What are dictionaries for? What are the dictionaries

I think that every person, at least once in his life, opened a dictionary. Let's find out what they are.

A dictionary is a collection of words with explanations and interpretations. The words that are given in the collection are located in alphabetical order , so it is much easier for those who know the alphabet to use the dictionary.

Many people know that there are many dictionaries. There are dictionaries for specialists, for a wide range of readers, for schoolchildren. Depending on the tasks of the dictionary, the composition of words will be different, they will be located and explained differently.

If you are interested in what this or that word means, in what cases it is appropriate to use it, please contact explanatory dictionary. One can guess that since it is named INTELLIGENT, Means, explain everything about the word that interests you, including information about the stress in the word, its spelling, the most typical phrases.

The most famous "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov.

If you have difficulty with stress and pronunciation, contact orthoepic dictionary.

The most famous orthoepic dictionary "Russian literary pronunciation and stress" ed. R. I. Avanesova and S. I. Ozhegov.

To understand the meaning of a particular phraseological expression will help phrasebook.

The most famous "School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by V.P. Zhukov in collaboration with A.V. Zhukov (under the editorship of G.V. Karpyuk).

Explaining proverbs and sayings winged words and figurative expressions will give dictionaries of proverbs, sayings and winged words.

Known dictionaries:

1) V. P. Zhukov. Dictionary of Russian Proverbs and Sayings.

2)C. N. Zigunenko, A. F. Istomin. "A unique illustrated explanatory dictionary of aphorisms and winged words for children".

The choice of a suitable synonym from the synonymic series will prompt synonym dictionary.

The most famous "Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language" 3. E. Alexandrova.

You can learn how to spell words correctly from spelling dictionary.

The most famous "Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language" by D.N. Ushakov, S.E. Kryuchkov.

Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. - M., 1986.

Ashukin N.S., Ashukina M.G. Winged words. - M., 1987.

Belchikov Yu.A., Panyusheva M.S. Dictionary of paronyms of the modern Russian language. - M., 1994.

Great Dictionary of Russian language. - St. Petersburg, 1998.

Bulokhov V.Ya. Dictionary of erroneous spellings of schoolchildren. - Krasnoyarsk, 2000.

Gorbachevich K.S., Khablo E.P. Dictionary of Russian epithets literary language. - L., 1979.

Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech: Experience of the frequency-stylistic dictionary of variants. - M., 1976.

Dal V.I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language: In 4 vols. - St. Petersburg, 1996.

Eskova N.A. Concise Dictionary difficulties of the Russian language. Grammar forms. stress. - M., 1994.

Efremova T.F., Kostomarov V.G. Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language. - M., 1999.

Zhukovsky S.T. Words, words, words... An entertaining dictionary for high school students. - M., 1995.

Kalenchuk M.L., Kasatkina R.F. Dictionary of the difficulties of Russian pronunciation. - M., 1997.

Kvyatkovsky A.P. Poetic dictionary. - M., 1966.

Krysin L.P. Dictionary foreign words. - M., 1998.

Lexical difficulties of the Russian language: Dictionary-reference book / Ed. A.A. Semenyuk. - M., 1994.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1990.

Literary encyclopedic dictionary. – M.. 1987.

Lvov M.R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language / Ed. L.A. Novikov. - M., 1988.

Makarov V.I., Matveeva N.P. From Romulus to the present day ... Dictionary of lexical difficulties fiction. – M.. 1993.

Small explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1994.

Nadel-Chervinskaya M.A., Chervinskaya A.P., Chervinsky P.P. Foreign vocabulary of the Russian language. Linguopsychological dictionary-textbook for schools of the humanitarian profile (with a methodology didactic game and creative tasks). - Rostov-on-Don, 1996.

Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. - M. (any ed.).

Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1994.

Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language / Ed. S.G. Borkhudarova, S.I. Ozhegova, A.I. Shapiro. - M. (any stereotypical ed.).

Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms/ Ed. R.I. Avanesov. - M., 2000.

Proverbs of the Russian people: Collection of V.I. Dahl. - M., 1994.

Reginina K.V. etc. Stable phrases of the Russian language. - M., 1976.

Rosenthal D.E. Management in Russian: Dictionary-reference book. - M., 1986.

Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms: A guide for the teacher. - M., 1985.

Russian language: Encyclopedia. - M., 1997.

Russian proverbs and sayings / Ed. V.P. Anikina. - M., 1988.

Samotik L.G. Dictionary-reference book on the lexicology of the Russian language. – Krasnoyarsk, 1998.

Consolidated dictionary of modern Russian vocabulary. - M., 1990.

Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. - M., 1984.

Dictionary of foreign words. - M. (any ed.).

Dictionary of Latin winged words. - M., 1988.

Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. - M., 1974.

Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / Ed. A.P. Evgenieva. - M., 1981.

Synonym dictionary: reference guide/ Ed. A.P. Evgenieva. - L., 1977.

Dictionary of abbreviations of the Russian language / Ed. DI. Alekseeva, I.G. Hoffman, G.V. Sakharov. - M., 1983.

Dictionary of compatibility of the Russian language. - M., 1983.

Stress Dictionary for Radio and Television Workers / Ed. D.E. Rosenthal. - M. (any ed.).

Dictionary of epithets of the Russian language. - M., 1976.

Modern dictionary of foreign words: About 20,000 words. - M., 1992.

Difficulties of the Russian language: A Journalist's Handbook: In 2 hours / Ed. L.I. Rakhmanova. - M., 1994.

Difficulties in word usage and variants of the Russian literary language: Dictionary-reference book. - L., 1974.

Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language of the late XVIII - XX centuries. - M., 1995.

Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. A.I. Molotkov. - M., 1986.

Chernykh P.Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language: In 2 volumes - M., 1994.

Shvedova N.Yu., Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language: 80,000 words and phraseological expressions. - M., 1999.

Linguistics. Big Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. V.N. Yartsev. - M., 1998.

You rarely meet a person who has not looked into the dictionary at least once in his life. With their help, we not only learn the meaning of certain words, select synonyms or antonyms, but also learn a lot of new things.

Let's talk about what dictionaries are, what is their classification and remember the main "linguistic reference books" of the Russian language.

Dictionary Science

Lexicography is one of the branches of linguistics that deals with the problems of studying and compiling dictionaries. It is she who is engaged in the classification, puts forward requirements for the design of articles and their content.

Scholars who compile dictionaries call themselves lexicographers. It is important to note that dictionaries do not have authors, only compilers. This is due to the fact that they are compiled using special cards, on which the meanings of words and their forms are fixed. In this case, the compiler can use both cards collected by him personally, and cards collected by a whole staff of linguists.

Classification of modern dictionaries

All dictionaries are divided into encyclopedic and philological, or linguistic.

Encyclopedic dictionaries provide information about various events. A striking example of such a dictionary is BES - the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. The encyclopedia includes

What are linguistic dictionaries? This group of dictionaries deals directly with words and their interpretation. They are also divided into bilingual and monolingual.

Bilingual dictionaries contain the language and their foreign language equivalent.

Monolingual dictionaries are divided into groups depending on their purpose.

The most used types of dictionaries

What are the types of dictionaries? Among the monolingual dictionaries, the following should be distinguished:

Famous dictionaries of the Russian language

Let's now discuss what are the dictionaries of the Russian language.

The most famous is the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, compiled by the famous scientist V. I. Dahl. This guide contains about 200 thousand words. Despite the fact that it is already more than a century old, it is read one of the most complete and used in our time.
The second no less important "Explanatory Dictionary", compiled by another well-known linguist S.I. Ozhegov.
The Orthoepic Dictionary was published by two different linguists - R. I. Avanesov and I. L. Reznichenko. Both dictionaries have an impressive list of words and will be useful not only for schoolchildren and students.
We also note the "Dictionary of Synonyms" by Z. E. Aleksandrova and the "Dictionary of Antonyms" edited by L. A. Vvedenskaya.

What other dictionaries are there? You can find out the history of many words familiar to us by referring to the work of N. M. Shansky “A Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language”, and A. I. Molotkov’s “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” will help you get acquainted with phraseological units and their meaning.

It is also worth noting the Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language, edited by the famous Russian philologist, author of many monographs and a collection of rules of the Russian language, D. E. Rozental and M. A. Telenkova.

The structure of a dictionary entry

In conclusion, I would like to add a few words about the structure of the dictionary entry.

Any dictionary entry begins with a heading word, which is often written in capital letters and highlighted in bold.

We note right away that the words used in dictionaries are always spelled correctly, therefore, if you doubt the correct spelling of a word, it is not necessary to refer to a spelling dictionary. It is enough to open any available at your fingertips.

Most dictionaries also indicate the correct stress. Almost all Russian dictionaries will contain this information. What other notes are there?

After the headword comes information about what part of speech it belongs to. Then its meaning is described or there is a list of synonyms, antonyms - it all depends on the type of dictionary. The dictionary entry ends with examples of use - quotes from books, magazines. If given word has features in use, this information is also indicated at the end of the article.

conclusions

We have sorted out what lexicography is, what dictionaries are and their meaning, listed the main types, and also provided a list of the most useful for any educated person.

Remember, if you experience difficulties in writing or pronouncing a word, you cannot choose the most successful one, you just need to open one of the books we have listed.

Russian lexicography has accumulated significant experience in creating dictionaries and reference books different types. Theoretically, the type of a dictionary is determined by the information about the word that is the main one for this dictionary. The practical classification of dictionaries is somewhat more complicated. There are two classes of reference books. These are philological dictionaries containing knowledge about the language, and encyclopedic reference books containing knowledge about the world.

The units of language serve as the central object of description of philological (linguistic) dictionaries. Dictionaries of the philological type store knowledge about language means used by people in their speech activity. Such dictionaries provide information that helps the reader to pronounce the word correctly, write his speech in writing and correctly understand the text written by someone. The use of language guides allows a person to perform unmistakable speech actions so that the meaning contained in his statement is understandable to other people.

The central object of the description of encyclopedic reference books are concepts associated with individual words, phrases, and knowledge about the world and people correlated with these concepts. Thus, non-linguistic realities are characterized in encyclopedias and reference books, that is, our knowledge about objects and things, concepts related to natural and social phenomena is stated, biographies of people are given, information about important events, historical dates are indicated. Dictionaries of this type are compendiums about the surrounding world.

Within each such class of publications, specific reference books can be characterized by additional properties that determine the type and quality of information contained in dictionary entries.

Handbooks are distinguished by several parameters. These parameters can be combined in one dictionary or be a differentiating feature for dictionaries. Dictionaries are characterized by the object of description, the volume of the dictionary, the principles of selection of the dictionary, the conceptual and thematic composition of the dictionary, the order in which the units of description are located, and the addressing of the dictionary.

The object of description for reference books of the encyclopedic class is knowledge about extralinguistic realities. For example, a linguistic encyclopedic dictionary contains knowledge about the languages of the world, fixed in special concepts and terms that reflect specific properties and phenomena characteristic of a particular language, for a group of languages, or for all languages.

Dictionaries of the Russian language are also divided into two subclasses according to the object of description: dictionaries that describe the formal (morphological, syntactic) features of the vocabulary, and dictionaries that describe the semantic features of the use of words in the text. In particular, dictionaries that describe the formal side of the use of Russian vocabulary include morpheme dictionaries, spelling, orthoepic dictionaries, dictionaries of difficulties (correctness), grammatical, syntactic dictionaries. Dictionaries describing the lexical semantics of the Russian language include explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign words, phraseological, paroemia dictionaries.

The parameter of the volume of the dictionary takes into account not so much the quantitative composition of the vocabulary as its qualitative composition. This means that small-volume dictionaries do not contain a small number of words, but only the most necessary, minimally sufficient vocabulary units with which you can characterize the object of the dictionary description. Dictionaries of medium volume contain such a quantitative composition of the dictionary, with the help of which the bulk of speech cases that correspond to the object of the dictionary description are described. Large-volume dictionaries cover the largest possible composition of vocabulary units that make up the object of the dictionary description and describe it with academic completeness.

The principles of vocabulary selection for Russian language dictionaries are an important differentiating parameter, which includes the selection of words on the basis of novelty, on the basis of synchrony and diachrony, on the basis of the regional existence of vocabulary, on the basis of the origin of words, on the basis of the fixation of words in the speech of a certain author or in a certain text. According to this parameter, there are dictionaries formed according to the unity of stylistic characteristics (colloquial vocabulary, swear words, everyday vocabulary), and dictionaries of a general type. A dictionary formed according to such predetermined principles, as an object of description, can have both grammatical and semantic features of the selected vocabulary.

According to the principles of vocabulary selection, reference books of the encyclopedic class are divided into encyclopedias containing a compendium of knowledge, and industry reference books containing special information from a particular area.

For dictionaries that describe the lexical system of the Russian language, the conceptual and thematic composition of the dictionary is an important differentiating parameter. This parameter distinguishes between universal and aspect dictionaries. Dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms, dictionaries on onomastics and toponymy stand out among aspect dictionaries.

The conceptual and thematic composition of the vocabulary of encyclopedic reference books corresponds to the principles of selection of the vocabulary and differs in terms of universal and specialized.

Alphabetical, reverse, ideographic, semantic, thematic dictionaries are distinguished by the order of the units of description.

Dictionary addressing is important parameter reference publications. This parameter must be specified in the annotation to any dictionary. Many other dictionary parameters depend on the categories of readers for which the dictionary is intended. Usually, reference books are aimed at those who use the dictionary for mastering or deeper study of their native language, and for those for whom this language is a foreign one.

The purpose of orthoepic dictionaries is to provide information about the pronunciation, stress and formation of grammatical forms of each word included in the dictionary. In dictionaries of this type, the pronunciation norms of the literary language are interpreted in relation to each unit of the dictionary. For this, a special system of regulatory guidelines is being developed, and prohibitive marks are being introduced. Depending on the volume of words included in it, such dictionaries can be intended for both specialists and the general reader. For example, the Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms (under the editorship of R. I. Avanesov) is the most famous dictionary of this type. It is designed for specialists - philologists, teachers of the Russian language, lecturers, radio and television announcers, etc. For all other readers, the dictionary can be a reliable standard reference tool.

Dictionaries of this type contain information about the origin of words, language sources of entry into our speech. Dictionaries that describe this aspect of the life of a word indicate the original language material, the original sound and meaning in the source language, and provide other additional information about the word that explains the conceptual content of the borrowed word. The direct object of the description of the etymological dictionary is borrowed vocabulary, which is accompanied by reference information about the language source, the original forms of the word and its sound are reconstructed. The completeness of the etymological information about the word varies depending on the intended readership. The reference edition, intended for specialists, is characterized by the maximum completeness of the vocabulary, a detailed presentation of the history of the life of the word, and a broad argumentation of the proposed etymological interpretations. Educational etymological dictionaries aimed at the general reader have a smaller vocabulary, consisting of the most frequent borrowed words of the literary language. Popular dictionaries give one version of the origin of the word and a brief, simplified argument for it. Popular etymological dictionaries of the Russian language are " Etymological dictionary of the Russian language” by G. P. Tsyganenko, “A brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language” by V. V. Ivanov, T. V. Shanskaya and N. M. Shansky. The "Historical and Etymological Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language" by P. Ya. Chernykh is intended for the general reader. The most famous scientific publication, of course, is the Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language in 4 volumes by M. Fasmer.

As examples of dictionaries of a general type, one can point to ordinary explanatory and bilingual (translation) dictionaries, in which the vocabulary that exists in the general literary layer of the language is described with varying degrees of completeness. Speaking of dictionaries of a general type, specialists mean dictionaries of varying degrees of completeness, in which, in one way or another, the common folk, general literary vocabulary is interpreted. Dictionaries of this type, of course, include the Dictionary of the Russian Language in 4 volumes by D. N. Ushakov, the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov, the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov, N. Yu. Shvedova, the Modern Explanatory Dictionary Russian language S. A. Kuznetsova, Brief explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, ed. V. V. Rozanova, Small Explanatory Dictionary of V. V. Lopatin, L. E. Lopatina and others. Without a doubt, all explanatory dictionaries that develop a separate lexical class of the general literary language can be attributed to dictionaries of a general type. These are dictionaries of foreign words, phraseological dictionaries, dictionaries of personal names, etc. General non-linguistic dictionaries include various encyclopedic reference books (for example, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, the Encyclopedic Dictionary).

In the practice of written and oral speech, many people face difficulties of a different nature. These include: writing individual words, pronunciation of a word or choosing the place of stress in some word form, word usage corresponding to the specific meaning of the word, grammatical attribution of the word, choice correct form cases and numbers in a given speech situation, problems with shaping short forms adjectives, personal forms of the verb, syntactic and lexical compatibility of the word, etc. All these difficulties should be solved in dictionaries of difficulties. However, it is hardly possible to find an objective criterion for the selection of linguistic material in such a dictionary, especially when we are talking about a dictionary intended for an indefinitely wide range of readers. When deciding on the composition of the dictionary for such a publication, the compilers determine the circle of potential readers and those areas of word usage that are most relevant for the intended readers. Dictionaries of difficulties include such cases that are described in orthoepic, grammatical and general philological dictionaries. The compilers of such dictionaries, of course, rely on such sources in which various options spelling, pronunciation and word usage, recommendations of a normative nature are given. Not the last role in the preparation of such reference books is played by the authors' own research, supported by the experience of observing the speech of educated people, experimental verification of "difficult" cases. This allows you to include in the dictionary words that, as a result of historical changes, exist in our speech in two versions: in the old and new, as well as new words, the pronunciation of which has not yet been established. As examples here you can specify such reference publications as: Kalenchuk M. L., Kasatkina R. F. Dictionary of Russian pronunciation difficulties: Ok. 15000 words. M., 1997; Gorbachevich K.S. Dictionary of difficulties in pronunciation and stress in modern Russian: 1200 words. St. Petersburg, 2000; Verbitskaya L.A. and others. Let's speak correctly! Difficulties of Modern Russian Pronunciation and Stress: A Brief Reference Dictionary. M., 2003.

At the end of the 19th century, dictionaries were first published in Russia, which included the characteristic "complete" in their name. As an example, the following publications can be mentioned: Orlov A.I. A complete philological dictionary of the Russian language with a detailed explanation of all the differences between colloquial speech and its written image and indicating the meaning and replacement of all foreign words that are part of the Russian language with purely Russian words: 2 volumes. M., 1884-1885; The most complete explanatory dictionary, which contains 200,000 foreign words included in the Russian language of our Russian literature / Comp. Kartashev, Velsky / Ed. Luchinsky. Ed. 9. - M., 1896-1897. - 208 p. In such cases, the word "complete" denoted such a vocabulary, which presumably contains all the words found in Russian texts. Asking what, in fact, it means: to compile a complete explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, Lev Uspensky wrote: “Try, comparing the old and newer lexicons of the common Russian language with each other, to find out where the countless new words and terms that have been added to it in recent years have come from. a hundred years. You will soon notice that the vast majority of them were not created for desks writers, not the inspiration of poets or linguists. They were born in the tense atmosphere of inventive laboratories, in noisy factory workshops, in the fields where a person works, creating at once both new things and new words necessary for their name. (...) Who can say in advance which of the professional words - whether the word “booty”, which is different from the literary “booty” by the place of stress, or the expression “to the mountain”, used instead of the usual “to the mountain” or “up” - will firmly enter into it tomorrow? Obviously, we need a dictionary and professional, industrial, special words and expressions. In the scientific classifications of dictionaries, the term “complete” denotes the type of publication containing the exhaustive composition of those layers and categories of vocabulary that serve as the object of description of this reference book. In this sense, the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. V. V. Lopatin, and the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. S. A. Kuznetsova, and Pushkin's Dictionary of Language in 4 volumes, and Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language in 17 volumes. According to the nature of the selection of vocabulary, full-type dictionaries are "Pskov Regional Dictionary", "Dictionary of Bryansk Dialects". They describe all the words (literary language and dialect) recorded in the speech of the indigenous inhabitants of this territory. According to this criterion, such reference publications as “The System Dictionary of Subject-Ordinary Vocabulary of Dialects of the Talitsky District of the Sverdlovsk Region”, as well as “ Complete dictionary Siberian dialect" or "Vershininsky Dictionary", describing the vocabulary of one village. Dictionaries of full type are opposed to dictionaries of differential type. The dictionary of such dictionaries is selected according to some one differentiating parameter. This may be a sign of difficulty in the speech use of the word, the limited scope of the use of the word on a territorial, temporal, social, professional basis, etc.

Dictionaries of neologisms describe words, meanings of words and phrases that appeared in a certain (described) period. Developed languages are actively replenished with new words. Studies show that the number of neologisms that are used in speech practice is in the tens of thousands. With the advent of computer technologies that allow processing huge arrays of unstructured textual information, there is a need for automatic analysis of word forms, including newly formed ones. This made the collection and description of new words especially relevant, which, in turn, led to the emergence of a new lexicographic branch of knowledge - neography. In the USSR, the first dictionary of this type "New words and meanings: Dictionary reference book (based on the materials of the press and literature of the 60s)" ed. N. Z. Kotelova, Yu. S. Sorokin was released in Leningrad in 1971. Since then, work on the collection and analysis of new vocabulary has been carried out on an ongoing basis. As an example, one can point to the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Actual Vocabulary”, ed. G. N. Sklyarevskaya.

Grammar dictionaries are dictionaries that contain information about the formal (inflectional and syntactic) properties of a word. The order of words in such dictionaries can be either direct, when the words are arranged in alphabetical order from the first letter that begins the word to the last letter of the word, or in reverse, when the words are arranged alphabetically, starting with the last letter of the word. The reverse order allows readers to present word-formation properties of the word. The principles of selection and the amount of information about a word are different depending on the purpose and addressee of each grammar dictionary. One of the best dictionaries of this type is the Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language. Inflection” by A. A. Zaliznyak. It contains about 100 thousand words arranged in reverse alphabetical order. For detailed description integrated system inflections, shaping and stress in the dictionary is used unique system indexes relating the word to a certain category.

Phraseological dictionaries as headings of dictionary entries contain phrases that are reproduced in speech practice in their entirety, without rearrangements or changes in their parts. Phraseological units are one of the most conservative categories of vocabulary. The specific properties of these linguistic units are determined by a number of important distinguishing features: semantic integrity, stability and super-verbal reproducibility. There are many phraseological dictionaries. Among them is the "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" ed. A. I. Molotkova is by far the most complete dictionary. Educational dictionaries of a general type include the “School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by V.P. Zhukov and A.V. Zhukov, the Dictionary-Reference Dictionary of Russian Phraseology by R.I. Yarantsev. The most complete bilingual phraseological dictionary is the “French-Russian Phraseological Dictionary” by V. G. Gak and others.

Reference publications, distinguished by the sectoral (i.e. professional) sign of the limited scope of the use of the word, include dictionaries that interpret the meanings of words, and encyclopedic reference books that describe our knowledge of the world. As a dictionary of the first type, you can point to the "Explanatory Dictionary of Selected Medical Terms. Eponyms and figurative expressions” / Ed. L. P. Churilov, A. V. Kolobov, Yu. I. Stroev. There are many more examples of the second type, for example: "Naval Dictionary" / Ch. ed. V. N. Chernavin. - M.: Military Publishing, 1990; Encyclopedic edition “Political science. Lexicon / Editor A. I. Solovyov. M.: Russian political encyclopedia; Geography. Concepts and terms = Geography. Concepts and Terms: five-language academic dictionary: Russian, English, French, Spanish, German V. M. Kotlyakov, A. I. Komarova. M.: Nauka, 2007 and others.

The purpose of language guides of this type is to indicate the normative spelling of the word that corresponds to the rules of spelling. One of the first dictionaries of this type was published in 1813 under the title "Dictionary of Russian Spelling or Spelling". Since then, a wide variety of general, branch, school dictionaries of this type have been published. The most complete dictionary of a general type today is the Russian Spelling Dictionary: about 180 thousand words, resp. ed. V. V. Lopatin. This is an academic dictionary that reflects the Russian vocabulary in its current state by the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. Heading words are given in their normative spelling with indication of stresses and necessary grammatical information.

Dictionaries of this type contain information about the morphemic articulation of the word, its word-formation structure. Such directories provide information about the structure of the word and the elements of which this word consists. In word-building dictionaries, words are collected both by root nests and in alphabetical order. Some school dictionaries of this type provide a description of both the morphemic and word-formation structure of head words. This helps students to better understand the issues that are encountered in the state final exam in the Russian language.

Currently, there are just over two dozen dictionaries in which the words and expressions of a particular language (or languages) are divided into certain types. So, let's look at what dictionaries are.

Explanatory dictionaries

In these linguistic dictionaries the meanings of various words and stable idiomatic expressions (phraseological units) of any language are explained using the means of the same language. Explanatory dictionaries can be more or less complete and designed for a particular circle of readers. The most complete and accurate dictionaries are called academic.

Grammar dictionaries

A fairly large group of dictionaries, the purpose of which is to cover a separate or several groups of vocabulary of a particular language, combined according to some grammatical feature. For example, there are dictionaries of verbs, adjectives, indeclinable words.

Word-building and morphemic dictionaries

Dictionaries of morphemes - roots, suffixes, prefixes and other parts of the word that serve for word formation in a particular language.

Compatibility dictionaries

This group of dictionaries is less common, and its purpose is correct selection words in order to express their thoughts stylistically more correctly. Given the current level of oral and especially written speech, it would be nice to publish such dictionaries in large numbers.

Thesauri or ideographic dictionaries

In these dictionaries, words are divided into groups that are close in meaning, which makes it easier to compose texts on a specific topic.

Reverse Dictionaries

They greatly simplify many linguistic studies, since the words in them are arranged alphabetically, but in reverse order i.e. from right to left. Thus, it is very easy to quickly select all verbs or, for example, adjectives. Such a dictionary (authored by A.A. Zaliznyak) greatly facilitated the preparation of the practical part of the thesis for me.

Spelling and orthoepic dictionaries

They are a list of words of a particular language with their correct spelling (spelling) and stress (orthoepic) and indicating options, if necessary.

Lexical dictionaries

Dictionaries of individual groups of vocabulary, selected according to various principles. Here we include dictionaries of antonyms, synonyms, homonyms and paronyms. In the dictionaries of synonyms you will find words that are different in spelling and sound, but close in meaning ("beautiful" - "beautiful"). Homonym dictionaries, on the contrary, contain words that are identical in spelling and sound, but different in meaning (“onion” as a plant and “onion” as a weapon). But in the dictionaries of paronyms you will get acquainted with the same root words, similar in spelling and sound, but different in meaning, which are often confused (for example, “put on” and “put on”). Antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning ("good" - "evil").

Dictionaries of neologisms

These dictionaries provide a list of words that have recently entered a particular language.

Bilingual or translation dictionaries

Dictionaries that translate words from one language to another. Such dictionaries are usually bilingual, but there are copies with big amount languages (for example, French-Russian-German).

Anthroponymic dictionaries

A group of dictionaries that contain a list of people's proper names (first name, patronymic, last name), as well as nicknames and pseudonyms in a particular language.

Dictionaries of names of inhabitants

Here we are talking about how to name the inhabitants of a particular city, region or region.

Linguistic and Cultural Dictionaries

Dictionaries of linguistic terms

These dictionaries explain the meaning of terms in various areas of linguistics from phonetics and graphics to syntax and stylistics.

Abbreviations Dictionaries

Here you will find a transcript of all kinds of abbreviations and abbreviations that are widely used in a particular language.

Terminological dictionaries

These publications are more or less complete lists terms (with interpretations) in a particular branch of science or industry.

Of course, this list is far from complete, since there are also more narrowly focused dictionaries (for example, dictionaries of epithets and comparisons or dictionaries of language difficulties), however, such dictionaries are quite rare and only a narrow circle of specialists have to use them.

Encyclopedic dictionaries

Unlike linguistic dictionaries, which we discussed before, encyclopedic dictionaries are explanatory dictionaries designed to study the realities of a particular field of knowledge or profession. In addition, encyclopedic dictionaries are both universal (for example, children's encyclopedias or the Great Soviet Encyclopedia) and industry-specific. As examples of the latter, we cite the philosophical encyclopedia and the astronomical encyclopedia. Well, I think we have quite fully answered the question of what dictionaries exist.