Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. A Brief Dictionary of Linguistic Terms

FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION

"RUSSIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF JUSTICE"

Crimean branch

Simferopol, 2016

A short dictionary of linguistic terms in the discipline "Russian language". / Compiled by L. N. Khomenko - Simferopol, 2016 .-- 44 p.

Reviewer - Doctor of Philology, Professor, Professor of the Department of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Disciplines of the KrF Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education

"RGUP" L. F. Chernikova

Discussed at a meeting of the Department of General Education

protocol no. 7 from 11 February 2016

The "Brief Dictionary of Linguistic Terms" in the discipline "Russian language" complies with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary (Complete) General Education.

This publication is a dictionary that includes linguistic terms and concepts that are basic for mastering the general educational course of the Russian language and stylistics. The content of the discipline "Russian language" includes a significant number of terms of Greek, Latin and German origin. For students for better assimilation theoretical material it is advisable to use philological dictionaries. The training course "Russian language" is aimed at increasing the level of practical mastery of the modern Russian literary language among legal professionals. The purpose of the educational "Brief Dictionary of Linguistic Terms" is to help students to systematize the previously acquired knowledge in the field of studying the Russian language, as well as to study new terms found in educational and scientific literature. The dictionary of linguistic terms includes the concepts of general linguistics, Russian linguistics, history of language and dialectology. A definition and description of its meaning is provided for each term.

The presented "Brief Dictionary of Linguistic Terms" is recommended for use by students of the Faculty of Continuing Education, studying the discipline "Russian language", when preparing for seminars on their own, working on essays, reports, writing essays, essays, and performing practical tasks.

Phonetics. Orthoepy and graphics …………………………………………… .4

Vocabulary and phraseology ………………………………………………… .22

Morphemics and word formation ……………………………………… ... 31

Morphology and syntax ……………………………………………… ... 34

List of used literature ……………………………………… 44

PHONETICS. ORTHOEPY and GRAPHICS.

Abbreviation (Italian abbreviatura from Latin brevis - short) - a word formed from the names of the initial letters or from the initial sounds of the words included in the original phrase.

Paragraph (German Absatz - section, part of the text)- a piece of written speech, consisting of several sentences.

ABC (from the name of the first two letters of the Cyrillic alphabet "az" and "beech and ") - a system of graphic signs to convey the sound of Slavic speech. The alphabet was created in the middle of the 9th century by the brothers Cyril and Methodius.

Acoustic (from the Greek akustikos - auditory)- related to auditory perception. The acoustic side of speech sounds.

Accent (Latin accentus - stress) -

1) The same as stress.

2) A peculiar pronunciation, characteristic of a speaker not in his native language and consisting in the involuntary replacement of the sounds of a foreign language with the sounds of the native language. Speak with an accent.

Accentuate- put stress, as well as the stress mark in a word, pronounce a word with an emphasized stress.

Accentology- a section of linguistics that studies stress issues (nature, types, functions).

Alliteration (from Lat.ad - to - at and littera - letter)- repetition of homogeneous consonants, which gives a literary text, usually a verse, a special sound and intonation expressiveness. For example, "The hiss of frothy glasses and punch blue flame" (A. Pushkin).

Alphabet (from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet alpha and beta - in the Middle Greek pronunciation "vita")- a set of graphic characters (letters) arranged in the order accepted for a given language (or languages). Russian alphabet. Latin alphabet. The modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters.

Alphabetic letter- the same as sound writing.

Apostrophe(Greek apostrophes - facing to the side or back)- a comma-shaped superscript mark, used: a) to separate official words (particles) in foreign proper names: o "Brian, d" Astier; b) to indicate the softness of a consonant sound in phonetic transcription: [b "it"]

Article(French article, from Latin agticulus)- a service word that accompanies a noun (often precedes it), being an indicator of grammatical categories of certainty or indefiniteness, gender, number and some other meanings (including syntactic ones). Articles are used in Germanic, Romance, Greek, Hungarian and many other languages. Prepositive article before a noun. Post-positive article after a noun. For example, French. le peuple, room. poporul - people.

Articulation(Latin articulatio from articulare - articulate articulate)- the work of the organs of speech, aimed at the production of sounds.

Assimilation(lat.assimilatio - fusion, assimilation)- a phonetic process, which consists in assimilating sounds to each other within the same word or phrase.

Assonance(French assonance - consonance)- consonance of vowel sounds (mainly percussion), especially in an imprecise rhyme ("enormity - I will come to my senses", "sadness - I will light up")

Fluent vowels- vowels o and e of the modern Russian language, alternating with a zero sound when shaping and word formation. Sleep / sleep. Day / day. Fluent vowels are explained by the fact that in the Old Russian language in their place were not [o] and [e], but the so-called voiceless [b] and [b], which in a certain period of language development in a strong position, respectively, became [o] and [ f], and in the weak - disappeared: sleep sleep, and sleep sleep.

Unstressed vowel sound- a vowel that does not bear stress on itself and is characterized, in comparison with a stressed vowel, by a lower tension of the speech organs and a lower clarity of articulation.

Euphony- one of the qualities of artistic speech, which consists in the beauty and naturalness of its sound. Various forms of using and enhancing the sound of the word give artistic speech greater expressiveness, enhanced emotional coloring.

Letter - a graphic sign in the alphabet of a given language, which serves to designate sounds and their varieties in writing.

Letter or initial(Latin initiālis - "initial")- large, different from the others, the initial letter of the chapter or article. Drop caps were often decorated with miniatures, ornaments and images, usually made using the engraving technique.

Monogram(from Polish wezel - knot) –

1) Initial letters of first and last name or first and patronymic, usually intertwined and forming a pattern.

2) The image of the initial letters of the names of institutions, educational institutions, etc. on uniforms, on documents, etc.

Vignette(fr. vignette)- decoration in a book or manuscript: a small drawing or ornament at the beginning or at the end of the text. A vignette is a small ornamental or plot composition that precedes the text like a splash screen or ends it, serving as an ending. In addition, vignettes can be used in the text itself to decorate the corners of the page.

Inner speech- speech, unpronounceable; speech "to himself", addressed by the subject to himself.

Vocalism(from Latin vocalis - voice)- the system of vowel sounds of the language, their properties and relationships.

Pitch(sound)- sound quality, depending on the frequency of vibrations of the vocal cords per unit of time: the more vibrations occur per unit of time, the higher the sound; the fewer vibrations occur per unit of time, the lower the sound.

Vowel sounds- these are the sounds that are formed with the participation of the voice. There are six of them in Russian: [a], [e], [i], [o], [y], [s].

Voiceless consonants- consonants formed with one noise, without the participation of a voice: [k], [k "], [n], [n"], [s], [s "], [t], [t"], [f], [f "1, [x], [x"], [q], [h], [w], [w "] (w).

Vocal cords- two small bundles of muscles attached to the cartilage of the larynx and located across it (from the Adam's apple backwards) almost horizontally. The vocal cords are elastic, they can shorten and stretch, move apart to different widths of the solution, they can be relaxed and tense.

Larynx- the upper part of the windpipe, consisting of several movable cartilage, to which the vocal cords are attached.

Graphics(Greek graphike - from grapho - I write)-

1) A type of visual art based on a drawing using contour lines, strokes, tones and spots in contrast to the white, colored or black surface of the paper.

2) Works of this type of art (drawings or printed art images - engravings, lithographs, etc.).

3) The totality of means of any writing; outlines of letters, signs.

Labial consonants- consonants formed by complete or incomplete convergence of the lower lip with the upper lip or upper teeth: [n], [n "], [b], [b"], [f], [f "]; [c], [c "], [mm"].

Dissimilation(Latin dissimilatio - distribution)- replacement of one of two identical or similar sounds with another, less similar one. Dissimilation is a rare phenomenon in the literary language, it is usually found in unnormalized speech. "Kolidor" (instead of a corridor), "tram" (instead of a tram) - in common parlance.

Long consonant –

1) Out-of-pair long soft hissing [w "] and [g"]. Cabbage soup, yeast.

2) Double slit at the junction of morphemes and words. Seedling [s], from goiter [s].

3) Long consonants are not at the junction of morphemes in words of foreign language origin. Bath [n], cash desk [s], scale [m]. (all phonemes with a longitude sign).

Trembling consonants(vibrants)- consonant sounds, during the formation of which the bow sequentially and periodically opens and closes again, and the active organs of speech tremble (vibrate). Various kinds [p].

Yokanye - pronunciation in some dialects [e] instead of [ue] in the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants. [n "esu] (spelling carry), [t" enu] (spelling pull).

EP- the name of the letter "ъ"; firm mark.

Era- the name of the letter "y."

Yer-name of the letter "ь"; soft sign.

Uppercase or uppercase letter- a letter that is increased in size compared to lowercase letters.

Headword or heading word or main word - a word that is explained in a dictionary entry and is its title.

Closed syllable- a syllable that ends in a consonant sound. Russian also has closed syllables. The word "table" is a closed syllable, as it ends in a consonant sound.

Screensaver, screensaver(old - glorious to put)- in the art of book design - a small, miniature graphic composition that opens the text. In ancient Russian early printed books, it is associated with an initial - a capital letter.

Transcribe - means to write a transcription. It is written in square brackets, [B "ilayet]. The softness of the sound is indicated by the sign" (apostrophe). The letter "Y" - j.

Voiced consonants are sounds that consist of noise and voice. When pronouncing them, the air stream not only overcomes the obstacle in the oral cavity, but also vibrates the vocal cords. The following sounds are voiced: [b], [b '], [c], [c'], [g], [g '], [d], [d'], [g], [h], [ z '], [d'], [l], [l '], [m], [m'], [n], [n '], [p], [p']. The sound [f '] is also voiced, found in the speech of individuals in the words yeast, reins and some others.

Speech sound- an element of spoken speech, formed by speech organs. With phonetic division of speech, sound is a part of a syllable, the shortest, then indivisible sound unit, pronounced in one articulation. Vowel. Consonant.

Sound writing- sound repetitions, saturation with the same or similar sounds for the purpose of figurative onomatopoeia. For example, the repetition of the sounds [w], [n] and [n] in the well-known poems of A.S. Pushkin "The hiss of frothy glasses and punch blue flame."

Onomatopoeic words- words that, in their sound design, are the reproduction of the reflective exclamations of people; sounds and cries made by animals, birds, sounds of natural phenomena, sounds made by objects, etc. outward appearance some onomatopoeic words come close to interjections, but differ from them, since they do not express either feelings or expressions of will. They are used as an expressive-stylistic means of displaying reality, for example, "meow-meow", "woof - woof", "kwa-kwa", "ku-ku",

Tick-tock.

Dental consonants- consonants, formed by pressing the tip of the tongue together with the very front part to the back of the front upper teeth. According to the active organ, they belong to the anterior lingual. Dental arches [t], [t "], [d], [d"]. Slotted dental [s], [s "], [s], [s"]. Dental nasal [n], [n "]. Dental lateral [l], [l"].

Initial (lat. initialis - "initial")-

1) Initial letters of the first and last name, first and middle name or first name, middle name and last name.

2) The first uppercase letters of the text, chapter, etc. (usually oversized), sometimes decorated with ornaments, patterns, etc. Initials appeared in late antiquity. They were painted with red paint, hence the expression "from the red line."

Hieroglyphs(from the Greek hieroglyphoi - sacred letters)- curly signs, known from the 4th millennium BC in ancient Egyptian writing, where they served to denote whole words (concepts) or individual syllables and sounds of speech. Initially, their name meant "sacred inscriptions carved on the stone."

Hiccup- nondiscrimination is in unstressed syllables. In practice, this means pronunciation in some dialects [and] instead of [ue] in the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants. For example, [n "isu] (orthographic carry), [t" inu] (spelling pull).

Intonation(lat. intonō "I pronounce loudly")- a system of changes in the relative pitch in a syllable, word and whole utterance (phrase).

Yot - a mid-lingual voiced slotted consonant adjacent to the subsequent vowel, with which it forms an iotated sound. Apple, spruce, district, view [in "j + y].

Iota- the letter of the Greek alphabet denoting the sound [and].

Jotation- the appearance of the sound [j] before a vowel sound at the beginning of a word or between vowels. Old Slavic OUN Old Russian Yun.

Ioted (iotated) vowels- vowels with the sound [j] in front of them. E, e, y, i.

Cacophony ( Greek kakopbonia - bad sound)- discordant, ear-cutting combination of sounds. Often, cacophony in speech is created by the annoying repetition of the same sounds, their accumulation in a sentence. For example, "What river is as wide as the Oka?"

Calligraphy(Greek kalligraphia - beautiful handwriting)- the art of writing in a clear and beautiful handwriting.

Cyrillic- one of the first two alphabet of Old Slavonic writing (the second was Glagolitic), which got its name from the name of Cyril, adopted by the Byzantine missionary Constantine the Philosopher when he was tonsured a monk. The Cyrillic alphabet differed from the Glagolitic alphabet in a simpler and clearer form of letters. The modern Russian alphabet was created on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet.

Context(Latin contextus - close connection, connection) –

1) A complete, semantic segment of written speech (text), which makes it possible to accurately establish the meaning of an individual word or sentence included in it.

2) Conditions for the use of a given linguistic unit in speech (linguistic environment, and in a broad sense also the situation of speech communication).

Red line- indent before the paragraph. "To start with a red line" - in a figurative sense means to start all over again.

A culture of speech -

1) A section of philological science that studies the speech life of society in a certain era and establishes, on a scientific basis, the rules for using language as the main means of communication between people, a tool for the formation and expression of thoughts.

2) The normativeness of speech, its compliance with the requirements for the language in a given language community in a certain historical period, compliance with the norms of pronunciation, stress, word use, form formation, construction of phrases and sentences.

Ligature(medieval - ligatura from Latin ligare - to tie)- a letter formed from the combination of elements of two letters.

Linguistics(linguistics, linguistics; from Lat. lingua - language)- the science of languages. This is the science of natural human language in general and of all languages ​​of the world as its individual representatives.

Letter(Latin littera) -

1) Letter (outdated and stationary).

2) A metal block with a convex image of a letter or other printing sign used in a typographic set.

3) Certificate for preferential travel by rail, indicated by a conventional letter (official, railway). Military letter.

Literary pronunciation- pronunciation that meets all modern rules of phonetics and linguistics, art reading without mistakes.

Literary language - a normalized language serving the diverse cultural needs of the people, language fiction, journalistic works, periodicals, radio, theater, science, government agencies, schools, etc.

Logical stress- highlighting in the pronunciation of one of the words of the sentence to enhance its semantic load. For instance:

I AM today, I will go to the institute (not someone else, namely me).

I AM today I will go to the institute (not on another day, but today).

I am today I will go to the institute (I definitely use one of the modes of transport).

I will go today in the Institute(not to another place, namely to the institute).

Logo(from the Greek. logos - "word" and typos - "imprint")- in a broad sense - a graphic symbol, the original outline of the full or abbreviated name of an organization or product. The logo is the verbal part of the trademark. The term "logo" appeared at the beginning of the 19th century in typography and was synonymous with the term "ligature".

Interdental consonants- consonants, formed by the tip of the tongue and the edge of the upper teeth (in English, written through th).

Melody of speech- see intonation.

Melodic stress- the same as musical stress (see stress).

Metathesis(from the Greek metathesis - permutation)- permutation of sounds or syllables in a word. For example, "plate" - "thalerka", "palm" - "dolon".

Monogram(from the Greek monos - "one" and gramma - "letter, record, sign")- a type of abbreviation, a sign that replaces the full inscription or signature of a person.

Soft consonant- a consonant, when pronouncing which the tongue rises more to the palate and narrows the passage through which air flows, than when pronouncing a solid consonant sound. For example, in the word "break" when pronouncing the first consonant [p "], the air passes through a narrower gap than when pronouncing the second consonant [p]. For example, in the word" river "you hear a soft consonant sound [p"], and in the word "hand" - a hard consonant sound [p]. The softness of a consonant is indicated by adding the character "to its notation, for example: [p"]. Always soft sounds: [th ’], [h’], [sch ’]. The rest of the sounds are soft if immediately followed by the vowels e, ё, and, u, i or b, and hard if they are followed by other vowels and consonants.

Unpaired consonants- these are consonants, devoid of deafness-voiced correlation.

1) Unpaired voiced consonants: [l, l`], [m, m`], [n, n`], [p, p`], [j]; unpaired voiceless consonants: [x, x`], [ c], [h], [u].

2) Consonants devoid of hardness-softness correlations. Unpaired solid consonants: [w], [w], [c]; unpaired soft consonants: [h], [w], [j].

Disagreement- this is the presence within one morpheme of combinations -ra-, -la-, -re-, -le- in the Old Church Slavonic language and in modern southern Slavic languages... Incomplete combinations in the Russian language are found in the Slavisms. Gate (cf .: gate), chapter (cf .: head), Wednesday (cf .: middle), captivate (cf .: full). See consensus.

Unpronounceable consonants- consonant letters, devoid of sound meaning in certain combinations (a conditional term, since letters are not pronounced at all, and there are no unpronounceable sounds). Unpronounceable consonants include:

1) t, in combinations of stn (sad, sad, rainy, peer, furious), stl (happy), ntsk (giant, amateurish), stack (Marxist);

2) d in combinations zdn (holiday), rdc (heart), also ndsk (Dutch);

3) e in combinations of vst (to feel), lvst (to be silent);

4) l combined lnz, (sun).

Non-syllable vowel- a vowel that does not form a syllable.

Norm- established in the practice of exemplary use, in the best way performing their function, language (speech) options. Pronunciation (orthoepic) norm. Lexical norm. Morphological norm. Syntactic norm.

Nasal vowels- vowels pronounced with the nasal resonator turned on, that is, with a lowered soft palate, as a result of which the air stream exits both through the mouth and through the nose, which gives the vowel sound a nasal timbre and lowers the pitch. In the Russian language, such vowels are absent, they were in the Slavic languages), there are in the languages ​​of French, Portuguese, Polish.

Nasal consonants- consonants, during the formation of which the glottis is narrowed, the stretched vocal cords vibrate with an air stream, a significant part of which, after exiting the larynx, passes through the nose, since the palatine curtain is lowered. Labial nasal [m]. Dental nasal [n].

Zero sound - lack of sound, serving as a grammatical indicator when alternating. Choose - choose, send - send.

Stunning consonants- replacement of a voiced noisy consonant with a corresponding deaf one in pairing in certain positions: 1) at the end of a word. Deafening of the final ringing occurs: a) before a pause. Collect a bouquet of roses [grew]; b) before the next word (without a pause) with the initial not only voiceless, but also a vowel, a sonoric consonant, as well as [c] and [j]. The middle clan [mouth], he is right [prima], rye grows [rosh], your sad [sat], I am weak [slap]; 2) in the middle of a word before a voiceless consonant. Smoothly [glut].

Sounding consonants- replacing a voiceless consonant with a corresponding voiced consonant in certain positions: 1) at the junction of morphemes: collection [zbor], transaction [zd "elk]; 2) at the junction of prepositions with the word: to the house [g-house], from the dacha [z -hack].

Okane- distinction - in unstressed syllables. In practice, this means pronunciation in an unstressed syllable in place of the letter o of the sound [o], characteristic of the North Russian dialects [head], [side].

Organs of speech- various parts of the human body involved in the formation of speech sounds (speech apparatus). The organs of speech are active, producing the main work necessary for the formation of sound: tongue, lips, soft palate, small uvula, epiglottis. The organs of speech are passive, unable to independent work and during the formation of sounds serving as a fulcrum for active organs: teeth, alveoli, hard palate, pharynx, nasal cavity, larynx. The diaphragm, lungs, bronchi, trachea are used as a driving force in the formation of sounds (to obtain a stream of air).

Orthoepic norm- this is the only possible or preferred version of the correct, exemplary pronunciation of the word.

Pronouncing dictionary- a dictionary that reflects the orthoepic norm, that is, contemporary literary pronunciation and stress. It differs from the explanatory dictionary in the way of describing the word, since it reveals the word only in the orthoepic aspect.

Orthoepy(from the Greek orthos - direct, correct + epos - speech)- 1) The section of linguistics dealing with the study of normative literary pronunciation.

2) A set of rules establishing a uniform pronunciation, corresponding to the pronunciation norms adopted in a given language.

Open vowel- a vowel, when pronouncing which the highest point of the raised part of the tongue is slightly lower than when pronouncing the corresponding closed vowels. Opened [e] and [o] in some Western European languages.

Open syllable- a syllable ending with a vowel sound. Ko-lo-da, stra-that-sphere-ra, dos -ka, thread, shop, bucket-ro, u-por-no.

Staccato speech- sounding harsh, interrupted by pauses.

Paleography (from the Greek palaios - ancient + grapho- I write) - a science that studies the external side of ancient manuscripts (the way of writing, the features of the material on which they wrote, the shape of the letters, their modifications, etc.) in order to determine the time and place of origin of the manuscript, identify existing errors in the text, establish the reasons for their appearance etc.

Paired consonants- these are consonants, correlative in deafness-voicedness: [b - p], [v - f], [g - k],] [d - t], [f - w], [z - s]; by hardness-softness: [b - b '], [c - c'], [d - d '].

Paronyms(from the Greek raga - near, onoma - name)- cognate words, similar in sound, but different in meaning or partially coinciding in their meaning. For example, the addressee is the addressee.

Pause (lat. pausa from Greek. Pausis - termination)- a temporary stop of sounding, breaking the flow of speech, caused by various reasons and performing various functions.

Writing–

1) A set of written monuments of any era. Old Russian writing.

2) The system of graphic signs used to fix speech in writing.

Letter- a means of communication, additional to sound speech, using a system of graphic signs.

Pictographic letter(from Lat.pictus - picturesque, painted with paints + Greek grapho - I write)- pictorial, pictorial writing. A letter in which a graphic sign (in the form of a picture or a conventional image) serves to convey the content of speech - a life situation, events related to living beings, things, etc., but does not reflect linguistic forms (phonetic and grammatical).

Full accord - typical for Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages the presence of combinations of oro, olo, ere between consonants corresponding to Church Slavonic ra, la, re, le. For example, a gate is a gate, gold is gold, before is before, milk is milk.

Handwriting- a system of movements recorded in the manuscript, characteristic for each writer and based on his writing - motor skill, with the help of which conventional graphic signs are performed.

Plural accent- stress, which is characterized by the possibility of stressing in different, but relatively strictly defined syllables of the word. For example, teacher-teacher

Reduction(lat.reductio from reducere - bring back, return; reduce, reduce)- weakening the articulation of the sound and changing its sound (this mainly refers to vowels in an unstressed position).

Speech apparatus - a set of speech organs (lips, teeth, tongue, palate, small uvula, epiglottis, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm).

Speech etiquette- in the narrow sense of the word can be characterized as a system of linguistic means in which etiquette relations are manifested.

Speech- the activity of the speaker, using the means of language to communicate with other members of a given language community (speaking) or to address himself.

Rhetoric(Greek rhetorike)- theory of expressive speech, theory of eloquence, oratory.

Native language- the language acquired by a child in early childhood by imitating the adults around him.

Whistling sounds- anterior lingual dental slotted [s], [s "] and [s], [s"]. When they are formed, a narrow groove-shaped gap forms between the front part of the tongue and the hard palate, passing through which the air stream makes a sharp noise resembling a whistle.

Verbal stress- the type of stress, defined within a word and consisting in highlighting one of its syllables.

Consonants- the sounds of speech, combined in a syllable with vowels and, in contrast, do not form the tops of a syllable. Consonants are often also understood as letters that convey such sounds. Sometimes the term "consonants" is used to avoid confusion. In Russian, consonant sounds are conveyed by the letters B, V, G, D, ZH, Z, Y, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, F, X, Ts, Ch, Sh, Shch. They opposed to the vowels A, E, E, I, O, U, Y, E, Yu, Ya.

Sonorous consonants are sounds produced without air flow in the vocal tract. The Russian language has the following sonorant consonants: / l /, / m /, / n /, / r /. Sonorant sounds also include the sound [j], which is present, for example, in the word "iodine".

Syllable- this is the minimum phonetic unit, characterized by the greatest acoustic-articulatory fusion of its components, that is, the sounds included in it. The syllable has no connection with the formation and expression of semantic relations. This is a purely pronunciation unit. In a syllable, sounds of varying degrees of sonority are grouped, the most sonorous are syllabic, the rest are non-syllable.

Transcription- a system for transmitting the sound of words written and some conventional signs, reflecting only the phonemes of these words. When reading the phonemic transcription of a language, it is necessary to take into account its phonetic laws, using the corresponding variants of phonemes in pronunciation.

Timbre(French timbre) -

1) Sound quality, depending on the ratio of pitch and strength of the main tone with additional.

2) Sound coloration characteristic of each voice (or instrument). Soprano, contralto, tenor, baritone, bass.

Speech rate- the speed of pronouncing elements of speech (sounds, syllables, words). It should be noted, however, that the absolute rate of speech depends on the individual characteristics of the speaker, the characteristics of his emotional state and communication situation, and the style of pronunciation.

Stress- the allocation of one of the syllables in the composition of the word by various phonetic means (amplification of the voice, raising the tone in combination with an increase in duration, intensity, volume).

Stressed vowel- a vowel that bears stress.

Phoneme(Greek phonema - sound)- the shortest sound unit capable of distinguishing sound shells (sound side, sound) of different words and morphemes.

Strong phoneme- a phoneme in a strong position that has the maximum distinctiveness within a word form or phoneme series.

Phoneme weak- a phoneme in a weak position, having a lesser or minimal distinctiveness within a word form or a phonemic series.

Phonetics (Greek phonetike from phnne - sound)- a section of linguistics that studies the methods of education and the acoustic properties of the sounds of human speech.

Historical phonetics- a section of linguistics that studies the sound side of the language in its development.

General phonetics- a section of linguistics that studies, using the material of various languages, the theoretical issues of the formation of speech sounds, the nature of stress, the structure of a syllable, the relationship of the sound side of a language to its grammatical system.

Descriptive phonetics- a section of linguistics that studies the sound structure of a particular language in a synchronous way.

Experimental phonetics- study of speech sounds using experimental research methods.

Clatter -

1) The peculiarity of the Russian northern dialects is the pronunciation of the sound "c" in place of the "h" of the literary language or the mixing of these sounds in one, as opposed to clinking.

2) The sound produced when something metal hits a stone.

- H-

Frequency- an indicator of the frequency of use, prevalence in speech.

Alternating sounds- change of sounds that occupy the same place in the morpheme in different cases of its use.

Someone else's speech - statements of other persons included in the author's presentation.

Whisper - quiet speech in which sounds are pronounced without a voice.

Hissing sounds- speech sounds, for example, w, w, h, which give the ear the impression of a hiss.

Noisy consonants- consonants formed by noise accompanied by a voice (voiced consonants) or using only noise (voiceless consonants).

Slit consonants- consonants, when pronounced, the organs of speech converge, as a result of which the air stream, passing through the formed gap, produces a friction noise.

Eexpression (Latin expressio - expression)- what makes something expressive, what makes something expressive .

Esperanto- the most widespread of the artificial languages, an auxiliary means of international communication. Created in 1887 by the Warsaw physician L. Zamenhof, whose pseudonym Esperanto (hopeful) became the name of the language.

Yus - the name of two letters of the Slavic alphabet. Yus large (denoted the nasal sound “o”), Yus small (denoted the nasal sound “e”).

Language- the sound and written structure of speech of a certain people, which is an instrument for expressing thoughts, feelings, expressions of will and serving as the most important means of communication between people. Language forms an organic unity with thinking, since one does not exist without the other.

Sign language- an independent, naturally occurring or artificially created language, consisting of a combination of gestures, each of which is produced by hands in combination with facial expressions, the shape or movement of the mouth and lips, as well as in combination with the position of the body. These languages ​​are mainly used by people who are deaf or hard of hearing for the purpose of communication.

Language of interethnic communication- a language that is used as a means of communication by representatives of different nationalities within one country.

Linguistics - the same as linguistics.

Lingual consonants- consonants, in the formation of which the active organ is the language.

Yakanye -

1) Action from the verb yakat.

2) A kind of akanya is the pronunciation of the unstressed "e" as "a" with preceding softness, denoted in writing by the letter "I." For example, vyasna, syastra (spring, sister).

Vocabulary and phraseology

Active vocabulary- vocabulary that is used by students productively for expressing thoughts in oral speech and writing, in contrast to passive vocabulary, which the student understands when reading and listening, but does not use in speech. A. l. also called reproductive, as opposed to receptive (passive) vocabulary.

Antonyms, -ov; pl. (singular antonym, -а; m.) from the Greek. anti- - against and ónyma - name, title) Lingv. Words that have the opposite meaning (for example: true - false, poor - rich, love - hate).

Americanisms, -a; m. lingual... - a word, a turn of speech, reflecting the peculiarities of the English language in the United States or borrowed from the American version of the English language.

Anglocisms (eng.anglicism) - words, expressions borrowed from English, for example ... auto, business, image service, producer.

Anecdote, -a; m. (from the Greek anékdotos - unpublished)

1) One of the genres of folklore: short humorous story usually making fun of someone A. about whom, by smth. A. about someone, smth. Tell a. Make fun of an anecdote. Know a lot of anecdotes. Children's a. Fresh A. Soldier's, greasy anecdotes.

2) Spread. Unusual incident, event. Bad, unpleasant a. happened to smb. Here's what a. happened to me. ● Initially: an entertaining or instructive story from the life of a historical person, legendary hero, etc.

Anthroponym (ancient Greek ἄνθρωπος - person and ὄνομα - name)- a single proper name or a set of proper names that identify a person. More broadly it the name of any person: fictional or real.

Appeals (from Latin appellātīvus - common noun; Latin appellāre - to handle speech, to call)- a linguistic term, often synonymous with the term common noun.

Argo(unchanged; cf. (French argot) lingual - speech a small social closed group that differs from the national language in vocabulary, but does not have its own phonetics and grammatical system; jargon. Vorovskoe a.

Argotism, -a; m. (French argotisme), ling.- a word borrowed in the literary language from some l. argo, jargon.

Archaism, -a; m. (Greek archáios - ancient) -

1) A relic of antiquity (about household items, phenomena, concepts, etc.).

2) Lingual. Obsolete word, speech turnover, grammatical form.

Barbarism, -a; m. (Greek barbárismos), ling.- a foreign language word or expression perceived as foreign to the native language and used instead of an already existing word or expression.

Vulgarism, -a; m.- a vulgar word or expression used in the literary language.

Grammatical homonomies (homoforms)(from the Greek homos - the same + Latin forma - form)- homonymous forms; words that coincide in their sound only in certain forms (the same part of speech or different parts speech). For example, I drive (from driving) - I drive (from driving); flying (from flying) - flying (from treating); oven (noun) - oven (verb); verse (poem) - verse (past tense form from the verb to subside). Omoforms are also called grammatical homonyms.

Graphic riot police (homophones)(from the Greek homos - the same + phone - voice, sound)- different, words that sound the same, but have a different spelling. For example, a meadow is an onion, a fruit is a raft, a genus is a mouth. Homophones are also called phonetic homonyms.

Gallicism(Latin gallicismus, French gallicisme)- a word or expression borrowed or derived from the French language.

Hydronyms (fromOld Greek ὕδωρ - water +ὄνομα - name)- one of the classes of toponyms - the names of water bodies (rivers, lakes, seas, bays, straits, canals, etc.)

Gelonim(fromGreekἝλος, τέλμα - stagnant water, swamp)- the proper name of any swamp, wetland. Hydronym type. Examples: Devil's swamp, Goat swamp, Keys, Moss, Burnt moss... The aggregate of gelonyms in a certain territory constitutes helonymy.

Germanism, -a; m.- a word or turn of speech in language, borrowed from the German language or constructed according to the model characteristic of the German language.

Desemantization - (from the Latin prefix de-, meaning separation, cancellation -t- ​​Greek semantikos - denoting)- loss of lexical meaning by a word. Wed the significant character of the verb to be combined to be at home and the service character to be combined to be ready.)

Dialect (Greek διάλεκτος - "adverb" from Greek διαλέγομαι - "to speak, to speak")- a kind of language that is used as a means of communication between people connected by one territory.

Dialecticism (in style)- a lexical unit characteristic of a territorial or social dialect.

Euphemism (Greek ευφήμη - "piety")- a word that is neutral in meaning and emotional "load" or a descriptive expression, usually used in texts and public statements to replace other words and expressions that are considered indecent or inappropriate.

Equivalent (from Late Latin aequivalens - "equivalent", "equivalent", "equivalent")- something equivalent or corresponding in any respect to something, replacing it or serving as its expression.

Exoticism- foreign language borrowing, denoting an object or phenomenon from the life of another people.

Enantiosemia (from the Greek enantios - opposite, opposite + sema - sign)- development of antonymic meanings in a word, polarization of meanings.

Etymology (ancient Greek ἐτυμολογία, from ancient Greek ἔτυμον "truth, the basic meaning of a word" and other Greek λόγος "word, teaching, judgment") is a section of linguistics (comparative historical linguistics) that studies the origin words (and less often morphemes). And also - the research methodology used to identify the history of the origin of a word (or morpheme) and the very result of such identification.

Ethnonyms (from the Greek έθνος - tribe, people and όνυμα - name, title)- the names of nations, peoples, nationalities, tribes, tribal unions, clans, and the like.

Slang- these are words that are limited in their use by a certain social or age environment.

Borrowed words- words that were taken from another language.

Meaning- content indicated by one or another linguistic expression - a word, sentence, sign, etc.

Zoonim (from the Greek ζω̃ου - "animal" and ὄνομα - "name, name") –

1) proper name (nickname) of the animal (for example, Mukhtar, Murka);

2) a common noun denoting an animal (eg, dog, cat).

Hieroglyph (ancient Greek ἱερογλύφος)- the name of a written sign in some writing systems. Hieroglyphs can mean both individual sounds and syllables (elements of alphabetical and syllabic writing), and morphemes, whole words and concepts (ideograms).

Histories- words or stable phrases that represent the names of once existed, but disappeared objects, phenomena human life.

Historicisms belong to a passive vocabulary and do not have synonyms in modern language.

Stationery- a word or turn of speech typical for the style of business papers and documents.

Book vocabulary - one of the main categories of literary vocabulary, along with colloquial vocabulary and neutral vocabulary; has a predominant distribution in book speech.

Cosmonym- the names of galaxies, star clusters, nebulae, constellations, planets, comets, asteroids.

Idioms- a stable phraseological unit of a figurative or aphoristic nature, which entered the vocabulary from historical or literary sources and became widespread due to its expressiveness.

Lexicology (from ancient Greek λέξις - word, expression, λόγος - science, judgment)- a section of linguistics that studies vocabulary. Lexicology is divided into general and specific. Private lexicology studies the lexical composition of a particular language.

Vocabulary (from ancient Greek τὸ λεξικός - "related to the word", from ἡ λέξις - "word", "turn of speech")- a set of words of a particular language, parts of a language or words that a particular person or group of people knows. Vocabulary is the central part of the language, naming, forming and transmitting knowledge about any objects, phenomena.

Lexeme (from ancient Greek λέξις - word, expression, turn of speech)- a word as an abstract unit of morphological analysis. Different paradigmatic forms (word forms) of one word are combined into one lexeme. For example, a dictionary, a dictionary, a dictionary - these are forms of the same lexeme, written as a dictionary by convention.

Lexical meaning- the ratio of the sound shell of the word with the corresponding objects or phenomena of objective reality. The lexical meaning does not include the entire set of features inherent in any object, phenomenon, action, etc., but only the most essential ones that help to distinguish one object from another.

Latinisms- words and turns of speech borrowed from the Latin language, built according to the Latin model in any other language.

Lexicography (ancient Greek λεξικόν, lexikon - "dictionary" and γράφω, grapho - "I write")- the section of linguistics dealing with the compilation of dictionaries and their study; a science that studies the semantic structure of a word, the features of words, their interpretation.

Linguistics (linguistics, linguistics; from Lat.Lingua - language)- the science of languages. This is the science of natural human language in general and of all languages ​​of the world as its individual representatives. In the broadest sense of the word, linguistics is divided into scientific and practical. Most often, linguistics means scientific linguistics. It is a part of semiotics as a science of signs.

Dead language- a language that does not exist in living use and, as a rule, is known only from written records, or is in artificial, regulated use. This usually happens when one language is completely replaced in use by another language.

Methodology (from the Greek μεθοδολογία - the doctrine of methods; from the ancient Greek μέθοδος from μετά- + ὁδός, literally "the path after something" and other Greek λόγος - thought, reason) - the doctrine of methods , methods and strategies for studying the subject.

Monosemy(from the Greek monos - one + serna- sign)- the same as unambiguity.

Neologism (ancient Greek νέος - new, λόγος - speech, word)- a word, the meaning of a word or a phrase that has recently appeared in the language (newly formed, previously absent).

Neutralvocabulary- words that are not attached to a specific style of speech, having stylistic synonyms (book, colloquial, colloquial), against which they are devoid of stylistic coloring.

Incomplete words oppose significant words. They do not name objects, signs or other phenomena of reality, but indicate the relations that exist between them.

Homonyms (ancient Greek ὁμός - the same + ὄνομα - name)- words, morphemes and other language units that are different in meaning, but identical in sound and spelling.

Common vocabulary- common vocabulary includes words, without which communication in any sphere of human activity is unthinkable. These words express vital concepts and are used in all styles of language and speech. Since common vocabulary is characterized by emptiness and naturalness, comprehensibility and clarity, and is devoid of emotional and expressive coloring, it is often called neutral. But this gives rise to an erroneous idea of ​​the weak expressiveness of the words related here, meanwhile, no speech style is possible without it.

Onomastics (from ancient Greek ὀνομαστική - the art of giving names)- a section of linguistics that studies any proper names.

Proverb- a small form of folk poetry, clothed in a short, rhythmic dictum, carrying a generalized thought, conclusion, allegory with a didactic bias.

Proverb- a phrase that reflects any phenomenon of life, one of the small genres of folklore.

Paremia (from the Greek παροιμία - saying, proverb, parable)- a stable phraseological unit, which is a complete proposal of didactic content.

Polysemy (from the Greek πολυσημεία - "polysemy")- polysemy, multivariance, that is, the presence of a word (unit of language, term) of two or more meanings, historically determined or interrelated in meaning and origin.

Colloquial vocabulary Are words used in casual conversation.

Semantics (from Old Greek σημαντικός - denoting)- a section of linguistics that studies the semantic meaning of language units.

Synonyms- words belonging, as a rule, to the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, but having a similar lexical meaning.

Word- one of the main structural units of the language, which serves to name objects, their qualities and characteristics, their interactions, as well as naming imaginary and abstract concepts created by the human imagination.

System (from Old Greek σύστημα - whole, made up of parts; compound)- a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, which forms a certain integrity, unity.

Slang- a set of special words or new meanings of already existing words used in various groups of people (professional, social, age, etc.)

Old Slavicisms- words borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language, the language of liturgical books. Therefore, Old Church Slavicisms also include Church Slavicisms.

Terminology- a set of terms used in a specific area of ​​knowledge.

Place name (from ancient Greek τόπος - place + ὄνομα - name, title)- a proper name, denoting the proper name of a geographical object.

Obsolete words- these are words that it is important to familiarize the child with before reading a fairy tale or to explain their meaning during reading, so that the meaning of the work is perceived exactly as the authors would like.

Phraseology (from the Greek φράσις - expression and Greek λογος - concept, doctrine)- a section of theoretical linguistics that studies stable speech turns and expressions - phraseological units, a set of phraseological units of a language is also called its phraseology.

Phraseologism (phraseological unit, phraseological turnover)- a stable phrase that has a definition. lexical. meaning, constant composition and the presence of grammatical. categories. F. arises and develops in a language. by rethinking specific phrases.

Morphemics and word formation

Affix, -а; m. (from Latin affixus - attached), lingual... - a part of a word that joins the root and introduces a certain grammatical or derivational meaning (cf. prefix, infix, suffix, postfix, inflection). Derivative and inflectional affixes.

Allomorph (Allomorph)- a linguistic term denoting a variant of a morpheme that may have different variants pronunciation, without changing its meaning. Used in linguistics to explain existence different options pronunciation of individual morphemes.

Affixless way of word formation- this is the formation of new words (nouns) from the generating stem (verb or adjective) without adding affixes (the forming stem becomes the basis of the noun). Explosion, heat, trailer, absenteeism, run-up; rot, evil, trash, prowess.

-G-

as a science, it is a section of linguistics that studies the grammatical structure of a language, the patterns of constructing correct meaningful speech segments in this language (word forms, syntagmas, sentences, texts). The grammar formulates these patterns in the form of general grammatical rules.

Derivative- derived word

Derivation(from lat.derivatio - assignment; education)- the process of creating some linguistic units (derivatives) on the basis of others, taken as the original ones, in the simplest case - by "expanding" the root due to affixation (see Affix) or word composition, in connection with which derivation is sometimes equated with word production or even word formation.

Infix – (lat.infixus - inserted) - it is an affix inserted inside the stem root during inflection and word formation. This kind of affix is ​​not inherent in the Russian language.

Root- a morpheme that carries the lexical meaning of a word (or the main part of this meaning).

Confix(from lat.confixum - jointly taken, ling.)- a kind of affix, consisting of two parts - a prefix and a postfix, which carry the same meaning.

Morphemics (from the Greek morph - 'form')- This is a section of the science of language, in which the composition (structure) of a word is studied.

Morpheme(from the Greek raorphe - form) is the smallest linguistic unit that has meaning.

Zero ending is an ending that occurs in a number of mutable words. It differs from other endings in that it is not expressed by any sounds or letters.

Ending- This is a morpheme that usually appears at the end of a word and which indicates the relationship of the given word with other words. The ending expresses the meanings of gender, number, case, person.

Homomorphs are (from the Greek homos - the same + morphe- form)- morphemes that coincide in their sound composition, but different in meaning (homonymous morphemes).

Foundation- This is a type of compounding, in which new words are created by combining two or more stems (non-independent words) into one word.

The foundation- the part of a word before the end with which its lexical meaning is associated.

Prefix (Latin praefixum - attached in front), (prefix)- the minimum significant part of the word, standing in front of the root and giving the word new meanings.

Postfix (from Latin post - after + fixus - attached) is a derivational morpheme following the ending. A postfix can be called a suffix in Russian. In Russian grammar, one group is distinguished - postfixes in a narrow sense, which are called a reflexive morpheme, usually standing after the end.

Prefix- a way of word formation by attaching a prefix.

Suffix (from Latin suffixus - nailed, nailed) - a significant part of a word, a service morpheme located after the root (directly or after another suffix) and serving to form new words or their non-syntactic forms.

Suffixation- attachment of suffixes to roots and stems as a way of word formation and morphogenesis.

Word formation- This is a section of the science of language that studies the structure of words and the methods of their formation.

Compounding- a way of word formation, two or more complete words (or stems) are combined into a single complex, the so-called compound word.

Flexion (Latin flexio - flexion, transition)- a complex of grammatical categories expressed in inflection, a set of morphemes that carry out inflection.

Form- one of the ways to use a word, morpheme.

Formant (from Latin formans, formantis - forming)- a word-formation tool used in the production of a word.

Morphology and syntax

Aspectology (lat.aspectus - species and other-Greek λόγος - teaching)- a section of morphology that studies the types (aspects) of the verb.

Analytical (group Analytikos)-lingu. a. languages ​​(English, French, etc.)- languages ​​in which the relationship between words in a sentence is mainly expressed not by the forms of the words themselves, but by official words, word order, intonation, etc. Contra. - synthetic.

Abstract nouns- these are nouns that call abstract phenomena perceived mentally (they have only singular or only plural, cannot be combined with cardinal numbers).

Impersonal sentences- these are one-piece sentences, which speak of an action or state that arises and exists regardless of the producer of the action or the carrier of the state.

Unionless difficult sentence(BSP)- a complex sentence, the predicative parts of which are interconnected in meaning and structure, and also connected without the help of conjunctions or relative words by rhythmomelodic means, the order of the parts.

Time- the grammatical category of the verb, which expresses the ratio of the time of the situation described in speech to the moment of uttering the utterance (that is, to the moment of speech or the length of time, which in the language is denoted by the word "now"), which is taken as a reference point (absolute time) or the relation of time to another relative time reference point (relative time).

Real nouns denote substances that are homogeneous in composition, subject to measurement, division, but not counting (i.e., uncountable!)

Exclamation clauses- these are sentences that convey strong feelings and emotions of the speaker.

Grammar (ancient Greek γραμματική from γράμμα - "letter") as a science, it is a section of linguistics that studies the grammatical structure of a language, the patterns of constructing correct meaningful speech segments in this language (word forms, syntagmas, sentences, texts).

Grammatical meaning- the meaning expressed by the inflectional morpheme (grammatical indicator).

Grammeme- grammatical meaning, understood as one of the elements of the grammatical category; different grammemes of the same category are mutually exclusive and cannot be expressed together.

Grammatical form- a linguistic sign in which the grammatical meaning is expressed in one way or another (regularly, standardly).

Verb- an independent part of speech that denotes the state or action of an object and answers the questions of what to do? what to do?

Two-part sentences- This is one of the types of simple sentences, the grammatical base of which consists of a combination of subject and predicate.

Gerunds- an independent part of speech or a special form of the verb in Russian, denoting an additional action in the main action. This part of speech combines the features of a verb (type, voice, transitivity and reflexivity) and adverbs (immutability, the syntactic role of a circumstance). Answers the questions of what to do? what having done?

Addition- a minor member of a sentence, expressed by a noun or pronoun. The addition denotes an object or person that is the object of the action indicated by the predicate, and answers the questions of indirect cases (“what?”, “Who?”, “Who?”, Etc.).

Noun- an independent part of speech that denotes the subject and answers the questions of who? what?

Adjective- this is an independent (significant) part of speech, which denotes a feature of the subject and answers the questions of what ? whose ?

Numeral is an independent part of speech that combines words that denote numbers, the number of objects or the order of objects when counting and answer a question how? or which?

Infinitive (Latin infinitivus (modus) - indefinite)- an indefinite form of the verb, one of the impersonal forms of the verb. In Russian, the infinitive can be part of a compound verb predicate.

Infinitive sentences- these are impersonal sentences, the predicates of which can be expressed in one indefinite form, without any auxiliary words. Impersonal sentences with such a predicate are usually used in colloquial speech. Expressing them is accompanied by a special expressive intonation.

Specific nouns- these are nouns that name specific objects of animate and inanimate nature (change in numbers, combined with cardinal numbers).

Kagender category of nouns- this is a non-verbal syntagmatic morphological category, expressed in the ability of a noun in singular forms to relate selectively to generic forms of a word form that is consistent or coordinated with it.

Category of the number of nouns is an inflectional category expressed in the system of two opposed series of singular and plural forms. The category of the number of nouns is lexical and grammatical.

Short form of adjectives is inherent only in qualitative adjectives, relative and possessive adjectives do not have a short form. Short name the adjective answers the questions: what is it? what is? how does it feel? what are?

In modern Russian, short adjectives are formed from full ones. In the singular, the generic endings are: for the masculine gender - the zero ending (strong - strong, new - new, skinny - skinny, etc.); for the feminine gender - the ending -а (strong, new, lean); for the neuter gender - the ending -o, -e (strong, new, lean). There are no generic differences in the plural: all short adjectives end in -ы, -и (strong, new, lean).
Short adjectives do not change in cases.
As a rule, in a sentence, short adjectives act as a predicate.

Cardinal numbers- these are numbers that denote abstract numbers (five) and the number of objects (five tables) and answer the question how much? Cardinal numbers are whole (five), fractional (five-seventh) and collective (five). Whole cardinal numbers denote whole numbers or quantities. They are combined with countable nouns, i.e. with nouns that denote things that can be counted as pieces.

Kaqualitative adjectives- these are adjectives that denote a feature of an object that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent.

Verb face category expresses the relationship of the action performed by the subject to the speaker. Only the verbs of the present and future tense change by faces. Past tense verbs do not change by person. Present and future tense verbs can have the first, second and third person forms as in the singular. So it is in the plural, that is, conjugated verb forms.

Verb forms of the first person denote an action that the speaker himself performs (alone or together with other persons). Some verbs have a first person singular form.

The verb forms of the second person, as a rule, denote an action that is performed by some second person (in relation to the speaker) or person.

Pronoun (Latin pronomen)- a part of speech that indicates objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them.

Morphology (from ancient Greek μορφή - "form" and λόγος - "word, teaching")- a branch of linguistics, the main object of which is the words of natural languages, their significant parts and morphological features. The tasks of morphology, therefore, include the definition of a word as a special linguistic object and a description of its internal structure.

Incomplete sentences- sentences in which any necessary in the meaning and structure of the sentence member (main or secondary) is missing. Incomplete can be two-part and one-part, common and uncommon sentences.

Uncirculated proposal- a sentence that consists only of the main members (subject and predicate).

Intransitive verbs (intransitive) - verbs that cannot have a direct object with them, t; That is, they are not combined with the accusative case without a preposition, which names the object to which the action is completely transferred.

Adverb (the term is formed by tracing paper from lat.adverbium)- an unchangeable, independent part of speech, denoting a sign of a sign, a sign of an action or quality. Words of this class answer the questions "where?", "When?", "Where?", "Where?", "Why?", "Why?", "How?" and most often refer to verbs and denote a sign of action.

Circumstance- a minor member of the sentence, depending on the predicate and denoting a sign of action or a sign of another sign. Usually, circumstances are expressed by nouns in the forms of indirect cases or adverbs, although some groups of circumstances can be expressed by an adverbial turnover. They can also be expressed by an infinitive, an indirect noun with and without a preposition, and even some phraseological units.

Definition (or attribute)- in syntax, a secondary member of a sentence, denoting a sign, quality, property of an object. Usually expressed by an adjective or participle. Answers the questions which ?, which ?, which ?, which? what ?, whose ?, whose ?, whose? whose?.

Relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that cannot be in the object to a greater or lesser extent.
Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with an adverb very much, do not have antonyms.
Relative adjectives change in case, number and gender (in the singular).

One-piece sentence Is a proposal that has only one main term. (or subjects, or predicate). five types one-piece sentences: nominative, definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal.

Nominal sentence - the main member is the subject. Expressed in the noun singular of the nominative case.

A definite personal offer - the main member is the predicate. The actor is not named, but is thought of as a definite person, the predicate is a verb of the 1st and 2nd person of unity. and plurals of indicative and imperative mood.

Uncertainly personal proposal - the main member is the predicate. The actor is not named and is thought of as an indefinite person, the predicate is a verb of the 3rd person plural of the present, past or future tense.

Generalized personal proposal - the main member is the predicate. The actor is not named and is thought of as a generalized image, the predicate is a 2nd person verb of unity. and plural present or future tense or imperative verb.

An impersonal proposal - the main member is the predicate. Action and state are not created by the doer.

Predictable -

1) impersonal verb,

2) a personal verb in an impersonal meaning,

3) the infinitive,

4) unchangeable verb form NO,

5) participle,

The subject is not implied.

Single unions- these are unions used once. Of the creative unions, the no is typical in this respect.

Homogeneous Sentence Members- the main or minor members of the sentence, associated in it with the same word form and performing the same syntactic function.

Complicated simple sentence Is a sentence in which a syntactic construct is included. Moreover, it should not have a grammatical basis.

Sentence (in language)- This is a unit of language, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or word), which has semantic intonational completeness.

Transitivity- the property of the verb, which consists in the ability to attach a direct object.

Subject (in syntax)- the main member of the sentence, grammatically independent; denotes an object, the action of which is expressed by the predicate. The subject names who or what is said in the sentence, and answers the questions "who?", "What?" When parsing a sentence, it is underlined with one line.

Complete offer- this is a proposal with all the members that are necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning.

Pretext- the service part of speech, denoting the relationship between the object and the subject, expressing the syntactic dependence of nouns, pronouns, numerals from other words in phrases and sentences.

Participle- a special form of the verb, which denotes the feature of the subject by action and answers the questions of the adjective. It has the properties of both a verb (formed using its root) and an adjective (formed using its ending). The verbal signs of a participle are a category of type, voice, and also a special predicative form of tense.

Contiguity- one of the varieties of subordinate syntactic link(along with coordination and control), which does not manifest itself in the main word conditioning a certain form of the dependent, since the dependent element is unchangeable, and expressed only by word order and intonation.

Possessive adjectives - these are adjectives that denote the belonging of an object to a certain person or (less often) an animal: fathers, sisters, Lysin, etc. The semantic basis of possessive adjectives is an indication of the owner - an individual.

Just a suggestion Is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic link between the subject and the predicate, or by one main member.

Direct addition Is an addition expressed by a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition.

Punctuation (Middle-century Latin punctuatio - from Latin punctum - point)- the system of punctuation marks in the writing of any language, the very rules of their setting in written speech, as well as the section of grammar that studies these rules.

Ordinals- a class of names of numerals, indicating the order of objects when counting. In Russian, ordinal numbers have all the grammatical features of relative adjectives.

Order of words in a sentence- this is the mutual arrangement of the members of the sentence, which has syntactic, semantic and stylistic meaning.

Common proposal-simple sentence (see), which (as opposed to an uncommon sentence; see) includes minor members that clarify and clarify the subject, predicate or sentence as a whole.

Syntax (Old Greek σύν-ταξις - composition)- a section of linguistics that studies the structure of phrases and sentences, and the functional interaction of various parts of speech in them. It is an integral part of the grammar. The issues studied within the framework of syntax are closely related to the field of study of morphology.

Collocation- these are two or more words related in meaning and grammar. The grammatical base (subject + predicate) is not a phrase.

Agreement- one of the three main types of subordinate syntactic connection (along with control and adjacency). It consists in assimilating the dependent component to the dominant one in the grammatical categories of the same name (in gender, number, case), in which a change in the dominant word entails a corresponding change in the dependent.

Predicate- the main member of the sentence, associated with the subject and answering the questions what does the object (or person) do? What happens to him? What is he like? What is he? Who is he? etc. The predicate denotes the action or state of objects and persons by which the subject is expressed.

Union- the service part of speech, with the help of which they connect parts of a complex sentence or homogeneous members of a sentence. They do not bow or conjugate and are not members of the proposal. Express the semantic relationship between syntactic units.

Difficult sentence- a proposal that has two or more grammatical foundations and representing a semantic unity, formed intonationally. There are 3 types of complex sentences: a complex sentence, a complex sentence, a non-union complex sentence.

Complex sentence (SPS)- a type of complex sentence, which is characterized by division into two main parts: the main and the subordinate clause.

Compound sentence (CSP)- a complex sentence with a compositional connection between its parts. The constituent parts of a compound sentence are grammatically independent of each other, that is, they are equal.

Degrees of comparison- the common name of the three forms of an adjective or adverb expressing varying degrees quality inherent in an object, the name of which is determined by this adjective or adverb.

Declination- this is a change in the names of nouns (and other nominal parts of speech) in cases and numbers. All nouns can be divided into seven groups, which will have the same endings (forms) when declining in cases and numbers, i.e.

Term (from Latin terminus - limit, border)- a word or phrase that is the name of a concept of some field of science, technology, art, and so on.

Conditional mood (conditional (is.), Lat.modus conditionalis)- mood, denoting actions, desired or possible under certain conditions.

Part of speech (tracing paper from Latin pars orationis, ancient Greek μέρος τοῦ λόγου)- the category of words of the language, determined by morphological and syntactic features. In the languages ​​of the world, first of all, a name is opposed (which can be further divided into a noun, an adjective, etc., but this is not universal) and a verb.

Particle- the service part of speech, which brings various meanings, emotional shades to the sentence or serves to form word forms.

List of used literature

1. Akhmanova O. A. Dictionary of linguistic terms. - 6th ed. - Moscow: Librokom, 2012 .-- 576 p.

2. Ageenko, F. L. Dictionary of Russian stresses [Text]: 85,500 dictionary units / F. L. Ageenko, M. V. Zarva; ed. M.A.Studiner. - M.: Ayris-Press, 2000 .-- 808 p.

3. Zaliznyak, A. A. Grammar dictionary of the Russian language. Inflection [Text]: about 110,000 words / A. A. Zaliznyak. - 4th ed., Rev. and add. - M.: Russian dictionaries, 2003 .-- 795 p.

4. Ivanova V.A., Potiha 3.A., Rosenthal D.E. Interestingly about the Russian language. - L., 1990.

5. Novikova L. I. Russian language: spelling: textbook. allowance / L. I. Novikova, N. Yu. Soloviev. - M.: RIOR, 2010 .-- 300 p. - (Professional education)

6. Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms - Moscow, 2012

7. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. Modern Russian language. - M., 1994

8. Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. - 3rd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Education, 1985 .-- 399 p.

Internet resources:

http://www.gramota.ru/

http://www.textologia.ru/

Linguistic terminology is a collection of words and phrases used in linguistics to express special concepts and to name typical objects of a given scientific field. As an integral part of the metalanguage of linguistics, linguistic terminology is the object of attention of a number of researchers (O.S. Akhmanova, N.V. Vasilieva, B.N. Golovin, R.Yu. Kobrin, S.D.Shelov, S.E. Nikitina, I.S.Kulikova and D.V. Salmina, Kh.F. Iskhakova and others).

Linguistic terminology can be described from different positions and classified on different grounds, which are in a complementarity relationship. We propose a classification of Crimean Tatar linguistic terms, which is based on the provisions put forward by N.V. Vasilyeva:

1) according to the designation of general or specific phenomena of linguistics, universal terms are distinguished, denoting general categories characteristic of many languages ​​( benzeshme'assimilation', tamyr'root', jumle'Offer', etc.), and unique, i.e. designations of phenomena specific to a language or a group of related languages ​​( mulkiet yalgamasy'Affiliation affix', haberlik yalgamasy'Predicate affix', etc.);

2) according to their internal form, linguistic terms are divided into motivated ones, in which there is a semantic and structural correlation of their constituent morphemes with morphemes of a given language (terms dudakly (ses)'labial sound)' ← dudak + ly; manadash'Synonym' ← mana + dash and others), and unmotivated, which are represented mainly by borrowed vocabulary ( zarf< араб. ’наречие’, fiil> Arabic 'verb', etc.);

3) according to the genetic trait, the original terms are distinguished ( sayy'numeral', aiyrydzhy'definition', soz card`` Part of speech '', etc.), borrowed ( name> Arab. 'spelling', sonor> lat.'Sonorous', graphics> Greek'graphics' , phrase> Greek.'Phrase', etc.) and terms based on Greek-Latin elements ( phonetic'phonetic' ← phonet + hic, omoshekil'Homoform' ← omo + shekil and etc.);

4) the terms monolexemic differ in composition, i.e. one-word, including composites ( isim'noun', yalgama'affix', syfatfil'Participle', etc.), and polylexemic, i.e. terms consisting of two or more words ( bash jumle’Main sentence’, og cheese ceci'Front row sound', kechken zaman fiili'Past tense verb', etc.);

5) by the method of education, the following are distinguished: a) terms created by the lexico-semantic method - by terminology of the common word ( tamyr'root', al’Circumstance’, etc.); b) affixations ( ben + zesh + me'assimilation', ses + dash'Homophone', etc.); c) addition of bases and reduplication ( ohshav-kuchyultuv (affixi)'Diminutive (affix)', dudak-dudak sesi’Labio-labial sound’); d) lexico-syntactic way - by forming terms according to models of various types of phrases ( vastasiz kechken zaman fiili’Obvious past tense of the verb’, Ayyrydzhy Tabili Murekkep Jumle’Complex sentence with a relative clause’, etc.).

Linguistic terminology is formed "throughout the history of linguistics and reflects not only the change in views on the language, not only the difference in linguistic word use in different schools and directions of linguistics, but also different national linguistic traditions." The study of the linguistic terminology of the Crimean Tatar language of different historical periods shows that, moving away from the Arab linguistic traditions, it began to be formed taking into account the achievements of European and Russian linguistics, which manifested itself in a change in the genetic, derivational and other characteristics of the Crimean Tatar term.

According to some researchers (O.S. Akhmanov, N.V. Vasiliev, and others), in linguistics there is a problem of ordering linguistic terminology, since it is constantly changing open system, replenished with new elements. However, it cannot be standardized. It can only be systematized and unified. Dictionaries of linguistic terms of various types should serve these purposes. Analysis of terminographic material shows that currently there are only two dictionaries of linguistic terms of the Crimean Tatar language. One of them, "Til ve til bilgisi terminleri" ("Russian-Tatar terminological dictionary for language and linguistics"), was published in the pre-war period (1941) and is a translated Russian-Crimean Tatar dictionary. Another, “Kyrymtatar tili tilshynaslyk terminlerinin lugaty” (“Dictionary of linguistic terms of the Crimean Tatar language”), was published in 2001 and is a reference dictionary of linguistic terms. Since the linguistic terminology of the described language is not an impeccable system, one of the tasks of the Crimean Tatar linguistics is a more complete selection and description of linguistic terms in dictionaries. E.R. Tenishev, analyzing scientific and educational literature. published after 1925 in the Crimean Tatar language, notes that “there is a need for more than one type of dictionary: academic, normative-literary, translation, explanatory dictionaries of the language as a whole or of the literary language, or dialects, or terminologies, or narrowly specialized ".

A special subsystem should be distinguished from linguistic terminology - nomenclature. The need to distinguish between the actual term and the nomen, terminology and nomenclature following G.O. Many terminologists (A.A. Reformatsky, O.S. Akhmanova, N.V. Vasilieva, B.N. Golovin, R.Yu. Kobrin, T.R. Kiyak, V.M. Leichik, A.V. Superanskaya, A.V. Lemov and others). However, the views of researchers on understanding the essence of the nomenclature are different. Some scholars call the nomen an “abstract and conventional symbol” (VG Vinokur), others consider them as a special type of terms correlated with single concepts and actualizing subject connections (BN Golovin, R.Yu. Kobrin). According to V.M. Leichik, the nomenclature "is an intermediate link in a series of nomenclature units - between terms and proper names." As noted by A.V. Lemov, summarizing opinions on this issue, the following can be identified: “The term has a predominantly significative meaning, nomen - denotative, since it is associated with a more specific concept. The term fulfills both the nominative and the definitive function, the nomen - only the nominative one ”.

We tend to adhere to the views of O.S. Akhmanova and N.V. Vasilieva on this issue, and we accept the definition according to which the nomenclature is "a system of specific names that are used to designate specific linguistic objects." So, N.V. Vasilieva distinguishes between the concepts of "linguistic term" and "linguistic nomenclature" in this way: suffix - this is a term, diminutive suffix- species term, diminutive suffix of the Russian language -shk- Is nomen. Consequently, nomenclature designations are the names of more specific objects. With regard to the Crimean Tatar language, this ratio of linguistic concepts will look as follows: yalgama'Affix' is a term sez yapidzhy yalgama'Derivational affix' is a species term, isim yapidzhy - dash / - desh yalgamasy’Affix-dash / -desh, forming a noun ’– nomen. A large number of linguistic nomens of the Crimean Tatar language are described in the work of Usein Kurkchi "Kyrymtatar tili imlyasyn dair teklifler" ("Proposals for the Crimean Tatar spelling").

The distinction between term and nomen is due to their semantics. Nomenclature names are not characterized by the definitive function characteristic of terms, their meaning is "denotative, objective, while the semantics of the term behind which there is an abstract concept is significative."

Researchers also note the shifting boundaries between nomenclature units and terms (O.S. Akhmanova, N.V. Vasilieva, etc.). “Any nomenclature mark, no matter how limited in its use, can acquire a more general character if similar phenomena are found in other languages ​​or a more general universal content is found in the initially narrow names,” O.S. Akhmanov.

Thus, we will distinguish linguistic terms- words and phrases used in linguistics to express special concepts, and linguistic nomenclature as a specific name to denote specific elements in a language system.

Due to the fact that the number of nomenclature designations is limitless, the object of our attention will be linguistic terms.

Lecture number 3

Topic: Linguistic terminology and its specificity.

Plan:

1. Linguistic terminology and nomenclature.
2. The main groups of linguistic terms.
3. Genetic characteristics of linguistic terms of the Crimean Tatar language.
4. The derivational aspect of linguistic terminology.
5. Semantic processes in the scientific terminology of the Crimean Tatar language.

Literature:

1. Ganieva E.S. From the history of the linguistic terminology of the Crimean Tatar language // Culture of the peoples of the Black Sea region. - Simferopol, 2004. - No. 47. - S. 9-12.

2. Ganieva E.S. The system of linguistic terms in the Arabic grammar of the early XX century "Sarf-and Turkic" // Culture of the peoples of the Black Sea region. - Simferopol, 2005. - No. 68. - S. 45-48.

34. Ganieva E.S. Types of systemic relations in the Crimean Tatar linguistic terminology (synonymy and antonymy) // Culture of the peoples of the Black Sea region. - Simferopol, 2006. - No. 86. - S. 91-94.

5. 6. 7. Ganieva E.S. Structural and grammatical design of linguistic terms in the Crimean Tatar language // Culture of the peoples of the Black Sea region. - Simferopol, 2007. - No. 120 - S. 71-74.

Among most of the humanities Special attention worth giving to linguistics. This science has a great influence on the life of each of us, and its individual sections are studied not only in universities, but also in schools.

Let's talk about what linguistics is and what are its main sections.

Definition of linguistics

Linguistics is a science that studies language, its development, phenomena that make up a particular language, elements and units. The term comes from the Latin lingua - "language". The native Russian term linguistics is considered synonymous with linguistics.

Most of the linguistic disciplines are studied at universities at the philological faculties, and we get acquainted with the basics of linguistics in elementary school in the lessons of Russian and foreign languages.

Classical sections of linguistics

So, we have figured out what linguistics is, and now we can talk about its main sections. The main or classical sections of linguistics, with which each of us gets acquainted throughout the entire study at school, are phonetics, graphics, morphology, syntax, lexicology and phraseology, as well as stylistics.

Learning any language starts with phonetics and graphics.

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound structure of a language, sounds and syllables. Graphics, on the other hand, deals with the study of letters and their relationship with sounds.

The next section of linguistics, which is introduced in school, is grammar. This is the science that studies the structure of the language. Consists of two sections: morphology and syntax. Morphology studies the parts of speech of a language and their word formation and inflection. Syntax studies phrases and sentences. Note that punctuation is closely related to syntax, which studies the rules for using punctuation marks.

Periodically, in the course of studying the language, schoolchildren study other sections of linguistics: lexicology and phraseology, stylistics.

Lexicology is a science that studies the vocabulary of a language, establishing the meaning of words, the norms of their use. In lexicology, synonyms and antonyms, paronyms, the lexical composition of the language by origin, social use are considered.

Phraseology is a section that studies phraseological units, that is, stable expressions of a particular language.

Stylistics is the science of speech styles and means of linguistic expressiveness. At school, students constantly get acquainted with the artistic and journalistic, scientific, epistolary styles of the language. They learn not only to recognize them, but also independently create texts in one style or another.

Special sections

Upon entering the university at the Faculty of Philology, students continue their acquaintance with linguistics, learn what linguistics is and how many sections and sciences it actually contains.

So, linguistics is divided into theoretical, which deals with the problems of linguistic models, and applied, aimed at finding solutions to practical problems related to the study of the language and its use in other areas of knowledge. In addition, they highlight practical linguistics, which deals with the problems of transmission and knowledge of the language.

Theoretical linguistics includes the previously mentioned sections of linguistics, such as morphology and syntax, lexicology, stylistics and others.

Applied sections of linguistics

Applied sections of linguistics include cognitive linguistics, dialectology and history of language, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, ethnolinguistics, lexicography, linguodidactics, terminology, translation, computational linguistics.

Each of these sections deals with the study of a particular area of ​​the language, its application.

So, ethnolinguistics deals with the study of language in its connection with the culture of the people.

Psycholinguistics is a science at the intersection of psychology and linguistics. She studies the relationship between language, thinking and consciousness.

Cognitive linguistics deals with the establishment of connections between language and human mental activity, his attention and memory, language perception.

Computational linguistics deals with the problems of machine translation, automatic text recognition, information retrieval, and even linguistic expertise.

Lexicography is also quite interesting - the science involved in compiling dictionaries.

The history of language deals with the study of the development of language, and in this it is significantly helped by another linguistic discipline - dialectology.

As you can see, this is not a complete list of sections and disciplines that modern linguistics studies. Every year more and more linguistic disciplines appear, more and more new language problems associated with the development and improvement of the language are being studied.

conclusions

Linguistics is a science that deals with the study of languages ​​and their structure. It has many language sections, and every year there are more and more of them. We get acquainted with some linguistic disciplines while still at school, but most of them are studied at philological faculties.

Now you know what linguistics is and what main sections it consists of.

Abbreviation- a way of forming nouns by reducing words or phraseological phrases consisting of an adjective and a noun (compare specials from specialist, not from unsatisfactory, tanks from sideburns, gas mask from gas mask, demi-season from demi-season coat etc.).

Ablative- existing in some languages ​​deferred (or original) case, equivalent to our genitive with prepositions from, from, from. In the language, it coincided with the genitive, and some of its forms were lost, while others were preserved as forms of the genitive case.

Agent meaning- the value of the character.

Akane... Acanie in the narrow sense means the coincidence of the sounds o and a in the pre-stressed syllable in one sound [ʌ], acoustically close to the stressed a. The development of akanya in the Russian language in the written language is reflected from the XIV century. In those cases when the spelling followed the pronunciation, in place of the etymological o in the spelling, sometimes an "illegal" a appeared (see. lurid, kalach, ferry etc.).

Anthroponyms- names, patronymics and surnames.

Aorist- a species-tense verb form in Indo-European languages, used to denote the past action as such, as instantaneous, that is, regardless of its development or completeness of performance, the limit.

Argo- conditional expressions and words used by any isolated social or professional group, its conditional language.

Morphological and syntactic way of word formation- the emergence of new words as a result of the transition of lexical units or their forms from one part of speech to another (see. tailor, idol, essence, combustible, almost etc.).

Prosthetic sound- a new consonant sound formed at the beginning of a word before vowels to facilitate pronunciation. Such sounds in Slavic languages ​​were consonants в and j. The sound in developed before b, s, o (see. scream, eight, get used to etc.), and j - in front of b, e, ě (to be), and (see ulcer, lamb, etc.).

Rederivation- a way of word formation, with the help of which new words are created in the same way as with suffixation and prefixation, but in the direction perceived as the opposite (compare umbrella - from an umbrella, a flask - from a flask, scare - from scare, etc. ).

Reduplication- the same as.

Russian proper... Actually Russian words are words that are known only in Russian. In the overwhelming majority of cases, these are words that arose in the Russian language during the era of the separate existence of three East Slavic languages ​​(mainly in the period from the 15th century to the present).

Complication- the transformation of a word that had a non-derivative basis into a structural unit of a derivative nature (see umbrella, flask, etc.).

Ellipsis- skipping an element of a statement that can be easily reconstructed in a given context or situation.

Enantiosemia- the development of opposite meanings in the word (see. probably honor, notorious etc.).

Enclitic form- not full, but a short form of personal and reflexive pronouns in some indirect cases.

A Brief Dictionary of Linguistic Terms

Muallif: R. Nabieva

Yaratilgan : Angren, 2005 yil

Kategoriya: Linguistics

Bolim: Terminology

Universitet: Toshkent vilyati davlat pedagogy institute

Fakultet: Horizhy Tillar

Kafedra: Uzbekistonda democrat zhamiyat kurish nazariyasi wa amaliyoti hamda falsafa

Elektron fail turi: RAR

A short dictionary of linguistic terms is addressed to students of philologists of the Russian - Tajik branch of pedagogical universities; it is compiled on the basis of many years of teaching activities of the authors.

The advantage of this dictionary is its emphasized focus on the most common terms that reflect the problematics of the entire training course. Many dictionary entries not only provide links to the source language, but also reveal the main features of the phenomena indicated by this or that term, illustrate with appropriate examples.

The methodological manual contributes to the most effective assimilation of educational material by students, expanding the linguistic and general educational horizons of the future teacher of literature

Preface

The "Brief Dictionary of Linguistic Terms" is compiled as an educational and training dictionary, necessary for a student audience with Russian Tajik languages ​​of instruction. It is intended for students studying in the specialties " Foreign languages"," Russian language and literature "," Native language and literature ".

About building a dictionary.

1. 
   The dictionary covers only the most common terms of the disciplines of the general linguistic cycle.
2. 
   Words - terms are listed in alphabetical order.
3. 
   Each term, together with related material, forms a dictionary entry.

Dictionary entries represent not only short definitions of linguistic terms, but also a fairly detailed interpretation of them with illustrations from trusted sources.

It is well known that the compilation of such dictionaries is a difficult and painstaking business, therefore some omissions are possible in the proposed dictionary.

Abbreviation- an abbreviated word made up of initial elements: department store, university, UN.

Agglutination- mechanical attachment of standard unambiguous affixes to immutable stems or roots: bola - bolalar - bolalar ha; id (ti) - id and- go those .

Accommodation- partial adaptation of the articulations of adjacent consonant and vowel sounds: carried [n'os], row [r'at], what, was.

Active vocabulary- part of the vocabulary of the language, which is actively used in all spheres of society.

Allomoforms- variant of the morpheme, identical in meaning, this particular manifestation of the phoneme: friend - friend - friends -; English [-z], [-s], [-iz]- as indicators of plural nouns.

Allophones- a group of sounds in which a given phoneme is realized, a specific manifestation of a phoneme: I caught the catfish myself [sma pimal sma].

Altai family- a macrofamily of languages, combining, on the basis of the supposed genetic belonging, the Türkic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchu language groups and isolated Korean and Japanese languages.

Alphabetic letters- trophic system, in which a separate sign transmits a separate sound.

Amorphous languages- isolating languages, which are characterized by the absence of forms of inflection and morphogenesis, root languages; these include the languages ​​of the Sino-Tibetan family: gao shan - "high mountains", shan gao "high mountains", hao ren - "a good man", ren hao - "a man loves me", this hao - "to do good", hao dagvih - "very expensive."

Analytic word form – complex form words formed by a combination of a service and a significant word: the stronger, the best.

Analogy- the process of assimilating some elements of the language to others related to it, but more widespread and productive.

Antonyms- words belonging to the same part of speech, having opposite but correlative meanings: young - old, day - night.

Argo(French Argot. "jargon") - the secret language of a socially restricted group of the population opposing itself to other people: thieves' argo, student argo, school argo.

Argotisms- words that are socially limited in their use, which are emotionally expressive equivalents of stylistically neutral words of the literary language: cut off - "not pass the exam", the tail - "not passed the exam", memorize - "learn."

Archaisms- outdated name of existing realities; obsolete words replaced in modern language by synonyms: lovitva - "hunting", bosom - "chest", neck - "neck".

Assimilation- assimilation of sounds to each other within a word or phrase: bone - bones [bones], a little book - a book [knishk], high - the highest [vyshyi], deception - [mman].

Affixes- service morphemes that modify the meaning of the root or express the relationship between words in a phrase and a sentence.

Affixation- 1. the creation of a new word by attaching certain affixes to the generating stem (or word); 2. a way of expressing grammatical meanings using affixes.

Affigating languages- languages ​​in the grammatical structure of which affixes play an important role.

Affixoid- affixes that occupy an intermediate position between root and service morphemes, by origin go to independent roots and words: linguistics, literary studies, geography, airlines, air mail.

Affricates- (lat. Affricata "lapped") sounds in which the bow opens gradually, while the bow is followed by a slit phase: [h], [y].

B

Lateral consonants- (lateral) sounds formed by the passage of air along the sides of the bow of the tip of the tongue with the teeth or alveoli, as well as the middle part of the tongue with the hard palate: [l], [l '].

V

Morpheme valence- the ability of a morpheme to combine with other morphemes. Multivalent (multivalent) and univalent (monovalent ): for verbs, but groom, bugles, priest.

Variants- 1. phonemes in a weak position, a position of nondiscrimination: shaft - ox, but [vly]... 2.Word forms differing in external form, but having the same grammatical meaning: waters Oh- waters oyu .

Variations- shades of a phoneme in a strong position under conditions of positional conditioning: five [p'at '], crush [m'at'].

Explosive consonants- sounds in which the bow formed by the lips, tongue and palate, tongue and teeth, opens instantly: [n], [b], [t], [d], [k], [d].

Internal inflection- a way of expressing grammatical meanings, which consists in a sound change of the root: English foot - foot, feet "feet", lock - lock, die - die.

Internal word form- semantic and structural motivation of the word by another word, on the basis of which it arose: fly agaric, blueberry, birch, five hundred, forester, shoemaker.

Excerpt- finding the organs of speech at the time of sound production, the articulation phase after the excursion, but preceding the recursion.

Haplology- simplification of the syllable structure of a word due to the loss of one of two identical syllables, immediately following each other: military commander vm ... warlord, standard bearer vm ... standard bearer, mineralogy vm. mineralogy.

Genealogical classification of languages- classification of languages ​​based on linguistic affinity: Indo-European, Turkic, Semitic and other languages.

Geographic classification- determination of the area of ​​the language (or dialect), taking into account the boundaries of its linguistic features.

Verb- a significant part of speech, combining in its composition words denoting an action or state.

Vowels- speech sounds, consisting only of voice: [u], [y], [e], [o], [a].

Speaking- a set of idiolects characteristic of a geographically limited group of people.

Grammar category- a set of homogeneous grammatical forms opposed to each other: the category of the species is the opposition (opposition) of the imperfect species to the perfect; the category of number is the opposition between singular and plural.

Grammatical form- the material form of the expression of grammatical meaning.

Grammatical meaning- the abstract linguistic content of a grammatical unit, which has a regular expression in the language; "This is an abstraction of signs and relationships" (AA Reformatsky).

Grammema- a unit of grammatical meaning.

Grammatical field- combining words based on common grammatical meaning: field of time, field of modality, field of collateral.

Two-part sentences- a two-term syntactic complex, in which two main members (subject and predicate) or the group of the subject and the group of the predicate are formally expressed.

Delimitation function of the phoneme- (lat. limities "border, line") the function of designating the border between two consecutive units (morphemes, words).

Denotat- an object or phenomenon of extra-linguistic reality, which must be called a word.

Denotative meaning of the word- the relation of a phonetic word to a specific designated object, an object of speech.

De-etymologization- the process of loss of internal form, when a previously motivated word becomes unmotivated: story

Dialect- a set of dialects united by an intrastructural linguistic unity.

Dialectisms- words that belong to the dialects of a particular language.

Diachrony- language dynamics, language development in time, language learning in the process of development.

Dissimilation- articulatory distribution of sounds: sip.

Remote sound changes- a change in sounds that are at some distance from each other.

Disreza- ejection of a hard-to-pronounce sound from a word: heart [with "erts], reed [trsn" ik].

Addition- a minor member of a sentence expressing an object value: read a book, pleased with the success.

Trembling consonants- vibrants: [p], [p "].

Back-lingual consonants- sounds generated by the convergence of the back of the tongue with the soft palate: [k], [z], [x].

The law of rising sonority- the arrangement of sounds in a syllable from the least sonorous to the most sonorous: water-yes, do-bro, ko-stum.

The laws of language development- internal laws of the development of languages: the law of an open syllable, the law of economy of speech efforts (blueberry is the law of stunning final voiced consonants, the law of emerging sonority.

Closed syllable- a syllable ending with a non-syllable sound:

cliff, wolf.

Voiced consonants- sounds, during articulation of which the vocal cords are tense and are in a state of vibration.

Speech sound- the minimum unit of the speech chain as a result of articulation.

Significant words- words that have an independent lexical meaning, capable of functioning as members of a sentence, structurally designed, having their own stress : homeland, capital, first, calm.

Meaning of affixes- derivational (word-forming) and relational (inflectional): boot> shoemaker> shoemaker - a, boot-nick-y.

Meaning of the word- a product of a person's mental activity, expressing the relationship of a fact of language to an extra-linguistic fact, the relationship of a word to a designated object.

Indo-European family is one of the largest and most studied language families in Eurasia.

Interfix- a service morpheme standing between the stems of a complex word or between the roots and the suffix, serving to connect them into a single whole: house-o-build.

Intonation- a set of rhythmic-melodic components of speech, which serves as a means of expressing syntactic meanings and emotionally expressive coloring of an utterance.

Histories- obsolete words that have gone out of use due to the disappearance of objects or phenomena of objective reality: boyar, steward, altyn.

Historical alternation of sounds- alternation, not due to the phonetic position from the point of view of the modern phonetic system of the given language: spirit / soul, carry / drive.

Qualitative reduction- weakened pronunciation of a sound in a weak position due to a reduction in its duration : steam locomotive [първос].

Cyrillic - Slavic alphabet, created by the Slavic first teachers Cyril (Constantine) and his brother Methodius.

Classification of morphemes- their allocation in the composition of the word by place, function, degree of reproducibility.

Classification of languages- the distribution of languages ​​into groups based on certain characteristics in accordance with the principles underlying the study: genealogical (genetic), typological (morphological), geographic (areal).

Book vocabulary- words, stylistically limited, belonging to book styles of speech.

Koine- a language serving as a means of inter-dialectal communication, which arose on the basis of one common dialect: Ancient Greek Koine (Attic dialect), Old Russian Koine (Polyan dialect).

Quantitative reduction- shortening the duration of the sound depending on its position in relation to the stress. Hand-hand-mitten [hand], [hand], [mitten].

Combinatorial changes in sounds- phonetic processes due to the interaction of sounds in the stream of speech: assimilation, dissimilation, accommodation, haplology, dieresis, prosthesis, epenthesis, metathesis.

Communicative language units- sentences informing about something, expressing and shaping thoughts, feelings, expression of will, carrying out communication between people.

Conversion- morphological and syntactic way of forming words by transitioning from one part of speech to another: substantivation, adjectivation, adverbialization, pronominalization.

Contact changes of sounds- interaction of adjacent sounds : fairy tale - [sk].

Root- a morpheme of the common part of related words, expressing and predetermining the lexical meaning of a word.

Correlation- correspondence of phonemes in place and method of formation and their opposition to one DP (deafness-voiced, hard-soft ): , .

Criteria for distinguishing between homonymy and polysemy- 1. polysemy has this in common, it does not have homonymy; 2. homonymy is characterized by the divergence of word-formation series; 3. homonymy is characterized by different compatibility; 4. homonymy is characterized by the absence of synonymous relationships.

Labialized vowels- rounded, during the formation of which the lips come together, reducing the outlet opening and lengthening the oral cavity.

Lexeme- the unit of the content plan, the sound shell of the word, opposes the sememe - its content.

Lexicology- a section of the science of language that studies the word and vocabulary of the language as a whole.

Lexico-semantic group- a set of words of one part of speech with intra-lingual connections based on interdependent and interrelated elements of meaning related to one part of speech LSG words with the meaning of time or space.

Lexico-semantic system- a set of linguistic elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, which forms a certain integrity, unity.

Lexico-syntactic way of forming words- creation of a new word by splicing a combination of words into one unit: that hour> immediately this day> today.

Lincos (
Literary language- the highest supra-dialectal form of language, normalized and having a wide range of functional styles.

Logical stress- transfer of stress from the latter in the syntagma to any other in order to enhance the semantic load : I AM today I'm going home; weather lovely.

Melody of speech- the main component of intonation, carried out by raising and lowering the voice in a phrase, organizes the phrase, dividing it into syntagmas and rhythmic groups, linking its parts.

Pronoun- a part of speech indicating an object, sign, quantity, but not naming them; substitutional words that form a parallel system.

Metathesis- permutation of sounds or syllables in a word: cheesecake
Metaphor- a figurative meaning based on similarities in various ways: color, shape, quality: silver frost, golden man, wave crest.

Metonymy- a figurative meaning based on spatial or temporal adjacency: " No. She silver- on the gold ate ". AS Griboyedov." I read willingly Apulea, a Cicero I have not read it. "A.S. Pushkin.

The ambiguity of the word(or polysemy) - the presence of several related meanings for the same word: OS field: 1. treeless plain; 2. cultivated land for sowing; 3. large playground; 4. A clean strip along the edge of the sheet in the book.

Morph- the limiting unit, allocated at the morphemic level, but not possessing the property of regular reproducibility: currant -, small -, eng. huckle - highlighted in the words currant, raspberry, huckleberry.

Morpheme- the minimum significant part of a word that is not segmented into smaller units of the same level : green - ovate, yellow - ovate.

Morpheme operation- 1.suprasegmental morpheme: stress: pour in - fill in, feet - legs; 2.significant alternation : torn - torn, naked - bare; 3.suppletivism: the formation of grammatical forms from different foundations: child - children, take - take, man - people.

Morphological grammatical categories- Expressions of grammatical meanings by lexical and grammatical classes - significant parts of speech: GL type, voice, tense, mood (verb), gender GL, number, case (name).

Morphological way of word formation- creation of new words by combining morphemes according to the rules existing in the language: youth, son - approx.

Morphology- a section of linguistics that studies the grammatical properties of words, their inflection (paradigmatics of words), as well as ways of expressing abstract grammatical meanings, develops the doctrine of parts of speech.

Morphonology- a section of linguistics that studies the phoneme as an element of the construction of a morpheme, the connection between phonology and morphology.

Moscow phonological school - defines a phoneme based on a morpheme; a phoneme is a structural component of a morpheme, the identity of a morpheme determines the boundaries and volume of a phoneme: forests and fox, catfish and herself, where unstressed vowels, despite the identity of their sound, represent different phonemes.

Motivation word- semantic and structural motivation by another word, on the basis of which it arose: fly agaric, blueberry, birch, twenty.

Soft consonants(or palatal) - sounds, during the formation of which there is an additional rise of the middle part of the back of the tongue to the hard palate and the movement of the entire mass of the tongue forward : [b "], [c"], [d "], [t"], [l "], [p"], [n "], [m"].

Adverb- lexico-grammatical class of unchangeable words denoting a sign of a feature, action or object: very good man run quickly, eggs soft-boiled.

Folk etymology- arbitrary interpretation of the etymone of the word due to sound coincidences, false associations: goulwar vm. boulevard, small scope vm. microscope.

Neutral vocabulary- words emotionally neutral, expressively uncolored: water, earth, summer, wind, thunderstorm, distant, play, run.

Unlabialized vowels- uncorrupted vowels, formed without the participation of lips: [and], [e], [a], [s].

Neologisms- new words denoting a new reality (object or concept) that have recently appeared in the language, retaining a shade of freshness and unusualness, included in passive vocabulary : sponsor, video clip, fax, voucher, computer, display.

Fixed stress- constant stress attached to the same morpheme of different word forms of a word : book, books, book.

Non-positional alternation- alternations not due to the phonetic position of the sound in the word (historical alternations): drives - driving [d "/ td"], face - face - face.

Nominative units- language units (words, phrases) used to denote objects, concepts, ideas.

Norm- a traditionally established system of rules for the use of linguistic means, which are recognized by society as mandatory.

Nasal vowels- sounds, during the formation of which the soft palate is lowered, air passes into the nasal cavity: nasal vowels in Polish, Portuguese, French.

Nasal consonants- sounds, during the formation of which the soft palate is lowered and opens the passage of air into the nasal cavity: [m], [m "], [n], [n"].

Zero morpheme- morpheme, not materially expressed, but having grammatical meaning : home - Oh, home - a, home - y, carried - O, but carried - l - a, carried - l - i. Revealed in paradigms by contrast, positively expressed morphemes.

Circumstance- a minor member of the sentence, spreading and explaining the members of the sentence with the meaning of an action or sign, or the sentence as a whole, and designating where, when, under what circumstances the action is performed, indicating the condition, reason, purpose of its implementation, as well as the measure, degree and the way of its manifestation: sit up until late.

General subject attribution- attribution of the concept of a word to a whole class of denotations possessing common features: table denotes any table regardless of the number of legs, material, purpose.

General linguistics- study of the general laws of organization, development and functioning of languages.

Common vocabulary- words known and used by all native speakers, regardless of their place of residence, profession, lifestyle.

One-piece sentences- one-component sentences that have a gradation depending on the belonging of the main member of the sentence to one or another part of speech: verbal (impersonal, infinitive, definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal) and subjective (nominative).

Occasionalisms- words created by authors for certain stylistic purposes, outside contexts, lose their expressiveness and are incomprehensible to a native speaker: kyukhelbekerno, ooncharovan, moping (Pushkin); hulk, mnogopudye, hammer, sickle (Mayakovsky).

Homographs- words that coincide in their spelling, but have different sounds and meanings: road - road, already - already, flour - flour, castle - castle.

Homonymy- sound coincidence of units of different meanings : key "spring" and the key "tool", marriage "flaw" and marriage "marriage".

Omafins- words that match in their sound, but have a different spelling : fruit - raft, code - cat.

Omoforms- partial homonyms that coincide only in a number of grammatical forms: fist "clenched hand" and fist "rich peasant" there is no match in the form of wines. n. units and many others. numbers.

Definition- a minor member of the proposal, spreading and explaining any member of the proposal with a subject meaning and designating a sign, quality or property of the subject: earth strap, shirt outside.

Word stem- the part of the word form, which remains, if the ending and the formative affix are taken away from it, and with which the lexical meaning of this word is associated: cows, milk-oh.

Basic lexical meaning- the meaning directly related to the reflection of the phenomena of objective reality, this is the primary, stylistically neutral meaning of the word : book, notebook.

Basic units of the grammatical structure of the language is a morpheme, word, phrase, sentence.

Open syllable- syllables ending in a syllable sound: ma-ma, mo-lo-ko.

Negative sentences- proposals in which the content of the proposal is approved as unrealistic.

Paradigm- 1. a set of grammatical forms of a word: House- im., Houses- r.p., home- dates. etc. etc. 2. a set of invariants and variants of linguistic units in paradigmatic relations.

Paronyms- consonant single-root words belonging to the same part of speech, having structural similarity, but differing in their meaning: present - provide, counselor - counselor, put on (hat) - put on (child).

Passive vocabulary- words that are out of use or out of use, but mostly understandable to a native speaker, archaisms and historicisms : arshin, broadcast, kiss, verb, boyar, steward, altyn, etc.

Front-lingual consonants- sounds, during the formation of which the front part and the tip of the tongue work : [t], [d], [l], [p] and etc.

Transitional parts of speech- the transition of words from one parts of speech to others due to conversion: canteen, worker, students, workers(substantiation), summer, evening, morning(adverbialization), etc. .

Perceptual function of the phoneme- the function of bringing the sounds of speech to perception, it makes it possible to perceive and recognize the sounds of speech and their combinations by the organ of hearing, contributing to the identification of the same words and morphemes: lump[grus "t"] and milk mushrooms[load "q" and] identification of the root due to the perceptual function and common meaning.

Petersburg (Leningrad) phonological school- determines the phoneme based on the phonetic criterion of identity by physiological - acoustic feature: in words grass and Houses for both words, the phoneme is highlighted in the first pre-stressed syllable , but in words pond and rod at the position of the end of a word phoneme .

Movable accent- stress, which can move in different word forms of the same word, it is not tied to one morpheme : water, water, water etc.

The subject- the main member of the sentence, indicating the logical subject to which the predicate belongs: The sun hid behind the mountain.

Raising vowels- the degree of lift of the tongue, the degree of its vertical displacement: lower rise, middle rise, upper rise [a]- bottom under., [e], [o],- cf. under., [and], [s], [y]- upper rise.

Positional changes of sounds- changes in sounds due to their position in the word, which leads to reduction: a cow - [krv], gardens, but a garden - [sat].

Positional alternations of sounds- alternations due to the phonetic position, phonetic laws in force in the language: water - water alternation [o / ], oaks - oak - [b / n].

Position- the condition for the realization of the phoneme in speech, its position in the word in relation to stress, another phoneme, the structure of the word as a whole: a strong position when the phoneme reveals its differential features. For vowels, this is the stressed position: arch, hand, for consonants before all vowels: tom - house, before the sonorous : splash - shine etc.

Polysemy or ambiguity of the word- the presence of several related meanings for the same word: board "construction material", board "class equipment" etc.

Polysynthetic languages- languages ​​in which, within the same word, different affixes can convey a whole complex of grammatical meanings: Chukchi myt - kupre - gyn - rit - yr - kyn, "we keep the nets".

Complete offers- sentences that have all structurally necessary members (subject and predicate): The river rifts are fogged up.

Complete homonyms- the coincidence of members of the homonymic series in all grammatical forms: bulk "crossbar" and beam "ravine".

Full synonyms (or absolute)- synonyms that completely coincide in their meanings and use, or differ in insignificant shades: linguistics - linguistics, cold - frost, headless - brainless.

Concept- This is a thought that reflects in a generalized form objects and phenomena of reality by fixing their properties and relationships.

Postfix- the morpheme behind the inflection, which serves to form new words (someone, something) or new forms of the word ( let's go, let's go).

Proto-language- language-the basis of the historical community of related languages: Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Slavic language, Proto-Iranian language, etc.

Sentence- a syntactic construction representing a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) with semantic and intonational completeness.

Prefix- the morpheme in front of the root serves to form new words (grandfather-great-grandfather) or word forms ( funny - very funny).

Prefixoid- an affixoid used in the function of prefixes and taking its place in a word: airlines, introspection.

Word signs- uniformity or integrity, distinguishability, free reproducibility in speech, semantic valence, non-dualism.

Adjective- a part of speech that combines words with the meaning of a feature (property) of an object. "There is no adjective without a noun" (L. V. Shcherba). Young month.

Contiguity- a type of subordinate syntactic connection, in which the dependent word, having no inflectional forms, adjoins the main one : go up, go down.

Progressive combinatorial changes in sounds- occur in the direction from the previous to the next under the influence of the articulation of the previous sound on the pronunciation of the next : Russian dial ... Vanka, Vanka, English ... dog> dogs.

Productive affix is an affix that is widely used to form new words or new forms of a word: suf. - Nick with the meaning "room for someone": cowshed, poultry house, pigsty.

Proclitic- these are unstressed service words adjacent to the shock ones in front: on business, in the mountains.

Colloquial vocabulary- part of the national vocabulary, characterized by a specific expressive and stylistic coloring: grab, forsit, bastard and etc.

Prosthesis- the appearance of an additional sound at the absolute beginning of a word, substitution: eight eastern.

Professionalism- words that make up the belonging of speech to a particular professional group: galley, cook, bottle - in the speech of sailors; hat, basement, stripe - in the speech of journalists.

Colloquial vocabulary- words used in casual speech, in the styles of fiction and journalism to achieve artistic expression: nonsense, hard worker, reading room, lanky, nimble, get out, chatter, yeah, bam, well etc

Colloquial and literary vocabulary- words that do not violate the norms of literary use: window, little land, good fellow, poor fellow, chatterbox, which differ from neutral vocabulary in their specific expressive and stylistic coloration: neutral not true, colloquial literary nonsense, lies, nonsense etc.

The distinctive function of the phoneme- a distinctive function, thanks to which the phoneme serves for phonetic recognition and semantic identification of words and morphemes : tom - house - catfish - com.

Regressive combinatorial changes- phonetic processes directed back to the beginning of a word, from the next to the previous : sew [shshyt "], all [" with "e"].

Reduction- change in the sound characteristics of vowels or consonants in a weak position: frost [mros], wagon train [bos].

Reduplication- a way of expressing grammatical meanings as a result of doubling or repeating a root or a word: rus ... White - white, can hardly speak, arm. gund "regiment", gund-gund "shelves", indonesian. api "the fire", api-api "matches".

Recursion- the phase of articulation of sounds, when the pronunciation organs relax and move to a neutral position or to the articulation of the next sound.

Rhythm of speech- regular repetition of stressed and unstressed, long and short words, serves as the basis for the aesthetic organization of the artistic snare - poetic and prosaic.

Family tree- the principles of the genealogical classification of languages, according to which each mutual language(proto-language) split into two or more languages, from which new languages ​​arose. So, the Proto-Slavic language gave three branches: Proto-West Slavic, Proto-South Slavic, and Right-East Slavic.

Language kinship- material proximity of two or more languages, manifested in the sound similarity of linguistic units of different levels: blg ... lies, pls. wrona, rus. Crow.

Vowel row- the basis for the classification of vowel sounds in the process of displacement of the tongue in the anterior or posterior part of the oral cavity: front row [and, uh], middle row [u, a], back row [OU].

Free accent- the stress is not fixed, which can fall on any syllable of the word: milk, crow, raven, vegetables.

Associated stress- a fixed stress attached to a specific syllable in a word (in French - on the last, in Polish - on the penultimate, in Czech - on the first).

Sema- the minimum limit units of the content plan, an elementary semantic component. So the word uncle includes five semes: 1. male; 2. a relative; 3. precedence; 4. discrepancy in one generation; 5. lateral relationship.

Semantic trapezoid - schematic representation the ratio of the components of the word: the top of the trapezoid is the concept and meaning, and the base is the object and the phonetic shell of the word.

Semantic neologism- words in which a new concept is conveyed by words already existing in the language: walrus "winter swimming lover", bomber "effective striker", truck "cargo spaceship", disk "gramophone".

Semantic synonyms- words that set off different sides of an object or phenomenon: break - crush - crush.

Semantic triangle- a schematic representation of the components of a word: phonetic shell of a word, concept.

Semantic field- a set of linguistic units united by a common meaning and representing the subject, conceptual or functional similarity of the designated phenomena; kinship field: father, mother, brother, son, daughter, grandfather, grandmother, aunt, uncle etc .

Semasiology- the science of the meanings of words and phrases.

Sememe- the unit of the content plan, the content of the lexeme, opposes the lexeme; the collection of sememes forms the meaning of the word.

Language family- a set of related languages ​​that arose from one ancestor - the proto-language: Indo-European, Turkic, etc.

Significative function of the phoneme- sense-distinguishing function: that one is here.

Significative meaning of the word- the relation of a word to a concept, denoted by the word concept: concept table - "kind of furniture".

Strong position- the position of distinguishing phonemes when it detects the largest number of differential features: nose, but nasal [n'sovoi].

Singharmonism- uniform vocal design of the word, when the same vowel sound corresponds to the vowel of the root in the formants: balalar, but uyler in Kaz., odalar "rooms", but erver "Houses" in Turkish.

Synecdoche- transfer of the name based on quantity: part instead of whole and vice versa: herds of ten.

Syncope- loss of sounds inside a word: wire [wire], hustle and bustle [day].

Synonymous row- a set of synonyms led by a dominant - a stylistically neutral word: bummer, bummer, bum, loafers.

Synonyms- words that are different in sound, but close in meaning, belonging to the same part of speech and having completely or partially coinciding meanings: fear - horror.

Syntagmatic relations in vocabulary- linear relationship between the combined words as defined and defining: gold ring, baby pen etc.

Syntagmatic stress- stronger emphasis on the stressed syllable of the last word in the syntagma: the weather is terrible.

Synthetic word form- a word from a stem and a formative affix: carry, carry.

Synthetic languages- languages ​​of synthetic grammatical structure, when lexical and grammatical meanings are combined within one word: desk, cards, desk etc.

Syntactic level- a section of linguistics that describes the processes of generating speech: ways of combining words into phrases and sentences.

Synchronous linguistics- descriptive linguistics, inheriting language as a system at some point in its history: modern Russian, modern Uzbek, etc.

Language system- an internally organized aggregate of linguistic units that are in relations with each other (“aggregate” + “units” + “functions”).

Predicate- the main member of the sentence, expressing the predicative attribute of the subject.

Weak position- the position of nondiscrimination of phonemes, when fewer differential (distinctive) features are found than in a strong position : sama [sma], soma [sma].

Word- the main structural - semantic unit of the language, which serves for naming denotations, having a set of semantic, phonetic and grammatical features specific to each language.

Word-forming affix- an affix used to form a new word: old - old age.

Collocation- a syntactic construction consisting of two or more significant words connected by a subordinate link : new home, read a book.

Wordform- a two-sided unit, represented externally (phoneme chain, stress) and internally (word meaning).

Word-forming affix- an affix that combines the functions of word formation and shaping : godfather - godfather, husband - wife.

Syllable- a segment of speech, limited by sounds with the least sonority, between which there is a syllabic sound, a sound with the greatest sonority (R.I. Avanesov).

Syllabic section- syllable border denoting the end of one and the beginning of the other : yes.

Addition- the formation of a new word by combining two or more stems into one verbal whole : forest-o-steppe, warm-o-course.

Difficult sentence- combining, according to certain grammatical rules, two or more simple sentences based on grammatical connection.

Service words- lexically non-independent words that serve to express various relationships between words, sentences, as well as to convey various shades of subjective assessment.

Sympathetic consonants- sounds, during the formation of which the lips, palate, tongue and teeth close tightly and sharply open under the pressure of an air stream: [b], [d], [d], [h], [c] and etc.

Consonants- sounds, during the formation of which the exhaled air encounters an obstacle in the oral cavity on its way.

Agreement- a type of subordinate connection, in which the dependent word is likened to the main one in their common grammatical forms : new dress, new home.

Social theory of the origin of language- a theory that connects the emergence of language with the development of society; language is part of the social experience of humanity.

Building units of the language- phoneme, morphemes; they serve as a means of building and formalizing nominative, and through them, communicative units.

Language structure- the internal organization of linguistic units, a network of relationships between linguistic units.

Submorph- part of the root that looks like an affix, but has no meaning : cap, cucumber, crown.

Substrate- footprints defeated language the local population in the language system is the winner of the newcomer population; in Russian as a substratum of the Finno-Ugric languages.

Superstrat- traces of the defeated language of the alien population in the language - the winner of the local population: French superstratum in English - jury.

Suppletivism- the formation of grammatical meanings from different bases: man - people, child - children, go - walk, good - better.

Suffix- morpheme after the root, used to form new words (old - old age) or new forms of the word (swim - swam).

Suffixoid- a morpheme used in the function of suffixes and occupying their position in a word: spherical, vitreous, serpentine.

Noun- a significant part of speech, combining in its composition words with the general meaning of objectivity: table, horse, life, wisdom and etc.

The essence of language- a spontaneously arising system of articulate sound signs, serving for communication purposes and capable of expressing the entire body of human knowledge and ideas about the world. (I.Kh. Arutyunova)

Hard consonants- sounds pronounced without palatalization by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate, i.e. velarization.