Rules of conduct in case of an accident on air transport. Aviation accidents: types, causes and what to do
transport accident is damage to the vehicle. For example, a car, a train, an airplane, a ship can crash. At the same time, an accident with tragic consequences associated with the death of people is called disaster.
Protection in case of car accidents (catastrophes)
A car accident is one of the main causes of death in peacetime.
In most cases, car accidents occur due to non-compliance with basic safety measures and traffic rules, as well as insufficient awareness of the consequences of a particular violation of road safety rules. For example, few people know that a collision with a fixed obstacle at a speed of 50 km / h without a seat belt is equivalent to jumping face down from the 4th floor.
About 75% of all accidents in road transport occur due to violations of traffic rules by drivers. The most dangerous types of violations still remain speeding, ignoring road signs, driving into oncoming traffic and driving while intoxicated.
Bad roads (mostly slippery) often lead to accidents, as well as machine malfunctions (brakes in the first place, steering in the second place, wheels and tires in the third place).
A feature of car accidents is that 80% of the wounded die in the first three hours due to heavy blood loss.
There are several recommendations on how to protect yourself during an accident. So, if an accident occurs on a motor vehicle, if you see that it is impossible to prevent it, try to take the safest position by grouping and covering your head with your hands. During an accident, all muscles must be strained to the limit. Most importantly, stop yourself from moving forward. To do this, if you are sitting in the driver's seat, you need to press your back into the seat and, straining all your muscles, rest your hands on the steering wheel; if you are sitting in the front seat as a passenger, then you should rest against the "front panel"; and if behind - then in the front seat. If you, while driving, did not fasten your seat belt, you should press against the steering column, and in the passenger seat, you should cover your head with your hands and fall to one side. Do not leave the car before it stops, as the chances of surviving in a car are 10 times greater than when jumping out of it.
If the accident is related to a rollover or fire of the vehicle, try to get out of it as soon as possible, using not only doors, but also windows for this if necessary.
If the car has fallen into the water, the doors should not be opened, as the water will immediately rush in and the car will begin to plunge sharply. In this case, you need to get out through an open window.
In the event of a fire in public transport, first, immediately inform the driver. Second, try opening the doors with the emergency release button. If this fails, break the side windows or open them as instructed as emergency exits. Thirdly, try to put out the fire yourself, and if this fails, then immediately leave the salon.
The electrical supply of trams and trolleybuses creates an additional threat of electric shock to a person. Therefore, when getting out of the passenger compartment of a tram or trolleybus, do not touch its metal parts.
In any case, the main thing is to remain calm and in no case panic, as panic can lead to more damage. Decide where in the car and what position you are in, whether the car is on fire and whether gasoline is leaking (especially when overturning). After getting out of the car, move away from it - an explosion is possible.
If nothing serious happened to you, help the injured, organize first aid and take measures to eliminate the consequences of the accident. If necessary, call an ambulance and report the incident to the police.
Protection in case of accidents (catastrophes) on railway transport
As statistics show, the death of people in railway transport is mainly associated with train wrecks. Therefore, it is necessary to know and apply the rules and security measures in the event of this emergency.
In the event of a crash or emergency braking of the composition, the most important thing is to gain a foothold and prevent your movement forward or throws to the sides. To do this, during the impact, the point resulting from the accident, try to grab onto the stationary parts of the car or group, covering your head, in order to avoid injury. When turning the car over, hold on tightly with your hands and rest your feet against the wall, upper shelf, etc. After the car becomes stable, outline the ways out of it. At the same time, if the car is overturned or damaged, get out through the windows, pulling out children and victims in your arms. In the event of a break in the wires of the contact network, move away from the cars by 30-50 m so as not to fall under the step voltage.
Of course, ensuring the safe movement of trains depends mainly on the drivers and dispatchers, but you can also reduce the risk of a possible train crash if you know some rules:
- in the event of a train collision, the most dangerous are the head and tail cars;
- compartment doors that are not fixed in the extreme position lead to injuries from their sudden movement when stopped;
- bulky things, glassware located on the upper shelves also lead to passenger injuries during a sudden stop;
- on electrified sections of the railway, broken poles and electrical wires lying on the ground are especially dangerous in the event of a train crash.
A fire in the carriage also poses a great danger to railway passengers. This is due to the concentration of a large number of people in passenger cars and the difficulty of their evacuation, the rapid rise in temperature and the spread of toxic gases in confined spaces, the remoteness of the train on the way from fire departments.
In the event of a fire on the way, first of all inform the conductor or driver about it. Try to take all measures to stop the train, using the stop crane or emergency braking system, and extinguish the fire. (Remember that in case of fire, you cannot stop the train on the bridge, in the tunnel and other places where evacuation will be difficult.) If it is impossible to put out the fire on your own, leave the car immediately, using all exits, including windows, while remembering to provide assistance in the evacuation of children and the elderly. Remember that in case of fire, the material with which the walls of the wagons are lined - malminite - emits toxic gas that is life-threatening. Therefore, during a fire on a train, try to protect yourself with respiratory protection.
When evacuating, be careful not to get hit by an oncoming train. After leaving the train, do not stay near it, but try to move to a safe distance.
Protection in case of accidents (catastrophes) in air transport
Flight safety depends primarily on the reliability of aircraft and the professionalism of crews and dispatchers. However, when using air transport, you must follow certain safety rules.
If you have a choice, then sit in a seat that is located near the exit and, if possible, closer to the middle or tail of the aircraft. Find out where the exits (main and emergency) are located on your aircraft and how they open. When taking off and landing, make sure that your seat belt is tight. Be attentive to the commands and signals that are transmitted through the microphone, on the light board or flight attendants.
One of the emergencies that can occur in flight is decompression - a decrease in the oxygen content due to the “leaving” of air. Decompression usually begins with a deafening roar, the cabin fills with dust and fog, and visibility drops sharply. At the same time, people have ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines (gas expands), air quickly leaves the lungs, and people lose consciousness. Therefore, at the first sign of decompression, immediately put on an oxygen mask (where it is stored and how to use it, the flight attendant informs at the beginning of the flight) and prepare for a sharp descent or emergency landing, as a decompression emergency is corrected by lowering the flight altitude .
In an emergency landing, take the safest position. To do this, lower the chair and group, pressing your head to your hands and resting your legs in the direction of travel. At the moment of impact, strain as much as possible. When the plane makes an emergency landing, strictly follow all the instructions of the crew.
If a fire breaks out in flight, do not panic, but try to help extinguish the fire or protect yourself from fire and smoke, using clothes and water to do this. Prepare for an emergency landing and be sure to visualize your way to the nearest exit. After an emergency landing, try to leave the plane as quickly as possible, using emergency hatches and ladders for this (you have one to two minutes for this). At the same time, try to protect your skin and do not breathe smoke. The main thing is to remain calm and do not panic, as not only your salvation, but also the salvation of other passengers depends on this (according to the US National Transportation Safety Administration, over 70% of people involved in air crashes with fires survive). Once overboard, provide assistance to the injured and try to move away with them to a safe distance as quickly as possible.
If the plane crashed in a deserted area, then try to take the most necessary things with you during an emergency evacuation from the plane (first aid kits, warm clothes in winter) and think about how to send signals from the ground, visible from the air.
Protection in case of accidents (catastrophes) on water transport
For the timely and organized work to save passengers and the ship itself, each of them has developed Alarm schedules. They describe all the actions of the crew and passengers on the appropriate alarms in the event of an emergency. In addition, each passenger seat is assigned a passenger cabin card in Russian and English, which indicates: the meaning of the alarms; place of gathering of passengers on alarm; the number and location of the lifeboat; illustrated brief instructions for putting on personal life-saving equipment with an indication of their storage location.
Therefore, before you settle into the cabin, carefully study this card.
There are three ship alarms:
- "General ship alarm" - one long signal with a loud chime for 25-30 s, after which the announcement "General ship alarm" on the general ship broadcast in forced operation mode. An alarm is announced when an emergency occurs or in the pre-emergency period, when it becomes clear that an accident cannot be avoided. However, this does not mean "Abandon ship".
- Alarm "Man overboard" - three long signals with a loud battle call are given 3-4 times. Following this, a voice announcement is made on the ship's general broadcast indicating the number of the boat to be launched. The alarm applies only to members of the ship's crew. Exit of passengers on this alarm to the open decks is prohibited.
- "Boat alarm" - seven short and one long signal with a loud battle call, repeated 3-4 times, followed by an announcement in a voice over the ship's general broadcast. It is submitted only in the case when the state of the emergency ship leaves no hope for the success of the damage control and the ship must immediately die; announced only by order of the captain. On a boat alert, the crew members responsible for the safety of passengers will take you to the place of landing in collective life-saving equipment.
As statistics show, the main danger during a shipwreck comes from a sinking ship, which is capable of taking people under water with it. In addition, in a shipwreck, people are at risk during evacuation from a sinking ship, as well as when they are in the water, on rafts or boats.
Among the preliminary measures of protection, one can advise to remember the way from your cabin to the rescue equipment on the upper deck, since it is very difficult to navigate during a disaster, especially when there is smoke and the ship is listing. Preventive measures also include the study of instructions for actions in emergency situations, the rules for using life-saving equipment and practical training in the use of life-saving equipment.
When evacuating people from a ship in distress, the danger arises from failures of launching devices, capsizing and impacts of life-saving appliances, their improper use, and also, if necessary, jumping into the water from a sinking ship from a great height. During the evacuation, you should take with you only the necessary things. Seats on life-saving appliances are given first to women, children, the elderly and the wounded.
When evacuating from the vessel, it is necessary to wear warm clothes, and on top - a protective suit made of waterproof fabric and a life jacket. To go down to the rescue vessel should be on ladders or ropes. If circumstances permit, additional blankets, clothing, an emergency radio, supplies of drinking water and food should be loaded into survival equipment. If you need to jump into the water, you should hold your nose and mouth with one hand, and hold on tightly to the life jacket with the other.
Once in the water, a person is at risk of drowning, hypothermia and exhaustion. To slow down the onset of hypothermia while in the water, you need to keep your head as high as possible above the water, while trying to expend a minimum of physical effort to keep yourself on the surface of the water. You should swim only to the life-saving equipment.
On the high seas, life-saving appliances should observe two basic principles: all life-saving appliances stay together and stay at the place of the shipwreck, if there is no firm confidence in the ability to reach the shore or enter the ship's routes.
When on rafts or boats, the main danger comes from hypothermia, and when staying on them for a long time, from a lack of water and food. Therefore, while on a life-saving device, one should first of all keep the legs dry and cover the body, strictly ration water (500-600 ml per person per day, divided into numerous small doses) and have only an emergency supply. However, in any case, it is necessary to maintain composure and not give in to panic, otherwise it will only reduce the chances of salvation and hasten death.
The aircraft allows you to quickly cover huge distances. Every year more than a hundred million people use it all over the world. The reliability and safety of aviation is constantly improving. Modern protections are being introduced in case of an accident in air transport, including systems for screening passengers and luggage at airports, inspecting a vessel before departure, close interaction with weather services, and the availability and observance of clear regulations when flying an aircraft.
Air transport accidents, their main causes and consequences.
Air accident- an event related to the operation of an aircraft that occurred while passengers or crew members were on board, which resulted in damage or destruction of the aircraft and caused injury to people or did not cause bodily injury.
Aviation accidents are divided into flight and ground.
Under flight accident understand an event related to the performance of a flight mission by the crew and entailing consequences of varying severity for the people on board the aircraft (injury or death) or the aircraft itself (damage or destruction).
ground accident considered an accident that occurred before or after the flight.
Depending on the consequences for passengers, crew and aircraft, flight and ground accidents are divided into breakdowns, accidents and disasters.
Breaking- an aviation accident, which was not followed by the death of crew members and passengers, resulting in damage to the aircraft, the repair of which is possible and economically feasible.
Accident- an aircraft accident that did not result in the death of crew members and passengers, but led to the complete destruction or severe damage to the aircraft, as a result of which it is technically and economically impossible to restore it,
Catastrophe- an aviation accident that resulted in the death of crew members or passengers in the event of destruction or damage to the aircraft, as well as death of people from injuries that occurred within 30 days. since the incident.
World statistics show that almost 50% of air crashes occur on the airfield. For example, in the airport of Havana in 1989 an IL-62M plane crashed, killing 125 people, in the Sverdlovsk airport in 1990 a Yak-42 plane crashed, killing 122 people.
In other cases, accidents occur in the air at various altitudes, and an aircraft in distress causes the death of not only passengers and crew, but also people on the ground. Thus, in 1994, when a TU-154 plane crashed near Irkutsk, 125 people died, of which 1 was a local resident who happened to be at the scene; in 1988, a Boeing 747 with 258 passengers on board fell from a height of 10,000 meters into residential areas of the Scottish city of Lockerbie, killing 15 local residents of the city with them.
Civil aviation accidents, which seem very frequent and dramatic compared to other transport accidents, are characterized by more modest average sanitary losses. At the same time, almost 100% deaths of the crew and passengers often occur in aviation accidents, exceptions are rare here. Usually, the size of sanitary losses in these cases can reach 80-90% of the total number of people on the aircraft.
Every year, on average, up to 60 air crashes occur, of which all passengers and crew die in 35. Survivors in 40-90% may have mechanical injuries; combined and combined lesions occur in 10 and 20%, respectively, in 40-60%, traumatic brain injuries are possible, and shock develops in 10% of the victims. Almost half of the passengers and members of the aircraft crew can have severe injuries.
According to the EMERCOM of Russia, in 1996 there were 40 accidents in air transport, including 14 air crashes, in which 232 people died and 334 were injured.
Based on the above information, we can assume that the task of providing medical care to the mass number of victims of aviation accidents will not be typical. Most often it will occur in cases of ground accidents or after an emergency landing of an aircraft.
According to available data, the maximum number of victims, depending on the type of aircraft, may be: AN-2 aircraft - 12 people, AN-24 - 47, Yak-42 - 113, TU-154 - 168, IL-86 - 324 people.
Statistics for 1981-1989 shows that per 100 thousand hours of flight in passenger traffic, the accident rate in the USSR was 0.11 cases in 1981 and, gradually decreasing, 0.03 - in 1989. These figures in the USA amounted to 0.06 and 0.04, respectively ; according to the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO (excluding the USSR), the accident rate in these years was 0.14. The number of victims (crew + passengers) per 1 million transported over the same years, respectively, was: the USSR - 2.34 and 0.30; USA - 0.01 and 0.60; ICAO data (without the USSR) - 0.56 and 1.00 people.
Aviation accidents and catastrophes are possible for many reasons and lead to serious consequences. Takeoff and landing accidents are among those where there is hope for rescue, since they usually occur when the aircraft is still on the ground or not high above it, and its speed is relatively low. Moreover, they tend to happen in the area around the airport, where there are rescue teams and the necessary equipment.
Passenger actions in the event of an accident during takeoff and landing:
Bring the back of the chair to a vertical position;
Take off your glasses, high heels, loosen your tie, unbutton your collar, remove sharp objects from your pockets;
Put soft things on your knees, adjust the seat belt and fasten it;
Lean forward, lower your head down, rest your hands on the back of the seat in front of you (in its absence, grab your knees with your hands and put your head on them).
Leaving the plane through the exit with the ladder released and inflated, you need to jump on it without stopping, and not sit on the edge and then slide down. Only by jumping is an increase in the speed of evacuation achieved. Take off your goggles and high heels before jumping.
During decompression, i.e. air discharge in the cabin as a result of depressurization, the latter is filled with dust and fog. Visibility is sharply reduced, air quickly leaves the lungs of a person, and it cannot be delayed. At the same time, ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines may occur.
Rapid decompression usually begins with a deafening roar (air escapes). In this case, without waiting for the command, immediately put on an oxygen mask. Do not try to help anyone before you put on the mask yourself, even if it is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and pass out, then both will be without oxygen. Fasten your seat belts immediately after donning your mask and prepare for a steep descent.
Actions of air passengers in case of fire:
Listen and follow the commands of the crew members;
Protect exposed areas of the body from direct exposure to fire, using available clothing, blankets, etc.;
Crouch and crawl to the exit on all fours;
If the passage is blocked, move over the lowered backs of the aircraft seats;
Once outside the aircraft, move as far away from it as possible.
When evacuating, get rid of hand luggage and avoid exit through hatches near which there is open fire or heavy smoke.
For emergency evacuation of the aircraft by passengers and crew, all main and emergency doors, as well as emergency exits, located, as a rule, are used on the left and right sides of the fuselage. Exits for passengers, approaches to them and means of opening are prominently marked to facilitate their detection. All inscriptions are illuminated from the inside, regardless of the main lighting system. The device of emergency hatches and their locks with handles is made simple, noticeable and does not require much effort to open. Instructions for opening them are printed on the doors (hatches).
Forced landing of an aircraft on the water is rare. Before sinking, the aircraft can be afloat from 10 to 40 minutes. However, if the fuselage is damaged, this time is much shorter. Aircraft with wing-mounted engines will float in a horizontal position, while those with two or more tail-mounted engines will float tail down.
In one case, the plane can touch the water surface very smoothly, in the other, it can fall apart and quickly sink. Therefore, when splashing down, it is necessary to clearly act on the command of the crew commander or flight attendant.
Actions of air passengers in case of forced (emergency) landing on water:
Put on a life jacket and inflate it slightly;
Bring or wear warm clothes;
Take a seat on the life raft.
After a forced landing on the water, life rafts descend. The time to bring the raft into working condition is approximately 1 min. in summer and 3 min. in winter.
Using oars and improvised items, you need to move away from the dive site of the aircraft. After that, straighten and throw overboard a floating anchor, which will reduce the speed of the raft drift in the wind and will keep those fleeing in the area of the accident.
The modern world and society cannot be imagined without aviation. Despite,
that security issues in aviation transport are given priority
attention, emergencies still occur.
Emergencies in aviation transport have a number of specific features. It's connected with
high speed of movement of aircraft, the presence on board of a large number of
the amount of fuel capable of igniting or exploding, the presence of people in a closed
that cabin space, high flight altitude, lack of efficient and reliable
measures of influence and assistance to people who are in distress in the air, suddenness and
flow of events.
The main factors of injury and death of people in emergencies on air transport are
the forces arising from the impact of an aircraft during a fall, fire, explosion, poisoning
blowing gases, decompression.
An emergency in air transport can occur at any stage: takeoff, flight, landing. By-
it is very important to know the features of aviation accidents, to be able to behave in case of their
occurrence, skillfully use emergency equipment, which is
on board the aircraft.
In the event of an emergency on an airplane, you must quickly take
safe position: group, clasp your hands under your knees, put your head on
laziness. Do not straighten your legs and place them under the seat in front of you. At the moment of impact
they may be injured. Remain in your seat until the aircraft comes to a complete stop, do not
do not panic, act quickly and skillfully.
Aviation safety requirements:
You can not go to the parking lot of aircraft without accompaniment of employees of the airport
port, without permission to climb into the cabin of the aircraft, enter the cockpit, three
turn and open locks and exit handles, open doors and hatches;
materials, spontaneously combustible objects, cylinders with compressed and liquefied gas, poisonous
twisted, poisonous, caustic substances;
It is forbidden to carry cold and firearms; __
• it is forbidden to use air transport for people who have contraindications for
health;
• it is forbidden to get up from your seats, walk around the cabin when the airliner is moving along
ground, takeoff and landing.
In the event of an emergency on board an aircraft, the priority task is to
saving people is to quickly evacuate. It must be carried out through
nye, emergency, service exits, windows in the cockpit, cargo hatches, openings,
done by rescuers, fractures in the fuselage.
The design of the locks of all aircraft doors ensures their quick opening as
inside the cabin and outside. This operation does not require large physical
sky's efforts. The locations of emergency exits are indicated by stencils, the handles of the locks are
painted with bright colors.
Emergency evacuation is led by crew members or rescuers. Evacuate injury-
rescuers must use special means. After leaving the vehicle
the means must move away from it at a safe distance. The race is considered safe
stand at least 100 meters.
Each aircraft is equipped with its own emergency means for evacuation
kuatsii people, these include: inflatable ladders, fabric gutters, rescue ropes.
Their locations, the order of activation and operation methods are indicated on
stencils. The flight attendant provides detailed information on emergency life-saving equipment.
During the flight.
The need for prompt evacuation from an aircraft in distress
means associated with the possibility of an explosion or fire.
One of the main reasons for the defeat of people inside the cabin during a fire is
severe poisoning by combustion products and primarily carbon dioxide. Through non-
how many minutes after the start of combustion, its concentration reaches a lethal level. Not me-
it is dangerous high temperature in the cabin. During a fire, do not remove the top
clothes and shoes, they will protect against burns and broken glass.
An emergency landing can be made on the water surface. In this situation
to rescue people, inflatable boats with an emergency supply of food, drinking water are used
dy, medicines, means of signaling.
St. Petersburg State Health Institution "Children's Sanatorium - Rehabilitation Center "Children's Dunes"
Summary of the lesson on the basics of life safety in the 6th grade on the topic "Emergency situations in air transport"
Prepared and conducted by the teacher
OBZH Parygin V.I.
Topic "Air transport emergencies"
Purpose: To update knowledge about the importance of observing safety rules in air transport, to form behavior skills in the event of an emergency in air transport.
Tasks:
Educational: consolidate knowledge of the concepts used, skills on the topic. Learn the rules of safe behavior in air transport.
Developing: to develop the ability to correctly understand and interpret the wording of the rules and recommendations for safe behavior in air transport.
Educational: to cultivate a respectful attitude and desire for mandatory compliance with the rules and recommendations on behavior in air transport.
Lesson type: combined.
Basic concepts: helicopter, airplane, airport, stewardess (steward), pilot, takeoff, landing, briefing, seat belt, oxygen mask, depressurization.
Equipment and materials
Multimedia presentation on the topic: "Air transport emergencies"; video - fragments of records about dangerous situations that arise in air transport; textbook "Fundamentals of life safety"; workbook;
Forms of work in the lesson: work with the board, work with the book.
Lesson plan:
Organizing time.
Checking homework, the degree of assimilation of the material.
Explanation of new material.
Primary check and consolidation of knowledge.
Fizkultminutka.
Verification stage (game)
Summing up the lesson.
On the blackboard in the middle - the number, the topic of the lesson: "Emergency situations in air transport."
During the classes:
Organizing time.
Speech exercises: slide show and work with a dictionary on the topic "Transport, modes of transport", "Water transport" (1-4 slides).
Introductory word of the teacher:
There is another mode of transport that we have not studied - air transport. What kind of air transport do you know (Airplane , Helicopter) (Slide 5, 6).
Today the topic of our lesson (I write on the blackboard) is “Air Transport Emergencies”.
Write down the number, the topic of the lesson.
The place where planes and helicopters are parked is calledaerodrome , and the place where passengers come in order to get on a plane and fly away is calledthe airport .
You come to the airport with adults, present a ticket (a question to the children: what else?), a passport, check heavy bags in luggage and go through control to the plane. On board meets you (who)stewardess (steward) which shows you your place and you wait for the command (whom)pilot for what)takeoff. When the plane takes off into the sky - it's calledtakeoff and when it sits down on the ground it islanding . Stewardess conductsbriefing. During takeoff you are offered juices, water, breakfast, lunch. On board the aircraft you can eat, sleep, read, watch a movie, use the toilet. It is forbidden to smoke, talk loudly, laugh, you will interfere with other passengers. Aircraft crashes most often occur during takeoff or landing. Therefore, all buildings, stadiums, cottages built near airports are at risk.
Any passenger needs to know the basic safety rules, both on the ground and on board the aircraft. (View video with teacher's comments).
One and dangerous situations in the air -depressurization interior, that is, a violation of its impermeability to gases. (View video with teacher's comments).
Let's have a rest and spend a physical education minute (exercises for the eyes).
And now we will consider the situation when there was a fire on board the aircraft (watching the video with the teacher's comments).
Let's open the textbook to page 73 and write down the rules of conduct in case of a fire on an airplane in a notebook.
Consolidation of new material.
Let's play!
There are task cards on the table, each of you will choose a card and complete the task that is written there.
Tasks:
1. Depict the work of a steward on board an airliner (why a briefing is needed);
2. Depressurization in the cabin, show how to properly put on an oxygen mask;
3.Aircraft emergency landing, fasten your seat belt (put a pillow on it);
4. Substitute pictures for words on the board;
5. Repeat the rules of conduct in case of fire on an airplane.
Summing up the lesson.
Reflection:
In class, I learned that...
I liked the lesson (did not like it) because….
Post grades and homework.
ACCIDENTS ON AIR TRANSPORT Aviation accidents and catastrophes are possible for many reasons. The destruction of individual aircraft structures, engine failure, disruption of control systems, power supply, communications, piloting, lack of fuel, interruptions in the life support of the crew and passengers lead to serious consequences.
ACCIDENTS IN AIR TRANSPORT The more prepared a person is for self-rescue in the conditions of flight accidents, the higher they are. An example of this is the disaster that occurred in 1974 with the plane "B 707" at the Samoan airport of Payu. Of the 102 passengers, only five survived. The only thing that can be advised here is to strictly follow the instructions of the crew. Fasten the belts, and adjust them to your size so that they do not dangle on the body and are as low as possible, preferably almost on the hips Put crossed arms on the back of the chair in front of you, tilt, press your head against them, stretch your legs and rest them on the floor or front seat. In another recommended position in case of an accident, which seems to me more convincing, you should clasp your hands with your elbows with the passengers sitting next to you, protect your head with your palms (or, covering your head with them, rest your elbows on the back of the front seat), put a folded blanket on your knees and under your stomach, a coat, a bag with soft things to create the most voluminous soft buffer, bend over, firmly press your chin to your chest and rest your knees on the back of the front seat! It is better to get rid of glasses, earrings, brooches, pens, keys, etc. pocket change so that subsequently doctors do not have to cut and pick them out of your body. Scarves, scarves, ties, chains and laces around the neck are dangerous, which, catching on a random protrusion, can strangle you. At the moment of impact, it is necessary to strain all the muscles as much as possible, especially in the forward and downward direction, from where, most likely, a push will follow. ! Until the plane comes to a complete stop, do not leave the seat and do not unfasten the seat belts. After the first blow, a second and third, more crushing, may follow.
You should leave the aircraft through both the main and emergency hatches. These hatches are located, as a rule, in each salon. Unfortunately, the experience of accidents shows that passengers tend to leave the plane the same way they got into it. And they die in traffic jams formed at the entrances. To descend from the crashed aircraft to the ground, special ropes with knots and inflatable ladders are provided, which are two balloons inflated with air with a bottom stretched between them. One end of the ladder is fixed in the plane, the other end rests on the ground. Passengers sit down (jump during a quick evacuation) on the floor and slide down it. It is necessary to see the emergency hatches and understand how they work before the start of the flight. Most hatches are opened by turning the handle down, after which the door is pulled into the passenger compartment and moved in. In order not to damage the rubber surfaces of the ladder, women must remove their high-heeled shoes before boarding it. You should not hold on to the side edged cord (so as not to get burned) and linger at the bottom of the ladder, preventing other passengers from descending. In case of landing on water, the emergency kit of each aircraft contains collective and individual rescue equipment - life rafts and life jackets. Life jackets are stored in the seat of aircraft seats, from below.
DECOMPRESSION is the rarefaction of air in the aircraft cabin in case of violation of its tightness. Accidents at an altitude of over seven thousand meters are often accompanied by decompression. At first, passengers hear a deafening roar, characteristic of a massive air leak from the passenger compartment. The surrounding area is filled with dust and fog, causing visibility to drop sharply. Separate loose objects and things can fly around the cabin. From the lungs, all the air located there is very quickly drawn out, which is impossible to hold by force, no matter how hard the chest is. At the same time, the eardrums are overloaded, which is accompanied by pain and noise in the ears, intestines, where internal gases expand, causing sharp pains. After a few seconds, the person loses consciousness from suffocation. ! The only way to avoid losing consciousness when the aircraft depressurizes is to instantly use the oxygen mask, which is usually stored in the back of the seat in front, by putting it on your face. Just by putting it on, and not pressing it to your mouth, it is enough to lose consciousness for a small moment, which can happen with oxygen replenishment, so that it falls out of a weakened hand.
Until the moment you put on a mask, you can’t try to help other people! Even if it's your loved one or your child. No matter how blasphemous it sounds, but the first concern should be about your health. What's the point if you rush to them first and die before you can help. First, save yourself, then, while maintaining consciousness and capacity, you will be able to help others. Fasten the straps immediately after attaching the mask. The first thing the crew will do is send the plane that has lost pressure down, which can cause you to be thrown out of your seat. The safest places in accidents involving forced landings are located closer to the rear of the fuselage, but not in the tail itself. When an aircraft explodes and breaks up in the air, there are, of course, no safe places. All these places are falling from the same height and with the same acceleration. And yet, even in such a hopeless situation as a free fall from a height of several kilometers, people manage to survive! The history of aviation knows truly amazing cases.
Lightweight for obvious reasons, fuel tanks and tens of tons of fuel contained in them are not enough! Quickly dispose of combustible and fire-melting synthetic clothing. contribute to fire safety. No wonder every fifth aviation accident is accompanied by, for example, women from pantyhose. But outerwear made of poorly burning natural materials, on the contrary, by a subsequent fire. And that is why it is so important to follow the flight instructions, to wear it categorically in order to protect yourself from the heat of the flame. For the same purpose, and to protect the legs from possible fragments, wear prohibitions on the transport of flammable combustible and explosive substances in aircraft. shoes. Necessarily - non-combustible hats. If there is, throw a blanket or blanket on top. Air fire regulations are more stringent than land fire regulations. It is understandable - in the cabin of a burning one, attempts to extinguish a fire with the help of on-board fire fighting equipment are not forbidden (you can’t pull the stop valve at an altitude of 10 thousand meters of the aircraft and you can’t jump out the window. In addition, it’s better to find out in advance). an additional provocateur of ignition here is the rarefaction of the atmosphere caused by height, which significantly increases the evaporation of volatile liquids. ! It is necessary to protect the respiratory tract from smoke with rags soaked in water, milk, juice, urine. With strong smoke, it is better to move on all fours near the floor. If the passage is blocked, crawl on top. On the ground, they don't know such problems. In this situation, a microcrack in the container where the lowered backs of aircraft seats are stored is sufficient. Emergency hatches should not be opened if smoke and fire are visible behind them. a combustible substance, or a poorly ground cork, plus microsparks to make an explosion. It seems to me that these reasons are enough to study and comply with fire regulations.
After a forced landing, the surviving passengers should follow the instructions of the crew, who are trained in actions in such extreme conditions. ! But even before that, without waiting for a separate invitation, it is necessary: to run away from the one who committed the emergency! landing of the plane, so as not to fall under a possible explosion, lie down on the ground behind some kind of obstacle and cover your head with your hands. And do not get up before the command of the crew. Or until the plane cools down and the fuel spilled on the ground evaporates. After that, if another team does not follow, the passengers should get together, carry the wounded to a safe distance from the crashed aircraft and provide them with first aid (first, people with severe arterial and venous bleeding and airways clogged with foreign objects, then with fractures, wounds and other injuries); separate from the bulk of the people who died; inspect the wreckage of the aircraft and the surrounding area in order to search for items useful for survival; build a temporary shelter that protects from wind and precipitation. These are priority actions, until the completion of which it is inappropriate to engage in others. It is only later that you can analyze the place where you are, for topographical hazards and the convenience of your stay, and try to find a safer one. ! In no case do not go far from the wreckage of the aircraft, unless it is caused by a real need. The first thing the rescuers will do is follow the route of the missing airliner. Thanks to scattered, well-visible debris from the air and damage to the natural appearance of the terrain, they will quickly find it, but if you went into distant forests and dispersed in twos, threes in all directions, you will still have to gather.
Any search for places suitable for survival should be made only in the daytime and only in pairs or threes. Solo walking is not allowed! While the scouts are searching, everyone else should warm up as much as possible and light a fire. Fire, besides heat, is important as a moral support factor. The sight of fire always calms and inspires hope. In addition, the fire makes it easier to find the crash site, as it is visible from the air for ten or more kilometers! When distributing duties and work, it should be borne in mind that the wounded and injured people require the most attention. Children, despite their seeming insecurity, are physically very hardy (remember preschoolers who, in severe frost, with laughter, stuff snow into their friend's collars and then manage not to get sick! Yes, an adult would die in their place!), But they are weak in spirit, so they need support. Old people, on the contrary, are physically weak, but this is more than compensated by their life experience and moral endurance. Women are simply an example of endurance and patience, but it is important for them to participate in their fate of the stronger sex, and most importantly - rational leadership. In situations where the crew of the aircraft died, it is important that a leader stands out from among the confused passengers. He must inspire confidence with all his appearance and behavior, give orders without a hint of doubt in his voice, even if he does not know what to do in the next minute.
Once on the plane, you MUST: # study the memos, listen to the instructions of the crew; # fasten the belt, fitting it to the figure; # in case of aircraft depressurization - immediately put on an oxygen mask, help neighbors do it; # during an emergency landing, remove earrings, glasses and discard other sharp and breakable objects; # take a safety position - bow your head, rest your elbows and knees on the front seat, put soft things under your stomach and chest; # in case of pressure at the exit - use the emergency exit. DO NOT: # clutter the upper shelves with heavy things; # unfasten belts, get up before the team; # help others before putting on the oxygen mask; # give in to panic.
Do you know how to act Thank you for your attention! in a plane crash? presentation author: Popkova Vera 1 "I".
