Figuratively expressive means of language table exam. Basic language tools in Russian

The Russian language is one of the richest, most beautiful and complex languages. Last but not least, the presence of a large number of means of verbal expression makes it so.

In this article, we will analyze what a language tool is and what types it can be. Consider examples of use from fiction and everyday speech.

Language tools in Russian - what is it?

The description of the most ordinary subject can be made beautiful and unusual by using language

Words and expressions that give expressiveness to the text are conventionally divided into three groups: phonetic, lexical (they are also tropes) and stylistic figures.

To answer the question of what a language tool is, let's get to know them better.

Lexical means of expressiveness

Paths are linguistic means in Russian, which are used by the author in a figurative, allegorical meaning. They are widely used in works of art.

Trails are used to create visual, auditory, olfactory images. They help to create a certain atmosphere, to produce the desired effect on the reader.

At the heart of lexical means of expression is implicit or explicit comparison. It can be based on external similarity, personal associations of the author, or the desire to describe the object in a certain way.

Basic language aids: trails

We push the paths back from the school bench. Let's recall the most common ones:

1. The epithet is the most famous and widespread trope. Often found in poetry. An epithet is a colorful, expressive definition based on implicit comparison. Emphasizes the features of the described object, its most expressive features. Examples: "rosy dawn", "light character", "golden hands", "silver voice".
2. Comparison is a word or expression based on the comparison of one object with another. Most often, it is drawn up in the form of a comparative turnover. You can find out by using the unions characteristic of this technique: as if, as if, as if, how, exactly what. Let's consider examples: "transparent like dew", "white like snow", "straight like a reed".
3. Metaphor is a means of expression based on implicit comparison. But, unlike it is not formalized by unions. The metaphor is constructed by relying on the similarity of two objects of speech. For example: "onions of churches", "whisper of grass", "tears of heaven".
4. Synonyms are words that are similar in meaning, but differ in spelling. In addition to the classic synonyms, there are contextual ones. They take on a certain meaning within a specific text. Let's get acquainted with examples: "jump - jump", "watch - see".
5. Antonyms are words that have exactly the opposite meaning to each other. Like synonyms, they are contextual. Example: "white - black", "shout - whisper", "calm - excitement".
6. Impersonation is the transfer to an inanimate object of signs, characteristic features of an animate one. For example: "the willow swayed with branches", "the sun smiled brightly", "the rain pounded on the roofs", "the radio was chirping in the kitchen."

Are there other paths?

There are a lot of means of lexical expressiveness in the Russian language. In addition to the group familiar to everyone, there are those that are unknown to many, but are also widely used:

1. Metonymy is the replacement of one word for another that has a similar or the same meaning. Let's get acquainted with examples: "hey, blue jacket (referring to the person in the blue jacket)", "the whole class opposed (meaning all the students in the class)."
2. Sinekdokha - transfer of comparison from part to whole, and vice versa. Example: “it was heard how the Frenchman was jubilant (the author speaks of the French army)”, “the insect flew in”, “there were a hundred heads in the herd”.
3. Allegory - dramatic comparison ideas or concepts using an artistic image. Most often found in fairy tales, fables and parables. For example, a fox symbolizes cunning, a hare - cowardice, a wolf - anger.
4. Hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration. Serves to make the text more expressive. Emphasizes on a certain quality of an object, person or phenomenon. Let's get acquainted with examples: “words destroy hope”, “his act is the highest evil”, “he has become more beautiful forty times”.
5. Litota is a special understatement of real facts. For example: “it was thinner than a reed”, “it was not taller than a thimble”.
6. Periphrase - replacement of a word, expression with a synonymous combination. Used to avoid lexical repetitions in one or adjacent sentences. Example: "the fox is a cunning cheat", "the text is the brainchild of the author."

Stylistic figures

Stylistic figures are linguistic means in the Russian language that give speech a certain figurativeness and expressiveness. Change the emotional coloring of its meanings.

They have been widely used in poetry and prose since the time of ancient poets. However, modern and outdated interpretations of the term differ.

In ancient Greece, it was believed that stylistic figures are linguistic means of language, which in their form significantly differ from everyday speech. Now it is believed that figures of speech are an integral part of the spoken language.

What are the stylistic figures?

Stylistics offers a lot of its own means:

1. Lexical repetitions (anaphora, epiphora, compositional joint) are expressive linguistic means that include the repetition of any part of a sentence at the beginning, end, or at the junction with the next. For example: “It was a great sound. It was the best voice I have heard in recent years. "
2. Antithesis - one or more sentences based on opposition. For example, let us consider the phrase: "I drag myself in the dust - and I wind in the sky."
3. Gradation is the use of synonyms in a sentence, arranged according to the degree of increase or extinction of a feature. Example: "The sparkles on the New Year tree shone, burned, shone."
4. Oxymoron - the inclusion in a phrase of words that contradict each other in meaning, cannot be used in one composition. The most striking and famous example of this stylistic figure is Dead Souls.
5. Inversion is a change in the classical order of the words in a sentence. For example, not "he ran," but "he ran."
6. Parceling is the division of a single sentence into several parts. For example: “Opposite Nikolay. Looks without blinking. "
7. Multi-union - the use of unions to connect homogeneous members of the proposal. It is used for greater speech expressiveness. Example: "It was a strange and wonderful and beautiful and mysterious day."
8. Non-union - connections of homogeneous members in a proposal are carried out without unions. For example: "He rushed about, shouted, cried, moaned."

Phonetic means of expression

Phonetic means of expression are the smallest group. They involve the repetition of certain sounds in order to create painterly artistic images.

Most often this technique is used in poetry. Authors use sound repetition when they want to convey the sound of thunder, rustling leaves or other natural phenomena.

Also, phonetic means help to give poetry a certain character. Due to the use of certain combinations of sounds, the text can be made harder, or vice versa - softer.

What phonetic means are there?

1. Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonants in the text, creating the image necessary for the author. For example: "I was dreaming of catching the outgoing shadows, the outgoing shadows of an extinct day."
2. Assonance is the repetition of certain vowel sounds in order to create a vivid artistic image. For example: "Do I wander along noisy streets, or enter a crowded temple."
3. Onomatopoeia is the use of phonetic combinations that convey a certain stomp of hooves, the sound of waves, the rustle of foliage.

The use of speech means of expression

Language tools in the Russian language were widely used and continue to be used in literary works, be it prose or poetry.

The writers of the golden age demonstrate excellent mastery of stylistic figures. Due to the skillful use of means of expression, their works are colorful, figurative, pleasing to the ear. No wonder they are considered a national treasure of Russia.

We are faced with language means not only in fiction but also in Everyday life... Almost every person uses comparisons, metaphors, epithets in their speech. Without realizing it, we make our language beautiful and rich.

In the task itself there is already a hint, for example: name the trope in the sentence #_, And there are 4 main tropes: metaphor -expanded metaphor; epithet, comparison, personification("Animated metaphor"), as well as hyperbole, litota, allegory, metonymy, synecdoche. Other means that are offered in KIM (in the assignment) are either stylistic, or syntactic techniques or lexical means.

So, we divide all the techniques into four groups: 1. Trails; 2. Stylistic means. 3. Syntactic tools (techniques) 4. Vocabulary - lexical means. 5. Phonetic capabilities. Sound aids.

Unified State Exam. Task B8. Figurative and expressive means of language(these are trails, or artistic devices)

The pictorial and expressive means of language are the techniques with the help of which the visual appearance of the phenomenon, calculated for sensory and emotional perception, is reproduced in the imagination.

1. TRACKS (Visual and expressive means of language)

Paths (Greek tropos - turnover) - the use of the word not in the direct, but in a figurative, allegorical sense.

The most important types of trails:

Comparison - comparison of phenomena and concepts with other phenomena. Ice is immature on the icy river like melting sugar lies. Joy creeps like a snail

Epithet (Greek epitheton - appendix) - artistic definition. Marmalade Mood A. Chekhov. Dissuaded the golden grove with a cheerful birch tongue (S. Yesenin):

A) epithets expressed by nouns (mother-Volga, father-Don, wind-vagabond);

B) adjective epithets(light eyes, sable eyebrows, green wine, cheese earth);

C) epithets expressed by adverbs:

You love bitterly and hard.

And a woman's heart - jokingly A.S. Pushkin

A constant epithet is a well-established definition of heroes, images in folklore: burning tears, red sun, good fellow, path-road, fierce enemy

Metaphor (Greek metaphora - transfer) - a hidden comparison based on the hidden assimilation of one object or phenomenon to another by similarity or contrast (the forest is noisy, the garden is empty, the weather has leaped in):

A) impersonation - a speech turnover, in which words denoting the properties and signs of the phenomena of the animate world are used in descriptions of seemingly similar phenomena in the inanimate world. In other words, personification is the attribution of the properties of living beings to inanimate objects:

Over darkened Petrograd

November was breathing autumn cold A.S. Pushkin

Terek howls, wild and vicious. M.Yu. Lermontov;

Silent sadness will be comforted ... A.S. Pushkin

b ) expanded metaphor:

But the church is on a steep top

It is still visible between the clouds,

And they stand at the gate

Black granites are on guard

They are covered with snow cloaks, And on their chests, instead of armor, Eternal ice burns. M.Lermontov

A metaphorical epithet is a combination of the function of an epithet and a metaphor: foggy youth, golden dreams, gray morning, iron will, silk eyelashes, stone heart, iron will (these are well-established phrases, they resemble phraseological units in the form of adj + noun)

A symbol (Greek symbolon is a conventional sign) is an object or word that conventionally expresses the essence of a phenomenon:

Long live the sun, let the darkness hide! A.S. Pushkin

Here the sun is a symbol of reason, happiness and knowledge.

An example of an expanded symbol is M. Lermontov's poem "Sail". A symbol is more comprehensible, deeper than a metaphor.

Allegory - type of allegory; an abstract idea, a concept embodied in a specific image. Or an expanded assimilation, the components of which are added to a system of hints, i.e. designation of specific phenomena through the signs of these phenomena. So, the goddess of justice Themis was portrayed with scales and blindfolded. Human sins were measured with scales, blindfolds allegorically indicated the impartiality and objectivity of the goddess-judge. From here came such expressions as scales of justice, blind justice. Allegory is often used in fables and fairy tales, where the bearers of properties are animals, objects, natural phenomena.

Metonymy (Greek metonomadzo - to rename).

This is a technique in which the replacement of words is made not on the basis of similarity (as in the metaphor), but on the basis of different types connection of phenomena. This relationship can be of several types:

A) the connection of the vessel with its contents (drank two glasses, ate a bowl of soup, ate seven glasses);

B) the connection between the material and the thing made from it (amber on the tubes of Constantinople, Porcelain and bronze on the table; there is on gold);

C) the connection of actions and circumstances with the place where they took place (exuberant Rome rejoices; this is its Waterloo);

D) the connection of things with their property, purpose or character (cunning dagger, bloody lesson);

E) the connection of general concepts with specific ones (the courage of the city takes, bloody villainy);

E) the connection of phenomena of a mental order with the characteristic forms of their manifestation. (Compare: to be sad, to yearn - to sigh; to expose yourself because of your stupidity to danger is to sharpen an ax on yourself, chop off a branch).

Synecdoche (a special kind of metonymy) - (Greek synecdoche - understanding by means of something) - replacement of words based on quantitative relations, for example, the name of the larger in the meaning of the smaller, the whole in the meaning of the part, and vice versa. "All flags will visit us." "We are all looking at Napoleons." - A.S. Pushkin

“Everything is asleep - man, beast and bird” - N. Gogol. "Swede, Russian - pricks, chops, cuts - A.S. Pushkin"

Gradation gradualness (Strengthening or weakening) - usually involves the arrangement of words and expressions according to the principle of their increasing strength or decreasing ("I spoke, persuaded, demanded, ordered.")

Oxymoron

Periphrase (a) - trail indicating a sign(the king of beasts is lion; the owner of the taiga is a tiger, Northern Palmyra, Northern Venice - all are St. Petersburg, the golden-domed capital is Moscow, the mother of all Russian cities is Kiev)

2. Stylistic figures.

Stylistic figures are expressions that are constant in meaning and construction, and have certain artistic possibilities.

anaphora, or monotony:

I swear on the first day of creation,

I swear on his last day

I swear by the shame of crime

And eternal truth triumph

M.Yu. Lermontov;

Epiphora , or the ending, is extremely rare in Russian verse, characteristic of oriental poetry:

I have not found a confidante, except for my soul,

I have not found more selfless than my own heart ...

And I could not find a captivity of the heart anywhere more terrible.

pleonasm - repetition of similar words and phrases, the pumping of which creates a particular stylistic effect:

My friend, my friend

I am very, very sick.

gradation ... This technique consists in the fact that not the same word is repeated, but semantically close words, that is, words that are close in meaning, which, gradually reinforcing each other, create one image, which usually expresses a gradually increasing or fading feeling, thought, and they also recreate an event or action: In the old days they liked to eat well, even better they liked to drink, and even better they liked to have fun (N.V. Gogol);

My comrades burned out in tanks

To ashes, to ashes, to ashes. (Slutsky) Swede, Russian - pricks, chops, cuts - A.S. Pushkin "

Oxymoron (oxymoron) - a turn of speech in which a new expressive meaning arises as a result of combinations of words opposite in meaning (good-natured ferocity, hot snow, squalid luxury, a living corpse, Dead souls).

Irony (Greek eironeia - pretense) - can take the form of any other path. This is such a turn of speech in which the words characterizing the phenomenon are used in order to achieve a comic effect in the opposite sense (a philosopher at the age of eighteen, A.S. Pushkin. Where are you from, clever? I. Krylov.)

hyperbola - artistic exaggeration (a feast for the whole world; a rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper, N.V. Gogol);

litotes – stylistic figure, consisting in an emphasized understatement, humiliation (a boy with a finger; a peasant with a fingernail, Nekrasov, he does not shine with intelligence).

illogism

3. Lexical means. The pictorial possibilities of vocabulary.

A) lexical repetitions- intentional repetition of a word to draw the reader's attention (Take care of a penny, a penny will not give out, you will break everything in the world with a penny. N.V. Gogol);

pleonasm - the repetition of similar words and phrases, the pumping of which creates one or another stylistic effect:

My friend, my friend

I am very, very sick.

I myself do not know where this pain came from ... S. Yesenin.

Phraseologisms (winged words) - stable combinations of words, constant in meaning, composition and structure. Curve your soul, on hastily, no fluff, no feather, Knight without fear and reproach

synonyms - words that are close in meaning. Contextual synonyms are closely related in context.

antithesis - comparison of phenomena opposite in meaning and meaning. (Compare: the first day of creation - the last day, M.Yu. Lermontov);

Contextual antonyms are exactly opposite in context. Out of context, the meaning changes (Wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire - A. Pushkin)

Assessment vocabulary- emotionally colored words containing an assessment: simpleton, fidget, clever, voice.

Homonyms are words that sound the same, but have different meanings passage in the singing of birds, trade in the passage

Paronyms - similar in sound, but different in meaning of the word heroic - heroic, effective - real

Vernacular (colloquial vocabulary, or reduced, or colloquial) - words of colloquial use, distinguished by some rudeness, blockhead, twiddling, wiggle.

Dialectisms - words that exist in a certain area. Draniki, Mshary, Buriaki.

Borrowed words are words carried over from other languages. PR, parliament, consensus, millennium.

Book vocabulary - words characteristic of written speech and having a special stylistic coloring. Immortality, incentive, prevail

Slang - words that are outside the literary norm. / Argo / - Head - watermelon, globe, pumpkin ...

Neologisms - new words that arise to denote new concepts. Sitting, shopping, clip maker, marketing.

Professionalisms (special vocabulary)- words used by people of the same profession. Galley.

Terms - special concepts in science, technology ... Optics, catatars.

Obsolete words. (Archaisms)- words displaced from modern language others, denoting the same concepts. Thoughtful - caring, joy - joy, adolescent - young man, near-eye, overhead

Expressive colloquial vocabulary- emotionally colored words that have a slightly reduced stylistic coloring in comparison with neutral vocabulary. Dirty, screamer, bearded man.

Palindrome - a word, phrase, line, read equally from left to right and from right to left (tavern)

4. Syntactic tools

pass - the form of a laconic, "slogan" style. Its strength lies in brevity, and brevity depends on how skillfully the words that are the most weighty in meaning and pictoriality are selected and left in the phrase. (We sat down - in ashes! Hail - in dust! In swords - sickles and plows. VA Zhukovsky);

Incomplete sentences see pass(often in dialogue, slogan)

Silence, or ellipsis- a form that reproduces the speech of a strongly agitated person. The default is close to skipping:

Father ... Mazepa ... execution - with prayer

Here, in this castle, my mother ... / The figure leaves the listener to guess for himself what will be discussed /.

rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal- to enhance the expressiveness of speech, do not require an answer:

Where are you galloping, proud horse,

And where will you drop your hooves? A.S. Pushkin

Do you know the Ukrainian night? Oh, you don't know the Ukrainian night! N.V. Gogol.

A number of homogeneous members-they are groups of homogeneous members that complicate the structure of the sentence. Any members of the sentence can be homogeneous, with the help of which the meaning of the sentence is conveyed more meaningfully and fully

asyndeton - a list of phenomena, actions, events when the necessary unions are deliberately omitted. The effect of the speed of changing images, feelings, emotional distress, excitement:

They flash past the booth, women,

Boys, benches, lanterns,

Palaces, gardens, monasteries,

Bukharians, sleighs, vegetable gardens,

Merchants, hovels, peasants,

Pharmacies, shops, fashion.

Balconies, lions at the gates

And flocks of jackdaws on the crosses.

A.S. Pushkin

Multi-Union (polysyndeon) - a special introduction of additional alliances to give speech fluency, dignity, sometimes - to emphasize an epic-calm, narrative manner:

And a sling, and an arrow, and a crafty dagger.

Years have spared the winner ...

A.S. Pushkin

Parcelling - deliberate violation of the boundaries of the proposal

It was the Volga. Ash. With a Moscow number. (Usually, when parceling, 2 sentences are indicated. To correctly determine this technique, you need to re-read the previous sentence and the next).

Incomplete sentences- in which a member of the sentence is missing, which could be restored from the context. There is still a turn ahead, followed by another.

Question - answer form of presentation- Presentation form, in which questions and answers to a question alternate.

Syntactic concurrency- a figurative comparison of two similar phenomena, compositionally expressed in the form of parallel phrases:

Black raven in the gentle twilight,

Black velvet on swarthy shoulders

A. Blok;

Grass is overgrown with grass-

Pain is overgrowing for a long time.

M. Sholokhov.

Negative parallelism: emphasize the coincidence of the main features of the compared phenomena:

It's not the wind that tends the branch,

Not an oak tree rustles, -

Then my heart groans

It trembles like an autumn leaf.

S.Stromilov

Parallelism serves to compare natural phenomena with human mood.

Full, white birch, rage over the water,

Enough, silly girl, to mischief me - a similar syntactic construction.

illogism - unification as homogeneous members of different species meaning, with the aim of creating a comic effect. (As soon as I passed the exams, I immediately went with my mother, furniture and brother ... to the dacha, A.P. Chekhov);

inversion - violation of the standard word order, reverse: the sail turns white lonely

She is slim, her movements

That swan of the desert waters

Remind you of a smooth ride

That doe are quick striving. A.S. Pushkin.

Italics - highlighted word, key

Ellipsis - skipping any member of the proposal Guys - for axes. We villages - in ashes, hailstones - in dust, In swords - sickles and plows. V. Zhukovsky

5. Sound means of expression. Phonetic (Rare)

Alliteration - reception of pictorial enhancement by repetition of consonant sounds Like a winged lily, / Hesitating, Lala-Hands enters

Assonance - reception of pictorial enhancement by repetition of vowel sounds. The thaw is boring to me: the stench, the mud, in the spring I am sick ... A. Pushkin

Sound writing - a technique for enhancing the pictoriality of the text by constructing phrases and lines in such a way that would correspond to the reproduced picture. Nightingale: "It suddenly crumbled in small fractions in the grove" I. Krylov

Onomatopoeia- imitation of the sounds of animate and inanimate nature with the help of the sounds of the language. When the thunder of the mazurkas thundered ... A. Pushkin

• Some techniques can be in style and tropes, or in syntax and style - you need to be careful and distinguish: figurative meaning (figurative) - these are tropes; if the structure of the sentence itself, its construction is syntax. And if you make an effect on the reader, highlight the feature of the phrase as the key to the problem of the text - this is stylistics.

It is known that not a single European lexicon can be compared with juiciness: this opinion is expressed by many literary scholars who have studied its expressiveness. It has Spanish expansion, Italian emotionality, French tenderness. Language tools, used by Russian writers, resemble the brush strokes of the artist.

When experts talk about the expressiveness of a language, they mean not only the figurative means that they study at school, but also an inexhaustible arsenal literary techniques... There is no single classification of pictorial and expressive means, however, conventionally, linguistic means are divided into groups.

In contact with

Lexical means

Expressive means working at the lexical linguistic level are an integral part of a literary work: poetic or written in prose. These are words or phrases used by the author in a figurative or allegorical meaning. The largest group of lexical means for creating imagery in the Russian language is literary tropes.

Varieties of trails

There are more than two dozen tropes used in works. Table with examples combined the most used:

The article contains main trails, known in the literature, which is illustrated by the table with examples.

Sometimes archaisms, dialectisms, professionalisms are referred to as paths, but this is not true. These are means of expressiveness, the scope of which is limited to the depicted era or area of ​​application. They are used to create the flavor of the era, the described place or the working atmosphere.

Specialized means of expression

- words that were once called objects familiar to us (eyes - eyes). Historicisms mean objects or phenomena (actions) that have come out of everyday life (caftan, ball).

Both archaisms and historicisms - means of expression, which are eagerly used by writers and screenwriters who create works on historical themes (examples are "Peter the First" and "Prince Silver" by A. Tolstoy). Poets often use archaisms to create a sublime style (bosom, right hand, finger).

Neologisms are figurative means of language that have entered our life relatively recently (gadget). They are often used in literary text to create an atmosphere of youth environment and image of advanced users.

Dialectisms - words or grammatical forms , used in the colloquial speech of residents of one area (kochet - rooster).

Professionalisms are words and expressions that are typical for representatives of a certain profession. For example, a pen for a printer is, first of all, a spare material that is not included in the number, and only then the place of stay of animals. Naturally, a writer telling about the life of a typographer hero will not bypass the term.

Jargon is the vocabulary of informal communication used in the colloquial speech of people belonging to a certain social circle. For instance, language features of the text about the life of students will be allowed to use the word "tails" in the meaning of "exam arrears", and not part of the body of animals. This word often appears in works about students.

Phraseological turns

Phraseological expressions are lexical linguistic means, whose expressiveness is determined by:

1. Figurative meaning, sometimes with a mythological background (Achilles' heel).
2. Belonging to everyone in the category of high stable expressions (sink into oblivion), or conversational turns (hang up your ears). These can be linguistic means that have a positive emotional connotation (golden hands - a load of approving meaning), or with a negative expressive assessment (small fry - a shade of disdain for a person).

Phraseologisms are used, to:

• to emphasize the clarity and imagery of the text;
• build the necessary stylistic tonality (vernacular or sublimity), having previously estimated the linguistic features of the text;
• express the author's attitude to the information provided.

Figurative expressiveness phraseological turns intensifies due to their transformation from well-known to individual-author's: to shine throughout Ivanovskaya.

A special group is aphorisms ( idioms ). For example, happy hours are not observed.

Works of folk art can also be attributed to aphorisms: proverbs, sayings.

These artistic means are used quite often in literature.

Attention! Phraseologisms as pictorially expressive literary means cannot be used in a formal business style.

Syntactic tricks

Syntactic figures of speech are phrases used by the author in order to better convey the necessary information or the general meaning of the text, sometimes to give a passage an emotional color. These are what are syntactic means expressiveness:

1. Antithesis is a syntactic means of expressiveness based on opposition. "Crime and Punishment". Allows you to emphasize the meaning of one word with the help of another, opposite in meaning.
2. Gradations are means of expressiveness that use synonymous words, arranged according to the principle of increase and decrease of a sign or quality in Russian. For example, the stars were shining, burning, shining. Such a lexical chain highlights the main conceptual meaning of each word - "to shine".
3. Oxymoron - straight opposite words located nearby. For example, the expression "fiery ice" figuratively and vividly creates a contradictory character of the hero.
4. Inversions are syntactic means of expressiveness based on an unusual sentence structure. For example, instead of "he sang" it says "he sang." The word that the author wants to highlight is placed at the beginning of the sentence.
5. Parceling is the deliberate division of one proposal into several parts. For example, Near Ivan. Stands, looks. The second sentence usually contains an action, quality, or feature that takes on the author's emphasis.

Important! These figurative means representatives of a number scientific schools referred to as stylistic. The reason for the replacement of the term lies in the influence exerted by the expressive means of this group on the style of the text, albeit through syntactic constructions.

Phonetic means

Sound devices in Russian are the smallest group of literary figures of speech. This is a special use of words with the repetition of certain sounds or phonetic groups for the purpose of depicting artistic images.

Usually such figurative language used by poets in poetry, or writers in lyrical digressions, when describing landscapes. The authors use repetitive sounds to convey thunderous rolls or rustling of leaves.

Alliteration is the repetition of a series of consonants that create sound effects that enhance the imagery of the described phenomenon. For example: "In the silky rustle of snow noise." The injection of sounds С, Ш and Щ creates the effect of imitating the whistle of the wind.

Assonance - repetition of vowel sounds in order to create an expressive artistic image: "March, march - wave the flag // Marching to the parade." The vowel "a" is repeated to create emotional fullness of feelings, a unique feeling of universal joy and openness.

Onomatopoeia is the selection of words that combine a certain set of sounds, which creates a phonetic effect: howling wind, rustling grass and other characteristic natural sounds.

Means of expressiveness in Russian, paths

Use of words for speech expressiveness

Conclusion

It is the abundance of figurative means expressiveness in Russian makes it truly beautiful, juicy and unique. Therefore, foreign literary critics prefer to study the works of Russian poets and writers in the original.

Means of speech expression- this is one of the most important factors thanks to which the Russian language is famous for its wealth and beauty, which has been sung more than once in the poems and immortal works of Russian classics-writers. To this day, the Russian language is one of the most difficult to learn. This is facilitated by the huge number of means of expression that are present in our language, making it rich and multifaceted. To date, there is no clear classification of means of expression, but still two conditional types can be distinguished: stylistic figures and trails.

Stylistic figures- these are speech patterns that the author uses in order to achieve maximum expressiveness, which means it is better to convey the necessary information or meaning to the reader or listener, as well as to give the text an emotional and artistic coloring. Stylistic figures include such means of expression as antithesis, parallelism, anaphora, gradation, inversion, epiphora and others.

Trails- these are speech turns or words that are used by the author in an indirect, allegorical meaning. These means of artistic expression- an integral part of any work of art. Paths include metaphors, hyperboles, lithotes, synecdoches, metonymy, etc.

The most common means of expression.

As we have already said, there are a very large number of means of lexical expressiveness in the Russian language, therefore in this article we will consider those of them that can most often be found not only in literary works, but also in the everyday life of each of us.

1. Hyperbola(Greek hyperbole - exaggeration) is a kind of path based on exaggeration. Through the use of hyperbole, the meaning is enhanced and the desired impression is made on the listener, interlocutor or reader. For instance: sea ​​of ​​tears; Ocean Love.
2. Metaphor(Greek metaphora - transfer) - one of the most important means of speech expression. This trope is characterized by the transfer of the characteristics of one object, creature or phenomenon to another. This trope is similar to comparison, but the words “as if”, “as if”, “how” are omitted, but everyone understands that they are meant: tarnished reputation; glowing eyes; seething emotions.
3. Epithet(Greek epitheton - an application) is a definition that gives the most ordinary things, objects and phenomena an artistic color. Examples of epithets: golden summer; flowing hair; wavy fog.

   IMPORTANT. Not every adjective is an epithet. If an adjective indicates clear characteristics of a noun and does not carry any artistic meaning, then it is not an epithet: green grass ; wet asphalt; bright sun.

4. Antithesis(Greek antithesis - opposition, contradiction) is another means of expressiveness, which is used to enhance drama and is characterized by a sharp opposition of phenomena or concepts. Very often, the antithesis can be found in verses: “You are rich, I am very poor; you are a prose writer, I am a poet ... "(AS Pushkin).
5. Comparison- a stylistic figure, the name of which speaks for itself: when comparing one object is compared with another. There are several ways in which a comparison can be presented:

   - noun ("... storm haze the sky covers ... ").

   A speech turn, in which there are conjunctions "like", "like", "like", "like" (The skin of her hands was rough, like the sole of a boot).

   - a subordinate clause (night fell on the city and in a matter of seconds everything was quiet, as if there was no such liveliness in the squares and streets just an hour ago).

6. Phraseologisms- a means of lexical expressiveness of speech, which, unlike others, cannot be used by the author individually, since it is, first of all, a stable phrase or turnover characteristic only of the Russian language ( neither fish nor fowl; fool around; how the cat cried).
7. Impersonation- this is a trope, which is characterized by the endowment of human properties in inanimate objects and phenomena (And the forest came to life - the trees spoke, the wind sang in the tops of the firs).

In addition to the above, there are the following expressive means, which we will look at in the next article:

• Allegory
• Anaphora
• Gradation
• Inversion
• Alliteration
• Assonance
• Lexical repetition
• Irony
• Metonymy
• Oxymoron
• Multi-Union
• Litotes
• Sarcasm
• Ellipsis
• Epiphora, etc.

Read the review excerpt based on the text you analyzed in assignments 20–23.

This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some of the terms used in the review are missing. Insert the numbers corresponding to the numbers of terms from the list in the places of the gaps (A, B, C, D). Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.

Write down the sequence of numbers without spaces, commas and other additional characters.

“Telling the reader a story about a holiday organized by Mitrich, N.D. Teleshov generously uses a variety of means of artistic expression. At the lexical level, it is worth noting active use(A) _____ (“theirs” in sentence 17, “fit” in sentence 36, “Mithrich”), as well as a path such as (B) _____ (in sentence 2). Among other means of expression, one can single out such a technique as (B) _____ (for example, in sentences 15-16, 57-58), and such a syntactic means as (D) _____ (in sentences 3, 68, 69) ”.

List of terms

1) synonyms

2) comparison

3) metonymy

5) colloquial vernacular vocabulary

6) rows of homogeneous members

7) rhetorical exclamations

8) anaphora

9) rhetorical appeals

(1) It was Christmas Eve ...

(2) The watchman of the resettlement barracks, a retired soldier, with a gray beard like a mouse's hair, named Semyon Dmitrievich, or simply Mitrich, went up to his wife and said cheerfully:

- (3) Well, woman, what a thing I have invented! (4) I say, the holiday is coming ... (5) And for everyone it is a holiday, everyone rejoices in it ... (6) Everyone has their own: who has a new thing for the holiday, who will have feasts ... (7) For example, your room will be clean, I will also have my pleasure: I will buy myself some sausages! ..

- (8) So what? - said the old woman indifferently.

- (9) And then, - Mitrich sighed again, - that everyone will have a holiday as a holiday, but, I say, to the children, it turns out, and there is no real holiday ... (10) I look at them - and my heart bleeds : eh, I think it's wrong! .. (11) It is known, orphans ... (12) Neither mother, nor father, nor relatives ... (13) It’s awkward! .. (14) So I thought of this: I need to amuse the children! .. (15) I saw a lot of people ... both ours and everyone else ... (16) I saw how they love to amuse children for the holiday. (17) They will bring a Christmas tree, clean it up with candles and gifts, and their children simply even jump for joy! .. (18) The forest is close to us - I will cut down a Christmas tree and arrange such fun for the children!

(19) Mitrich winked cheerfully, smacked his lips and went out into the yard.

(20) In the yard, here and there, were scattered wooden houses covered with snow, clogged with boards. (21) From early spring to late autumn, settlers passed through the city. (22) There were so many of them, and they were so poor that good people built them these houses, which were guarded by Mitrich. (23) By the fall, the houses were vacated, and by the winter there was no one left except Mitrich and Agrafena, and even a few children, no one knows whose. (24) The parents of these children either died or went to no one knows where. (25) Mitrich had eight such children this winter. (26) He put them all together in one house, where he was going to celebrate this day.

(27) First of all, Mitrich went to the church elder to beg for the stubs of church candles to decorate the tree. (28) Then he went to the resettlement official. (29) But the official was busy; without seeing Mitrich, he told him to say "thank you" and sent fifty dollars.

(30) Returning home, Mitrich did not say a word to his wife, but only chuckled in silence, yes, looking at the coin, he thought of when and how to arrange everything.

(31) "Eight children," Mitrich reasoned, bending gnarled fingers in his hands, "therefore, eight chocolates ..."

(32) ... It was a clear frosty afternoon. (33) With an ax in his belt, in a sheepskin coat and a hat, Mitrich was returning from the forest, dragging a Christmas tree on his shoulder. (34) He had fun, although he was tired. (35) In the morning he went to the city to buy sweets for the children, and sausages for himself and his wife, to which he was a passionate hunter, but he rarely bought it and ate only on holidays.

(36) Mitrich brought a tree, sharpened the end with an ax; then he adjusted her to stand, and when everything was ready, he dragged her to the children in the barracks.

(37) When the tree warmed up, the room smelled fresh and resinous. (38) Children's faces, sad and pensive, suddenly cheered up ... (39) No one yet understood what the old man was doing, but everyone already anticipated pleasure, and Mitrich glanced merrily at the eyes fixed on him from all sides.

(40) When the candles and sweets were already on the tree, Mitrich thought: the decoration was meager. (41) No matter how much he was fond of his idea, however, he could not hang anything on the tree, except for eight candies.

(42) Suddenly such a thought occurred to him that he even stopped. (43) Although he was very fond of sausage and treasured every piece, the desire to treat it wonderfully overpowered all his considerations:

- (44) I will cut off a circle for each and hang it on a string. (45) And a piece of bread, and also on a Christmas tree.

(46) As soon as it got dark, the tree was lit. (47) It smelled like melted wax, tar and greens. (48) Always gloomy and pensive, the children shouted joyfully, looking at the lights. (49) Their eyes brightened, their faces flushed. (50) Laughter, shouts and talk revived for the first time this gloomy room, where from year to year only complaints and tears were heard. (51) Even Agrafena clapped her hands in surprise, and Mitrich, rejoicing from the bottom of his heart, clapped his hands. (52) Admiring the tree, the children having fun, he smiled. (53) And then he commanded:

- (54) Audience! (55) Come on! (56) Taking off a piece of bread and sausage from the tree, Mitrich dressed all the children, then took off himself and Agrafena.

- (57) Look, the orphans are chewing! (58) Look, they are chewing! (59) Look! (60) Rejoice! He shouted. (61) And after that Mitrich took the harmonica and, forgetting his old age, began to dance with the children. (62) Children jumped, squealed and whirled merrily, and Mitrich did not lag behind them. (63) His soul was filled with such joy that he did not remember if there had ever been such a holiday in his life.

- (64) Audience! He finally exclaimed. - (65) The candles burn out. (66) Take a piece of candy for yourself, and it's time to sleep!

(67) The children shouted joyfully and rushed to the tree, and Mitrich, moved almost to tears, whispered to Agrafena:

- (68) Good! .. (69) You can say straightforwardly: right! ..

(according to N.D. Teleshov *)

*Nikolay Dmitrievich Teleshov (1867-1957)- Russian Soviet writer, poet, organizer of the famous circle of Moscow writers "Wednesday" (1899-1916). The story "Mitrich's Yolka" (1897) is part of the "Migrants" cycle, dedicated to the large resettlement beyond the Urals, to Siberia, where the peasants were given allotments of land.

Explanation (see also Rule below).

“Telling the reader a story about a holiday organized by Mitrich, N.D. Teleshov generously uses a variety of means of artistic expression. At the lexical level, it is worth noting the active use of (A) colloquial vocabulary(“Theirs” in sentence 17, “fit” in sentence 36, “Mitrich”), as well as such a path as (B) comparison(in sentence 2). Among other means of expression, one can single out such a technique as (B) anaphora(for example, in sentences 15-16, 57-58), and a syntactic tool such as (D) rhetorical exclamations(in sentences 3, 68, 69) ".

List of terms

2) comparison B (with sulfur, like mouse wool, beard)

5) colloquial vocabulary A

7) rhetorical exclamations G ( just exclamations: Good! Right!)

8) anaphora B ((15)Vidal I have a lot of people ... both ours and everyone I saw ... (16) Vidal how they like to amuse children for the holiday .. The same construction of the beginning of the sentence)

Write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Answer: 5287

Answer: 5287

Rule: Language Expressions Task 26

ANALYSIS OF MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

The purpose of the assignment is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing a correspondence between the gaps indicated by letters in the text of the review and numbers with definitions. You need to write down the correspondence only in the order in which the letters go in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under this or that letter, you must put "0" in place of this number. For the task you can get from 1 to 4 points.

When completing task 26, it should be remembered that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection... Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates consistent with omissions, etc. It will make it easier to complete the task and divide the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and paths; in the second figures of speech (some of them are called syntactic).

26.1 TROP-WORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN PORTABLE FOR CREATING AN ART AND ACHIEVING GREATER EXPRESSION. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litoty.

Note: In the assignment, as a rule, it is indicated that these are TRACKS.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets as a phrase.

1.Epithet(in the lane from Greek - appendix, addition) is a figurative definition that marks an essential feature for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. From simple definition the epithet is distinguished by artistic expressiveness and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.

The epithets include all the "colorful" definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:

sad orphaned land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray haze, lemon light, silent peace(I. A. Bunin).

Epithets can also be expressed:

-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative description of the subject: winter sorceress; mother - damp earth; The poet is a lyre, not just the nanny of his soul(M. Gorky);

-adverbs acting in the role of circumstances: In the north, the wild stands alone... (M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tensely stretched out in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);

-gerunds: the waves are rushing thundering and flashing;

-pronouns expressing the superlative degree of a particular state of the human soul:

After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, more what kind! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-participles and participles: Nightingales vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (BL Pasternak); I also admit the appearance ... of scribblers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in the language except words, not remembering kinship(M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison is a pictorial technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. In contrast to metaphor, comparison is always two-term: it names both objects being compared (phenomena, signs, actions).

Auls are burning, they have no protection.

The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

Playing in the clouds scares the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:

The form of the instrumental case of nouns:

Nightingale stray Youth flew by,

Wave in bad weather Joy faded away (A. V. Koltsov)

The comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener the sea and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);

Comparative turnovers with unions as if, as if, as if and others:

Like a beast of prey, to the humble abode

The winner bursts in with bayonets ... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

Using words like, like, this is:

In the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

Using comparative clauses:

The golden foliage swirled

In the pinkish water on the pond

Like a flock of butterflies

With a daze flies to the star. (S. A. Yesenin)

3 metaphor(in the lane from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena for some reason. Unlike comparison, in which both what is being compared and what is being compared with are given, the metaphor contains only the second, which creates a compact and imaginative use of the word. The metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: waterfall of stars, avalanche of letters, wall of fire, abyss of grief, pearl of poetry, spark of love and etc.

All metaphors fall into two groups:

1) general language("Erased"): golden hands, a storm in a glass of water, move mountains, the strings of the soul, love has died out;

2) artistic(individual, author's, poetic):

And the stars are fading diamond awe

V painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

Empty heavens transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);

AND blue eyes, bottomless

Blossom on the distant shore. (A. A. Blok)

Metaphor happens not only single: it can develop in the text, forming whole chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - to cover, as it were, to permeate the entire text. This detailed, complex metaphor, a solid artistic image.

4. Impersonation- This is a kind of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used when describing nature:

Rolling through the sleepy valleys, the sleepy mists lay down And only the horse's stomp, Sounding, is lost in the distance. It went out, turning pale, autumn day, Rolling up fragrant leaves, Tasting a dreamless sleep Half-withered flowers... (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy(in the lane from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one subject to another based on their contiguity. Adjacency can be a manifestation of a connection:

Between action and instrument of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He condemned to swords and fires(A.S. Pushkin);

Between the item and the material the item is made of: ... not so on silver, - on gold I ate(A.S. Griboyedov);

Between the place and the people in this place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from bowls of flower girls ... (Yu.K. Olesha)

6. Synecdoche(in the lane from Greek - correlation) is kind of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of the quantitative relationship between them. Most often, the transfer occurs:

From less to more: To him and the bird does not fly, And the tiger does not go ... (A. Pushkin);

From part to whole: Beard, why are you all silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Periphrase, or periphrase(in the lane from Greek - a descriptive expression), is a turnover that is used instead of any word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse

A.S. Pushkin - "Peter's Creation", "The Beauty and Wonder of the Full-Night Countries", "City of Petrov"; AA Blok in the poems of MI Tsvetaeva - "a knight without reproach", "blue-eyed snow singer", "snow swan", "the almighty of my soul."

8 hyperbole(in the lane from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exaggerated exaggeration of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N.V. Gogol)

And at the same moment, couriers, couriers, couriers ... can you imagine thirty five thousands some couriers! (N.V. Gogol).

9. Litota(in the lane from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less of a pinhead.(I.A.Krylov)

And marching importantly, in decorous calm, The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant In big boots, in a sheepskin coat, In big mittens ... and himself with a fingernail!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony(in the lane from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in the opposite sense to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which a mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Cleavage, clever, are you delirious, head?(I.A.Krylov)

26.2 "NON-SPECIAL" VOCABULARY LANGUAGE

Note: The assignments sometimes indicate that this is a lexical tool. Usually, in the review of task 24, an example of a lexical means is given in brackets either in one word or in a phrase in which one of the words is italicized. Please note: it is these funds that are most often needed found in task 22!

11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but the same or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.

Synonyms can be contextual.

12. Antonyms, i.e., words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth is false, good is evil, disgusting is wonderful), also have great expressive capabilities.

Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in this context.

Lies happen good or bad,

Compassionate or merciless

Lies happen dexterous and awkward,

Discreet and reckless

Delightful and bleak.

13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression

Phraseological units (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. reproduced in finished form phrases and sentences in which the integral meaning dominates the meanings of their constituent components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get screwed up, be in seventh heaven, bone of contention), have great expressive capabilities. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:

1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, the sword of Damocles, Achilles' heel);

2) the attribution of many of them: a) to the category of high ( voice crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, vernacular: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather the neck, hang up the ears); b) to the category of linguistic means with a positive emotional and expressive coloring ( store like the apple of an eye - the market.) or with negative emotional-expressive coloring (without tsar in the head - disapproved., small fry - will neglect., penny worth - contempt.).

14. Stylistically colored vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:

1) emotionally expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:

a) words with a positive emotional and expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Church Slavonic): inspiration, future, fatherland, aspirations, innermost, unshakable; sublime poetic: serene, radiant, enchantment, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, courageous; affectionate: sun, darling, daughter

b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: speculation, bickering, nonsense; dismissive: upstart, hustler; contemptuous: dunce, crammed, scribble; abusive /

2) functional and stylistically colored vocabulary, including:

a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: undersigned, memo; journalistic: reportage, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, lanita

b) colloquial (everyday and household): dad, boy, braggart, healthy

15. Restricted vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of limited vocabulary can also be used, including:

Dialect vocabulary (words that are used by residents of a locality: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

Common vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic coloring: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: beggar, bum, crack, bouncer);

Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the general literary language: the galley is in the speech of sailors, the duck is in the speech of journalists, the window is in the speech of the teachers);

Jargon vocabulary (words typical of jargons - youth: party, bells and whistles, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; to the jargon of criminals: lads, raspberries);

Outdated vocabulary (historicisms are words that have become obsolete due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena designated by them: boyar, oprichnina, horse; archaisms - obsolete words, naming objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: forehead - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms are words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teen).

26.3 FIGURES (RHEETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, SPEECH FIGURES) ARE CALLED STYLISTIC TECHNIQUES based on special combinations of words that go beyond the usual practical use, and with the purpose of enhancing the expressiveness and pictoriality of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical address, repetition, syntactic parallelism, multi-union, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.

Note: The assignments do not have a clear definition format indicating these means: they are called syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expressiveness, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the sentence number given in brackets.

16.Rhetorical question is a figure that contains a statement in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, it is used to enhance emotionality, expressiveness of speech, to draw the reader's attention to a particular phenomenon:

Why did he give his hand to the insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He, from a young age, comprehended people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17 rhetorical exclamation is a figure that contains a statement in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations enhance the expression of certain feelings in the message; they usually differ not only in special emotionality, but also solemnity and elation:

That was in the morning of our years - Happiness! about tears! Oh forest! oh life! about the sun's light! About the fresh spirit of the birch. (A. K. Tolstoy);

Alas! before the power of a stranger A proud country bowed. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

18 rhetorical address- This is a stylistic figure, consisting in an emphasized address to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of speech, but to express an attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical addresses can create solemnity and pathos of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:

My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like a soul, is unstoppable and eternal (A. Pushkin);

Oh, deep night! Oh cold autumn! Dumb! (K. D. Balmont)

19.Repeat (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition) is a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, a stanza in order to draw special attention to them.

The types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and pickup.

Anaphora(in the lane from Greek - ascent, rise), or monotony, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Lazily the misty midday breathes,

Lazily the river is rolling.

And in the firmament and pure

Clouds are melting lazily (F. I. Tyutchev);

Epiphora(in the lane from Greek - an addition, the final sentence of the period) is a repetition of words or a group of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal - humanly.

What is day or age

Before that is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal - humanely(A. A. Fet);

They got a loaf of light bread - joy!

Today the movie is good in the club - joy!

Paustovsky's two-volume edition was brought to the bookstore joy!(A. I. Solzhenitsyn)

Pick up- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the following corresponding segment of speech:

He fell down on the cold snow

On the cold snow, like a pine tree,

Like a pine tree in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);

20. Concurrency (syntactic parallelism)(in the lane from Greek - going side by side) - identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, poetic lines, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:

I look at the future with fear

I look at the past with longing ... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

I was your ringing string

I was blooming to you in spring,

But you didn't want flowers,

And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)

Often using the antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not a country for business, but business for a country (from the newspaper).

21. Inversion(in the lane from Greek - permutation, turning) is a change in the usual order of words in a sentence in order to emphasize the semantic significance of any element of the text (word, sentence), to give the phrase a special stylistic coloration: solemn, high sounding or, conversely, colloquial, slightly reduced performance. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:

The agreed definition follows the defined word: I am sitting behind bars in dungeon damp(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there was no swell running across this sea; the stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns come before the word to which they refer: Hours of monotonous battle(monotonous chime of the clock);

22. Parcellation(in the lane from French - particle) is a stylistic device, which consists in breaking up a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonational and semantic units - phrases. A period, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis can be used at the place of the sentence division. In the morning, bright as a splint. Terrible. Long. Ratny. The infantry regiment was defeated. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why is no one indignant? Education and healthcare! The most important spheres of society! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); It is necessary for the state to remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people... (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on deliberate omission, or, conversely, deliberate repetition of alliances. In the first case, when omitting unions, speech becomes concise, compact, dynamic. The actions and events depicted here quickly, instantly unfold, replace each other:

Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts.

Drum beat, clicks, grinding.

The thunder of the guns, the stomp, the neigh, the groan,

And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)

When multi-union speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and a repetitive union highlight words, expressingly emphasizing their semantic significance:

But and grandson, and great-grandson, and great-great-grandson

They grow in me while I myself grow ... (P.G. Antokolsky)

24. Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of theme and intonational splitting into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) comes with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a significant pause dividing, and in the second part, where a conclusion is given, the tone of voice is noticeably lower. Such intonation forms a kind of circle:

Whenever I wanted to limit my life to my home circle, / When I was ordered to be a father, a spouse, / When I was captivated by a family picture even for a single moment, then, surely, I wouldn’t look for one other bride except you. (A.S. Pushkin)

25 Antithesis, or opposition(in the lane from Greek - opposition) is a turnover in which opposite concepts, positions, images are sharply opposed. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general language and contextual:

You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet(A.S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into my eyes

And now - everything looks sideways,

Yesterday I sat before the birds,

All larks today are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive, and I'm dumbfounded.

About the cry of women of all time:

"My dear, what have I done to you?" (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

26. Gradation(in the lane from Lat. - gradual increase, increase) - a technique consisting in a sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in the order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) a feature. Increasing gradation It is usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and impact of the text:

I called you, but you did not look back, I shed tears, but you did not condescend(A. A. Blok);

Shone, burned, shone huge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)

Downward gradation is used less often and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:

He brought mortal tar

Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A.S. Pushkin)

27. Oxymoron(in the lane from Greek - witty-stupid) is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, as a rule, contradicting each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence etc.); at the same time, a new meaning is obtained, and speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment lightly scorching the soul (I.S.Shmelev);

There is merry melancholy in the scarves of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);

But their ugly beauty I soon grasped the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

28. Allegory- an allegory, the transmission of an abstract concept through a specific image: Foxes and wolves must win(cunning, anger, greed).

29. Default- a deliberate interruption of the utterance, conveying the emotion of speech and suggesting that the reader will guess the unspoken: But I wanted ... Perhaps you ...

In addition to the above syntactic means expressiveness in tests there are also the following:

-exclamation sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

-question-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences- sentences in which any term is omitted, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning. Missing members of a sentence can be reconstructed and contextual.

Including ellipsis, that is, the omission of the predicate.

These concepts are covered in the school syntax course. That is why, probably, these means of expressiveness are most often called syntactic in the review.