The Green Revolution was widespread in. Agriculture and its economic features. "Green revolution" and its main directions
One of the problems of human society at the present stage development is the need to increase production food products... This is due to the increase in the population of the planet and the depletion of its soil resources.
The temporary positive results of increasing the production of grain crops were achieved in the third quarter of the XX century. They were achieved in countries where energy consumption increased significantly, progressive forms of agricultural technology were used, and mineral fertilizers were used. The harvests of wheat, rice and corn increased. New high-yielding plant varieties were developed. The so-called green revolution has taken place. This revolution has not affected countries that lack the necessary resources.
« Green revolution»Took place both on traditionally used agricultural areas and on newly developed ones. Agrocenoses created by man for the purpose of obtaining agricultural products have low ecological reliability. Such ecosystems cannot self-repair and self-regulate.
The green revolution has had a major impact on the planet's biosphere. Energy production was inevitably accompanied by air and water pollution. Agro-technical measures applied to soil cultivation have led to soil impoverishment and degradation. Usage mineral fertilizers and pesticides contributed to the atmospheric and river anthropogenic influx of nitrogen compounds, heavy metals, organochlorine compounds into the waters of the World Ocean.
Wide application organic fertilizers became possible due to an increase in the volume of their production.
Facilities for the production and storage of fertilizers and pesticides have made a significant contribution to the collection of biosphere pollution.
The Green Revolution has arisen as a result of the explosive growth of industry and the development of science.
During the "green revolution" were mastered large areas virgin lands. High yields have been gathered for several years. But "nothing is given for free" according to one of the provisions of B. Commoner. Today, many of these territories are depleted, endless fields. It will take centuries to restore these ecosystems.
The increase in the productivity of ecosystems by humans has led to an increase in the costs of maintaining them in a stable state. But there is a limit to such an increase until the moment when it becomes economically unprofitable.
As a result of the "green revolution", humanity has added environmental global problems.
| Previous materials: |
29. The Green Revolution and its Consequences
One of the problems of human society at the present stage of development is the need to increase the production of food products. This is due to the increase in the population of the planet and the depletion of its soil resources.
The temporary positive results of increasing the production of grain crops were achieved in the third quarter of the XX century. They were achieved in countries where energy consumption increased significantly, progressive forms of agricultural technology were used, and mineral fertilizers were used. The harvests of wheat, rice and corn increased. New high-yielding plant varieties were developed. The so-called green revolution has taken place. This revolution has not affected countries that lack the necessary resources.
« Green revolution»Took place both on traditionally used agricultural areas and on newly developed ones. Agrocenoses created by man for the purpose of obtaining agricultural products have low ecological reliability. Such ecosystems cannot self-repair and self-regulate. The green revolution has had a major impact on the planet's biosphere. Energy production was inevitably accompanied by air and water pollution. Agro-technical measures applied to soil cultivation have led to soil impoverishment and degradation. The use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides contributed to the atmospheric and river anthropogenic influx of nitrogen compounds, heavy metals, organochlorine compounds into the waters of the World Ocean. The widespread use of organic fertilizers has become possible due to the increase in their production.
Facilities for the production and storage of fertilizers and pesticides have made a significant contribution to the collection of biosphere pollution.
The Green Revolution has arisen as a result of the explosive growth of industry and the development of science.
During the Green Revolution, large areas of virgin lands were developed. High yields have been gathered for several years. But "nothing is given for free" according to one of the provisions of B. Commoner. Today, many of these territories are depleted, endless fields. It will take centuries to restore these ecosystems.
The increase in the productivity of ecosystems by humans has led to an increase in the costs of maintaining them in a stable state. But there is a limit to such an increase until the moment when it becomes economically unprofitable.
As a result of the "green revolution", humanity has added environmental global problems.
30. Significance and ecological role of the use of fertilizers and pesticides
Fertilizer property to increase soil fertility and productivity of cultivated plants grown by man has been known since ancient times. For many millennia, composts, bird droppings, humus, and manure have been used as fertilizers. The enrichment of the soil with substances necessary for agricultural crops is achieved as a result of plowing green legumes(peas, alfalfa) grown locally. The listed fertilizers are organic.
The characteristics of the soil can be improved by the use of mineral (chemical) fertilizers, which contain a large amount of one or more of the main nutrients of plants, microelements (manganese, copper, etc.). With the help of mineral fertilizers, you can maintain the balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium in the soil. If it is necessary to correct the pH value, lime or gypsum is introduced into the soil. Cultures of microorganisms and bacteria are used today as fertilizers, converting organic and mineral substances into a form that is easily assimilated by plants. Pesticides are used by humans to protect plants, agricultural products, wood, wool, cotton, leather, as a barrier to pests and to control disease vectors. Pesticides - chemical substances, the use of which inevitably has a negative impact on humans and the natural environment. The use of herbicides and pesticides causes the death of a number of soil organisms, a change in the soil-forming process. The use of pesticides should be carried out in compliance with the norms and purpose. Some organochlorine pesticides, in particular DDT, are prohibited for use. Chlordane, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexane and lindane, toxaphene, mirex are used as pesticides. Most of these substances are fat-soluble and accumulate in the fatty tissues of the body of animals and humans, affect reproductive function, cause cancer, changes in the nervous system. Pesticides penetrate deeply into the soil - up to 70115 cm.It should be noted that pesticides migrate in the arable horizon to a depth of 200 cm.Pesticides get into the horizons groundwater, which in the places of unloading carry contamination into the surface water bodies... At present, many agricultural crops that are the basis of the most important food products - cereals, oilseeds, vegetables, roots and tubers - are contaminated with organochlorine pesticides.
As you know, the 70s were extremely unfavorable for most developing countries- they survived the fuel and energy crisis, large-scale natural disasters, deterioration in the terms of foreign trade, etc.
The aggravation of the food situation became part of these problems. Net imports of food (i.e. imports minus exports) increased from 15 million tons on average in 1966-1970 to 35 million tons in 1976-1979. The crisis in agriculture has significantly accelerated the development of the green revolution in the 70s and 90s.
The term "green revolution" itself was first used in 1968 by V. Goud, director of the US Agency for international development... With this phrase, he characterized the already visible significant changes in agriculture Mexico and Asia. And they began with a program adopted in the early 1940s by the Mexican government and the Rockefeller Foundation.
The green revolution is a transition from extensive farming, when the size of fields was increased to intensive - when yields were increased, all kinds of new technologies were actively used. This is the transformation of agriculture based on modern agricultural technology. This is the introduction of new varieties of crops and new methods leading to higher yields.
Agricultural development programs in food-poor countries have the following main objectives:
developing new varieties with higher yields that would be resistant to pests and weather events;
development and improvement of irrigation systems;
increased use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, as well as modern agricultural machinery .
"Green Revolution" is associated with the name of the American scientist, who received in 1970 Nobel prize for his contribution to solving the food problem. This is Norman Ernest Borlaug. He has been developing new varieties of wheat since the beginning of the new agricultural program in Mexico.
As a result of his work, a lodging resistant variety with a short stem was obtained, and the yield in this country increased 3 times in the first 15 years.
Later, the experience of growing new varieties was adopted by other countries of Latin America, India, Asian countries, Pakistan. Borlaug, who was said to have “fed the world,” led the International Wheat Improvement Program, and later acted as a consultant and taught.
Speaking about the changes brought about by the "green revolution", the scientist who stood at its origins said that this was only a temporary victory, and recognized both the presence of problems in the implementation of programs to increase food production in the world, and the obvious environmental damage to the planet.
2. The results of the green revolution
Norman Borlaug developed the Mexicale wheat variety, which yielded three times the yield of the older varieties. Following Borlaug, other breeders began to develop high-yielding varieties of corn, soybeans, cotton, rice and other crops.
Together with these record-breaking varieties, new intensive soil cultivation systems with a seam turnover, high doses of fertilizers, irrigation, a wide variety of pesticides and monoculture were introduced, i.e. growing the same crop in the same field for many years .
Highly productive animals also appeared, to maintain their health, not only abundant food was needed, but also vitamins, antibiotics, and growth stimulants for rapid weight gain. The first green revolution was particularly successful in the tropics, as the income from new varieties was especially high when growing plants year-round.
The green revolution developed under the influence of both the increased return on investment in the new agro-industrial complex and the large-scale activities of the state.
It created the necessary additional infrastructure, organized the procurement system and, as a rule, maintained high procurement prices - in contrast to the initial stage of modernization in the 50s and 60s. .
As a result, in 1980-2000 in Asia the average annual growth rate of agricultural (mainly food) production reached 3.5%.
Since these rates exceeded natural population growth, in most countries this helped to solve the food problem.
At the same time, the green revolution developed unevenly and did not immediately make it possible to solve agrarian problems in general, they are still acute in a number of lagging states.
The crisis of the agrarian civilization and genetically modified organisms Valery Glazko
"Green revolution"
"Green revolution"
The precursor to the biotechnological revolution based on gene-chromosome manipulation in plants was the green revolution. It ended 30 years ago and for the first time gave impressive results: the productivity of cereals and legumes almost doubled.
The expression "green revolution" was used for the first time in 1968 by the director of the United States Agency for International Development V. Goud, trying to describe the breakthrough achieved in food production on the planet due to the widespread distribution of new high-yielding and low-growing varieties of wheat and rice in Asian countries that suffered from a shortage food. Many journalists then sought to describe the "green revolution" as a massive transfer advanced technologies developed in the most developed and consistently high yields of agricultural systems, on the fields of peasants in the countries of the "third world". She marked the beginning new era the development of agriculture on the planet, an era in which agricultural science was able to offer a number of improved technologies in accordance with specific conditions typical for farms in developing countries. This required the introduction of large doses of mineral fertilizers and ameliorants, the use of a full range of pesticides and means of mechanization, as a result of which there was an exponential increase in the cost of exhaustible resources for each additional unit of the crop, including food calorie.
This was achieved thanks to the transfer of target genes into the created varieties in order to increase the strength of the stem by shortening it, to achieve neutrality to the light period to expand the cultivation area and efficient utilization of minerals, especially nitrogen fertilizers... The transfer of selected genes, albeit within species, using traditional hybridization techniques, can be seen as a prototype of transgenesis.
The ideologue of the Green Revolution, Norman Borlaug, who received the Nobel Prize for its results in 1970, warned that increasing yields traditional methods can provide food for 6-7 billion people. The preservation of demographic growth requires new technologies in the creation of highly productive varieties of plants, animal breeds and strains of microorganisms. In an address to the Genetic Engineering Forum held in March 2000 in Bangkok, Thailand, Borlaug stated that "either already developed or we are in the final stages of developing technologies that will feed a population of more than 10 billion people."
The work begun by N. Borlaug and his colleagues in Mexico in 1944 demonstrated exclusively high efficiency targeted selection to create high-yielding varieties of agricultural plants. Already by the end of the 60s, the widespread distribution of new varieties of wheat and rice allowed many countries of the world (Mexico, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Bangladesh, the Philippines, etc.) to increase the yield of these important crops by 2-3 times or more. However, they soon discovered negative sides The "green revolution", caused by the fact that it was mainly technological, not biological. Replacement of genetically diverse local varieties with new high-yielding varieties and hybrids with high degree nuclear and cytoplasmic homogeneity significantly increased the biological vulnerability of agrocenoses, which was the inevitable result of the impoverishment of the species composition and genetic diversity of agroecosystems. The massive spread of harmful species, as a rule, was facilitated by high doses of nitrogen fertilizers, irrigation, thickening of crops, the transition to monoculture, minimal and no tillage systems, etc.
Comparison of the "green revolution" with the ongoing biotechnological revolution was carried out in order to show that socially significant component that underlies all gene-chromosomal manipulations. It is on how to provide the world's population with food, create more effective medicine, and optimize environmental conditions.
Modern varieties allow you to increase the average yield due to more effective ways growing plants and caring for them, due to their greater resistance to insect pests and major diseases. However, they only allow you to get a noticeably larger yield when they are provided with proper care, the implementation of agricultural techniques in accordance with the calendar and the stage of plant development (fertilization, watering, soil moisture control and pest control). All these procedures remain absolutely necessary for those received in last years transgenic varieties.
Moreover, radical changes in the care of plants, an increase in the culture of crop production become simply necessary if farmers begin to cultivate modern high-yielding varieties. Say fertilization and regular watering, which are so necessary to obtain high yields, at the same time create favorable conditions for the development of weeds, insect pests and a number of common plant diseases. When introducing new varieties, it is necessary additional measures to combat weeds, pests and diseases, the dependence of the productivity of agroecosystems on technogenic factors is increasing, processes are accelerating and the scale of pollution and destruction environment.
Despite the significant successes of the Green Revolution, the battle for food security for hundreds of millions of people in the poorest countries is far from over.
From the book Moral Animal author Wright RobertA Quiet Revolution Today, a new generation of Darwinian social scientists are battling a doctrine that has dominated the social sciences for most of this century. Her idea is that biology doesn't really matter, that a uniquely educated
From the book Seeds of Destruction. The secret background of genetic manipulation the author Engdahl William FrederickThe Green Revolution Opens the Door The Rockefeller Green Revolution began in Mexico and spread throughout Latin America in the 1950s and 1960s. Shortly thereafter, it was rolled out in India and other regions of Asia with the support of the John D.
From the book Our Posthuman Future [Consequences of the Biotechnological Revolution] the author Fukuyama FrancisChapter 9: The World Food Revolution Begins Argentina Becomes First Guinea Pig By the late 1980s, a network of committed and genetically educated molecular biologists had grown stronger. Giant Rockefeller
From the book Brain and Soul [How Nervous Activity Shapes Our inner world] by Frith ChrisThe Rockefeller Land Revolution in Argentina By the mid-1990s, the Menem government began to restructure Argentina's traditional productive agriculture to cultivate monoculture with a focus on global exports. The script was again
From the book Earth in Bloom the author Safonov Vadim AndreevichA revolution in cognitive neuroscience The first path to the future is not about technology at all, but about the accumulation of knowledge about genetics and behavior. Many of the foreseeable benefits of the Human Genome Project are not related to the possibility of genetic engineering, but to genomics - that is,
From the book The Story of an Accident [or The Origin of Man] the author Vishnyatsky Leonid BorisovichThe Information Revolution The main components of the brain were discovered by neurophysiologists at the end of the 19th century. The fine structure of the brain was established by examining thin sections of brain tissue under a microscope. These sections were stained in various ways to see
From the book Journey to the Land of Microbes the author Betina VladimirBATTLEFIELD. THE GREEN LAND IS OUR NEIGHBORS We live in the middle of the Green Country. This country is unimaginably large. Its inhabitants constantly surround us; we trample them on poorly cleaned paths. Annoyingly, we throw it away along with the stale bread crust, covered with bluish
From the book Treasures of the animal world the author Sanderson Ivan TGREEN COUNTRY CHANGES BORDERS
From the book Reading Between the Lines of DNA [The Second Code of Our Life, or The Book That Everyone Should Read] author Spork Peter From the book The Universe Within Us [What Stones, Planets and People Have in Common] author Shubin NilA medical revolution In order for an antibiotic to be used as medicine, it must satisfy many requirements: act only on pathogens, be stable, easily assimilated by the body, and after fulfilling its
From the book In the footsteps of the past the author Yakovleva Irina NikolaevnaMeeting with bush-eared pigs. Green mamba. Ants. Other biting creatures (horseflies and gadflies) The world of the great forests - true paradise for those who are not afraid to take the trouble to unravel its secrets. Among the solid mass of greenery surrounding on all sides, I always felt
From the book Virolution. The Most Important Book on Evolution Since The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins by Ryan FrankForeword. Revolution! If we were computers, our genes would make up the hardware. It would be natural to assume the existence of software- it is him that epigenetics have been trying to decipher for several years now - yes, not genetics, namely
From the book Tunnel of Ego the author Metzinger ThomasRevolution Stafford is located in the center of Kansas, a little closer to the southern border. Its population does not exceed a thousand families, and the school is so small that soccer teams make up just eight players. At the beginning of the 20th century, members of the Newell family were known in the city as
From the author's bookChapter II SKELETAL REVOLUTION Do you often have to give exact dates, like: "Do you remember how June 6, 1975 ..."? Probably not often. Each family has its own time count, its own chronology. When they say: “It was when we returned from the camp, but had not yet moved to a new
From the author's book14. The Coming Revolution The importance of the epigenome in the pathogenesis of common human diseases is likely as significant as the role of mutations. A. G. Wilson Blue-headed wrasse lives on coral reefs Caribbean... Daring and aggressive males
From the author's bookPart Three The Revolution of Consciousness
The concept of the Green Revolution became widespread in the 60s of the XX century. It was at this time that in developing countries, following the economically developed countries, reforms began in agriculture. The Green Revolution is the transformation of agriculture based on modern agricultural technology. It is one of the forms of manifestation of scientific and technological revolution. The "Green Revolution" includes the following main components: the development of new early ripening varieties of grain crops, which contribute to a sharp increase in yields and open up the possibility of using further crops; irrigation of land, as new varieties can show their best qualities only under the condition of artificial irrigation; wide application modern technology, fertilizers. As a result of the Green Revolution, many developing countries began to meet their needs through own production agricultural products. Thanks to the Green Revolution, grain yields have doubled. However, it should be noted that the "green revolution" has become widespread in Mexico, the countries of the South and South-East Asia, but did little to affect many other regions. In addition, it only touched the land owned by large landowners and foreign companies, making almost nothing in the traditional consumer sector.
TICKET # 8
Question 1 What are the main regularities in the distribution of fuel resources? Give examples.
The fuel industry is a collection of industries fuel industry, electricity, fuel and energy delivery vehicles. Over the past two centuries, the world fuel and energy industry has gone through two main stages in its development. The first stage (XIX - first half of XX century) was coal, when coal was sharply dominated in the structure of the world fuel and energy balance. The second stage was oil and gas. Oil and gas have proven to be more efficient energy carriers than solid fuels. In the 80s. world energy has entered the third (transitional) stage of its development, where the transition from the use of predominantly exhaustible mineral fuel resources to inexhaustible resources is taking place. The oil, gas and coal industries are the backbone of the world energy industry. Oil is produced in 80 countries of the world, but the main role are playing Saudi Arabia, USA, Russia, Iran, Mexico, China, Venezuela, UAE, Norway, Canada, Great Britain, Nigeria. 40% of all produced oil goes to international trade. In the world economy, a huge territorial gap was formed between the regions of its production and consumption, which contributed to the emergence of powerful traffic flows. The main areas of oil production are the basins of the Persian Gulf, West Siberian, Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. Natural gas is the cheapest and most environmentally friendly fuel. The leader in world gas production is Russia, where the largest basin, Western Siberia, is located. The largest gas producing country is the United States, followed by Canada, Turkmenistan, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Unlike oil producing countries, the main gas producing countries are the developed countries Europe and North America. By reserves natural gas two regions are distinguished: the CIS (Western Siberia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) and the Middle East (Iran). The main gas exporters are Russia, which supplies gas to Vostochnaya and Western Europe; Canada and Mexico, which supply gas to the United States; The Netherlands and Norway, supplying gas to Western Europe; Algeria, which supplies gas to Western Europe and the United States; Indonesia, Middle East countries, Australia, exporting gas to Japan. Gas transportation is provided in two ways: main gas pipelines and with the help of gas tankers when transporting liquefied gas.
The development of the coal industry in the era of cheap oil slowed down, but after the crisis of the 70s. acceleration came again. The main coal mining countries are developed countries: China, USA, Germany, Russia, Poland, Australia, India, South Africa. In Russia, in recent years, coal production has dropped sharply, while in the PRC and the United States, the coal industry is developing dynamically. In terms of explored coal reserves, developed countries are also in the lead: the USA, the CIS (Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan), then China, Germany, Great Britain, Australia, South Africa. Most of the coal is consumed in the same countries where it is mined, so only 8% of the world market goes to. But there have been changes in the trade structure - the demand for coking coal is falling due to the slowdown in the development of metallurgy, and the demand for thermal coal is growing. The main coal exporters are the USA, Australia, to a lesser extent South Africa, Russia, Poland, Canada. The main importers of coal are Japan, the Republic of Korea and a number of European countries.
