One way to develop modern language is borrowing foreign words... The development of language is always closely linked with the development of progress and society. Borrowed words in Russian are the result of contacts, relationships with other peoples, professional communities and states. Along with words and expressions that came to us from other languages, Anglicisms are very common in our speech. We will talk about them today.

Specific words and expressions that came to the Russian language from English are called Anglicisms or Americanisms. For the last 20-30 years, they have been rapidly penetrating the Russian language, and in such quantities that linguists started talking about a phenomenon called Anglo-Russian bilingualism.

This invasion was caused primarily by the fact that modern society is open to international contacts, as well as by the international status of the English language. These are the main reasons for the massive entry into the Russian language of borrowings (in particular, from the American version of the English language).

Reasons for borrowing foreign words

In most cases, the borrowing of a foreign language vocabulary occurs due to the absence of the corresponding concept in the cognitive base of the language. So, for example, there appeared English borrowings in Russian such as computer, player, toaster, impeachment, voucher, charter, barrel, surfing.

Among other reasons, the need to express ambiguous Russian concepts using a borrowed word is highlighted. Examples: hotel for motorists - motel, meeting at the highest level- summit, figure skiing - freestyle, marksman - sniper, short press conference for journalists - briefing, hitman - hitman, parking lot - parking / parking, sprinting - sprint, production drop - recession, retail- retail and many others.

Foreign words in Russian allow you to increase it expressive means... Especially noticeable in last years the emergence of foreign language stylistic synonyms such as service - service, shopping - shopping, motorcyclist - biker, security - security, party - party, loser - loser, girlfriend - gelfriend, dancing - dancing, friend - boyfriend, performance - performance, reception - reception, dr.

English borrowings in Russian are also conditioned by the need for specialization of subjects and concepts, therefore, many scientific and technical terms are borrowed from English. A significant number of foreign words, from formal / book vocabulary, there are corresponding Russian synonyms. Here is a list of such words:

• accentuate - highlight;
• similar - similar;
• to vary - to change;
• vulgar - rude, vulgar;
• misinform - give false information;
• decorate - decorate;
• ideal - perfect;
• infectious - contagious;
• memoirs - memories;
• permanent - permanent, continuous;
• reconstruction - restoration;
• elastic - flexible, etc.

Some English words in Russian appeared due to the presence of similar semantic and morphological series. In the nineteenth century, the words “gentleman”, “policeman” came to the Russian language from English; already at the end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century, an athlete, a record holder, a yachtsman were added to them. Thus, a group of words appears that have the meaning of a person and a common element - "men". Gradually, the group began to replenish with new borrowings: businessman, congressman, showman, superman.

The most popular anglicisms

In almost any field of activity, you can find words that have come to us from the English language. Foreign language is especially widely used in the names of clubs, TV programs, shops: talk show; dog show; strip show; Coach Center; Show Business; hit parade; Fan club; Tennis Hall; Brain ring; Home Credit Bank; Fan Park (Roev Creek); Second hand; Call center; Real comfort; Sweet Mama.

Below is a list of areas and anglicisms that Lately most often they are used.

Politics / Economics / Positions:

summit, briefing, speaker, rating, electorate, voucher, holding, impeachment, image maker, speechwriter, investment, sponsor, barrel, media, recession, marketing, offshore, leasing, sequestration, tender, retail, price list, (top) manager , distributor, dealer, businesswoman, promoter, mentality.

Food / clothing / trade:

popcorn, hamburger, hot dog, barbecue, cheeseburger, fishburger, chocopie, pudding, (orange) fresh, yogurt, lunch, Coke-Cola, Nuts, Twix, Sprite, fast food, shorts, boots, bandana, cotton, top, non-roll (pillow), multi-brand, unisex, casual, catering, shopping, shopaholic, sale, Kodak Express, gel, SPA-salon, supermarket, VIP-hall, catering, second hand, discount.

Sport:

shaping, diving, surfing, fitness, bodybuilding, snowboarding, paintball, frisbee, fitball, freestyle, wrestling, power lifting, training, skating rink, forward, bowling, goalkeeper, biker, sniper, turboslim, scooter, step-class, overtime , contest.

Art / radio / TV:

western, video clip, thriller, clipmaker, newsmaker, blockbuster, bestseller, musical, casting, supersta, underground, pop-Art, (had) rock, rock-n-roll (l), shake, breakdance, Brain ring, (current ) show, hit parade, skinhead, meteotime, superman.

Home / everyday life / office:

air conditioner, mixer, toaster, blender, cooler, siding, roller shutters, antifreeze, roll-curtains, boulet magic, Vanish, Fairy, Comet, Head & Shoulders, Dove, Tide, cleaning company, scrub, perfume, spray, tape, color, diaper, stapler.

Information and communication technologies:

computer, display, calculator, monitor, laptop, printer, Internet, scanner, CD, DVD, device, hacker, processor, upgrade, click, SMS, website, blog, smiley.

Anglicisms are present in all European languages, in the languages ​​of African peoples and peoples of other continents, who were once politically dependent on Great Britain or subject to American influence (cultural, economic, etc.). So, for example, in Japanese the word "cassette" sounds like a tepu-rekoda from the English tape-recorder. The presence of Anglicisms in the Chukchi language, which penetrated through American traders, was also noted: the word "sopy" means "soap" (in English language"Soap"), "manat" - "money" (in English "money").

Introduction

1. History of borrowing

3. Mastering foreign words

4. Orthoepic norms of borrowed words

Conclusion

Language in its present state cannot be unified, since it represents a combination of separate individual languages. Solution practical issues should be based on how close these individual languages ​​are to each other at present.

Much in the Russian language was borrowed from Indo-European culture. It is assumed that the original territory of the eastern Indo-European tribes, including the ancestors of the Slavs, was the north-west of Russia, the basin Baltic Sea... Comparative study of Indo-European languages ​​proves a special closeness between Slavic and Baltic languages.

It should be noted that primordially the Slavs gravitated to the west - to the Germans, from whom they borrowed their material culture, their military life, and political structure. Consider the words related to these areas, borrowed by the Russian language from the Germanic languages. For example: shelom - helmet; finely - milk, khyz - a house, a hut; as well as glass, buy, livestock, etc.

The number of words borrowed from Iranian languages ​​is very small. These are words like God - from the ancient Persians. Baga; ax - tappari.

Another example of borrowing: from Germanic, Celtic and Latin is the word sea - lat. Mare, germ. Meri, Celtic. Muir.

Much has been borrowed from Finnish languages: palttina - canvas; varpu - sparrow; arti - host; suntia - church minister; sun’d - judge, court.

2. Foreign language vocabulary

Before talking about foreign language vocabulary in Russian, let's say a few words about the primordial Russian vocabulary. Let us say again that these are words dating back to the Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Slavic and Old Russian eras and inherited by the Russian language, as well as created in the Russian language according to the models existing in it.

Actually Russian words arose from the end of the XIV century. These are almost all nouns with the suffixes -shchik, -chik, -yatin (a), -lk (a), ovk (a), -state (o), -sh (a), -nost, -ability, -shchin ( a), -tel (with the value of a tool or fixture). For example: bricklayer, hauler, sour, lighter, leaflet, certificate, doctor's wife, reality, controllability, piecework, switch; compound nouns: university, salary. Actually, words that arose in earlier eras, but then changed their meaning, are also Russian. So, the word red in Proto-Slavic and in Old Russian meant "good", "beautiful", and in Russian it began to mean color.

The most ancient, Proto-Indo-European layer of the original Russian vocabulary has correspondences in other Indo-European languages. These are some of the terms of kinship: mother, son, brother; names of animals: wolf, goose, deer. Natural phenomena: water, moon, snow, stone. Body parts: nose, tooth, ear, eye; some actions: take, give, be, see; numbers: two, three, etc.

Proto-Slavic vocabulary is presented large quantity and their diversity than Proto-Indo-European. These are words that have correspondences in Slavic languages ​​and are absent in other Indo-European: heart, child, spring, rain, grass, snake, saddle, labor, kind, ring, yesterday, etc. The words of these two layers are only about 2000, but they relate to the most common.

The Old Russian layer of vocabulary is made up of words common to the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian languages ​​and absent in other Slavic languages. These are words such as, for example: uncle, spinner, samovar, lark, cheap, pockmarked, vouch, forty, ninety, etc.

Words of other languages ​​used in Russian as regular lexical units are called foreign language vocabulary. In Russian, about 10% of words are borrowed from other languages. Borrowing is based on trade, cultural, scientific ties between peoples and, as a consequence, language contacts. In the overwhelming majority, foreign words were borrowed by the Russian language along with a thing, a concept: school - Greek word, class - Latin, portfolio - French, satchel - German, pencil - Turkic, pioneer - English, tea - Chinese, candy - Italian, tundra - Finnish.

As you know, a borrowed word can denote a special kind of an object, a concept that existed in the Russian language. For example, the word jam from English means "a special kind of jam", from French, for example, a porter - "a type of service in a hotel."

The reason for borrowing words from other languages ​​may also be the desire to replace a descriptive expression, a phrase with one word. Let's take an example: the English word sniper instead of the phrase "well-aimed arrow." Or, for example, a motel (English word) - instead of "hotel for motorists", tour (French word) - instead of traveling along a circular route.

Foreign words penetrated the Russian language into the Russian language at different periods of its history. Some of these words came from the Old Russian language, which, in turn, could receive them from the Proto-Slavic. Such ancient borrowings from the Germanic languages ​​are, for example, prince, king, beech, carp, onion (as a plant), stable.

The words whip, hook, pood, herring came to the Old Russian language from the Scandinavian languages. From Finnish - navaga, herring, salmon, fir, riga, blizzard, tundra. From the Turkic - an armyak, a head, a shoe, a sheepskin coat, a horse, a herd, a barn, a barn, a chest, a hero, a guard. From the Greek - a bed, a notebook, a ship, a sail, a beet, a whale, a lantern.

It should be said that borrowing a word may not be direct, but through another language. So, many Greekisms penetrated into the Old Russian language through Old Church Slavonic, through Turkic languages borrowed words from other oriental languages. The words beads, dagger are borrowed from Arabic. Bucket, turquoise, cripple are borrowed from Persian. At a later time, Greek words penetrated through various Western European languages. Such as anatomy, geometry, philosophy, analysis, democracy, politics, drama, tragedy, architecture. Latin words: inertia, radius, student, dean, dictatorship, republic. Words from Western European languages ​​could be borrowed through Polish. For example, bottle, guitar, lady, turkey, carriage, market, fruit.

Since the era of Peter I, the expansion of the vocabulary of the Russian language begins by borrowing from Western European languages. The terms of the maritime business were borrowed from the Dutch language. For example, words such as boatswain, harbor, sailor, storm. And also from the English language: emergency, boat. At a later time, they borrowed from the English language sports terms... Let's take an example: boxing, volleyball, start, finish, champion. From German language military terms came to Russian, for example: parapet, camp, officer, soldier, bayonet. And mining terms such as mine, adit, drift. The terms of art were borrowed from the French language: ballet, stalls, landscape, still life, director. Literary terms: genre, novel, feuilleton, march. Culinary: dessert, cutlet, soup, mashed potatoes, stew. Clothes names: jacket, muffler, suit, coat. Musical terms were included from the Italian language into Russian. For example: aria, baritone, cello, mandolin, serenade and many others.

At the very beginning of the 20s of the XX century, due to the isolation of the country, borrowings become few in number. In the 1920s, the influence on the literary language of vernacular, dialects, and jargons was especially noticeable. The strengthening of the norms of the literary language, which began in the 30s, sifted out many words used in various literary genres in the previous period, but some of these words remained in literary language... In the late 1920s and 1930s, mainly English words were borrowed. Such as jazz, harvester, conveyor, container, speedometer, trolley. From common parlance and dialects, such words as wilderness, milkmaid, darkening, biscuit, kosovitsa, hassle, new settler, day off, ladle, comb, study entered into literary use. Jargon - junk. Blat, thug, buzz. Some of these words have lost their non-literary connotation, while others still refer to colloquial or vernacular vocabulary.

Language is the most versatile means of communication that reacts in a mobile manner to changes in the needs of society. Every day, one or more new words appear, which are the result of a simplification or merger of existing ones, but the largest number of verbal novelties come from abroad. So, foreign words in Russian: why do they arise and what are they?

Primordially Russian vocabulary

The Russian language has evolved over many centuries, resulting in three stages in the genesis of the original Russian words.

Indo-European vocabulary originated in the Neolithic era and was based on the basic concepts of kinship (mother, daughter), household items (hammer), food (meat, fish), the names of animals (bull, deer) and the elements (fire, water).

The main words were absorbed by the Russian language and are considered part of it.

The Proto-Slavic vocabulary, which was of high relevance at the border of the 6th-7th centuries, had a great influence on Russian speech. and spread to the territory of Eastern and Central Europe, as well as the Balkans.

In this group, words arose related to flora(tree, grass, root), names of crops and plants (wheat, carrots, beets), tools and raw materials (hoe, cloth, stone, iron), birds (goose, nightingale), as well as food (cheese, milk, kvass).

Modern words of the primordial Russian vocabulary arose in the period from the 8th to the 17th centuries. and belonged to the East Slavic language branch. Mass fraction of them expressed action (run, lie, multiply, lay), the names of abstract concepts (freedom, result, experience, fate, thought) appeared, words appeared corresponding to everyday objects (wallpaper, carpet, book) and names national dishes(cabbage rolls, cabbage soup).

Some words have taken root so firmly in Russian speech that they will not need to be replaced soon, while others have been brazenly ousted by more consonant synonyms from the near abroad. So "humanity" turned into "humanity", "appearance" was transformed into "image", and "competition" was called "duel".

The problem of borrowing foreign words

Since ancient times, the Russian people had trade, cultural and political relations with speakers of other languages, so it was almost impossible to avoid mixing vocabulary.

New words were introduced into Russian speech both from neighboring states and from distant republics.

In fact, words of foreign origin are so often and for a long time present in our speech that we are already accustomed to them and absolutely do not perceive them as something alien.

Here are some examples of well-established foreign words:

• China: tea.
• Mongolia: hero, shortcut, darkness.
• Japan: karate, karaoke, tsunami.
• Holland: orange, jacket, hatch, yacht, sprats.
• Poland: donut, market, fair.
• Czech Republic: tights, pistol, robot.

Official statistics say that only 10% of words in Russian are borrowed. But if you listen closely to the spoken language of the younger generation, we can conclude that the contamination of the Russian language with foreign words has a more global scale.

We go to lunch at a fast food place and order a burger and milk shake. Having found free wi-fi, we will not miss the opportunity to visit Facebook to put a couple of likes under the best friend's photo.

Borrowing foreign words: the main reasons

Why are we so attracted by vocabulary from neighboring states?

Greece

Now let's look at the geography of borrowing.

The most generous country that has lent the Russian language part of its vocabulary is Greece. She gave us the names of almost all known sciences (geometry, astrology, geography, biology). Moreover, Greek origin have many words related to the field of education (alphabet, spelling, Olympiad, department, phonetics, library).

Some foreign words in Russian have abstract meanings (victory, triumph, chaos, charisma), others characterize quite tangible objects (theater, cucumber, ship).

Thanks to the ancient Greek vocabulary, we learned how sympathy is expressed, got a taste of style and were able to capture vivid events in photographs.
It is interesting that the meaning of some words passed into the Russian language without change, while others acquired new meanings (economy - home economics, tragedy - goat song).

Italy

Do you think there are many words in the Russian speech that come from the Apennine Peninsula? Surely, apart from the famous greeting "chao", nothing will be immediately remembered. It turns out that Italian foreign words in Russian are present in sufficient quantities.

For example, an identity document was first called a passport in Italy, and only then this word was borrowed in many languages, including Russian.

Everyone knows the tricks of the Sicilian clans, so the origin of the word "mafia" is beyond doubt. Likewise, the "carnival" has taken root in many languages ​​thanks to the bright costume show in Venice. But the Italian roots of "vermicelli" surprised: in the Apennines vermicelli is translated as "worms".

Recently, it has become fashionable to use the definition for the press as "paparazzi". But in a direct translation, these are not journalists at all, as one might think, but "annoying mosquitoes."

France

But France gave the Russian speech a lot of "tasty" words: roasted nuts, jelly, croissant, canapes, creme brulee, scrambled eggs, mashed potatoes, stews, soup, soufflé, eclair, cutlet and sauce. Of course, along with the names of the French chefs, cooking recipes were also borrowed, many of which were to the taste of Russian gourmets.

A few more broad branches of borrowing are literature, cinema and the entertainment industry: artist, ballet, billiards, magazine, verse, play, purse, repertoire, restaurant and plot.

The French also became the inventors of seductive details. women's clothing(panties and peignoir), taught the world the rules of social behavior (etiquette) and the art of beauty (makeup, cream, perfumery).

Germany

German vocabulary is so different from Russian that it is difficult to imagine what words could take root in it. It turns out that there are quite a few of them.

For example, we often use the German word “route”, which means a pre-selected path. Or "scale" - the ratio of sizes on the map and on the ground. And "font" in Russian is the designation of the characters of the letter.

The names of some professions have also taken root: hairdresser, accountant, locksmith.

The food industry also did not do without borrowing: sandwich, dumplings, waffles and muesli, it turns out, also have German roots.

Also, the Russian language has absorbed several fashion accessories into its vocabulary: for women - "shoes" and "bra", for men - "tie", children - "backpack". By the way, an intelligent child is often called a "prodigy" - this is also a German concept.

Foreign words in Russian feel quite comfortable, they even settled in our house in the form of a chair, bathroom and tiles.

England

The largest number of borrowed words come from Foggy Albion. Since English is an international language, and many know it at a fairly decent level, it is not surprising that many words migrated into Russian speech and began to be perceived as native.

Foreign words in Russian are almost ubiquitous, but the most popular areas of their application are:

• business (PR, office, manager, copywriter, broker, holding);
• sports (goalkeeper, boxing, football, penalty, time-out, foul);
• computer technology (blog, offline, login, spam, traffic, hacker, hosting, gadget);
• entertainment industry (talk show, casting, soundtrack, hit).

Very often, English words are used as youth slang, which is most influenced by fashion (baby, boyfriend, loser, teenager, respect, make-up, freak).

Some words have become so popular in the world that they have acquired a common noun (jeans, show, weekend).

The number of foreign words in everyday speech is increasing exponentially from year to year. It is frustrating that equivalent words at the same time exist in the Russian language and are used less and less. The situation is aggravated thanks to the mass media, as well as the policy pursued by the ministries and departments of Russia in this direction. More and more often on TV screens we hear newly introduced words from the predominantly Germanic language group (mainly English), such as " manager", "campus", "shopping", "creativity", "digger"and other similar words. It is worth noting that presidents, prime ministers and other high-ranking officials set a bad example in the use of the aforementioned words.

Below is a list of foreign words with their equivalent meanings in Russian. The list is formed in alphabetical order... If there are any additions or want to discuss this article, you can leave your messages in a specially created topic on our forum.

About the list

The Russian language is deliberately littered, and the common people forgets that there are words of the same meaning in their native language. Therefore, the question "Where is this rich and powerful Russian language?" Comes to mind. We began to forget about the formation of words in our language. Where did this wealth come from in our language? This and other similar questions can be devoted to separate articles.

In some countries, special institutions are being created at the government level to preserve the primordial nature of the native language. For example, the population in France is very attentive and attentive to the language of their everyday communication. At the same time, it is interesting that the residents of the country, first of all, are not worried about the effect obtained in response to the linguistic policy of official Paris, but the problem of a possible gradual simplification of French, and as a result, the impoverishment and degradation of its potential. On December 1, 1975, French President Valerie Giscard d'Estein signed a law to protect the French language from the invasion of English and any other language, and therefore foreign culture. Similar measures should be taken in Russia as well.

The purpose of this article is to write equivalent Russian words to English, German and others that have taken root in our everyday use, as well as to mark with references to misuse of words by celebrities and high-ranking officials.

The following words are widely used by the media in Russia and in speeches famous people at a time when there are primordially Russian meanings. If there are no such words or expressions in the list, then everyone can add them to this list by first registering in Wikipedia.

A

• Authoritative - significant
• Alphabet - (came from Greek - ἀλφάβητος). The original word " alphabet"also has a place to be meaning" glagolitic".
• Emphasis - Equivalent emphasis.
• Emphasize - Pay attention.
• Analogy, Analogue, Analogue - (in English and French "analogue"). Has an equivalent meaning in Russian " similarity"or as an adjective" like" or " same".
• Annotation - (in English "annotation"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " content".
• Aristocracy (from the Greek language - αριστοκρατία). Equivalent word in Russian " know".

D

AND

TO

L

• Legitimate - (from English "legitimate") - primordially Russian equivalent meaning - " law".

M

• Market - (from English "market"). Equivalent value " market".
• Manager is the most frequently used word, from English it means " manager" / "manager" or " supervisor". Often used in phrases office manager - from English means" Secretary".
• Message - (from English "message") - given word often used in the Russian media. Equivalent value " message".
• Method - (from the ancient Greek "μέθοδος" - the path of knowledge, in English "method") - means in Russian nothing else but " way".
• Moment - (from the Latin language momentum - means driving force, but independent meaning does not have. In English, "moment" - means a short period of time) - an equivalent meaning in Russian " moment".
• Monitoring - (from the Latin word "monitor") - today this word is often used as the verb "monitor". Russian equivalent word " track", "track".

N

• Nickname or Nickname - (from English "nick" or "nickname") - it is best to say " nickname", "nickname" or " pseudonym".

O

• Okay - (from English "ok"). A common word in Everyday life, while in Russian there are many equivalent meanings such as " Okay", "OK", in other cases you can also say" Great", "agree", "goes", you can pick up a lot of words, but the use probably comes from the brevity of the English version.

P

• Person - (from Latin "rrsōna", in English "person") - an equivalent meaning in Russian - " personality".
• Positive - (from English "positive"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " positive". May carry different meanings in different variations.
• Prolong (from English "prolong"). Not otherwise, as " prolong"in Russian. Used in relation to the renewal of any agreements.

R

• Reception - (from English "reception" -reception, accept) an equivalent word in Russian " reception"(most often in hotels).
• Real - (in English "real") means nothing but " valid".

WITH

• Synchronously - (with english word"synchronously" means "simultaneously", "at the same time").
• Selfie - (from the English word "self" - means "myself" or "myself"). This word began to spread widely in the meaning of "photographing oneself (or a group of people with oneself)". They could not think of anything how to take this word from the English language, then how can I express myself " self". It is quite understandable and in Russian.
• Sketch - (from English "scatch" -translated not otherwise than " sketch"). This term is widespread in the construction industry and architecture. It is interesting that in the Russian language there has long been an equivalent word" sketch", but in common people you can say" underpainting".
• Speechwriter - (from English "speech" -speech and "writer" -write) - a person who writes a speech for someone. Equivalent meaning can be the word " author" or " author of the text"This word is increasingly included in the vocabulary of central TV channels and magazines.
• Stagnation - (from Lat. Stagno - to make motionless) - an equivalent meaning in Russian " stop", "slow down"or as a noun" deceleration".
• Storage - (from English storage - storage, keep in stock) - equivalent value in Russian " storage".
• Soldier - (from Lat. "Soldus", "Solidus", in English "soldier") - a primordially Russian equivalent meaning " warrior", "warrior" or " howl".

T

• Tolerance - (from Latin tolerantia) the equivalent word in Russian " tolerance".
• Traffic - (from English "traffic" - movement). In Russian, this word began to be used mainly in two meanings. 1) In cases of describing the traffic situation on the roads - "heavy traffic" - when you can say nothing else but " congestion" or " loaded stream"(cars) or even simpler -" traffic jams". 2) In the technical meaning of the number of users who have visited this or that site -" high / low traffic ", when equivalent definitions can be said" high / low attendance"(site).
• Tradition - (from Lat. Language "traditio" - legend, in English "tradition"). Unambiguous meaning in Russian " custom".
• Trading - (from English "trade" - to trade). This word is used more and more often on the Internet. Equivalent meaning in Russian " trade".
• Tour - (from English "tour"). Equivalent value - " journey".

Have

• Weekend - (from English "weekend"). Literally means "end of the week", not otherwise than in Russian " weekend".
• Unique (from Latin "unicus", in English "unique"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " special", "exceptional", "unrepeatable".

F

• Fake - (from English "fake"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " counterfeit".

X

• Hobby - (from English "hobby") - equivalent meaning " enthusiasm".

Sh

• Shopping - (from English "shop" -shop) - also means " purchase"or verb" to shop". On the signboard of one of the large stores in Moscow, there was an inscription" pleasant shopping "- one might say" pleasant shopping. "
• Show - (from English "show" -show) - equivalent meaning " showing", also used in the phrases" TV show "- with an equivalent meaning" telecast" or " TV program".

E

• Equivalent - (comes from the Latin word "aequivalens", in English "equivalent") - in Russian it means nothing else but " equivalence".
• Experiment - (comes from Latin "experīmentum", in English "experiment") - equivalent meanings in Russian - experience, trial.
• Existential - (in English the verb "exsist") - an equivalent meaning " existing"

Conclusion

The list, as we can see, is quite impressive and other words will be gradually added to it. Dear readers, if you have additions to this article, other foreign ones with equivalent meanings, then leave your examples on

One of the sections of vocabulary is etymology, which studies the origin of a word against the background of changes in the entire vocabulary of the language. Primordially Russian and are viewed precisely from the standpoint of etymology. These are the two layers into which the entire vocabulary Russian language, in terms of origin. This section of the vocabulary gives an answer to the question of how the word came about, what it means, where and when it was borrowed, and what changes it has undergone.

Russian vocabulary

All words that exist in the language are called vocabulary. With their help, we name various objects, phenomena, actions, signs, numbers, etc.

The vocabulary is explained by the entry into the system, which led to the presence of their common origin and development. Russian vocabulary is rooted in the past of the Slavic tribes and has developed along with the people over the centuries. This is the so-called primordial vocabulary that has existed for a long time.

Also, there is a second layer in the vocabulary: these are words that came to us from other languages ​​due to the emergence of historical ties.

Thus, if we consider the vocabulary from the standpoint of origin, then we can distinguish the words originally Russian and borrowed. both groups are represented in the language in large numbers.

The origin of Russian words

The vocabulary of the Russian language has more than 150,000 words. Let's see what words are called primordially Russian.

The native Russian vocabulary has several tiers:

Borrowing process

In our language, primordially Russian and borrowed words coexist. This is due to the historical development of the country.

As a people, Russians from ancient times entered the cultural, economic, political, military, trade links with other countries and states. This quite naturally led to the fact that the words of those peoples with whom we cooperated appeared in our language. Otherwise it was impossible to understand each other.

Over time, these linguistic borrowings became Russified, entered the group and we have already ceased to perceive them as foreign. Everyone knows such words as "sugar", "bathhouse", "activist", "artel", "school" and many others.

The words originally Russian and borrowed, examples of which are given above, have long and firmly entered our everyday life and help to build our speech.

Foreign words in Russian

Once in our language, foreign words are forced to change. The nature of their changes affects different aspects: phonetics, morphology, semantics. Borrowing is subject to our laws and regulations. Such words undergo changes in endings, in suffixes, gender changes. For example, the word “parliament” is masculine in our country, but in German, where it came from, it is neuter.

The very meaning of the word may change. So, the word "painter" in our country means a worker, and in German it means "painter".

The semantics are changing. For example, the borrowed words "canned food", "conservative" and "conservatory" came to us from different languages and have nothing to do. But in their native language, French, Latin and Italian, respectively, they came from Latin and have the meaning of "preserve."

Thus, it is important to know from which languages ​​the words are borrowed. This will help to correctly determine their lexical meaning.

In addition, sometimes it is difficult to recognize native Russian and borrowed words in the mass of vocabulary that we use every day. For this purpose, there are dictionaries that explain the meaning and origin of each word.

Classification of loan words

Two groups of loan words are distinguished according to a specific type:

• those who came from the Slavic language;
• taken from non-Slavic languages.

In the first group, a large mass is made up of Old Slavicisms - words that have been in church books since the 9th century. And now such words as “cross”, “universe”, “power”, “virtue” and others are widely spread. Many Old Slavicisms have Russian counterparts (“Lanits” - “cheeks”, “mouth” - “lips”, etc. ) Phonetic ("gate" - "gate"), morphological ("grace", "benefactor"), semantic ("gold" - "gold") Old Slavicisms are distinguished.

The second group is made up of borrowings from other languages, including:

• Latin (in the field of science, politics of public life - "school", "republic", "corporation");
• Greek (everyday - "bed", "dish", terms - "synonym", "vocabulary");
• Western European (military - "headquarters", "cadet", from the field of art - "easel", "landscape", nautical terms - "boat", "shipyard" "schooner", musical terms - "aria", "libretto");
• Turkic (in culture and trade "pearls", "caravan", "iron");
• Scandinavian (everyday - "anchor", "whip") words.

Dictionary of foreign words

Lexicology is a very precise science. Everything is clearly structured here. All words are divided into groups, depending on the basis underlying them.

Primordially Russian and borrowed words are divided into two groups on the basis of etymology, that is, origin.

There are various vocabularies that suit specific purposes. So, you can call the dictionary of foreign words, which contains examples of foreign languages ​​that have come to us over the course of many centuries. Many of these words are now perceived by us as Russian. The dictionary explains the meaning and indicates where the word came from.

Dictionaries of foreign words in our country have a whole history. The first was created at the beginning of the eighteenth century, it was handwritten. At the same time, a three-volume dictionary was published, the author of which was N.M. Yanovsky. In the twentieth century appeared whole line foreign dictionaries.

Among the most famous can be called the "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" edited by.