priority, and modes appropriate for different types of scene. So-called scene modes are available on cameras designed specifically for beginners, such as the Canon EOS 60D and Nikon D3100. The same modes are available on compact cameras. Mode selection most often occurs through the wheel on the top of the camera.
LCD display
The LCD display is important not only for accessing the menus of a digital camera, it is also the main way to view footage, to check the accuracy and sharpness of the frame.
Relatively inexpensive cameras such as the Canon EOS 1100D often have a low LCD resolution of around 230K pixels, while high-end models such as the Canon EOS 60D can have a resolution of 1,040,000 pixels.
Mirror
The main difference between a DSLR and a compact is that a DSLR has a mirror assembly that reflects the image from the lens up into the optical viewfinder, allowing you to see a very precise focus and zoom position.
autofocus
More autofocus points allow you to focus on the subject as accurately as possible, while such cameras have several points that allow you to track randomly moving objects in continuous autofocus mode.
Inexpensive models of SLR cameras usually have nine or eleven autofocus points, while more sophisticated models have more autofocus points. For example, the Nikon D800 has 51 focus points.
ISO sensitivity
Sensitivity has improved significantly with many DSLRs in Lately. The maximum ISO level has been increased, which means that you can now photograph in low light conditions much more productively. Increasing the ISO makes the sensor more sensitive to light, allowing the camera to capture even the weakest of the sun's rays without having to use slow shutter speeds.
The higher the ISO value you use, the higher the sensitivity, but as the sensitivity increases, the level of digital noise increases. Older models such as the Canon EOS 1000D typically top out at 1600 ISO, while modern models such as the Canon EOS 1100D offer much higher ISO speeds, around 6400 in the standard range, expandable to 12800 ISO.
Professional full-frame models such as the Nikon D4 allow you to shoot at up to ISO 24,800. Improved sensors, combined with advanced image processors, make it possible to take great photos with little noise, even at high ISO settings.
Number of megapixels
The number of megapixels is often the first criterion that not very experienced amateur photographers pay attention to when purchasing their camera. In fact, resolution does not play the first role in choosing a camera.
What resolution is desired? The first SLR cameras were equipped with matrices with a resolution of about 6 megapixels. This seems to be an extremely low resolution compared to today's standards, but even this was enough to get decent A3 photos.
To date, the smallest resolution among DSLRs is 12.1 MPix. and its latest full-frame model, the D800, features a 36.3 megapixel sensor.
A few years ago, Canon had cameras with the highest resolution, but now the company is playing catch-up with other companies, cameras with APS-C sensors have a resolution of 12.2 megapixels. (for 1100D) up to 18 MPix. (in the 600D, 60D and 7D), the full-frame camera is equipped with a 16.1 megapixel sensor (in the 1D Mk IV), as well as 22.3 megapixels. (for the new 5D Mk III).
However, Nikon's flagship D4 full-frame DSLR costs around £5,000 and has a resolution of "only" 16.6 megapixels.
creative cropping
Higher resolution images allow you to crop the image as much as you like. For example, if with a telescopic zoom, you didn’t get the object as large as you wanted, having a camera with a high resolution matrix, you can crop your picture without losing quality, thereby bringing the object closer.
In this case, another problem may arise, this is the quality of the optics. If the quality of the camera lens is not high enough, you risk getting chromatic aberration (color fringing) in your image.
File sizes
The high resolution of the photos speaks of the large weight of the images, especially if you are photographing in RAW format. For example, RAW images taken with the EOS 600D or 7D can be around 25MB, while an image of the same format taken with the Nikon D90 and D300S will be around 10MB.
This means not only that your memory card will fill up faster, but also that the camera may run more slowly when shooting continuously.
Noise level
Very often, camera manufacturers supply their camera with a high-resolution sensor, while the physical dimensions of the sensor are insufficient, as a result of which the matrix does not capture much light, and grain appears. Especially strongly, noise begins to appear when shooting at high ISO values.
By developing the latest sensors and image processors, manufacturers strive to minimize noise levels.
Capturing video with a camera
Until recently, video recording was only available on compact cameras. With the advent of Live View, which allows you to take pictures using the LCD rather than through the viewfinder, means more and more DSLRs boast high definition (HD) and video capabilities.
Evolution
The functionality of the first SLR cameras was quite narrow. Video recording, in general, initially appeared on more professional models such as the Canon EOS 5D Mark II, and only over time began to appear on the entry-level Nikon D3200 and Canon EOS 650D models.
Considering how quickly video recording capabilities have evolved among other companies, Sony has lagged a little behind in terms of the level of its cameras, precisely in this parameter. But models like the A580 and SLT A55 have taken the company to new heights, and now Sony's products can compete not only in image quality, but also in video quality.
HD formats
The improvement of DSLRs keeps up with the times, so cameras released a year or two ago, as a rule, offer high quality videos and 720p resolution. The 720p format is progressive, that is, each frame is created through one pass.
By comparison, at 720i (interlaced), a frame is created by scanning two alternating lines (half-frames). The latest cameras are usually capable of recording Full HD high-definition video at 1080p resolution.
Frame frequency
A range of frame rates, including 24, 25, 30 and 50fps (frames per second), allows you to create video files that are as good as those created on a camcorder. The video quality can meet the standards of film and television around the world.
This is becoming especially important as DSLRs are increasingly being used to shoot professional video for TV commercials and video clips. Considering that the size of the sensor increases, which means that background blur becomes more noticeable, then operators can achieve excellent depth of field in their videos.
sharpness
One of the main problems that arise when recording video on SLR cameras is autofocus. To create the clearest possible video, good tracking autofocus is essential. The Canon EOS 650D is the first entry-level DSLR to offer fast, accurate autofocus when shooting video.
Viewfinder
A good viewfinder is essential for creating beautiful photos. It is important not only for accurate photo composition, but also for greater accuracy when it comes to adjusting focus.
pentamirror
Cheaper entry-level DSLRs like the Canon 1100D and even some of the more expensive models, including the Canon EOS 650D and Nikon D5200, use a penta-reflex viewfinder. They are cheaper to manufacture and lighter in weight than pentaprism. Such a viewfinder is created from a set consisting of three separate mirrors.
The main disadvantages of penta-mirror viewfinders based on digital SLR cameras is that the image they convey is a little darker and more gloomy, and may lack image contrast a little. Of course, this does not affect the quality of the created image, but simply distorts the picture that you see through the viewfinder. Without knowing about such distortions, you may not fine-tune your camera, and as a result, get an image that is not what you expected to see.
Pentaprism
The pentaprism viewfinder is considered the best viewfinder for cameras for a reason. More expensive and professional cameras are equipped with a pentaprism viewfinder, such as Canon EOS 60D and EOS 7D, Nikon D7000 and D300s, and all full frame cameras such as Nikon D600 and Canon EOS 6D.
The pentaprism viewfinder is made of five single-sided glass blocks, the pentaprism reflects the image onto the mirror twice, creating an accurate image of reality. A pentaprism viewfinder is relatively heavy and more expensive than a pentamirror viewfinder, but you get higher quality and brighter images as a result.
Electronic
For compact cameras that do not have a built-in optical or electronic viewfinder (EVF), a special electronic device is often used, thanks to which a camera, such as an Olympus, can be connected to appearance seeker.
Additional slot EVFs, most often of the hot shoe type, mount on top of the camera, these viewfinders are often quite expensive, costing around £150 (up to £200). Another disadvantage of an external viewfinder is that it cannot be used simultaneously with an external flash that attaches through the same hot shoe.
Overview
Ideally, the field of view should be 100%, meaning you see the image through the viewfinder the same size as it would be captured on the camera, but often not. Many viewfinders, especially cheaper ones like PentaSLRs, tend to only give 95% of the field of view, so you won't be able to see everything that ends up in the photo.
In practice, this is not a big problem, you can even find some advantages in this. So, you will always have a little extra space around the edges, which can come in handy when leveling the horizon (rotating the image a few degrees)
Good, pentaprism viewfinders give about 98% of field of view, and the best ones provide full 100% field of view.
Zoom
Of great importance is zooming, and the possibility of maximizing the approximation of the image. For example, the Canon EOS 550D only offers a 0.87x magnification, while the Canon EOS 7D gives a direct zoom of 1.0x.
Performance
Photographs of moving objects, or in sequential shooting, it is very convenient to shoot in continuous shooting mode, so this criterion is also important when choosing a good camera. In addition, a high frame rate can be very useful in portraiture, allowing you to capture a fleeting facial expression.
Continuous Shooting
By switching the camera to continuous shooting mode, the camera will continue to shoot as long as you keep your finger on the shutter button. Memory buffer limitations limit the ability to record images. Cameras such as the Canon EOS 1100D and Nikon D3100 can only shoot three frames per second, while flagship cameras such as Canon's EOS-1D X are capable of up to 12 frames per second (or 14 frames per second if shooting in JPEG format).
Mid-range cameras such as the Canon EOS 7D are capable of shooting at 8 fps, while the Nikon D300S shoots at 7 fps, this speed can be increased to 8 fps by attaching the optional MB-D10 Battery Grip.
Computing power
To have the highest possible shooting speed, cameras must have high processing power so that they can process all the images in rapid succession. The imaging chips in the latest cameras tend to be much more powerful than those in older models. Some cameras, such as the high-speed Canon EOS 7D, are actually equipped with two image processors, giving them even more performance.
Which camera to buy? Which camera to choose? Professional or amateur?
The difference in the quality of pictures taken on professional cameras and on amateur ones is huge.
To understand this phenomenon, you need to understand the terms. So: professional camera this is any camera held by a professional, amateur camera this is any camera that an amateur holds in his hands.
Basic rules to help you choose a camera
The parameters by which you can choose a camera include certain (1) features of the technical specification of the device, (2) the main purpose of the camera (what, where, when and where it will be filmed), (3) the degree of knowledge of photography techniques, (4) the amount of money available (the price of a carcass and a park of lenses), (5) the presence of previously purchased lenses and photographic accessories , (6) personal aesthetic preference.
The main technical characteristics of the camera taken into account when buying it
Bayonet
The type of interchangeable lens mount that can be used with this camera model.
Only lenses specifically designed for this model can be attached to an interchangeable lens camera. This is due to different types of mount, as well as different electronic "stuffing" of lenses. As a rule, each major camera manufacturer develops its own standard for interchangeable lenses, which is not compatible with the standards of other manufacturers.
If you already have a set of lenses for your camera, then when choosing a new model, you can choose the one that will be compatible with them.
Matrix type
The type of photosensitive sensor installed in the digital camera.
The camera matrix is an array of photosensitive elements (pixels). With the help of a lens, an image of the object being shot is created on the matrix. During exposure (photography), each pixel accumulates electric charge proportional to the amount of light hitting it. After shooting, a signal is read from each photocell, digitized and processed by the processor.
Cameras typically use one of the following sensor types: CCD, CMOS, X-Trans CMOS, BSI CMOS, EXR CMOS, and Live MOS. In a CCD (Charge-Coupled Device, or CCD - a charge-coupled device), when a signal is read, the accumulated charge shifts from one matrix element to another, forming a finished image line or a whole frame at the output.
CMOS (Complementary-symmetry / Metal-Oxide Semiconductor), or CMOS matrix (CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor), consists of individual photocells and control transistors made using CMOS technology. Transistors control the operation of the photosensor and provide signal reading.
X-Trans CMOS is a joint development by FUJIFILM with Adobe Systems Incorporated. Processing RAW photos from cameras equipped with this type of sensor in Adobe software allows you to more effectively combat moiré and correct colors in photographs.
X-Trans CMOS II is a new version of the matrix from FUJIFILM. Thanks to the technologies used to create this type of matrix, the phase focusing speed is increased, and the moire effect is also reduced.
Matrices BSI CMOS (Back Side Illuminated CMOS - back-illuminated sensor) differ from conventional CMOS in increased light sensitivity, which can significantly reduce the amount of visual noise when shooting in poor lighting conditions. This is achieved due to the fact that the reverse side of the matrix transmits more light, so the sensor, as it were, is installed upside down.
EXR CMOS is developed by Fujifilm. In matrices of this type, the pixels are arranged in a sequence different from other types of matrices. Due to this, the EXR CMOS sensor can switch operation modes depending on the shooting conditions and requirements. There are three main modes. HD (high definition) - all the pixels of the sensor are used, achieving maximum resolution and clarity. DR (high dynamic range) - some pixels take a picture with one exposure, some with another, which achieves the HDR effect with just one shot (usually two or three are required), but the resolution is reduced. SN (high sensitivity) - pixels are combined in pairs, which improves the performance of the matrix in low light, but also reduces resolution.
Live MOS matrix is a photosensitive matrix based on MOS technology. Live MOS contains fewer connections for each element and is powered by less voltage. Due to this and the simplified transmission of control signals, it is possible to obtain a "live" image in the absence of overheating and increased noise levels traditional for such an operating mode.
LBCAST (Lateral Buried Charge Accumulator and Sensing Transistor Array) also uses photosensitive semiconductor elements like the CMOS array, but since the circuit structure of LBCAST is simpler, miniaturization of the array and improved performance can be achieved. Thanks to this, it is possible to increase the shooting speed. In addition, the increased surface area of the photosensitive elements improves color depth and image contrast.
However, despite all the advantages, the LBCAST matrix has not been widely used.
Matrix Format
The physical size of the matrix has a direct relationship with the format. Most cameras in the mid-price category and above have a matrix of a certain format: 1 ″, 4/3 (Four Thirds), APS-C, APS-H, Foveon, Full frame (35mm) or medium format. If the matrix format is not specified, then, as a rule, we are talking about a budget camera with a non-standard matrix size. Please note that the dimensions of a single sensor format may vary slightly from manufacturer to manufacturer.
1″ (Nikon CX) is a relatively small matrix (13.2×8.8 mm). Installed in Nikon, Sony and Samsung compact cameras. Crop factor - 2.72.
APS-C is a very popular matrix format. The sensor dimensions for all manufacturers (except Canon) are 23.6×15.6 mm. Canon uses smaller sensors - 22.3×14.9 mm.
APS-H - the format used by Canon in some top-end SLR cameras and has dimensions of 27.9 × 18.6 mm.
4/3 (Four Thirds) is a popular sensor format for mirrorless cameras such as Four Thirds and Micro Four Thirds ("4/3", "m4/3"). The sensor dimensions are 17.3 × 13 mm, the crop factor is 2.0.
Foveon - the format is used only in Sigma cameras. The sensor dimensions are 20.7×13.8 mm.
Full frame (35mm) - full frame sensor. Often found in top-end SLR cameras, the sensor dimensions are approximately 36x24mm.
Medium format - used in professional studio photography.
The number of megapixels of the matrix
The resolution of the matrix that acts as a film in digital cameras, i.e. the number of photosensitive elements located on it (pixels, pixels).
The larger the number of pixels in the matrix, the higher the quality of the resulting images.
The maximum size with which the image can be reproduced without a visible deterioration in quality depends on the resolution of the matrix. For example, a 2-3 megapixel matrix (2-3 million elements) is enough to print a print of 9 × 15 cm format to a printer, a 3-4 megapixel matrix is needed for an A4 print.
The resolution of modern cameras significantly exceeds the required minimum, and the number of megapixels of the photomatrix increases every year and today reaches 15-20 or more. Increasing the resolution with the same matrix size leads to a decrease in the pixel size. This, in turn, increases the level of noise in the photo. So the race for megapixels is not always good for quality.
crop factor
The value of the crop factor of a digital camera.
The crop factor is defined as the ratio of the frame diagonals of a 35mm film (24x36mm) and a digital camera sensor.
If we compare two cameras - one with a full-frame 24x36mm sensor and the second with a smaller sensor and a crop factor greater than one - then when using the same lenses, the second device will have a smaller field of view than the first. This is due to simple geometry. Since the angle of view is usually measured by the focal length of a 35 mm camera lens, the concept of "equivalent focal length" has been introduced for digital cameras. It is equal to the product of the focal length of the lens and the crop factor. The equivalent focal length essentially determines the camera's angle of view.
Knowing the value of the crop factor for digital cameras with interchangeable lenses, you can easily determine what equivalent focal length (angle of view) you will get when installing a particular lens.
When choosing lenses, you should also pay attention to the crop factor. On sale you can find special lenses for working with digital cameras, which have a crop factor greater than one. These lenses should not be used with 35mm cameras.
For most digital SLR cameras, the crop factor is in the range of 1.3-2.0. The lower the value of the crop factor, the larger the size of the photomatrix (see "Physical size of the matrix") and the more area one pixel (at a given matrix resolution), less noise.
Physical size of the matrix
The size of the photosensitive matrix of the camera determines the size and area of the smallest photosensitive element - the pixel. The larger the matrix area, the larger the pixel area (with the same matrix resolution, of course). With an increase in the pixel area, the photosensitivity increases, and the dynamic range of the matrix, noise decreases. An increase in the size of a matrix, as a rule, leads to an increase in its cost, therefore large matrices with a large diagonal are used only in professional equipment. Sensor size for inexpensive small cameras is usually specified as the nominal diameter of the transmission tube into which the sensor could fit and is measured in fractions of an inch. For large matrices, the size along two axes is indicated in millimeters.
ISO sensitivity, min
The minimum light sensitivity of the elements of the matrix of a digital camera, is indicated in units of the ISO system.
Each photosensitive matrix has certain physical characteristics, which determine its operating sensitivity range. In this range, the matrix transmits an image with minimal distortion and an acceptable noise level. The wider this range (greater than the maximum and less than the minimum value of sensitivity), the more opportunities for scene shooting a digital camera has.
ISO sensitivity, max
Maximum light sensitivity of digital camera matrix elements.
Light sensitivity is the amount of light energy required to produce an image. It is indicated in units of the ISO system and can take values of 100, 200, 400, 800, etc., by analogy with photographic film, in a certain interval. The higher the ISO number, the higher the sensitivity. The photographer, depending on the shooting conditions, can set one or another sensitivity value. The wider the sensitivity range of the photomatrix, the more shooting opportunities the camera has.
Shooting in low light conditions, shooting fast-moving subjects (sports) requires a higher light sensitivity than shooting still subjects in sunny weather. However, with an increase in the sensitivity of the matrix, the image noise also increases (i.e., a large number of dots appear on the image, the brightness or color of which differs significantly from the average color of the object).
The maximum light sensitivity indicates how sensitive the photomatrix can be.
Color depth
The number of bits used to represent the color of each pixel in the image.
The color of each pixel is encoded by a certain number of bits (bits), that is, elementary units of information. Depending on how many bits are allocated for the color of each pixel, it is possible to encode a different number of colors. Thus, the color depth allows you to determine which maximum amount colors can be implemented in the image. For example, if the color depth is 24 bits/pixel, then a potential image can contain up to 16.8 million different colors and shades. It is obvious that the more colors are used for the electronic representation of the image, the more accurate the information about the color of each of its points (i.e. its color rendering).
For modern digital cameras, a color depth of 24 bits / pixel is considered the norm. If academic accuracy in color reproduction is required, then the color depth should be at least 30 bits / pixel.
Image stabilization (still image)
The type of image stabilizer used when taking pictures.
Image stabilization compensates for hand-shake when shooting for a clear, blur-free shot. The jitter effect becomes especially noticeable when photographing at a high magnification (zoom) or at a slow shutter speed. Image stabilizers are optical and digital, it is also possible to combine them (double stabilizer).
To compensate for hand shake, the optical image stabilizer uses the movement of one of the elements of the optical system of the camera or the shift of the photomatrix (see "Stabilizer System"). A special sensor detects the shift of the lens barrel. After that, there is a change in the optical scheme or a matrix shift. This compensates for the micro-shift of the camera, and the image projected onto the matrix remains motionless.
In the digital stabilization mode, the camera's automation sets the maximum allowable value of the photomatrix sensitivity (ISO) for specific shooting conditions. In this case, the shutter speed automatically decreases. The fast shutter speed makes it possible to take blur-free pictures even if the camera shakes slightly while shooting.
It should be noted that the digital stabilizer can not help in all cases, therefore, to obtain high-quality images, it is better to focus on the optical stabilization system.
Dual Image Stabilizer is a combination of optical and digital image stabilizer.
Image stabilization system
The design of a mechanical image stabilizer in a digital camera.
Image stabilization compensates for hand-shake when shooting for a clear, blur-free image (see “Image Stabilizer (Still Image)”).
Everything modern systems mechanical stabilization can be divided into two types. In the first system, a moving element in the lens is used to compensate for camera shake, and in the second, a shift of the photosensitive matrix is used.
Matrix-shift stabilization does not introduce additional distortions into the resulting image and does not affect the aperture ratio of the lens. In SLR cameras with such a stabilization system, you can use any lens.
An image stabilizer with an active element in the lens is considered to be more efficient due to the higher speed of operation.
Using the stabilizer increases the power consumption of the camera and may interfere with photography (when shooting with “wiring”). The stabilizer is not effective when shooting at long focal lengths and slow shutter speeds.
Maximum flash range
The maximum distance that the built-in flash can illuminate to take a good photo.
The maximum flash range is determined by the power of the flash emitter, so it is natural that for super-compact cameras the maximum range of the built-in flash will be less than for larger cameras.
Built-in flash
The presence of a built-in flash lamp in the camera, which turns on simultaneously with the shutter opening and illuminates the subject at the moment of shooting.
The flash allows you to take pictures in low light conditions, such as in the evening, to avoid shadows on the face, etc.
Majority modern models digital cameras are equipped with a built-in flash. Built-in flash may not be available on very compact or budget models, as well as some models high class, designed exclusively for work with external lighting.
Synchrocontact
The presence on the case of a special connector (sync contact) for connecting an external flash.
This connector can be used to connect a non-standard flash that is not compatible with the hot shoe installed on the camera. The sync contact is often used for connection when shooting in a studio environment.
Flash bracketing
The presence of a flash bracketing mode in the camera.
Flash bracketing is auto mode continuous shooting, in which the flash output for each frame changes by some amount up or down from the average value. The average value is determined automatically.
This shooting mode can be used in situations where it is difficult to determine the exact exposure, or for special effects.
Shooting 3D
The presence of a system of two lenses (sometimes two pairs of lenses and matrices) that allows you to shoot photos and videos with the ability to view the footage in 3D format. 3D shooting can also be implemented at the software level, that is, using a special algorithm that converts ordinary photos into a three-dimensional format.
To obtain a three-dimensional image, it is necessary to record two separate frames (stereo pair) with angles for the left and right eyes and show each frame for "one's own" eye.
There are three most common methods for displaying a 3D image. The easiest and cheapest to implement is color coding of images. To obtain the effect, it is necessary to use special anaglyph glasses, in which light filters are used instead of glasses (usually red for the left eye, and blue for the right). The stereo pair is encoded into one photograph, in which the left eye is depicted in the red channel, and the right eye in blue. When viewed, each eye sees an image of the color that matches the color of its lens. The disadvantage of this method is incomplete color reproduction, as well as discomfort when viewing images or videos for a long time.
Most common household way obtaining a high-quality three-dimensional image - the use of glasses with liquid crystal interrupters. To view, you need a playback or display device that supports 3D. Images for the left and right eyes are alternately displayed on the screen, and synchronized glasses at the time of displaying the image for the left eye cover the right one and vice versa.
Also, a qualitative effect can be achieved by using polarized glasses. In this case, glasses for each eye use different polarizing filters (with vertical and horizontal polarization or with left and right circular polarization). The image for each eye is displayed on the display device with the polarization corresponding to the particular eye.
Continuous Shooting Speed
Shooting speed in burst mode. For details on this mode, see "Burst Mode".
The shooting speed is determined by the shutter speed and the digital image processing system. The higher this speed, the more photos of the event you are interested in you will have time to take.
For compact digital cameras, the speed of fast shooting is usually in the range of 1 - 3 frames per second. Professional and semi-professional digital SLR cameras are capable of shooting up to 10 frames per second or more.
Please note that when shooting fast, camera manufacturers use different image processing techniques. This means that the quality of these shots may differ from the quality of normal shooting.
Manufacturers often provide the ability to change various quick shooting parameters, which allows the user to fine-tune shooting for specific tasks.
Maximum burst (RAW)
The maximum number of pictures that can be taken in one burst and saved in RAW format.
Continuous shooting refers to the ability of the camera to take several frames in a row with a minimum interval (see “Burst shooting mode”). The maximum number of shots in a series is limited by the operation of the camera electronics.
RAW is an image format that allows you to save the raw data of a photo without compression or with lossless compression. The maximum burst when saving an image in JPEG format is usually much larger than the same figure for RAW format. Therefore, if you need to get a long series, then choose to save in JPEG format.
Maximum burst (JPEG)
The maximum number of pictures that can be taken in one burst and saved in JPEG format. The value corresponding to the maximum shooting speed is given (see “Fast shooting speed”).
Continuous shooting refers to the ability of the camera to take several frames in a row with a minimum interval (see “Burst shooting mode”).
The maximum number of shots in a series is limited by the operation of the camera electronics.
The more frames in one series the camera can take, the more opportunity the photographer has to "catch" an interesting event.
Note that in some cameras, the user can choose the fast shooting modes, choose the burst length and shooting speed within the technical capabilities of the camera.
Time-lapse mode
Time-lapse is a shooting mode in which frames are taken after a significant period of time (from several seconds to tens of minutes). When played back at a normal frame rate, the clip appears to be sped up over a large amount of time. The most typical scenes for this shooting mode are: a blossoming flower and sunrise/sunset, shown in a few seconds.
Turn-on time
The period of time from the moment the power button is pressed until the moment when the camera is fully ready for use.
The turn-on time varies from a few seconds for "slow" cameras to tenths of a second for "fast" cameras.
Viewfinder pixels
The resolution of the electronic viewfinder of the camera.
The viewfinder is an optical device that allows you to see what will be captured by the camera.
The electronic viewfinder is a miniature LCD screen with a lens (eyepiece) installed inside the camera. It displays the future frame as it is "seen" by the photosensitive matrix through the camera lens.
The higher the resolution of the LCD matrix in the viewfinder (and the greater the number of pixels), the more detailed and detailed the image will be seen by the photographer.
LCD size
The diagonal size of the liquid crystal display. By tradition, it is indicated in inches (1 inch = 2.54 cm). Most cameras have an LCD screen between 3 and 6 cm in size. The larger the LCD screen, the more convenient it is to view the pictures taken and to deal with the numerous camera settings.
Number of LCD dots
The number of LCD dots. The higher it is, the clearer and better the image is obtained and, accordingly, the more comfortable it is to work with such a screen. For most digital cameras, the number of LCD dots is between 120,000 and 921,000.
It is worth considering that most manufacturers of digital cameras under the "number of screen dots" do not mean the number of pixels, but the number of subpixels. To form one pixel, three sub-pixels of the primary colors are usually used: red, green and blue. Therefore, to find out the real number of screen pixels, you need to divide the number of its points by three.
Swivel screen
The camera has a swivel screen. Can be rotated as a separate screen, and the entire rear panel of the device. The screen can rotate around its axis by 90 degrees or open to the side, like a video camera.
Touch screen
The presence in a digital camera of a touch (sensitive to pressing) liquid crystal screen.
In most devices, separate buttons are used to select various settings, located on the rear panel near the LCD screen. Touch screen models do not have these buttons. Such a display allows you to switch through the camera menu by pressing certain areas of the screen itself. This makes it possible to enlarge the screen and take up almost the entire rear panel of the camera.
Using the touch screen makes it intuitive to operate and navigate through the camera's numerous menus.
Exposure, min
The minimum shutter speed of the camera.
Exposure - the time during which the camera shutter remains open and transmits light rays to the photosensitive matrix.
Along with the aperture, this parameter determines the amount of light that hits the matrix, and, accordingly, the correct exposure. For well-lit subjects and for shooting moving subjects, the shutter speed should be very fast.
The lower the minimum shutter speed, the more opportunities for scene shooting a digital camera has.
Exposure, max
The maximum shutter speed of the camera.
is the time the camera shutter remains open to take a picture.
Along with this parameter determines the amount of light that hit the light-sensitive surface (matrix), and, accordingly, the correct exposure. For night shooting or when the F-number is high (see “Aperture value (F), min”, “Aperture value (F), max”), the shutter speed should be fast.
The range of possible shutter speeds for each camera is set in accordance with its technical solution. The longer the maximum shutter speed, the more opportunities for scene shooting a digital camera has.
Shutter speed for X-Sync
The minimum shutter speed at which the camera shutter fully opens the frame.
X-Sync is an electronic flash mode in which the signal to fire the flash is given exactly when the shutter is fully open.
Mechanical shutters with curtains work in such a way that at very short shutter speeds the frame is not completely open, the shutter opens a slit to the light, which “runs” through the frame. Since the flash time is less than the time for which the shutter opens the frame, a short flash light pulse will illuminate only that part of the frame over which the shutter slit was located at the moment the flash fired, that is, only part of the frame will be illuminated.
Thus, shooting with flash in X-Sync mode at shutter speeds slower than the X-Sync speed is not recommended. The smaller this value, the wider the range of shutter speeds for working with flash and the more opportunities the photographer has to realize his ideas.
General exposure metering (Evaluative)
The operation of the camera's exposure metering system in general mode.
Metering is a calculation required amount light to get a good picture. Measurement is made by the camera before each shot, as a result of which the required shutter speed and aperture are calculated.
There are several exposure metering modes. Each mode is better suited for certain shooting conditions.
In the general measurement mode, information from several sensors is used. When calculating the exposure, the obtained data is compared with a database of typical frame compositions. After that, the best exposure for a particular type of frame is selected.
Electronic rangefinder
The presence of an electronic rangefinder function.
This function is helpful when using manual focus. The principle of operation is similar to rangefinder cameras, but the specific implementation and functionality depends on the device manufacturer and model.
Autofocus adjustment
The autofocus correction function allows you to improve the accuracy of the focus by fine tuning. In addition, for the most popular lenses, the camera memory may have preset settings.
Autofocus type
Type of camera autofocus system.
During the existence of autofocus, several types of autofocus have been invented. It all started with active autofocus using ultrasonic waves, and then infrared. Today, these methods are not used - they have given way to passive autofocus. It, in turn, can be contrast, phase or hybrid.
Contrast autofocus is common among mirrorless cameras. The camera processor analyzes the current image from the matrix and starts moving the lenses in one of two possible directions. If, after shifting the lenses, the picture is more contrasting (clear), then the movement of the lenses continues until the desired focus is found. If the image has deteriorated, then the movement of the lenses occurs in the opposite direction, again, until the desired focus is achieved. The strong point of contrast autofocus is precise focusing in dark and low-light scenes.
Phase autofocus is most commonly used in SLR cameras. For its operation, special sensors are required, which can be located directly in the camera's matrix or separately. Sensors receive fragments of the light flux from different points of the frame using mirrors. After that, the sensor will calculate how to move the lenses to get a clear image. When two light fluxes are at a certain distance from each other, given by the design of the sensor, the desired focus will be achieved. Phase detection autofocus boasts excellent focusing speed.
Hybrid autofocus systems are rare. This autofocus combines positive sides both contrast and phase autofocus. The hybrid system is being implemented in both mirrorless and SLR cameras. In SLR cameras, it works in Live View mode.
Number of focus points
Modern cameras have a different number of line points that focus when shooting. The focusing module is responsible for the focusing process. It focuses on those areas of the frame that fall into the field of view of points. The number of such points on the camera affects the accuracy of calculating the desired focus object during shooting and the convenience when setting the manual focus mode.
Line points can be horizontal or vertical. The effectiveness of their application depends largely on the objects being photographed. Points with a horizontal orientation focus well on objects with vertical lines. Points in vertical orientation, in turn, focus better on objects with horizontal lines.
Microphone input
When shooting video, one of the main criteria is to capture quality sound. Using the microphone built into the camera, it will be quite problematic to achieve good sound on the video due to the presence of extraneous noise (wind, audience hum). To solve this problem, camera manufacturers equip their models with a connector for connecting an external microphone, from which sound is recorded.
Headphone output
This interface can be used to monitor audio through headphones during video recording. Usually, a mini jack 3.5 mm is used as a connector.
It is recommended to use an external microphone and other accessories to get high-quality sound when recording video.
Number of JPEG levels
The number of possible compression levels for images when they are saved as JPEG. JPEG is the most common recording format that compresses the image to save memory. However, the compactness of images is achieved at the expense of quality, since the JPEG format recognizes some data as unimportant during compression and discards them during compression. The higher the image compression, the more photos can fit on the memory card, but the worse the quality will be. In many cameras, the degree of compression, and therefore the quality of the images, can be controlled. By varying the compression levels, you can save either more photos but lower quality, or fewer photos but higher quality.
Memory - Memory Stick
The ability to use removable Memory Stick format memory cards in the camera.
Memory Stick is a flash memory card format introduced by Sony, which is used mainly in digital cameras of this manufacturer. At the moment it is one of the most expensive of the existing carriers. In addition to the Memory Stick standard, there are other varieties: Memory Stick Pro, Memory Stick Duo.
Memory Stick dimensions are 50×21.5×2.8 mm.
Memory - Memory Stick Duo
The ability to use removable memory cards in the Memory Stick Duo format in the camera.
This memory standard was developed and maintained by Sony. The body of this card is quite compact and strong enough. The Memory Stick Duo was developed on the basis of the widely used Memory Stick standard from the same Sony, but is not compatible with its connector and is small in size (20x31x1.6 mm). To use a Memory Stick Duo with a device that has a Memory Stick slot, you need to use a dedicated adapter.
Memory - XQD
Possibility of using interchangeable XQD format memory cards in the camera.
Memory cards were announced in 2011, their main difference from other cards is their high data transfer rate (up to 125 Mb/s).
Cards of this standard have dimensions of 38.5 x 29.8 x 3.8 mm.
Maximum memory card capacity
The maximum size of the memory card that the camera can use.
The higher the value of this parameter, the larger the capacity of the card you can use, therefore, you can record more pictures and videos on it. If you already have a high-capacity flash card of the right type, you should make sure that the model you choose supports cards of this capacity before buying a camera.
Interface - video
The presence of a composite video interface on the camera.
Composite interface is designed to transfer images to any device displaying video information.
The video output is used for viewing photos and videos on a TV or for recording to a VCR.
It is recommended to use the HD output to transmit high resolution images to HDTV devices.
Interface - Bluetooth
The ability to connect the camera to a computer and other devices via Bluetooth wireless interface.
Bluetooth technology uses short-range radio communication and allows you to establish a high-speed wireless connection at a distance of up to 10 meters.
Using Bluetooth, you can transfer files from the camera to a computer, as well as print photos directly on a dedicated printer equipped with a Bluetooth adapter.
Support for NFC technology.
NFC (Near Field Communication) is a short range wireless communication technology. NFC allows two devices that are close to each other (within a distance of no more than 10 cm) to exchange data.
Battery capacity
The capacity of the battery built into the camera.
A larger battery allows you to take more pictures without recharging.
Maximum movie recording resolution
The maximum video recording resolution of a video-recording camera.
The higher the resolution of the video, the clearer and more detailed the video image can be. The function of recording a video image on a digital camera is not the main one, it serves rather as a pleasant addition to the main functions.
Electronic video stabilization
The presence of the electronic stabilization function during video recording.
When shooting video, camera shake causes the recorded image to shake. Since most of the shooting is done by hand, this is a problem that you will have to deal with quite often.
The electronic stabilization function is implemented through digital image processing using the built-in processor. To form a frame, only a part of the image from the photosensitive matrix is used - a video frame is cut out from the overall image. When shaking, the image shift is tracked, and the video frame moves up or down accordingly within the entire image field from the photomatrix to compensate for this shift. As a result, the recorded image (video frame) remains motionless for the viewer.
The use of stabilization allows you to get rid of unpleasant effects in far from all cases.
Frames per second at 4K (3840×2160)
The maximum number of frames per second when shooting video with a resolution of 3840x2160 pixels.
Frequencies of 25 and 50 frames per second are standard in countries with PAL and SECAM broadcast systems (Europe, Asia, Russia), while 30 and 60 frames per second are common in countries with NTSC broadcast standard (USA, Canada, Mexico). , Japan, Philippines and a number of countries in South America).
The camera's support for these frequency sets may depend on the country for which the camera is manufactured. Many cameras are universal: regardless of the region, they have simultaneous support for 25/30 (50/60) frames per second.
MOV video recording
Ability to save the recorded video in MOV format.
The MOV format (or container) was proposed by Apple. To view videos in this format, QuickTime is usually used.
MP4 video recording
Ability to save the recorded video in AVI format.
When describing standards for digital video, two concepts are usually used - video codec and video container. A codec is a method by which video information is compressed, and a container is a file extension. The type of container determines which programs can play this file, the type of codec determines the degree of information compression, image quality.
MP4 is a multimedia container format that can contain audio and video streams, as well as other information. To compress video information, codecs from the MPEG-4 family are usually used.
Using the MJPEG video codec
The ability to save the captured video using the MJPEG codec.
When describing standards for digital video, two concepts are usually used - video codec and video container. A codec is a method by which video information is compressed, and a container is a file extension. The type of container determines which programs can play this file, the type of codec determines the degree of information compression, image quality.
When using the MJPEG (Motion JPEG) codec, each frame is processed separately, and the quality of the video does not depend on the dynamics of the scene. But you have to pay for this with a significantly larger video file size.
Compared to MPEG4 video (see "Using the MPEG4 video codec"), video created with the MJPEG codec is much better suited for subsequent editing, since the frames do not depend on each other and you can insert (or cut) video fragments starting from any frame.
HDR shooting
Taking photos with the HDR effect allows you to create high-quality photos in difficult lighting conditions, when the frame contains both bright areas and dark objects. For the highest quality creation this effect the camera automatically takes 2-3 frames with different settings and glues them into one.
Orientation sensor
The presence in a digital camera of a special sensor that determines the orientation of the camera (horizontal or vertical) during shooting.
With this sensor, it is possible to automatically flip photos and movies shot vertically when they are played back on a TV screen or when transferred to a computer. In the latter case, you will need special software that comes with the camera.
In addition, information about the position of the camera is used by automation when determining exposure and white balance.
Frost resistance
The presence of protection against low temperatures in the camera.
Some digital cameras are equipped with freeze protection. Such models are suitable for work in bad weather.
dust protection
The presence of dust protection significantly affects the choice of camera.
Some digital cameras are equipped with dust protection. Such models are suitable for work in bad weather.
Waterproof housing
The presence of a waterproof housing for a digital camera.
SLR cameras often have a waterproof housing. Some models with a waterproof housing are suitable for short-term immersion in water.
The weight of the camera and lens is sometimes the leading factor in choosing a camera.
A digital camera is a fairly mobile device: they take it with them on vacation, they often carry it with them, so when choosing its dimensions and weight, it is far from last.
The size of the camera can be divided into several categories:
- ultra-compact devices weighing up to 200 g. The technical characteristics of such cameras are not the most impressive, but they can easily fit in a woman's handbag or in the breast pocket of a shirt;
- compact cameras, the most common, their weight is up to 300 g. They have higher technical capabilities compared to ultra-compact devices and are quite convenient for transportation;
- advanced, or semi-professional, cameras weighing 400-600 g. Equipped with high-aperture optics, the ability to install an external flash, manual settings for shooting modes;
- professional SLR cameras, the weight of which is from 600 g and above. Equipped with removable lenses, the camera body is usually made of metal, they have the greatest range of technical characteristics.
Modern photographic devices are complex optical devices. Despite the variety of designs, in each camera, a number of common components and mechanisms can be distinguished. This is primarily a light-tight camera, in front of which the lens is fixed. On the opposite side of the camera, photosensitive material is installed in cassettes. The amount of light passing through the lens onto the photosensitive material is controlled by shutters. The exact definition of the boundaries of the frame of the photographed object is carried out by the viewfinder. To obtain a sharp image on a photosensitive photographic material, the camera has devices and mechanisms for controlling the focusing of the lens. Most cameras are equipped with photoexposure meters, which are necessary for determining and setting the correct exposure during shooting. In addition, cameras have a mechanism for importing photos. Consider the main characteristics of cameras.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE CAMERA
Camera
Lightproof camera, which is the body of the camera, at the same time protects the photographic material from the action of extraneous light. All components and mechanisms are mounted in the body of the apparatus. The chamber is made of metal, plastic or wood. In cameras of medium and high classes, the camera is metal, in the simplest - plastic. Wooden cameras are bulky, and therefore are used only for pavilion-type cameras.
photographic lens
With the help of a lens, an optical image of the photographed objects is formed on a photosensitive material. The quality of this image depends on the properties of the lens.
The lens consists of an optical system of lenses enclosed in a frame. A diaphragm is placed between the lenses. The number of lenses in modern lenses is up to 10 or more. Some lenses are glued with colorless glue. The lens barrel ensures that the lenses are precisely positioned according to the calculation. In addition, it protects the lenses from mechanical and atmospheric influences. The frames of most modern lenses are painted black.
Lenses are fastened to the camera body using screw threads or bayonet (bayonet) connections on the frame. The most common threaded mounting method, in which the lens is screwed into the camera. With the bayonet method, the lens is inserted into the camera and secured with a slight turn clockwise. Filming filters and sun hoods can be put on or screwed onto the front of the frame. On the frame of the lens indicate its name, aperture and focal length, as well as scales - remote, relative aperture and depth of field. In some cases, a shutter speed scale is placed on the lens barrel.
Diaphragm- this is a device with which the active, i.e., transmitting light, aperture of the lens is changed. It consists of several thin movable metal plates, arc-shaped, arranged in a circle and partially overlapping one another. This design of the diaphragm is called iris. When turning the leading (setting) ring or lever, the petals, turning towards the center, gradually reduce the lens aperture. This process is called diaphragming.
Depending on installation method required hole lenses distinguish the following types of apertures: simple, persistent, pressure and jumping.
In a simple diaphragm, the setting is carried out by turning the outer ring of the diaphragm until it aligns with the index of the selected value on its scale.
In the stop diaphragm, by turning the stop on the scale, the required value is preliminarily set. At the time of shooting, turn the aperture ring all the way, and the selected value is set.
In the pressure diaphragm, the required value is preliminarily set on the scale using a movable stop. When the shutter release button is pressed, the aperture is automatically set to the selected value, after taking a picture it opens completely.
The jumping diaphragm is similar in principle to the push diaphragm. However, after shooting, it does not open automatically, but manually by turning the ring.
Complicated aperture frames are used in the lenses of SLR cameras, in which the object is observed through the lens. Such diaphragms allow you to quickly stop the lens without interrupting the observation of the object.
Specifications of a photographic lens. The main characteristics of the lens are: focal length, aperture ratio, relative aperture, depth of field, image angle, resolving power and working distance.
Lens focal length is the distance along the optical axis from the main rear point of the lens to the focus. The focal length for a given lens is a constant value, measured in centimeters. Domestic photo lenses are made with a focal length of 2 to 100 cm. On the lens barrel, it is denoted by the letter F. The image scale depends on the focal length, i.e. the degree of reduction or enlargement of the image compared to the dimensions F of the object being photographed. The longer the focal length of the lens, the larger the image on the photosensitive material. Attached lenses are used to change the focal length of a lens. When using a positive (collecting) lens, the focal length decreases, and a negative (diffusing) lens increases. Attached lenses degrade image quality. The focal length of the "objective + attachment lens" system is calculated by the formula
F s \u003d 100 * F 0 / (100+ D l * F 0)
where Ф с is the focal length of the system;
Ф 0 - focal length of the lens;
D l is the optical power of the attached lens.
At present, lenses with a variable focal length, or pancratic lenses, have become widespread, especially in movie cameras. In these lenses, by changing the distance between the lenses, the focal length can increase or decrease several times. This allows you to accurately compose the frame and obtain multi-scale images at a constant distance to the object being shot. When using them, interchangeable photographic lenses with different focal lengths are not needed, which ensures greater efficiency when taking photographs. The limit values for the focal length of pancratic lenses are indicated on the frame. Aperture, i.e., the ability of the lens to create a certain illumination of the image on a photosensitive material, is its important characteristic. Aperture depends on the size of the effective aperture of the lens and its focal length. The larger the aperture of the lens and the smaller its focal length, the brighter the image, i.e., the greater the aperture.
Quantitatively luminosity characterized by the relative aperture of the lens, i.e. the ratio of the diameter of the lens to its focal length. This value is indicated as a fraction with a numerator of 1. For example, if the diameter of the active aperture of the lens is 2.5 cm and the focal length is 5 cm, then the relative aperture is 1: 2 (2.5: 5).
When comparing two lenses in terms of aperture ratio, their relative apertures are squared.
On the lens barrel, relative apertures are indicated by only one denominator. In the USSR, the following standard range of relative aperture values was adopted: 1: 0.7; 1:1; 1:1.4; 1:2; 1:2.8; 1:4; 1:5.6; 1:8; 1:11; 1:16; 1:22; 1:32. Most photographic lenses have the largest aperture ratio of 1:2 and 1:2.8. The relative aperture of photographic lenses of simple cameras is 1: 4.
Marks on the scale of relative apertures are applied in such a way that when moving from one mark to another, the aperture ratio changes by 2 times. This simplifies the calculation of shutter speeds when changing relative apertures.
Not all of the light flux passing through the lens reaches the light-sensitive photographic material: one part of it is absorbed by the glass, and the other part is reflected from the lens surface. The more complex the lens design, the greater the loss of light. This loss is determined by the light transmission coefficient of the lens, which indicates the amount of transmitted light relative to all incident light. To increase the light transmission coefficient, all lenses use the antireflection method, which consists in applying thin films to the surface of the lenses. As a result, the reflection of light from the surfaces of the lenses is significantly reduced and the aperture ratio increases. Fluorides of some metals are used as film-forming substances. AR films are not stable enough, they are hygroscopic, so lenses must be handled very carefully.
It should be borne in mind that after clarification, a large amount of yellow, green and red rays pass through the lens, and mainly blue, blue and violet rays are reflected from the lens surface. This explains the fact that in reflected light the lenses acquire a blue color, although antireflection films are colorless.
Blue coating lenses are most effective in black and white photography.
When shooting on color photographic materials, lenses with blue coating give an accentuated warm color reproduction with yellowness, since more yellow rays pass through such lenses. To compensate for the yellowness of the color rendering of the image with blue-coated lenses, amber-coated lenses are used, while colors with a yellow (amber) tint are predominantly reflected. Yellow, being complementary to blue, neutralizes it. As a result, color rendition when shooting on colored materials is greatly improved.
Depth of field- this is the property of photographic lenses to sharply depict objects located in space at an unequal distance from the camera. Depth of field is measured by the distance from the foreground to the background of the subject, between which all objects are sharp. The depth of cut is the greater, the smaller the focal length and relative aperture of the lens. To accurately take into account the influence of the relative aperture on the depth of field, there is a depth of field scale on the lens barrel: on both sides of the distance scale index, additional values of the relative apertures are symmetrically plotted in pairs. The values of the distances of the boundaries of the field of view are set against the values of the relative aperture on the distance scale. At a ratio of 1:8, the sharply depicted space is between 3 and 10 m, and at a ratio of 1:11, between 2.6 and 19 m.
Lens frames may have scales that automatically determine the depth of field.
The image angle shows the angle of coverage of the photographed object by the lens and is located between the rays connecting the main rear point of the lens with the ends of the diagonal of the frame inscribed in the image field. The image angle depends on the frame size and focal length. The larger the diagonal, i.e. the frame size, and the shorter the focal length, the larger the image angle. Domestic photo lenses are produced with an image angle from 2.5 to 95 °.
Resolving power- the property of the lens to clearly convey the smallest details of the photographed object on photosensitive photographic material. This indicator is determined by the number of parallel lines of equal width, separately imaged by the lens per 1 mm of the image field (lines / mm). The resolving power decreases towards the edges of the image. For most lenses at the edges of the frame, it is about 40-50% sharpness in the center. Therefore, two values \u200b\u200bof this indicator are indicated in the lens passport: For the center and for the edge of the image.
The resolving power of lenses at the edges is significantly increased when using lenses made of optical lanthanum glass. In addition, lanthanum lenses provide more accurate color reproduction when shooting on color film.
Working segment- This is an important indicator that determines the conditions for interchangeability of lenses in cameras. The working, or rear, segment is the distance from the center point of the extreme surface of the rear lens of the lens to the focal point. The value of the working segment depends on the design of the lens. If the working lengths of the lenses do not match, their adjustment is required, i.e., fitting to the camera along the working length with an accuracy of 0.02 mm.
Classification and range of photographic lenses. Lenses are classified according to purpose, image angle and focal length.
According to the purpose, photo lenses are divided into regular and interchangeable.
Regular lenses are lenses whose focal length is approximately equal to the diagonal of the frame, and the image angle is in the range of 45-55 °. Such lenses are otherwise called normal. Regular lenses in cameras with different frame formats (and, consequently, frame diagonals) are also characterized by unequal focal lengths. So, in cameras with a frame format of 24X36 mm, the focal length of a normal lens is approximately 5 cm, with a frame format of 6X6 cm - 7.5 cm. Normal lenses have a universal application, are intended for various photographs. As a rule, all cameras are equipped with standard lenses.
Interchangeable lenses are used for special types of shooting - portraits, distant subjects, landscapes, etc. These photographic lenses are sold separately from cameras. According to the size of the image angle and focal length, they are divided into wide-angle, long-focus and telescopic.
Wide-angle lenses have a focal length smaller than the calculated frame diagonal and an image angle of more than 60°. They are characterized by a large coverage of the filming space. These lenses are used to shoot wide-angle facades, landscapes, interiors, etc. from short distances. The disadvantages of wide-angle lenses are expressed in the fact that when shooting closely spaced objects, they introduce perspective distortions into the image, and also give uneven illumination of the frame - more in the center and less in edges.
Long-focus lenses have a focal length 1.5–2 times larger than the frame diagonal and an image angle of 28–30°. These lenses cover large field. They are used mainly for close-up portraits, since only telephoto lenses give the most natural perspective and resemblance to nature.
Telescopic lenses are called lenses, the focal length of which significantly exceeds the diagonal of the frame. Their image angle does not exceed 24°. Telephoto lenses are used to capture close-ups of far away objects. The best domestic telephoto lenses allow you to get a 20x image magnification.
There are two types of telephoto lenses: lens and reflex lenses. The latter are most compact at significant focal lengths.
The characteristics of the range of interchangeable photographic lenses are given in Table. Regular lenses are considered when describing the technical characteristics of cameras.
photographic shutter
The shutter transmits light rays through the photographic lens of the apparatus onto the photographic material for a certain, predetermined period of time, called shutter speed. The photo shutter consists of an opaque shutter and its control elements - winding and release devices, shutter action regulator.
An opaque shutter opens and blocks light from reaching the photosensitive material. With the help of a winding device, the shutter is prepared for operation, the release device is designed to actuate the shutter. The shutter action dial sets the desired shutter speed for shooting. The following series of numerical shutter speeds are adopted, automatically set by the shutter (in s): 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/15, 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/500, 1 /1000, 1/2000. The shutters of simple cameras have a small shutter speed range, for example from 1/15 to 1/250 s. shutters over complex structures may have a wider exposure range. In addition to the values of automatic shutter speeds, the letters “D” and “B” are applied to the disk or ring of the shutter action regulator, which indicate long exposures measured manually. If the shutter regulator is set against the letter "D", then when the trigger is pressed for the first time, the shutter will open and close only after the second pressing. The “D” index is used to set long exposures when shooting with a camera from a tripod. Index "B" means that the shutter will be open while the trigger is pressed.
Shutter mechanisms also include a synchro mechanism and a self-timer mechanism.
The synchronizing device ensures that the shutter and the flash lamp fire at the same time. To connect a flash lamp to a synchronizing device, there is a sync contact (cable connection) on the outside of the camera body. In modern photographic equipment, cable-free connection of a flash lamp through a contact in the terminal is increasingly being used.
The self-timer mechanism is available in most cameras. The camera is mounted on a tripod during shooting. The self-timer response time is approximately 9 s.
Photographic shutters according to the principle of operation are divided into mechanical shutters, which are driven by a spring, and shutters controlled by an electronic unit - electronic.
According to the design and location in the camera, mechanical shutters are divided into curtain-slit and central.
A sliding shutter is located directly in front of the film. The shutter in this shutter is a silk rubberized or metal shutter with a slot passing in front of the frame window of the camera, which ensures the exposure of photographic material. A metal curtain has one significant advantage over a silk one: it works at a lower air temperature, at which the silk curtain hardens and loses its elasticity.
A shutter-slotted shutter consists of the following main parts: a shutter, two rollers that regulate the gap, and a driving drum. Before shooting, when the shutter is cocked, a curtain consisting of two parts is wound on one of the rollers. The edges of the curtain parts are tightly closed, there is no gap. At the moment the shutter is released, the curtain is rewound at a certain speed onto another roller under the action of a spring located in the main drum. In this case, the edges of the curtain parts open, and a gap of a certain width is formed between them. The slit, moving in front of the film, successively illuminates it. Shutter speed, i.e., the exposure time of the photographic material, is regulated by the width of the slit and the speed of the shutter. The narrower the slit and the stronger the tension of the spring, the shorter the shutter speed, since when the narrow slit of the shutter moves quickly, the film is illuminated for a very short time. On the contrary, with a wide gap in the shutter and a weak tension of the spring, the illumination of the film is longer.
Slit shutters allow you to get very fast shutter speeds - up to 1/2000 s. Cameras with these shutters have a wide range of interchangeable lenses. However, curtain-slit shutters are also characterized by a number of disadvantages: due to the difference in the speed of the shutter at the beginning and end of the frame, the density of the negative is not the same throughout the entire field of the frame; photography with flash lamps is possible only at a shutter speed of 1/30 s; there are distortions of fast moving objects due to non-simultaneous exposure of different points of the frame.
A variation of the curtain-slotted shutter is a fan shutter. It consists of two metal curtains, consisting of one main and two additional folding metal petals. Petals are arranged in the form of a fan. In the cocked position, one curtain of the fan shutter completely closes the frame window of the camera, the other curtain is folded. When the trigger is pressed, the petals of the first curtain are folded, and the petals of the second are moved apart. In this case, a gap is formed between the extreme petals of the shutters, through which light falls on the film. After the shutter is released, the first curtain is folded, and the second shutter closes the frame window of the camera with petals. Roller shutters practically do not have the disadvantages of curtain-slotted shutters.
The central shutter consists of several thin metal segments, which are actuated by a system of springs and levers. When the trigger is pressed, the segments open the lens opening from the center to the edges for a certain time (shutter speed), and then close it in the opposite direction. Hence the name of the shutter - central.
The central shutter, as a rule, is installed between the lenses of the objective together with the diaphragm, which greatly complicates its design and increases the cost. Central shutters can also be lens shutters, mounted near the lens. For such shutters, the mechanism is located not in the lens barrel, but on the front wall of the camera.
Interchangeable lenses are not used in most cameras with central shutters, since these shutters are structurally connected to the lens. Therefore, each interchangeable lens must have its own shutter, and this increases the cost of photographic equipment. At the same time, central shutters have a number of advantages over curtain shutters: the connection with a photoexposure meter is structurally simpler, which is very important for the production of semi-automatic and automatic cameras; allow you to take pictures with a flash lamp at any shutter speed; create uniform illumination at any point in the frame; work stably at low temperatures and do not distort fast moving objects.
Recently, in a number of camera models, electronic shutters are installed, which consist of flaps driven by an electronic unit. The main parts of the electronic unit are a capacitor, an electromagnet, a resistor and a miniature battery. When the electronic shutter release is pressed, the shutters open and allow light to enter the film. In this case, the shutters are captured by an electromagnet. Exposure occurs until the capacitor is fully charged. After that, the electromagnet is turned off, and the shutters close the shutter. The duration of the charging of the capacitor, and hence the shutter speed, is regulated by a resistor. A feature of electronic shutters is the stepless working out of shutter speeds in automatic cameras, which makes it possible to obtain the most optimal image density on film when shooting.
Viewfinders
Viewfinders are designed to determine the boundaries of the frame of the photographed object. By design and principle of operation, they are divided into frame, telescopic and mirror.
The frame viewfinder consists of two frames of different sizes in accordance with the image field angle of the photo lens. Observation is carried out from the side of a small frame. Framing accuracy is not high with such viewfinders.
The telescopic viewfinder consists of a rectangular diverging lens that acts as a vision limiter and a converging lens that serves as an eyepiece.
This viewfinder gives a straight and reduced image. It is located above and away from the lens, so the image seen in the viewfinder does not match the optical image on the photosensitive material. This phenomenon is called the parallax error. Parallax is especially noticeable when photographing objects from close distances. To correct parallax errors, some telescopic viewfinders provide glowing framing and parallax frames to help frame the frame more correctly.
In order to increase the convenience of using cameras, different scales and signal devices are sometimes introduced into the field of view of a number of viewfinders, giving certain information about the state of the camera and shooting conditions: whether the shutter is cocked, what shutter speed and aperture are set, whether shooting is possible under the available light conditions for a given film, etc. d.
Some telescopic viewfinders have bounding boxes for interchangeable lenses in the field of view. For the same purpose, universal viewfinders are used, which are installed on the camera in a special terminal. They are equipped with a revolving head, in which five viewfinders are fixed, having the same ones. image field angles, as well as interchangeable lenses with focal lengths of 2.8; 3.5; five; 8.5; 13.5 cm. Interchangeable viewfinders are also available for use with only one interchangeable lens.
SLR viewfinders are on-camera and in-camera.
An over-camera reflex viewfinder consists of a lens, a mirror located at an angle of 45° to the optical axis of the lens, and a lens. In addition, in the center of the lens there is a frosted circle for focusing, the image in which is viewed through a magnifying glass. The image given by the lens falls on the mirror. In this case, the course of the rays changes by 90 e, and an image is obtained on the lens that is mirror-reverse and reduced in relation to the object being photographed. In addition, the image in the viewfinder is shifted in relation to the image obtained on the photographic material, due to the fact that the reflex viewfinder is located above the shooting lens.
The image in over-camera viewfinders must be viewed from above, for which the device has to be lowered to chest level. This type of reflex viewfinder is used in the amateur model camera.
The pentaprism in-camera reflex viewfinder is more advanced. The main shooting lens is used as the viewfinder lens. When cropping, a folding mirror is installed in front of the film. The direction of the light rays passing through the lens is changed by 90 ° due to reflection from the mirror, and an optical image is obtained on the flat matte surface of the lens. The image viewed through the eyepiece and pentaprism is obtained without mirror inversion and parallax. When the trigger is pressed, the mirror is thrown up, the image on the frosted glass disappears, and the light rays build an image on the photosensitive photographic material. For continuous observation of the subject (except for the moment of exposure), the reflex viewfinders of most cameras have a constant-sight mirror mechanism.
Focusing mechanisms of the lens
Focusing is done to align the optical image given by the lens with the plane of the photosensitive material. Focusing is usually achieved by extending the entire lens or its front component. In photographic equipment, the following mechanisms are used to focus the lens on sharpness: on a distance scale, on symbols, on frosted glass, on a rangefinder.
Focusing on a distance scale is used in almost all cameras. The distances to the object being photographed are indicated on the lens barrel in meters. When focusing, it is necessary to determine the distance to the object being photographed as accurately as possible and set this value on the scale.
Often this is done by eye, so this method is called visual. In this case, errors in determining the distance are possible. However, due to the depth of field inherent in each lens, the image is quite sharp. This aiming method is used in scale cameras that are simple in design.
Focusing on the character scale does not fundamentally differ from focusing on the distance scale. Only instead of numerical values of distances, conventional symbols are applied to the scale, denoting a portrait, group or landscape. The focusing technique is the simplest and comes down to mounting the lens on one of the selected symbols. This focusing method does not require determining the distance to the subject, and with the skillful use of the scale and the average values of the relative apertures, it allows you to accurately focus. It is also used in scale cameras.
When focusing on frosted glass, the correct installation of the lens is checked visually by the sharpness of the image obtained on frosted glass. This method is used mainly in cameras with a vertical viewfinder, as well as pavilion cameras. A serious disadvantage of focusing on frosted glass in single-lens reflex cameras is the need to focus the lens only when the aperture is fully open, since only in this case the necessary image brightness is created on the frosted glass. After focusing, the lens is apertured to the required aperture value. However, when stopping down, the distance to the subject may change if the subject is also moving, requiring the lens to be refocused. To eliminate this shortcoming in SLR cameras. diaphragms of complicated designs are used - persistent, jumping, pressure.
The quality of focusing is determined by the visual acuity of the photographer, his ability to distinguish changes in sharpness on frosted glass. To improve the accuracy of focusing, there are focusing wedges in the center of the ground glass of SLR devices. With inaccurate focusing, the contours of the image on the line of contact of the wedges bifurcate. In the latest models of SLR cameras, in the center of the frosted glass, micropyramids are installed in the form of a circle, forming a microraster. At the slightest defocusing of the lens, the image in the microraster becomes fuzzy. In high-end SLR cameras, they can be installed simultaneously: in the center of the frosted glass - focusing wedges, and around - a microraster in the form of a ring.
Focusing the lens on the rangefinder is the fastest and most accurate. Rangefinders are usually mounted inside the body of the apparatus. There are several designs of rangefinders: with a rotary prism, with rotary wedges, with rotary lenses, etc. A rangefinder with a rotary prism is more often used. Consider the principle of its work.
When moving the lens barrel through the lever system, the prism rotates. If we look at the subject through a translucent mirror, then two images are visible simultaneously: one - directly through the translucent mirror, the other - after reflection from the rotary prism and the translucent mirror. When two images are visible in the rangefinder eyepiece, focusing is inaccurate. To obtain a sharp image, rotate the distance scale of the lens until these images are combined.
All modern cameras have a combined rangefinder and viewfinder eyepiece. In cameras with rangefinder focusing, telescopic viewfinders are used, which often have a diopter device. A special movable lens is installed inside such viewfinders. By moving this lens with a lever, you can focus the image in the viewfinder. The diopter device allows you to use the viewfinder and rangefinder for visually impaired persons within ± ROA.
Exposure meters
To obtain correctly exposed negatives at the time of shooting, it is necessary to set the exact values of the shutter speed and aperture ratio on the lens. These values depend on many factors, but the main difficulty lies in assessing the illumination of the subject. The fact is that during the day the illumination varies over a very wide range. It depends on the time of year, cloudiness, geographic latitude of the area, shooting location and other factors. It is very difficult to assess the illumination of the subject by eye with the accuracy necessary to determine the appropriate shutter speed. To measure illumination, and therefore,
determining shutter speed and relative aperture, i.e. exposure, most modern cameras are equipped with photo exposure meters, which greatly increase the usability of the device.
The main parts of exposure meters are a light detector and a very sensitive microammeter and a calculator attached to it. Selenium photocells or cadmium sulfide photoresistors are used as light receivers. Under the action of light reflected from the subject, a photoelectric cell is formed electricity, the value of which is recorded by a microammeter. In this case, the arrow of the device takes a certain position depending on the illumination of the object. After that, the shutter speed and aperture are determined using the scales of the calculator.
To operate the exposure meter on a photoresistor, a source is required direct current, for example, a RC-53 battery or a D-0.06 battery. Photocells are usually installed on the upper front side of the camera or in the form of a ring around the lens. Photoresistors are more sensitive to light and take less space than photocells, therefore, they can be placed inside the camera behind the lens (TTL, Tee systems), on the viewfinder mirror, on the edges of the pentaprism.
Exposure metering devices based on internal light measurement are more accurate in operation, as they take into account all the light that has passed through the lens onto the film. In this case, the process of determining shutter speed and relative aperture is simplified.
Exposure metering devices installed in cameras come in three systems: non-automatic, semi-automatic and automatic.
Non-automatic exposure meters are not structurally related to the lens aperture and shutter. Therefore, the shutter speed and aperture ratio set by the exposure meter are transferred to the shutter and lens manually.
Semi-automatic and automatic exposure meters interlock with the shutter and lens, so they not only determine shutter speed and aperture ratio, but also set these values.
In semi-automatic cameras, to automatically set the shutter speed and relative aperture, it is necessary, while observing in the eyepiece of the viewfinder, to align the tracking index with the microammeter needle by turning the “aperture” or “shutter speed” rings.
When working with automatic exposure meters, no additional manual operations are needed (except for setting the film speed). When the shutter release is pressed, the aperture is automatically set and the shutter is released. These devices are of three types: scale, scaleless single-program and multi-program.
Scale automatic exposure meters are used in cameras of the highest class. They allow you to select the required shutter speed and relative aperture, depending on the scene and shooting conditions. In cameras with such devices, the shutter speed is set by the photographer, taking into account the shooting scene. At the time of shooting, the aperture automatically adjusts to the set shutter speed. If the selected shutter-aperture pair is not suitable for the given shooting conditions, the shutter release is disabled. In automatic cameras, for greater efficiency, sections of the shutter speed and aperture scales are introduced into the viewfinder field of view. This allows, without taking your eyes off the viewfinder eyepiece, to select the required shutter-aperture pair.
Scaleless single-program automatic exposure meters are the simplest in design. They have one program, which limits creative possibilities photographer. Each brightness value of an object corresponds to only one shutter-aperture pair. Even if the photographer knows this combination, he cannot change it at will. Such exposure meters are installed in the simplest cameras designed for beginners and undemanding photographers.
The mechanism of multi-program automatic exposure meters contains not one, but several different programs. The shutter speed and aperture are set automatically according to one of the programs selected according to the shooting scene. Exposure metering device of this type is installed, for example, in the Sokol camera.
CLASSIFICATION OF CAMERA
There is currently no unified classification of cameras due to the large number of their common and various design features.
Cameras are classified according to the format of the photographic material used and, accordingly, the frame format, the method of sighting and focusing, and the degree of exposure automation.
In the group of cameras for special purposes, a special place is occupied by stereoscopic, panoramic and single-stage photoprocessing devices.
Stereoscopic cameras are designed to capture three-dimensional images. They have two shooting lenses, with the help of which two stereoscopic pictures are obtained. When viewing this stereo pair through a stereoscope, there is a feeling of a three-dimensional stereoscopic image.
Panoramic cameras have an elongated frame format. Designed for shooting with wide angle coverage of objects (landscapes, interiors, architectural ensembles). Due to the movable lens system, the angle of view is approximately 120°, which is much larger than the angle of view of most wide-angle lenses.
According to the method of sighting and focusing, cameras are divided into scale, rangefinder and reflex cameras; according to the degree of automation of the exposure setting - to non-automatic, semi-automatic and automatic.
SLR Cameras. A feature of these cameras is the presence of a mirror viewfinder, thanks to which this equipment acquires a number of positive properties and is therefore in greatest demand. SLR cameras provide precise control of the boundaries of the frame being shot; on their frosted glass, an image of the subject is obtained on a scale close to the image on film. Moreover, the observation of the object being filmed is carried out over the entire field of the viewfinder, since the frosted glass conveys the depth of field of the depicted space well. Single-lens reflex cameras with a parallax-free viewfinder are used for a variety of applied shooting, including micro-, macro- and reproduction shooting, using interchangeable lenses and accessories. The range of interchangeable lenses for reflex single-lens cameras is the widest, especially telescopic lenses with a long focal length (up to 100 cm). Thanks to this, the technical capabilities of SLR cameras are expanding. The volume of production of mirror equipment is growing, the models being produced are being improved and modernized based on the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress.
QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR CAMERA
All technical specifications of cameras must comply with the specifications that are developed for each model.
It is advisable to divide the requirements for the quality of cameras into three groups: requirements for mechanisms, lenses and cases.
The placement of all components and mechanisms in the camera should be convenient for operation and maintenance. The camera in working condition must be light-tight. Significant haze, dark dots and stripes on the developed film indicate a violation of the camera's opacity. It is required that the internal surfaces of the camera be painted matte black or semi-matte. Color gaps are not allowed.
The camera must give a sharp image over the entire field when photographing from all allowable distances. When focusing, the lens should rotate smoothly, without jamming, and reach its extreme positions without effort.
The shutter of the camera should work smoothly in any position of the camera. The cocking and release of the shutter should be smooth, without jerks, with a slight friction feeling. It is necessary that the shutter works reliably at all shutter speeds. Spontaneous shutter release is not allowed. The synchronizer must ensure that the shutter and flash lamp fire at the same time.
It is required that the film transport mechanism works freely, without jamming and damage to the film, the reel and cassette freely enter the slots, hold firmly in them and can be easily removed for reloading. The leveling table and guide rails must be smooth and not scratch the film on either the emulsion side or the reverse side.
Exposure meters must work reliably, the pointer of a microammeter must respond to the action of light of the brightness set for this device, shutter speed and aperture must be determined and set correctly.
All metal parts must be chrome-plated, nickel-plated or painted. Anti-corrosion coatings must be durable, free of stains and gaps. On the painted surfaces paint drips, bubbles, cracks are not allowed. External surfaces must be free of dents, nicks, burrs and other defects that spoil the appearance of the apparatus.
Inscriptions, index arrows and scale divisions must be clearly marked.
Glass defects such as bubbles with a diameter of more than 0.3 mm, stones, haze, midges, streaks are not allowed in objective lenses, and scratches, polished bubbles, gouges, and grease spots are not allowed on the surface of optical glass. Inside the lens there should be no dust particles, villi, varnish particles, chips. Sticking of lenses, which is noticeable by iridescent spots and stripes, is not allowed.
It is necessary that the frame with the aperture scale has a smooth self-braking stroke, ensuring the safety of the set position. The diaphragm stroke should be lighter than the distance scale stroke.
The protective cover must be tightly put on the lens: when the device is tilted down, the cover must not spontaneously fall off the lens.
The camera case and shoulder strap must be made of brown or black leather or leatherette. The seams of the case should be even, with a uniform line, strong, with well-drawn threads. Creases, traces of glue and stains of various origins are not allowed. The cover of the case should be freely put on the body of the case, the camera should lie tightly in the case and be firmly held by the tripod nut.
MARKING, PACKAGING AND STORAGE OF CAMERA. CARE RULES FOR CAMERA
On each camera and lens indicate their name, brand of the manufacturer, serial number of the camera and lens.
The camera in a case with the accessories included in the kit is placed in a cardboard or foam box. (The list of accessories is indicated in the passport for the camera.) The box is sealed from the outside. A packing slip is put into the box with the signature of the person who made the packing and the date of packing.
Unpacked cameras should be stored in a dry, heated room at a temperature of 5 to 45°C and a relative humidity of no more than 65%.
Cameras must be handled with care. They should be kept clean and protected from shocks, shocks, dirt, dust, dampness and extreme temperature fluctuations. It is not recommended to unnecessarily remove the lens from the camera, as this may get dirt and dust into the camera. The camera should be cleaned regularly during use. Do not touch the surfaces of optical parts with your hands, as this may damage the coatings. Dust is removed with a soft brush or rubber bulb. To wipe the optical surfaces of the lens, the viewfinder should be lightly touched with a clean flannel cloth or cotton wool slightly moistened with alcohol or ether. The mirror and viewfinder lenses are cleaned only in the most necessary cases with a very soft and always dry brush.
Cameras should be stored in a closed case with the lens cap on and the shutter and self-timer in the lowered position.
At temperatures below 0°C, it is recommended to carry the camera under outerwear and take it out only for the duration of the shooting. A camera brought into a warm room from frost should not be opened immediately, it should warm up within 2 hours. Special rules for operating in frosty time are provided for cameras with exposure meters on photoresistors, in electrical circuits of which there are direct current sources. It must be remembered that the current source from prolonged exposure to sub-zero temperatures quickly fails, so such cameras should also be protected from hypothermia.
It is impossible to disassemble the cameras yourself, as this can disrupt the adjustment of individual components. Any repairs and related adjustments must be carried out by qualified personnel in repair shops.
