The water shell of the Earth. The structure and significance of the hydrosphere

"WATER SHELL OF THE EARTH"

1. General information about water

2. World ocean

3. Groundwater

4. Rivers

5. Lakes and swamps

List of used literature

1. General information about water

Hydrosphere. The hydrosphere is called water shell Earth. It consists of land waters - rivers, swamps, glaciers, groundwater and waters of the oceans.

The bulk of the water on Earth is in the seas and oceans - there it is almost 94%; 4.12% of water is contained in the earth's crust and 1.69% in the glaciers of Antarctica, the Arctic and in mountainous countries. Fresh water accounts for only 2% of its total reserves.

Water properties. Water is the most abundant mineral in nature. Pure water is clear, colorless and odorless. It has amazing properties that distinguish it from other natural bodies. This is the only mineral that exists in natural conditions in three states - liquid, solid and gaseous. Its transition from one state to another occurs constantly. The intensity of this process is determined primarily by the air temperature.

During the transition of water from a gaseous state to a liquid state, heat is released, and during evaporation liquid water heat is absorbed. On sunny days and in summer, the water column warms up to a considerable depth and, as it were, condenses heat, and in the absence solar lighting or its decrease, heat is gradually released. For this reason, at night the water is warmer than the surrounding air.

When water freezes, it increases in volume, so an ice cube is lighter than a water cube of the same volume and does not sink, but floats.

The most dense and, accordingly, the most "heavy" water becomes at a temperature of +4 ° C. Water of this temperature sinks to the bottom of reservoirs, where such a temperature remains stable, which makes it possible for living organisms to exist in frozen reservoirs in winter.

Water is called the universal solvent. It dissolves almost all substances with which it comes into contact, except for fats and some minerals. As a result clean water does not occur in nature. It is always found in the form of solutions of a greater or lesser degree of concentration.

Being a mobile (fluid) body, water penetrates into different media, moves in all directions and acts as a transporter of solutions. In this way, it ensures the exchange of substances in the geographical envelope, including between organisms and the environment.

Water has the ability to "stick" to the surface of other bodies and rise up through thin capillary vessels. This property is associated with the circulation of water in soils and rocks, the blood circulation of animals, the movement of plant juices up the stem.

Water is omnipresent. It fills large and small reservoirs, is contained in the bowels of the Earth, is present in the atmosphere in the form of water vapor, and serves as an indispensable component of all living organisms. So, the human body is 65%, and the bodies of the inhabitants of the seas and oceans are 80–90% water.

The value of water is not limited to the impact on life and economic activity. It has a huge impact on our entire planet. Academician V. I. Vernadsky wrote that “there is no natural body that could be compared with it (water) in terms of its influence on the course of the main, most vital geological processes.”

Origin of water. It would seem that mankind knows everything about water. Nevertheless, the question of the origin of water on Earth is still open. Some scientists believe that water was formed as a result of the synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen released from the bowels of the Earth, others, such as academician O. Yu. Schmidt, believe that water was brought to Earth from space during the formation of the planet.

Together with space dust and mineral particles on the nascent Earth fell pieces and blocks space ice. When the planet warmed up, the ice turned into water vapor and water.

2. World ocean

division of the oceans. The oceans are divided into four main parts - oceans- Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Arctic.

The waters of the oceans have a number common features:

- all the waters of the oceans are interconnected;

- the level of the water surface in them is almost the same;

- the water of the World Ocean contains a significant amount of dissolved mineral salts and has a bitter-salty taste, which does not allow using this water for food purposes in natural conditions. The salinity of water is measured in ppm(%about). The ppm number shows how many grams of salt are contained in 1 liter of water. The average salinity of the World Ocean is 35%.

The waters of the World Ocean are unevenly distributed. In the Southern Hemisphere between 30–70 ° latitude, the ocean occupies more than 95%, and in the Northern - a little more than 44%, which made it possible to call the Southern Hemisphere oceanic, and the Northern - continental.

The waters of the World Ocean, going into the land, form seas and bays. The sea is a relatively isolated part of the ocean, differing from it in salinity and water temperature, and sometimes in the presence of a current. Yes, salinity Baltic Sea ranges from 3 to 20%o, and Red - more than 40%o.

Bays are less isolated from the ocean, their waters differ little in properties from the waters of those oceans or seas to which they belong.

Historically, some typical seas have been referred to as bays. Such, for example, are the Bengal, the Hudson, the Gulf of Mexico. Some parts of the ocean are called seas conditionally in connection with the peculiarities of their nature. Such, for example, is the Sargasso Sea.

Depending on the geographical position, the seas are divided into mainland(Mediterranean, etc.) and inland(Baltic and others). According to the degree of isolation and features, they distinguish domestic(Black, White, etc.), marginal(Barents, Okhotsk, etc.) and interisland(Javanese, Banda, etc.).

The seas and oceans are interconnected by straits - more or less narrow sections water located between parts of the land. Straits usually have currents. Some straits are very extensive and carry huge masses of water (Drake Strait), others are narrow, winding and shallow (Bosphorus, Strait of Magellan).

In addition to salts, many gases are dissolved in ocean water, including oxygen, which is necessary for the respiration of living organisms. The cold waters of the polar seas contain more oxygen.

Marine animals use carbon dioxide, contained in the waters of the ocean, for the construction of skeletons and shells.

The water temperature in the oceans is not uniform and ranges from 27–28 °C at the equator to -20 °C at polar latitudes.

In temperate latitudes, there are seasonal temperature fluctuations from 0 to +20 °C.

The waters of the polar seas and oceans freeze. Ice sheet boundary runs from the shores of Newfoundland to the western coast of Greenland, then to the shores of Svalbard and the Kola Peninsula. AT pacific ocean this boundary descends to the south and runs from the northern part of the Korean peninsula to the island of Hokkaido and further through the Kuril Islands to the shores of America.

In the Southern Hemisphere, the ice cover rises to 40–45°S. sh.

Motion. The water in the oceans is in constant motion. There are three types of movements: wave, translational and mixed.

wave movements are generated by wind and cover only the surface of the ocean. Under the pressure of the wind in the upper part of the wave, water particles move in the direction of the wave, and in the lower part - in the opposite direction, making their way along circular orbits. For this reason, objects that are on the water and do not have windage do not move horizontally in the direction of the wind, but oscillate in place. It is no coincidence that these waves are called oscillatory.

Each wave has ridge, slope and sole(Fig. 30). The vertical distance between the crest and the sole is called the height, and between the two crests, the wavelength. How stronger wind, the larger the waves. In some cases, they reach a height of up to 20 m and even up to 1 km. Waves fade with depth.

Rice. thirty. wave structure

Under the pressure of the wind, the waves move faster towards the shore than away from the shore, as a result of which their foamy crests move forward, tilt and fall on the shore. Near the rocky shores, the force with which the wave beats against the coastal rocks reaches several tons per 1 m 2.

Underwater earthquakes generate waves tsunami, that cover the entire water column. The length of these waves is very large and amounts to several tens of kilometers. These waves are very gentle, and meeting them in the open ocean is not dangerous. The speed of the tsunami wave reaches 900 km/h. When approaching the coast, as a result of the friction of the wave on the ocean floor, its speed drops, the wave rapidly shortens, but at the same time grows in height, sometimes reaching 30 m. These waves produce devastating destruction in the coastal zone.

The translational movements of huge masses of ocean water lead to the appearance maritime or ocean currents. Such currents occur at different depths, as a result of which the water is mixed.

The main reason for the occurrence of currents is constant winds blowing in one direction. Such currents are called drift (surface). They involve in movement a mass of water up to 300 m deep and several hundred kilometers wide. This giant water stream - a river in the ocean - moves at a speed of 3 to 9-10 km / h. The length of such "rivers" can reach several thousand kilometers. For example, the Gulf Stream, starting in the Gulf of Mexico, has a length of more than 10 thousand km and reaches the island New Earth. This current carries 20 times more water than all rivers the globe taken together.

Among the drift currents of the World Ocean, first of all, we should name the northern and southern trade wind currents, which have a general direction from east to west, caused by trade winds - constant winds blowing towards the equator at a speed of 30–40 km/h. Encountering an obstacle in the form of continents on its way, the currents change their direction of movement and move along the coasts of the continents to the south and north.

The Earth's hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth.

Introduction

The Earth is surrounded by an atmosphere and a hydrosphere, which are noticeably different, but at the same time complement each other.

The hydrosphere arose at the early stages of the formation of the Earth, like the atmosphere, influencing all life processes, the functioning of ecological systems, determining the emergence of many species of animals.

What is the hydrosphere

Hydrosphere translated from Greek means a water sphere or a water shell of the earth's surface. This shell is continuous.

Where is the hydrosphere

The hydrosphere is located between the two atmospheres - the gas shell of the planet Earth, and the lithosphere - a solid shell, which means land.

What is the hydrosphere made of?

The hydrosphere consists of water, which differs in chemical composition and is presented in three different states - solid (ice), liquid, gaseous (vapor).

The composition of the Earth's water shell includes oceans, seas, water bodies that can be salty or fresh (lakes, ponds, rivers), glaciers, fjords, ice caps, snow, rain, atmospheric water, and fluid flowing in living organisms.

The share of seas and oceans in the hydrosphere is 96%, another 2% is groundwater, 2% is glaciers, and 0.02 percent (a very small share) is rivers, swamps and lakes. The mass or volume of the hydrosphere is constantly changing, which is associated with the melting of glaciers and the departure of significant areas of land under water.

The volume of the water shell is 1.5 billion cubic kilometers. The mass will constantly increase, given the number of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Most of the hydrosphere is made up of oceans that form the World Ocean. This is the largest and saltiest body of water on Earth, in which the percentage of salinity reaches 35%.

According to the chemical composition, the waters of the oceans contain all the known elements that are located in the periodic table. The total part of sodium, chlorine, oxygen and hydrogen reaches almost 96%. The oceanic crust consists of basalt and sedimentary layers.

The hydrosphere also includes groundwater, which also differs in chemical composition. Sometimes the salt concentration reaches 600%, and they contain gases and derivatives. The most important of these are oxygen and carbon dioxide, which are consumed by plants in the ocean during the process of photosynthesis. It is necessary for the formation of limestone rocks, corals, shells.

Of great importance for the hydrosphere are fresh waters, part of which in the total volume of the shell is almost 3%, of which 2.15% are stored in glaciers. All components of the hydrosphere are interconnected, being in large or small turns, which allows the water to undergo a process of complete renewal.

The boundaries of the hydrosphere

The waters of the World Ocean cover an area of ​​71% of the Earth, where the average depth is 3800 meters, and the maximum depth is 11022 meters. On the land surface are the so-called continental waters, which provide all the vital activity of the biosphere, water supply, watering and irrigation.

The hydrosphere has a lower and an upper boundary. The lower one runs along the so-called Mohorovichic surface - the earth's crust at the bottom of the ocean. The upper boundary is located in the uppermost layers of the atmosphere.

Functions of the hydrosphere

Water on Earth is essential for people and nature. It manifests itself in the following signs:

• First, water is an important source of minerals and raw materials, since people use water more than coal and oil;
• Secondly, it provides interconnections between ecological systems;
• Thirdly, it acts as a mechanism that transfers bioenergetic ecological cycles of global importance;
• Fourth, it is part of all living beings that live on Earth.

Water becomes the medium of origin for many organisms, and then further development and formations. Without water, the development of land, landscapes, karst and slope rocks is impossible. In addition, the hydrosphere facilitates the transport of chemicals.

• Water vapor acts as a filter against the penetration of radiation rays from the Sun to the Earth;
• Water vapor on land helps to regulate temperature regime and climate;
• The constant dynamics of the movement of ocean waters is maintained;
• A stable and normal circulation is ensured throughout the planet.

• Each part of the hydrosphere is involved in the processes that take place in the Earth's geosphere, which include water in the atmosphere, on land and underground. In the atmosphere itself, in the form of steam, there is more than 12 trillion tons of water. Steam is restored and renewed, thanks to condensation and sublimation, turning into clouds, fog. In this case, a significant amount of energy is released.
• Waters located underground and on land are divided into mineral and thermal, which is used in balneology. In addition, these properties have a recreational effect on both humans and nature.

Lecture 3

The hydrosphere is the water shell of the earth.

Pollution of the hydrosphere.

Sources of pollution of the hydrosphere.

Water quality control methods.

Water protection measures.

Waste water treatment methods.

The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth.

Hydrosphere- the water shell of the Earth, including all waters in liquid, solid and gaseous states.

The hydrosphere includes the waters of the oceans, seas, groundwater and land surface waters. Some water is found in the atmosphere and in living organisms.

Water occupies the predominant part of the Earth's biosphere (71% of the total area of ​​the earth's surface).

The hydrosphere already 4 billion years ago was represented by the following three components: terrestrial (World Ocean, river, soil, lake waters, glaciers), underground (waters of the lithosphere), air (vaporous water of the atmosphere). The hydrosphere includes the following types of water (in brackets, the share of the total volume of water in the hydrosphere,%, according to M.I. Lvovich, 1974):

World Ocean (94.0);

groundwater (4.3);

glaciers (1.7);

land waters (lakes, river waters, soil moisture) (0.03);

atmospheric vapors (0.001).

Water is a part of living matter as an essential component (70–99%). Essentially, living matter is water solution"living" molecules. It is water that keeps them alive. Terrestrial life originated in the aquatic environment, and therefore it can be considered a derivative of water.

Fundamental properties of water:

1. First property hydrosphere - unity and ubiquity"(according to V. I. Vernadsky) natural waters. All waters are interconnected and represent a single whole. This unity of natural waters is determined by:

a) easy transition of water from one phase state to another. Three states are known within the limits of terrestrial temperatures: liquid, solid, and vapor. The plasma state of water exists at high temperatures ah and pressures in the deep parts of the bowels;

b) the constant presence of gas components in the water. Natural water is an aqueous solution (gas, suspended solids, minerals).

2. Second property hydrosphere is determined special structure of the water molecule. The structure and properties of water provide the most favorable conditions for the development of life on Earth. We know from physics that all bodies expand when heated and contract when cooled. Water behaves differently. If it contracted when it turned into ice (cooling), the ice would be heavier than water and sink to the bottom of rivers and lakes. The rivers would be frozen to the bottom, and life in these reservoirs would be impossible. Ice is an insulator that keeps the water below the ice from freezing, which protects all underwater life. If it were not for this property, then the Earth would turn into an ice-bound planet.

The special structure of the water molecule provides manifold structure it when changing external factors(temperature, pressure, chemical composition). In winter, we had to observe the diversity and beauty of ice patterns on the windows, snowflakes, frost on the trees. Just as no two drops of water are exactly alike, so no two types of water are identical in structure.

3. Third property hydrosphere is expressed in its geologically eternal mobility. The movement of water is very diverse and manifests itself in numerous cycles. The main movement of water is the geological cycle of matter. Every second, under the influence of solar heat, millions of cubic meters of water rise up and form clouds. The wind sets the clouds in motion. Under the right conditions, moisture falls in the form of rain or snow. Raindrops have a favorable size for everything earthly and fall quietly, softly. Are all life-friendly coincidences accidental? Thus, water is involved in a kind of cycles of matter and energy. This system was established on Earth with the advent of free water and continues to this day.

Why is there movement? Movement can occur under the action of: a) gravity; b) solar (thermal) energy; c) molecular motion with a change in the phase state.

4. Fourth property hydrosphere is determined by high chemical activity of water. Under the conditions of the earth's crust, there are no natural bodies that would not dissolve to some extent in natural waters. Water in the biosphere plays the role universal solvent, because, interacting with all substances, as a rule, does not enter into chemical reactions. This ensures the exchange of substances between land and ocean, organisms and the environment.

The most important abiotic factors aquatic environment are the following:

1. Density and viscosity.

The density of water is 800 times and the viscosity is about 55 times that of air.

2. Heat capacity.

Water has a high heat capacity, so the ocean is the main receiver and accumulator of solar energy.

3. Mobility.

The constant movement of water masses helps to maintain the relative homogeneity of physical and chemical properties.

4. Temperature stratification.

A change in water temperature is observed along the depth of the water body.

5. Periodic (annual, daily, seasonal) temperature changes

The lowest water temperature is considered to be - 2 ° C, the highest + 35-37 ° C. The dynamics of fluctuations in water temperature is less than that of air.

6. Transparency and turbidity of water.

Determines the light regime under the water surface. The photosynthesis of green bacteria, phytoplankton, higher plants and hence the accumulation of organic matter.

Turbidity and transparency depend on the content of substances suspended in water, including those entering the water bodies along with industrial waste. In this regard, the transparency and content of suspended solids are the most important characteristics of natural and waste waters that are subject to control at an industrial enterprise.

7. Salinity of water.

According to the degree of salinity, all water bodies are conventionally divided into

fresh with salinity less than 0.50/00,

brackish water - salinity ranges from 0.5 - 16 0 / 00,

salty - more than 16 0 / 00.

The salinity of oceanic water bodies is 32 - 38 0 / 00,

Salt lakes have the highest salt content, where the concentration of electrolytes reaches 370 0/00.

Main difference sea ​​water from river salt is that the vast majority of sea salt is chlorides, and in river water dominated carbonic salts. A person uses only fresh water for life support. Of the total water resources on the ground at share of fresh water account for no more than 3%.

8. Dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The excess consumption of oxygen for the respiration of living organisms and for the oxidation of organic and mineral substances entering the water with industrial discharges leads to the depletion of the living population up to the impossibility of living in such water for aerobic organisms.

9. Hydrogen ion concentration (pH).

All hydrobionts have adapted to a certain pH level: some prefer an acidic environment, others prefer an alkaline environment, and still others prefer a neutral one. Changes in these characteristics can lead to the death of hydrobionts.

The water shell of the Earth as a habitat has many other properties that are important for its inhabitants. Water has a rather low content of dissolved oxygen in it. For large animals, whose body size does not allow breathing through the direct penetration of oxygen through the surface of the body, this circumstance has become a leading factor in the evolutionary formation of the principles of the respiratory system that works with high efficiency.[ ...]

The water shell of the earth - the hydrosphere occupies approximately 71% of its surface. In nature, there is a continuous cycle of water.[ ...]

The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, representing the totality of all water bodies on the planet: oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, snow cover, groundwater. The composition of the hydrosphere also includes water in the atmosphere, soil moisture and water of living organisms. In the hydrosphere, the main phase states of water are represented - liquid, solid and gaseous. This is a continuous shell of the Earth, although sometimes invisible, in the case when it is represented only by water vapor or soil moisture.[ ...]

The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth. Due to the high mobility of water, they penetrate everywhere into various natural formations. Water is in the form of vapors and clouds in the earth's atmosphere, forms oceans and seas, exists in the form of glaciers in the highlands of the continents. Atmospheric precipitation penetrates into the strata of sedimentary rocks, forming groundwater. Water is capable of dissolving many substances, so any water in the hydrosphere can be considered as natural solutions. varying degrees concentration. Even the purest atmospheric waters contain 10-50 mg/l of dissolved substances.[ ...]

The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, which includes the World Ocean, land waters (rivers, lakes, glaciers), as well as groundwater.[ ...]

The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth. Water is important integral part all components of the biosphere and one of the necessary factors for the existence of living organisms. The bulk of the water (95%) is contained in the World Ocean, which occupies more than 70% of the surface of the globe; The depth of the World Ocean is on average about 4 kilometers, the greatest is about 11 kilometers. Water is contained in the form of vapors and clouds in the earth's atmosphere, exists in the form of glaciers in a frozen state, atmospheric waters penetrate into the thickness of sedimentary rocks, forming groundwater.[ ...]

The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth. Due to the high mobility, water penetrates everywhere into various natural formations, even the purest atmospheric waters contain from 10 to 50 mg/dm3 of soluble substances. The predominant elements of the chemical composition of the hydrosphere: hydrogen, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, calcium, chlorine, sulfur, carbon. The concentration of this or that element in water does not yet say anything about how important it is for the plant and animal organisms that live in it. In this regard, the leading role belongs to N, P, Si, which are absorbed by living organisms.[ ...]

Hydrosphere - the water shell of the Earth, including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, groundwater and glaciers, snow cover, as well as water vapor in the atmosphere. The Earth's hydrosphere is 94% represented by salt waters of the oceans and seas, more than 75% of all fresh water is conserved in the polar caps of the Arctic and Antarctica (Table 6.1).[ ...]

Hydrosphere - the water shell of the Earth; contains 1.4 billion km3 of water, of which 90 million km3 are land waters. Seas and oceans occupy 71% of the surface of the globe. Fresh water reserves make up less than 2% of water resources. The total annual flow of rivers is 37 thousand km3. The annual runoff of underground rivers is 13 thousand km3. About 3/4 of the world's fresh water reserves are located in the ice of Antarctica, the Arctic, and glacial mountains. About 20% of the world's surface fresh water reserves are concentrated in Lake Baikal. The average salinity of the waters of the World Ocean is 3.5 g / l (in the oceans 48.1015 tons of salt).[ ...]

The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, it includes a set of surface water, as well as water located within the lithosphere and atmosphere. The bulk of surface water is contained in the World Ocean, which occupies 71% of the surface of the globe and includes approximately 96% of the total free water supply. Ocean waters contain a significant amount of salts. The average salinity of ocean water is 3.5%, or 35 g/l. The share of fresh water is 2.5%, but 70% of this water is concentrated in ice sheets.[ ...]

Hydrosphere - the water shell of the Earth, which is a collection of waters of the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, snow cover, groundwater in liquid, solid and gaseous forms.[ ...]

The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, located between the atmosphere and the lithosphere, and is a collection of oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, ponds, swamps, groundwater, glaciers and atmospheric water vapor. The hydrosphere is connected with other elements of the Earth - the atmosphere and the lithosphere. The waters of the earth are in constant motion. The water cycle links together all parts of the hydrosphere, forming a closed system as a whole. Without the hydrosphere, the existence of plants and animals is impossible, since their cells and tissues mainly consist of water. For example, a person consists of 65% water, and his daily physiological norm of water consumption is 1.5 ... 2.6 liters. In addition, an average person needs about 35 liters of water daily to meet hygiene needs.[ ...]

HYDROSPHERE is the water shell of the Earth, which includes the World Ocean, land waters (rivers, lakes, glaciers), groundwater. Water belongs essential role in the history of the development of our planet, since the origin and development of living matter, and, consequently, of the entire biosphere, is associated with it. The hydrosphere is in close relationship with the lithosphere (groundwater), the atmosphere (vaporous water) and living matter, of which it is an essential component. Water in the biosphere acts as a universal solvent, because it interacts with all substances, as a rule, without entering into chemical reactions with them. This enables the transport of solutes, such as the exchange of substances between land and ocean, organisms and the environment. From Table. 4 it can be seen that the vast majority of the hydrosphere (94%) falls on the World Ocean, followed by groundwater and glaciers.[ ...]

The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, which includes the World Ocean, land waters (rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers), groundwater. Water plays an important role in the history of the development of our planet, since the origin and development of living matter, and, consequently, the entire biosphere, is associated with it.[ ...]

The totality of all water bodies of the globe: oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers and snow cover - constitutes the water shell of the Earth - the hydrosphere.[ ...]

The World Ocean is the water shell of the Earth, with the exception of water bodies on land and the glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland, polar archipelagos and mountain peaks. The oceans are divided into four main parts - Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic oceans. The waters of the World Ocean, going into the land, form seas and bays. The seas are relatively isolated parts of the ocean (for example, the Black, Baltic, etc.), and the bays do not protrude into the land as much as the seas, and in terms of the properties of the waters differ little from the World Ocean. In the seas, the salinity of water can be higher than oceanic (35%), as, for example, in the Red Sea, up to 40%, or lower, as in the Baltic Sea, from 3 to 20%.[ ...]

The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, including the resources of the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, ponds, swamps, groundwater. The total amount of water on Earth reaches 1386 million km3, and the area of ​​oceans and seas is 2.5 times more area sushi. Of the total amount of water on Earth, the share of fresh water is slightly more than 2.5%, i.e. for each inhabitant of the Earth they account for about 5.8 million m3. However, less than 30% of these waters are available to humans, since the rest of them are concentrated in ice sheets (about 27 million km3), hidden in underground formations (the volume of underground fresh water is about 100 times the volume of surface water in lakes, rivers, swamps ).[ ...]

Origin of the Earth's geospheres. The age of the planet Earth is about 4.6 billion years. During this time, processes of transformation and movement of matter took place on the Earth, as a result of which the globe was divided into a number of shells, or geological spheres of geospheres). There are various spheres of the Earth: the core, the mantle, the earth's crust, the pedosphere, the lithosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the pedosphere, the bzosphere, the noosphere, etc. The atmosphere (Greek "atmos" - steam) is the air shell of the Earth. Hydrosphere (Greek "hydra" - water) - the water shell of the Earth. Lithosphere (Greek "cast" - stone) - a hard shell of the globe. Pedosfera (lat. "pedis" - leg, foot) - the shell of the Earth, formed by the soil cover. Biosphere (Greek "bios" - life) - the shell of the Earth, transformed by living organisms. Noosphere (Greek "noo" - mind) - the shell of the Earth, transformed by human activity.[ ...]

The hydrosphere is the discontinuous water shell of the Earth. It is located between the atmosphere and the lithosphere and includes all oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, as well as groundwater, ice, snow of polar and high mountain regions. The hydrosphere is divided into surface and underground.[ ...]

The hydrosphere is a discontinuous water shell of the Earth, located between the atmosphere and the earth's crust. It includes the totality of all the waters of the planet: continental (deep, soil, surface), oceanic and atmospheric. The hydrosphere is the cradle of life on our planet. It plays a huge role in shaping natural environment our planet.[ ...]

The World Ocean - a continuous water shell of the Earth surrounding continents and islands - occupies about 70.8% of the earth's surface. Ocean waters are unevenly distributed between the hemispheres: in the Northern hemisphere they cover 66%, and in the Southern - 81% of the surface. By geographical features The World Ocean is divided into four parts, the main morphometric indicators of which are given in Table. 1.3.[ ...]

The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, which includes the World Ocean, land waters (rivers, lakes, glaciers), as well as groundwater. The vast majority of the waters of the hydrosphere falls on the World Ocean (94%), followed by groundwater (4%) and glaciers (1.7%). Water acts as a universal solvent, as it interacts with all substances without entering into chemical reactions with them. Due to this feature, it ensures the exchange of substances dissolved in it between land and the ocean, living organisms and the environment. Water has played and continues to play a significant role in the formation and preservation of life on Earth. The first organisms appeared in water bodies, and only much later did the settlement of living beings begin on the surface of the land. It is also noteworthy that almost all functioning living systems consist mainly of water in the liquid phase: plants contain up to 85-95% of water, in the human body - 57-66%.[ ...]

The hydrosphere is called the water shell of the Earth. It consists of land waters - rivers, swamps, glaciers, groundwater and waters of the oceans.[ ...]

HYDROSPHERE [gr. hydôr water + sphaire ball] the water shell of the Earth is the habitat of hydrobionts, the totality of the oceans, their seas, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, streams, swamps (some scientists also include groundwater of all types, surface and deep). ...]

Hydrosphere (Greek "gidor" - water) - the water shell of the Earth. It is divided into surface and underground.[ ...]

The hydrobiosphere is the global world of water (the water shell of the Earth without groundwater), inhabited by hydrobionts.[ ...]

The hydrosphere is understood as the water shell of the Earth, including the oceans, seas, continental reservoirs and ice sheets of the continents. The hydrosphere is in constant interaction with the atmosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere. All natural waters are a single ecological system.[ ...]

The flow of energy reaching the solid and water shells of the Earth (the lithosphere and hydrosphere) is qualitatively different from that which enters the upper rarefied layers of the atmosphere. From all ultraviolet radiation, only hundredths and thousandths of calories per 1 cmg per minute fall on the earth's surface, and here rays with a wavelength of 2800-2900 A are not detected at all, while at an altitude of 50-100 km ultraviolet radiation still contains the entire range waves, including the shortest ones.[ ...]

Initially, the hydrosphere was understood as the water shell of the Earth, consisting of oceans, seas, lakes and rivers, as well as the ice shells of the continents. Later, underground gravitational (free) waters of reservoir horizons began to be included in the hydrosphere. The lower boundary of the underground hydrosphere was drawn along the deepest aquifers.[ ...]

The totality of the waters of the globe; water shell of the Earth.[ ...]

The process of dispersion in the geographic shell of the substance of the Earth's water shell is active. It is the most important supplier of water vapor to the air troposphere. Water vapor is an essential component of tropospheric air; as is known, it does not exist only in an ideal (theoretical) atmosphere that does not exist in nature. The distribution of water vapor and its derivatives with height justifies the previously adopted term dispersion. If the water vapor content near the earth's surface varies on average from 0.2% by volume in polar countries to 2.5% near the equator, then already at a height of 1.5-2 km it drops by half, and at a height of 10-12 km - 100 times.[ ...]

The global water cycle, linking the water shell of the Earth, scattered in the air troposphere, and the hydrosphere buried in the earth's crust, serves as convincing evidence of the unity of the geographical shell. All structural parts of the geographic envelope are involved in the cycle, including the biostrome (absorption of water by vegetation followed by transpiration). One of the sides of the global water cycle is of exceptional importance for human life. In the process of circulation, and only thanks to it, there is a rapid renewal of fresh water resources. This is a gigantic in scale, continuously operating natural water desalination plant. The degree of desalination depends on the activity of water exchange. The more active water exchange, the less mineralization of water. The greatest mineralization is inherent in dead-end, according to M. I. Lvovich, links of moisture circulation (the Ocean, deep underground waters, drainless lakes of a closed part of the land). The exception is the polar glaciers - the conserved hydrosphere.[ ...]

The hydrosphere, as noted above, is the discontinuous water shell of the Earth, the totality of oceans, seas, continental waters (including groundwater) and ice sheets. Seas and oceans occupy about 71% of the earth's surface, they contain about 1.4 10 km3 of water, which is 96.5% of the total volume of the hydrosphere. The total area of ​​all inland water bodies of land is less than 3% of its area. Glaciers account for 1.6% of water reserves in the hydrosphere, and their area is about 10% of the area of ​​the continents.[ ...]

Characteristics of hydroresources and wastewater. The hydrosphere is called the water shell of the Earth. This is a collection of oceans, seas, lakes, ponds, swamps and groundwater. The hydrosphere is the thinnest shell of our planet, it makes up only 10 3% of the total mass of the planet.[ ...]

Oxygen is the most common chemical element on Earth. Bound oxygen makes up about 6/7 of the mass of the Earth's water shell. The hydrosphere contains 85.82% oxygen by mass, the lithosphere 47%, and in the atmosphere oxygen is in a free state and amounts to 23.15%.[ ...]

The study of the physical properties of natural water as a liquid and the physical processes occurring in the water shell of the Earth and its objects is carried out by hydrophysics - a branch of geophysics. The study of the composition and chemical properties of natural waters and their changes in time and space is the content of the geochemistry - hydrochemistry section.[ ...]

Modern life distributed in the upper part of the earth's crust (lithosphere), in the lower layers air shell Earth (atmosphere) and in the water shell of the Earth (hydrosphere), fig. 5.1.[ ...]

The scattered and buried hydrosphere constitute an inseparable whole of the corresponding structural part of the geographic shell - the earth's crust and the air troposphere. Therefore, they are not considered here. The water shell of the Earth consists of the World Ocean, lakes, rivers, glaciers, multi-year ice. Rivers, lakes, glaciers and multi-year ice are included in the structural fabric of the Earth's landscape sphere, separating in it in the rank of departments and classes of complexes. Their characterization is given in Chap. The World Ocean is subject to further consideration in this chapter.[ ...]

At present, work on the organization of irrigated agriculture for growing perennial grasses and vegetables in the steppe zone continues, but small irrigated fields with an area of ​​tens (not more than 200-300) hectares are being created, water intake is carried out from artificial reservoirs where spring snow water accumulates. Watering from lakes is prohibited, where interference with the hydrological regime is especially dangerous, as it can lead to irreversible changes in their ecosystems (for example, to the disappearance of fish and blooming of water, i.e., the massive development of cyanobacteria, etc.). HYDROSPHERE (G.) - the water shell of the Earth, including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers. The structure of the G. of the Earth is shown in Table. 16. G. is 94% represented by the salty waters of the oceans and seas, and the contribution of rivers to the planet's water budget is 10 times less than the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.

The water shell of the Earth is called the hydrosphere. It includes all water on the planet, and not only in liquid, but also in solid and gaseous states. How was the Earth's water shell formed? How is it distributed on the planet? What does it matter?

Hydrosphere

When the Earth was first formed, there was no water on it. Four billion years ago, our planet was a huge spherical molten body. There is a theory that water appeared at the same time as the planet. In the form of small ice crystals, it was present in the gas and dust cloud from which the Earth was formed.

According to another version, falling comets and asteroids “delivered” water to us. It has long been known that comets are ice blocks with impurities of methane and ammonia.

Under the influence of high temperatures, the ice melted and turned into water and steam, from which the water shell of the Earth was formed. It is called the hydrosphere and is one of the geospheres. Its main amount is distributed between the lithosphere and the atmosphere. It includes absolutely all the water of the planet in any state of aggregation, including glaciers, lakes, seas, oceans, rivers, water vapor, etc.

The water shell covers most of the earth's surface. It is solid, but not continuous, as it is interrupted by land areas. The volume of the hydrosphere is 1400 million cubic meters. Part of the water is contained in the atmosphere (steam) and the lithosphere (sedimentary cover water).

World Ocean

The hydrosphere, the water shell of the Earth, is 96% represented by the World Ocean. Its salty waters wash all the islands and continents. Continental land divides it into four large parts, which are called oceans:

• Quiet.
• Atlantic.
• Indian.
• Arctic.

In some classifications, the fifth Southern Ocean is distinguished. Each of them has its own level of salinity, vegetation, fauna, as well as individual characteristics. For example, the Arctic Ocean is the coldest of all. Its central part all year round covered with ice.

The Pacific Ocean is the largest. Along its edges is the Ring of Fire - an area where 328 active volcanoes of the planet are located. The second largest is the Atlantic Ocean, its waters are the most saline. The third largest is the Indian Ocean.

Large areas of the World Ocean form seas, bays and straits. The seas are usually isolated by land and differ in climatic and hydrological conditions. Bays are more open bodies of water. They cut deep into the continents and are divided into harbors, lagoons and bays. Straits are long and not too wide objects located between two land areas.

Land waters

The water shell of the Earth also includes waters, lakes, swamps, ponds and glaciers. They make up slightly more than 3.5% of the hydrosphere. At the same time, they contain 99% of the planet's fresh water. The most massive "bank" drinking water are glaciers. Their area is 16 million square meters. km.

Rivers are constant streams that flow in small depressions - channels. They are fed by rain, groundwater, melted glaciers and snow. Rivers flow into lakes and seas, saturating them with fresh water.

Lakes do not connect directly to the ocean. They form in natural depressions and often do not communicate with other water bodies. Some of them are filled only due to rainfall, and may disappear during periods of drought. Unlike rivers, lakes are not only fresh, but also salty.

The groundwater are in the earth's crust. They exist in liquid, gaseous and solid states. These waters are formed due to the seepage of rivers and precipitation into the Earth. They move both horizontally and vertically, and the speed of this process depends on the properties of the rocks in which they flow.

The water cycle

The water shell of the Earth is not static. Its components are constantly in motion. They move in the atmosphere, on the surface of the planet and in its thickness, participating in the water cycle in nature. Its total amount does not change.

The cycle is a closed repetitive process. It begins with the evaporation of fresh water from land and upper layers ocean. So, it enters the atmosphere and is contained in it in the form of water vapor. Wind currents carry it to other regions of the planet, where the vapor falls as liquid or solid precipitation.

Part of the precipitation remains on the glaciers or lingers for several months on the tops of the mountains. The other part seeps into the ground or evaporates again. Groundwater fills streams, rivers that flow into the oceans. Thus, the circle is closed.

Precipitation also falls over But the seas and oceans give off much more moisture than they receive with rain. Sushi is the opposite. With the help of the cycle, the water composition of lakes can be completely renewed in 20 years, the composition of the oceans - only after 3,000 years.

The value of the water shell of the Earth

The role of the hydrosphere is invaluable. At least due to the fact that it became the cause of the origin of life on our planet. Many living beings live in water and cannot exist without it. Every organism contains about 50% water. With its help, the metabolism and energy in living cells is carried out.

The water shell of the Earth is involved in the formation of climate and weather. The world's oceans have a much greater heat capacity than land. It is a huge "battery" that warms the atmosphere of the planet.

A person uses the components of the hydrosphere in economic activities and everyday life. fresh water drink, use in the house for washing, cleaning and cooking. It is used as a source of electricity, as well as for medicinal and other purposes.

Conclusion

The water shell of the Earth is the hydrosphere. It includes absolutely all the water on our planet. The hydrosphere was formed billions of years ago. According to scientists, it was in it that life on Earth originated.

The shell components are oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, glaciers, etc. Less than three percent of their waters are fresh and drinkable. The rest of the water is salty. The hydrosphere forms climatic conditions, participates in the formation of relief and the maintenance of life on the planet. Its waters constantly circulate, participating in the cycle of substances in nature.