Transport logistics principles. Transport logistics

The globalization of the economy is accompanied by unprecedented growth rates of trade. The global export volume has grown 10 times over 50 years and continues to grow at a higher rate than GDP. The daily volume of foreign exchange transactions exceeds $ 1.5 trillion against $ 15 billion in 1973. In these conditions, the importance of the global transport network is maximizing. Transport serves as the material basis of production ties between individual territories, acts as a factor organizing the world economic space and providing further geographic division labor.

In the structure of social production, transport refers to the production of material services. A significant part of LP on the way of MT movement from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer is carried out using various vehicles. The cost of these operations is up to 50% of the amount total costs for logistics. This determines the importance of optimizing the movement of the MP at the transportation stage.

Transport solves the following main tasks:

creation of transport systems, including the creation of transport corridors and transport chains;
joint planning of transport processes in various modes of transport (in the case of multimodal transport);
ensuring the technological unity of the transport and warehouse process;
joint planning of the transport process with warehouse and production;
selection of the type and type of vehicle;
determination of rational delivery routes.

The initial data for choosing the optimal mode of transport for a specific transportation is the information:

about the characteristic features of various types of transport, their pros and cons;
on other logistics tasks related to the transportation of products, such as creating and maintaining the optimal level of stocks, choosing the type of packaging, etc.

There are six main factors in choosing a mode of transport:

time of delivery;
frequency of shipments;
reliability of adherence to the delivery schedule;
the ability to carry various goods;
the ability to deliver cargo anywhere in the territory;
transportation cost.

Automobile transport. The scope of application of road transport in Russia is intracity, suburban and intradistrict freight and Passenger Transportation, also transportation of low-tonnage valuable and perishable goods over medium and long distances.

Advantages: high maneuverability and efficiency; regularity of delivery; less stringent requirements for product packaging compared to other types.

Disadvantages: relatively high cost of transportation (based on the maximum carrying capacity of the vehicle); the urgency of unloading; the possibility of cargo theft; the possibility of car theft; relatively low carrying capacity.

Railway transport. In the conditions of Russia, railway transport is most effective for the transportation of bulk types of goods over medium and long distances with a high concentration of freight flows. Advantages: relatively low cost of transportation; well adapted for the transportation of various consignments of goods in all weather conditions; the ability to deliver cargo over long distances; regularity of transportation; possibility efficient organization loading and unloading works. Disadvantages: low maneuverability.

Sea transport. It is the largest carrier in international transport. Sea transport mainly performs external, export-import transportation (including all cargo transportation in intercontinental traffic). Its role is great in coastal (domestic) transportation for the northern and eastern coastal regions of the country.

Advantages: low freight rates; high carrying capacity. Disadvantages: low speed; strict requirements for packing and securing cargo; low frequency of dispatches; dependence on weather conditions.

Inland waterway transport. Inland waterway (river) transport is intended for the transportation of certain bulk types of cargo over medium and long distances, as well as for passenger traffic (especially suburban). However, in recent decades, it does not withstand competition with other types of transport and has practically turned into a specific type of technological transport intended for the transportation of mineral construction materials.

Advantage: low freight rates, when transporting goods weighing more than 100 tons over a distance of more than 250 km, this type of transport is the cheapest.

Disadvantages: low speed delivery; low geographic availability due to configuration constraints waterways; seasonality.

Air Transport. By function air Transport also refers to highly specialized: it carries out mainly passenger transportation over long and medium distances, although it is of great importance in the transportation of a number of valuable, perishable and urgent goods.

Advantages: high speed; the possibility of delivery to remote areas.

Disadvantages: high freight rates; dependence on weather conditions, which reduces the reliability of adherence to the delivery schedule.

Pipeline transport. Pipeline transport is designed for pumping gas, oil and oil products. Pipeline transport, in contrast to the above-described universal modes of transport, still remains highly specialized, intended for pumping liquid and gaseous products limited range: gas, oil and oil products.

Advantages: high speed of delivery; the most cost-effective way to transport oil and gas. Disadvantages: narrow specialization; frequent emergencies due to violations of pipeline safety, theft of non-ferrous metals, equipment from along-route facilities; unauthorized tie-ins into pipelines; acts of sabotage; increased risk of environmental and social consequences of possible failures and accidents: fires, explosions, pollution natural environment, great threat to the population, losses due to theft through unauthorized tie-ins into oil pipelines; science intensity and capital intensity of defect diagnostics, repair, equipment modernization, reconstruction and construction of new pipelines.

Industrial firms that have entrusted some of their functions to transport enterprises specialize in their core activities to increase its efficiency and are ready to pay for qualified services of third-party firms for the implementation of a number of LF. Industrial firms see their main benefit in this process - a reduction in total costs and especially a reduction in the fund. wages... In addition, along with purely economic factors, cargo owners receive a higher degree of freedom of maneuver. Thus, increased commercial flexibility is very valuable for industries working on distributed software. large territories markets and incurring losses from untimely switching of commodity flows in accordance with fluctuations in demand.

From an economic point of view, logistics is the activity of organizing, managing and optimizing the movement of various kinds of flows from their source to the direct consumer. This science is divided into several types. One of them is transport logistics.

This is a kind of system that is responsible for organizing delivery. In other words, transport logistics deals with the movement of certain from point A to point B. In this case, the optimal route of movement is selected. The active application of this area of knowledge occurs in the sixties of the XX century. It was during this period that intensive development of production took place. It became clear that knowledge about all points of movement of raw materials allows to identify losses. Thus, competent transport logistics reduces the cost of goods. A significant role in the development of science was played by the achievements of scientific and technological progress, thanks to which communication became possible over huge distances.

Functions and tasks

It is customary to distinguish between operational and coordination The first are associated with the management of the movement of values in the field of direct production and distribution. The latter are associated with coordinating the level of supply and demand. This includes the analysis and (mostly material) of the production process, planning and forecasting the development of markets, customer needs and much more. In other words, based on the data received, logistics connects the needs of customers with the capabilities of the enterprise.

Now about the tasks. They can be divided into two large groups: general (global) and private. The first should include the achievement of the maximum possible result at minimum costs. The second group of tasks includes creating a minimum level of stocks, reducing the time period required for transportation, and many others.

If we talk about the functions characteristic of this type of science under consideration, such as transport logistics, then here an important place is given to personnel, without which it is impossible to achieve the goal. This also includes the need for classification as well as the organization of pricing policy.

Transport logistics: system and infrastructure

Next, we will focus on the transport and logistics system. This concept characterizes the entire set of customers and manufacturers of goods and services, as well as the communication routes, transport, buildings and structures, control systems and other resources used for their interconnection. Transport logistics cannot exist without the appropriate infrastructure.

After all, the movement of objects, their storage, warehousing and support of all processes with financial and information flows is impossible if there are no necessary technical means... The infrastructure ensures smooth and accurate performance of all functions. The final volume of costs largely depends on the quality of the transportation carried out. Therefore, the transport logistics at the enterprise must also take into account the following aspects: the efficiency of the functioning of each separately, the efficiency of organizing transportation from the manufacturer to the consumer, as well as accounting for the storage and handling of goods, which is especially important for the client.

Conclusion

Transport logistics plays a huge role in the company's activities. This is a necessary link in the system, since this science is responsible for managing all flows, and the implementation of material flow management is impossible without organizing its transportation. Thus, transport must not only be efficiently used, but also be flexible. This will allow realizing the main goal of the transport and logistics system even in the face of rapidly changing demand.

Transport is a kind of connecting element that is located between the very links of great logistics and most of the cargo delivery operations are carried out with the help of it. This led to the emergence of a separate industry in the logistics system - the so-called transport logistics - the movement of the ordered goods in the required time, the optimal route to the desired point with minimal cash costs.

Transport logistics broadly covers three main areas:

control over operations with goods arising on the route of the cargo, using various means of communication and the latest information technologies;
the process of organizing and planning the delivery of cargo with minimal financial costs;
providing the necessary information for the goods owner.

Transport, as an integral part of logistics, consumes about fifty percent of all costs allocated to logistics. He participates in many logistics processes, therefore, requires coordination between all participants in the transport process. Let's look at the main tasks of transport logistics:

coordination of the transport and warehouse process;
creation of working systems for the transportation of goods;
selection of the desired type and type of transport;
determination of the optimal in terms of time and cost routes for the delivery of goods;

For successful solution of the above tasks, it is necessary to observe the basic principles of transport logistics: the required cargo quality must be transported at the slightest cost, and he must arrive at the customer at the appointed time and in the proper volume.

With the development of the logistics system, the role of transport in this system is changing significantly. Nowadays, transport services are determined by the optimal ratio of profit and costs, taking into account the wishes of the sender and (or) the recipient.

Transportation can be internal or external, it all depends on the option of its use. These types of transportation are interconnected and constitute common system transport type.

Thus, transport becomes the main part of the process of transporting goods. In this system transport logistics functions are in the successful process of storing and moving the cargo. This process should be beneficial both temporarily and economically. In case of saving money on repeated loading and unloading of goods, the function of storing the goods is used, while it is necessary to take into account the increase in the time required to deliver the goods to the consumer.

The separation of transport into a separate area of logistics was facilitated by the following factors:

Availability huge number forwarding companies, which play a major role in the process of optimal cargo delivery;
the ability of transport to create a stable, reliable and stable system for the sale of goods;
the high cost of transportation, which in some cases can reach fifty percent of the total logical costs of cargo delivery;
solving a large number of transport problems.

Logistics is connected in one whole: economy, technology and modern technology... The task of transport logistics is generally a separate complex process. Among the tasks and goals, it is possible to note the provision of a technological and economic nature.

Technological unity is achieved through the use of a single transportation technology.

Economic unity is the construction of a tariff system based on the results of market research.

Technical unity implies the consistency of all characteristics of the transport system, both in the interspecific reserve and within individual types.

The basic principle of logistics is to keep costs to a minimum. In transport, savings can be achieved due to the range and scale of cargo transportation.

Saving money due to the distance of the transported distance is achieved by the fact that when the route increases, the cost of using transport decreases per unit distance. For example, transporting one product for 1,000 kilometers will be cheaper than transporting two products (or goods of the same weight) for 500 kilometers.

Saving Money due to the scale of the transported goods, it is achieved by the fact that the larger the cargo, the lower the cost per unit of goods (weight), or the use of powerful modes of transport (water or rail) will be cheaper than using air or road transport.

The above principles should be taken into account when searching alternative species transportation. It is necessary to achieve the maximum distance of transportation and maximum load of vehicles, taking into account also all the wishes of the customer.

Optimality of transport costs should be such that the aggregate of all logistics costs is minimal. This can be achieved by balancing the quality of delivery and transport costs.

When drawing up a model of transport services, it is necessary to take into account the delivery schedule of the goods and the route of transport. The creation of the optimal route will allow you to accurately calculate the number of vehicles that are necessary for the successful transportation of goods. When determining and observing the delivery time and the selected routes, it is possible to save the consumer's stocks several times.

This can be achieved by observing the following operations:

drawing up a map of consumer placement;
forecasting the required amount of goods and the volume of traffic;
transfer of information about customers;
scheduling the delivery of goods in time;
fictitious work;
selection of rolling stock;
compilation of optimal routes.

The backbone of transport logistics are precisely vehicles, they must meet the stated requirements and own certain properties. Transport must have the following ability: in accordance with the user's small stocks of products, at short intervals to transport the necessary consignments of goods over specified distances. The most popular and main criterion when choosing the type of transportation is considered to be the maximum use of their carrying capacity and capacity, the safety of goods, as well as a decrease in financial costs for the transportation itself.

11Aug

Hello! Today we'll talk about what transport logistics is and share tips on how to choose a transport logistics company. It is difficult to imagine a business that can exist, let alone develop, without transporting various goods. Raw materials need to be delivered to production, finished goods to the intermediary, and from the intermediary to the consumer. To organize all movements, keeping costs to a minimum - this is the main task of transport logistics.

Transport logistics as part of logistics science

Imagine a person who is engaged in the manufacture and sale of wooden souvenirs. At first he will have enough own car to bring materials to the workshop, and the finished product to the store. But over time, its production will begin to grow, and besides the thought, it will be necessary to think about finding new suppliers, opening a second workshop and branches in other cities.

How can he now manage to carry out all the necessary transportation himself while driving a single car? This is where logistics and transport companies come to the rescue of business.

It studies the management of all streaming movements, its subsection - transport logistics is responsible for the transportation of material goods by means of various vehicles.

Transportation costs account for about 50% of all logistics costs. The quality of transportation affects costs no less than their direct cost. In this regard, it is very important to consider transport logistics:

From the standpoint of the efficiency of the selected type of transport;
From the standpoint of organizing the transportation process;
From the point of view of the client, the conditions of storage and handling of cargo are no less important.

The history of the industry

For the first time the phrase "transport logistics" was officially sounded in 1974 in Berlin at the European Congress. At the same time, its main tasks and spheres of influence were formulated.

Transport logistics can be defined as the organization of cargo delivery to an agreed point, with an optimized route in the required time with minimal costs.

In the West, the logistics services market was formed back in the 1990s, and every year, according to experts, its capacity is growing by an average of 20%. In Russia, they started talking about transport logistics only with the transition to a market economy.

Today at Russian Federation the development of transport logistics is not proceeding as fast as in the West. This is primarily due to the lack of clearly delineating the responsibilities of the participants in the process. One employee is assigned various functions, in which he is absolutely not a specialist.

Other factors that negatively affect the development of transport logistics in Russia include:

Instability of the economic situation;
Slow pace of production development;
Unsatisfactory condition of transport routes;
Low level of production and technical base.

But there are also positive trends, thanks to which the logistics of transportation in Russia will rapidly develop in the coming years. In this regard, two groups of prerequisites can be named:

Scientific and technical (training of specialists);
Technical (construction of new facilities for sales and supply systems).

Fundamentals of transport logistics, transport logistics functions

Let's see what transport logistics consists of and what types of activities it includes:

Forecast and organization of cargo delivery;
Registration of related documents;
Legal support of transportation;
Payment for transportation services;
Loading and unloading;
Packing and warehousing;
Process optimization;
Information support;
Additional services (customs services, insurance).

Types of transport logistics

Transport logistics is divided into internal (movement of goods within the company and between its branches) and external (for example, delivery of a product from a manufacturer to a consumer).

The types of transportation are divided into:

Unimodal (single species)... Carried out by one transport;
Multimodal (multi-species)... Transportation is carried out using several types of transport, with one responsible organizer. Officially, one transport acts as a carrier, the rest have the status of clients;
Intermodal... Delivery of goods by several types of transport, when one operator organizes the entire process of moving from the first point, through intermediate points, and to the recipient. Responsibility is divided between all carriers who are equal in their status, uniform tariffs are determined;
Mixed... Two types of transport are used, when the first one delivers to the place of loading on the second one (without intermediate points and warehousing). For example: rail and road delivery;
Combined... Unlike mixed ones, more than two types of vehicles are used in the chain.

Two approaches to organizing the transport process

The transport logistics process is organized according to one of two principles:

Logistic;
Traditional.

In the traditional approach, there is no multimodal transport operator who manages the entire process of cargo movement. Participants interact sequentially. Information and financial flows in the traditional flow are transferred exclusively between adjacent links in the chain. It is not surprising that there are no uniform tariffs in such a chain.

In the logistic approach, everything is led by a single transport operator, thanks to which the communication scheme is transformed into a sequential-central one. In this case, general freight rates appear.

Transport logistics tasks

The essence of transport logistics is the organization of timely transportation of goods with minimal costs. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to complete a number of tasks:

Analyze delivery points;
Analyze the properties of the cargo;
Choose a suitable transport;
Select a carrier and, if necessary, other logistics partners;
Build a route;
Monitor the cargo during transportation;
Ensure the technological unity of the transport and warehouse process;
Optimize parameters (increase the speed of transportation, reduce the amount of fuel consumed).

End point analysis

At the first stage, the transport logistics manager lays out an approximate route taking into account the geography of the area and the type of cargo. Sometimes, already when solving this problem, it becomes clear that several types of transport will have to be used or intermediate points need to be worked out.

Analysis of cargo properties

The peculiarities of the cargo largely influence the further choice of transport and the development of the route. For example, how bulky, heavy or fragile a product is will greatly affect the choice of vehicle. And it is recommended to transport poisonous and chemically hazardous substances away from settlements. Only after determining the properties of the cargo is it worth starting the choice of transport.

Choice of transport

Cargo transportation is impossible without transport. To a large extent, logistics costs depend on the type of transportation chosen.

The most important criteria for transport logistics are delivery speed, cost and time. In addition, the vehicle is chosen based on:

The nature and value of the cargo;
The number of lots and the frequency of shipments;
Distances and features of the location of the destination.

According to the destination, transport is:

Public transport (public);
Special use (owned by the organization);
Personal transport.

By energy use:

On the power of the engine (electric cars, cars with a thermal or hybrid engine);
On the strength of the wind (for example, sailing ships);
Muscle strength (driven by an animal or human).

The most important classification for us is according to the medium of movement.

Ground transportation. Cars

Pros:

Low rates;
Mobility;
Availability;
Speed;
Possibility of sending small consignments;
High regularity of shipments;
Large selection of carriers;
There are no strict packaging requirements.

Minuses:

Very low lifting capacity;
Dependence on meteorological and road conditions;
High cost of delivery for distances over 300 km;
Expensive service;
Fast unloading required;
Low level of reliability (risk of theft).

Ground transportation. Railway

Pros:

High lifting capacity;
High regularity of transportation;
Does not depend on weather and season;
Fast long distance delivery;
Low cost.

Minuses:

Low mobility;
Monopoly of carriers.

Ground transportation. Pipeline

The pipeline is used to move liquid and gaseous substances through special structures. Here, the load is usually liquids or gases, but it is also possible to move solid objects such as capsules.

Pros:

Low cost price;
Doesn't require a lot of staff;
Reliability of cargo safety.

Minuses:

Narrow list of transported goods;
Transportation of small volumes is not possible.

Water transport. Sea vessels

Acts as the main carrier on intercontinental routes.

Pros:

Low cost price;
Reliability of cargo safety.

Minuses:

Low speed;
Limited geography of transportation;
Rare shipments;
Strict requirements for fastening and packaging.

Water transport. River vessels

It is especially used in areas where there are no airports or railways.

Pros:

Very high lifting capacity;
High carrying capacity.

Minuses:

Limited geography of transportation;
Depends on weather and season;
Low delivery speed.

Air Transport

The main ships used are airplanes and helicopters.

Pros:

Reliability of cargo safety;
High speed;
High mobility;
Large carrying capacity;
Shortest routes.

Minuses:

Highest rates;
Dependence on the weather;
Limited number of airports.

Other, less popular, modes of transport include space or underwater, as well as funiculars and elevators.

What are tariffs

The costs in transport logistics are made up of the cost of transportation of goods, which is formed from the tariff (or freight rate) - that is, from the price for transportation, set by the carrier for a certain period of time. Freight- an alternative to the tariff used in maritime transport. The tariff provides the carrier with reimbursement of operating costs and forms its profit. He can divide his tariff rates into groups:

By consumers;
By type of cargo;
By vehicle class.

Each type of transport has its own special tariff systems. In road transport, the following tariffs are used:

Piecework;
Ton / hour rates;
By the time of using the vehicle;
By kilometers of the way;
For departure;
Negotiated rates.

On the railways:

General rates;
Exceptional rates;
Local rates.

By sea transport:

On regular lines - at a fixed rate;
On irregular lines - at freight rates.

In river transport, rates are set by the shipping company.

After agreeing with the customer the terms, analyzing the geography of the destination points and choosing the type of transport, the logistician proceeds to build possible routes. Several options are calculated in detail using the full cost analysis method. In this case, not only the cost of transportation is taken into account, but also possible risks, costs, delays and the chances of damage to the cargo. The final preference is given to the route with the lowest cost.

Often, after the final plan has been adopted, climatic, political and other conditions make their own adjustments to the route.

Control of cargo during transportation

To avoid force majeure and make timely adjustments to the route, modern logistics companies use all possible navigation devices. It is also very important to keep the customer informed about where and at what stage of delivery his goods are. Modern transport logistics is impossible without high-quality cellular communication and the Internet.

How to choose a transport company

The logistics company does not always carry out transportation with its own transport. Very often, for these purposes, logisticians turn to third-party organizations: carriers or forwarders.

Carriers carry out only physical transportation of cargo. Forwarders provide a number of additional services for paperwork, loading and unloading, storage, control and cargo insurance.

It is very important to choose a reliable shipping company. What should you pay attention to?

An experience... The long history of the company speaks of well-functioning delivery mechanisms and the ability to solve various problems that arise. A significant indicator of sustainability is the age of the company over five years;
Technologies... The more experience the company has, the better its technologies of interaction with the customer are developed, which greatly simplifies cooperation;
Staff... Professional employees are the key to the success of any company. You shouldn't have any doubts about the qualifications of your employees;
Specialization... A young small company may turn out to be only an intermediary adding its own markup to the cost of transportation, but a large company confidently delivering groupage cargo is already worthy of attention;
Features of the transportation of your products... Choose a carrier that is already familiar with your type of cargo. Almost every industry has its own nuances.

The technological unity of the process is understood as the compliance of all parameters of vehicles and warehouses. The technology for working with each type of cargo - from a package to a container - must be clearly spelled out and worked out. Do you need a spacious warehouse, special loading systems, packaging machines, etc. - all this needs to be planned and brought to a holistic model.

Coordination of the commercial interests of the parties and the installation of uniform planning algorithms can also be attributed to this task.

Optimization and management of transport logistics

We have already discussed the main goals of transport logistics above, but let's repeat it again. Transport logistics strives to deliver the right cargo to the right place, at the right time, in the right amount, necessary quality, while at a minimum cost.

Time and money are spent on the transportation of goods, which means that transport logistics must be tuned in to get profitable financially. The greatest profit can be achieved if:

Reduce inventory in warehouses and on the way (they "tie up capital");
Minimize the cost of commodity and material resources;
Increase the range and volume of cargo transportation. Delivery of one consignment for 300 km will cost less than transporting three consignments for 100 km. A larger volume of cargo reduces the cost of transporting a unit, and for large volumes, other vehicles will be required - rail or water - and their operation is cheaper than road or air;
Timely prevent damage and loss of cargo.

Transport logistics automation

For a quick and convenient solution of transport logistics problems, special logistics programs are used (Transport Management System, TMS - transport logistics management system).

Such a system calculates routes taking into account the model of the transport network, transport access to certain urban areas, the volume and weight of products. The solution allows you to get a visual comparison of the planned and actual routes on an electronic map. As a result, it is possible to determine the deviation of the route from the plan, eliminate the inappropriate use of transport, unreasonable downtime, and also solve a number of other analytical problems.

Transport logistics documentation

The rules of transportation in the Russian Federation regulate: the Charter of the railways of the Russian Federation, inland waterways, road transport, the Merchant Shipping Code.

A contract must be concluded between the carrier and the sender, according to which the first undertakes to deliver the goods to the specified point within the specified time frame, and the second undertakes to pay for the carriage at the established tariff.

For the carriage of goods, you must have the following documents:

Power of attorney for transportation;
Consignment notes for cargo;
Consolidated statements;
Invoice from the supplier;

The workflow varies depending on the transport used.

Automobile transport:

Standard contract;
Consignment note;
Waybill - issued to the driver at the beginning of the trip, and usually returned at the end of the day.

Railway transport:

Invoice;
Road bill (issued for each shipment, the spine remains at the departure station, the rest follows to the destination station);
Wagon sheet (for each wagon).

Bill of lading (for liner shipping) or charter agreement (for non-linear, international navigation);
Loading order;
Invoice.

Conclusion

Now you know what transport logistics is, what functions and tasks it performs and how to choose a transport company for your business.

Good luck to you and your business!

Transport logistics is a science that deals with the delivery of goods from one point to another. The main tasks that logistics solves include:

1. Analysis of points of departure and delivery
2. Analysis of the properties of the transported cargo
3. Choosing the right transport
4. Building the optimal route
5. Carrying out control during transportation and prompt correction in case of deviation

As optimality criteria of the constructed route and the selected transport can be:

Minimizing the distance traveled
Minimizing delivery times
Minimizing costs
Minimizing the risk of damage to cargo

The optimal route is the one that best meets all of the above criteria. Obviously, in practice, it is often not possible to fulfill all the requirements due to various circumstances, therefore, one of the criteria is chosen as the main one, and the rest are taken into account whenever possible.

The approach to solving the problems of transport logistics is complex. Each individual problem cannot be solved without analyzing its interaction with the rest. So, the choice of the necessary transport is determined together with the development of the optimal route, which, in turn, depend on the characteristics of the points of shipment and delivery.

Analysis of dispatch and delivery points

The very first step is to determine the "breadth of scope" of the funds used, which depends on geographic characteristics delivery points. At this stage, the possibilities of using a particular type of vehicle (TC) are established and a preliminary route is laid. It is often impossible or impractical to use only one type of transport along the entire route - in this case, the route is divided into intermediate segments, on which its type of transportation is determined.

Analysis of the properties of the transported cargo

The object to be transported has its own unique characteristics on which the choice of the vehicle type and the transportation route depends. Thus, the routes of transportation of ordinary and hazardous cargo will differ - in the second option, it should not pass near densely populated areas and strategic facilities, in addition, a special permit will be required.

Choosing the type of vehicle

The selection of the appropriate type and type of delivery will largely be determined based on the results of the analysis at the previous stages. There are the following types of transport:

Car

Ideal for short to medium haul transportation. Due to its high maneuverability and mobility, it is the most optimal way to deliver small consignments of cargo in a relatively short time. However, due to the low carrying capacity given view transport is of little use for the transportation of large consignments of goods, as well as oversized, heavy cargo. In addition, there is a risk of damage to the goods due to the high probability of an accident (relative to other types of transportation), as well as its theft.

Nautical

International and inland water (river) transport are distinguished. Despite the long delivery time and limited geographical factors, it has undeniable advantages in terms of good carrying capacity, which favors large-sized and heavy transportation and low cost of transferring objects from port to port. Especially relevant for areas with water communication between them.

Railway

It is the most common in Russia for the transportation of industrial cargo (mainly raw materials and materials) in significant volumes over long distances. It is distinguished by its low cost, all-weather and fast loading and unloading operations. But due to the high congestion of the railways and, in addition, the limited number of railway carriers - it leads to a long wait for a suitable schedule.

Air

Cargo air transport- the most quick way transportation over very long distances, as well as in areas that have no other means of communication. However, excessive freight rates discourage small and medium-sized businesses, leaving room for only the most important strategic deliveries.

Pipeline

A highly specialized method of transporting various kinds of gaseous and liquid substances (gas, oil). Low cost of transportation and high throughput determined the right to its existence. Significant disadvantages are the high cost of laying the "channel", as well as the limited use of the elected state. companies.

Building an optimal route

The laying of the optimal route for the cargo, as well as the choice of a suitable vehicle, is primarily determined by the following factors:

geographic location starting, ending and intermediate points of the route;
specificity, characteristics and properties of the transported cargo (quantity, volume, dimensions, degree of danger);
urgency of delivery;
the size of the budget allocated for transportation costs.

Having decided on the main priorities, logisticians, as a rule, receive several options for different routes. Weeding out unpromising ones takes place according to the scheme of analyzing possible risks and current conditions. Adjustments are made based on climatic (seasonal, weather), political, economic and other factors. A well-designed scheme includes taking into account the minimum and maximum indicators of time and costs, minor deviations, the degree of risks (relevant for cargo insurance), up to the onset of force majeure.

Control during transportation

In our world, no one is insured against the onset of unfortunate events, and therefore, according to the principle “if something terrible should happen, it will definitely happen”, it is necessary to protect yourself as fully as possible, taking control of the implementation of all the intended goals. As is often the case, a delay in loading (or unloading), a breakdown of a car, other emergency situations - lead to shifts in the time schedule, which can threaten to be late to the next point, disruption of supplies, and others. unpleasant consequences leading to the imposition of appropriate sanctions against certain parties. In such situations, adherence to the planned schedule becomes irrelevant - urgent adjustments are required in order to reduce the negative consequences. Continuous control and constant informing by the logistician of the client and other interested parties, allows you to promptly direct the situation in the right direction.

Today there are many means of control and monitoring of the transportation process - cellular, Internet, satellite and other types of communication. To track the trajectory of movement, prevent unintentional stops and any deviations from the planned course, GPS / GLONASS navigation systems are used, installed on vehicles, which allow them to track them in real time.

Transport logistics principles

The basic principle on which the entire algorithm of logistics services in the transport sector is built is called "just in time" (in English - "just in time"). According to this principle deliveries must be made in a strictly specified time frame, not later and not earlier, in order to organize the continuity of the production process and to prevent overfilling of warehouses with surplus raw materials or products.

The second principle, which can be described as "continuous chain", is to maximize vehicle efficiency(continuity of traffic flows) - exclusion of all kinds of downtime and empty runs. An ideal example is the delivery of raw materials to production and collection already finished products for delivery to a specific consumer. As a result, each individual transport unit is involved in a continuous cycle, avoiding planned downtime ("time is money"). For this reason, most carriers do not like to stand idle at places of loading and loading - a standing machine does not generate the income that can be obtained using it for work. Remember that the more likely the driver who delivered your cargo is to go back "empty", the higher the shipping cost will be ("double price" = delivery + "return").

The elements of the supply chain add up to unified transport system, which is a collection of very different directions. Working as a single well-coordinated mechanism, the vastness of the logistics network is inversely proportional to transportation costs - products are exported on time, machines are not idle, the production cycle is not suspended due to lack of material resources, there are no idle runs - all this allows you to significantly reduce costs.

Transport companies in the field of logistics

The appearance in Russia of a large number of all kinds of commercial companies providing cargo transportation services led to high level competition, which favorably affected reduction of transport tariffs... This, in turn, contributes to economic development small manufacturing enterprises whose products are aimed at end users.

The choice of TC largely depends on the level of demand for transport services of a particular client. On the modern market, there is a large number of a wide variety of carriers - from private cabs who own a single used car, to large diversified companies with their own fleet of vehicles. High demand These types of services were prompted by the growth of small intermediary forwarders who do not own any machines, but only connect shippers with carriers, taking for this, so for this, the so-called "delta" - the difference between the price of the client and the carrier. In fact, there is nothing wrong with this - forwarders take responsibility for delivery, relieving unnecessary headaches from customers who have no idea in the field of transportation, thereby saving them from direct contact with large companies that are not interested in "small" cargo ... The client can, of course, bypassing intermediaries, turn to small companies or private cabbies, but who will insure him against fraudsters? The likelihood of meeting "dishonest" people among small entrepreneurs is much higher than among large shopping malls.

Basic documents drawn up for the carriage of goods

General provisions for road freight transport are described in "Rules for the carriage of goods by road"... Below are the main documents used in the delivery of goods by trucks.

Waybill (TN)

A document serving as confirmation of the contract for carriage between the shipper and the carrier (P), which indicates the characteristics of the cargo, the route of transportation, points of loading and unloading, marks of the consignor (GO) and consignee (GP). It is compiled in triplicate - for GO, P and GP, respectively.

Packing list

A document that confirms the transfer (sale) of inventory items from one organization to another. Has a single form ("TORG-12"), which can be replaced with your own, subject to the completeness of filling in the necessary details. It is used as a primary document in accounting (write-off operations - for the seller, posting operations - for the buyer). It is compiled in two copies - the first one for the seller, the other for the buyer.

Consignment note (TTN)

The main document (in the form No. "1-T"), which was used before the introduction of the bill of lading. Today, it is possible to apply both the first and second documents, since there were no decrees on the prohibition of TTN by the authorities. On the other hand, the government decree No. 272 of 15.04.2011. does not provide for the registration of a consignment note, therefore, in a short time, it may be completely replaced by a bill of lading.
When transporting goods abroad, a CMR (CMR) is issued - an international form of a consignment note.

Carriage contract

It is drawn up in the event that the companies between which the fact of sale and purchase occurs contact the carrier organization. The contract is drawn up in two copies - the first for the customer, the second for the carrier. If companies do not take the services of a transport worker, but manage on their own, then the contract of carriage and, as a result, TTN or TN are not drawn up. The fact of transportation is taken into account only by the waybill.

Work order

In other words, an application for transportation, in which the shipper in free form enters information about the nature of the cargo, the route and delivery time and submits it for consideration to the carrier, who, no later than three working days, is obliged to confirm or refuse it, indicating the reasons for the refusal.

Waybill

A paper issued for a specific vehicle, which reflects information about the driver to whom the car was handed over, the delivery route, time indicators of arrival at unloading points, fuel consumption, etc. The waybill may not be issued when there is no need to account for expenses to write them off (for tax reporting). The period for which a waybill can be issued is one calendar day or not more than a month.

More information on full list documents required for registration for the carriage of goods different kinds transport, you can look in "Letter of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation of August 21, 2009 No. ShS-22-3 / 660 - On the direction of systematized materials for documenting operations during the transportation of goods".