What are the main differences between the Russian language from English? Comparative analysis of two cultures of England and Russia.
Anastasia Ovchinnikova
The interaction of Russians and the British, like many other nations, is happening with some complications.
To begin with, it is worth saying the attitude of Russians and the British to each other. As A. V. Pavlovskaya writes in the book "England and the British": "The Russian attitude of the British as a whole is a friendly ... Standard reaction to the message that you are Russian, - the phrase about the weather. That is, the British are generally always known, they talk about the weather, but in combination with our country it is inevitable the topic of the cold. If you travel in the summer, then there will be no limit to the surprise of the interlocutor when in response to the question about the weather in Russia he will hear that it is now hot there. If you are asked about the weather in winter, then make a companion pleasant, write a real Russian winter, even if at home at this time is familiar winter slush ...
But still, some concerns of the Russians are called: there is a television here, telling all the time about our crime, and our own modern art films, chanting the immortal mafia, and sometimes the behavior of our compatriots who have frightened the air.
The Russian national nature is characterized by increased interest, curiosity and goodwill both to foreigners in general and the British in particular. Accordingly, the words foreign and a foreigner do not have a kernel (that is, originally inherent independently of the context) of negative connotations, rather, on the contrary. These are words that are exciting interest and increased attention, configuring something new, exciting, unknown to the perception. The British is one of the most respected nations for the Russians. Perhaps this is due to the British rendered from the literature and films. And even after personal contact, despite all the oddities of the British, the Russians still perceive them positively. English words Foreign and Foreigner are usually used in negative contexts. In the illustrative phraseology of English dictionaries Foreigner (a foreigner) appears in clearly indulgent light.
An important problem with which you encounter, getting into someone else's country, is the problem of language. Actually, it is not central. To obtain pleasure from staying in another country, other factors, such as a mood, are much more important. If he is positive, if you firmly decided that you will be fine, then it will most likely it will be. It is very important to know the knowledge and understanding of another culture, the desire to understand, accept and even forgive those cases that come against your ideas about the beautiful. It is enough to agree that someone else does not mean bad, which means it is just another so that life abroad becomes much easier.
Without a language in another country, it is quite possible to do. There is a language of facial expressions and gestures. But, of course, knowledge of the language helps a lot and makes your life another. You see more, you know more, fear less, feel calmer. With English, the problem is that even a little, but almost everyone knows, but they understand a few. Start with the fact that the English to which we always taught us, the so-called Royal English (in the most England it is called BBC English or Oxford English) is mostly suitable for a conversation with the queen. In order to learn how to live English, you need to communicate with the speaker of the language or England or in Russia. Educational tourism, just haunted this goal: so that people practiced language knowledge in the native speaker country. There is another complexity with which many tourists will agree: often a foreigner who spells in English unfortunately, to understand much easier than the indigenous Englishman. In addition, English on a small-scale island has a huge number of dialects, accents and options, first of all phonetic.
Interestingly, the younger generation that has grown more relaxed and cosmopolitan, as a rule, does not have great difficulties when using their own, let the most scanty, knowledge. But the older, even having studied all the rules of grammar and phonetics, very often can not reveal the mouth and is completely unable to communicate. What once proves that the problem is not in knowledge here, but in psychology.
As advises A.V. Pavlovskaya: "If you want to understand you, firstly, type cereals in your mouth and do not pronounce clear sounds - we will look like a joke, although this impression often occurs when I first communicate with the British. Long use facial expressions and gestures, in England it is true, not accepted, but it can help you find the road or, like Figaro and Lefters, have lunch. And most importantly, relax, do not worry, do not be afraid to make a mistake: the British are very indulgent to foreigners and will try to understand you anyway, and if it suddenly succeeds, they will certainly be surprised what good English you have. " Unlike the British, Russians are, perhaps, the only nation that laughs at the attempts of foreigners speak Russian.
Since the most popular accommodation is so-called. "Host Families), then it is worth mentioning the features of life in the English family.
Life in the family is an integral part of the curriculum. The family is usually carefully chosen by the school administration or a company in many parameters. Usually, the accompanying group or sales manager explain to tourists that the English family will differ in many cultural parameters, such as the absence of a shower, other food and pets in the house. Family in England can be called as a family consisting of a husband, wives, sometimes and children, or from a lonely woman or a man. Sometimes pets pay more attention than children. That is, even to their children, the British are pretty cool. Therefore, you should not wait for a welcoming reception when you enter them into the house.
Emergencies of the centuries Russian people were famous for their hospitality and hospitality. In any house and family, the Russians were welcoming and accepting acquaintances and unfamiliar people, they give overnight, treat everyone than only can. 80% of the British belong to foreign students in their house quite clearly - shelter, food, a small conversation for dinner. On this, all communication is terminated. The British are characterized by love for silence and solitude, the desire does not interfere in the affairs of others.
At the same time, there will be fewer conflicts if you keep the family aware of your movements.
Food in the family is most often the problem, since the opinions about the taste and nutrition of products we diverge. The problem can be solved by a simple conversation with the family. Usually, if the request does not go beyond politeness, the family perceives it.
On the first day of arrival, students are usually writing a test to determine the level of language. A very big mistake of our students is to write off. In England, and in many other countries, it is categorically prohibited. Cheating is one of the bright examples of collectivist culture. In individualistic culture for chosenness can be seriously punished.
A smile playing a big role in communicating with the British. One of strange features Representatives of Russian culture in the eyes of the West are darkness, irresistible, no smile. Nowadays, when international contacts are becoming increasingly massive and intense (both sides are catching up for decades of isolation), the smile problem unexpectedly rose particularly acute.
Russians do not smile (and hence already "gloomy dicaries", aggressive from nature, etc.), They An Unsmiling Nation (they are unrelated) and therefore you need to be with them: from these gloomy types you can expect anything. No matter how funny for the Russians, but Furior, produced by M. S. Gorbachev in England in December 1984, from which his "triumphal march" began in the Western world, was called, in particular, a pleasant surprise - a smiling Soviet ruler of high rank.
So, the claimant of the West to the "Mysterious Russian Soul": why not smiling? Thousands of foreign tourists, especially from English-speaking countries, leaving from Russia and enthusiastically opposing what they saw, complained at the end: But only why people on the street are gloomy, why not smile?
On the contrary, Russian people, hitting the English-speaking world, are perplexed about the smile.
In the Western world, in general in English in particular, the smile is a sign of culture (culture, of course, in the ethnographic sense of the word), this is a tradition, custom: stretch the lips to the appropriate position to show that you do not have aggressive intentions, you are not going to Rob, nor kill. This is a way of a formal demonstration of the surrounding belonging to this culture, to this society. The method is very pleasant, especially for representatives of those cultures in which a smile is an expression of a natural sincere location, sympathy, good relationship, as in Russia.
These are completely different smiles in different cultures. In the Western world, a smile at the same time and a formal sign of culture that has nothing to do with a sincere location to the one who you smile, and, of course, like in all mankind, a biological response to positive emotions; Russians - only the last. And it is not necessary to worry about this, neither to catch up shoulders, nor suspect in the goat - everything is fine, everything is natural: in one culture - so, in the other - otherwise.
The Russians have a completely different mentality, other traditions, the other life, the other culture - in this matter everything is exactly the opposite. The higher the public position of a person, the more serious should be his image. If you apply for a high post, you have to show future voters that you are a solid, serious, smart and, therefore, aware of what difficult thing you have to do, what serious problems We'll have to decide. A smile in such a situation is inappropriate, she will only show that a person is frivolous, it is not aware of his business responsibility and therefore it is impossible to trust him.
It can not be said that Russians have no manners in the Western European sense of the word. They have manners, they are simply not all like that in the West.
Where a superlined Japanese probably tells you something like: "Could you do so that the window turns out to be open?", And the Englishman will limit it more brief: "Could you open a window?", Russian will be laconic : "Open the window, please" - and the time will save a lot of time and energy.
Good manners imply a quiet voice, calm gestures and not too calming clothes. However, the Russians will not be shy to express those who are whims from their feelings in a public place. For example, if you do not like how you are serviced in a store or restaurant, you can make a seller or a waiter Everything you think about him, about his relatives, loved ones and distant, about his habits and sexual addictions.
Beat or not beat
But the fight in humans is condemned. They say that in Ireland, if you see two fighting, you can approach and politely inquire, private is a fight or anyone can take part. And if the answer is allowed, you have the right to remove the jacket and contribute. In Russia, everything is wrong. If someone goes into the course of the fists, as a rule, there is someone trying to dilute Drachunov. Russian can even join the fight in the hope that anyone will stop him: "Keep me while I don't smear this bitch son along the wall!"
Kiss me, then I you
When meeting a man if they good friends And I have not seen each other for a long time, they can kiss in both cheeks. Three kisses are possible if it is priests or one of them - Brezhnev.
Not so long ago, young people kissing in humans could pick up the police. Passers-by for the form of a kissing pair of blossomed and turned away. Now you can freely kiss at least the policeman himself, and no one will tell you the words: here's how far the Russians came to you, imitating the manners of the crushed west!
To the question about slippers
Entering the apartment, the Russians remove shoes and put on slippers. Each household has a steam supply of slippers for guests. This is because even in the cities, not all the streets are covered with asphalt, and even if there is asphalt, it often looks like a small tank division drove on him. Moreover, since the garbage on the street does not take place, and the scarlance salary does not encourage them to the workforce, the dirt on the shoes is simply inevitable.
In times, when standing in the queues was a significant element of Russian life, a peculiar etiquette was developed, with its rules and prohibitions: it is impossible to fly without a queue, it is impossible to leave the queue for a long time, etc. Now that shops are full of goods and the only remaining problem - where Take all this money, not one household secretly twisters at times when she spent a lot of hours in line, chatting with himself similar: good companyShe is a good company.
In order to replace this session, Russian women (usually mature) use benches at the entrance to their entrance. You can always see the guns sitting on the benches, looking at all incoming and overcoming and exchanging the latest yard news. You can rely on them if you want to know if Tanya Manina is at home, or did the Tanina of the next fan changed.
As greatest
Like the English priest, the Russians use the word "you", turning to God. But while the priest in all other cases says "you", the Russians "poke" very much: these are parents, close relatives, good friends (and sometimes enemies - to show how they despise them). If the Russians begin a lively discussion with "you", and then, at some crucial moment, change it to "you", it often means a sharp break of diplomatic relations.
Your parents are always "you": Because why be too polite with people with whom you are destined to live in any case? On the other hand, when lovers drop the polite "you" and go to "you", it means that certain intimate changes have occurred in their lives.
Appeals like "sir" or "Madame" in Russia is absent, which causes the Russian mass of inconvenience. Until the October Revolution of 1917, the normal form of appeal was "sir" or "madam". These words sounded very "bourgeois" and were rejected by the Bolsheviks who offered a "citizen" or "comrade". Unfortunately, the "citizen" gradually became associated not so much with daily life as with the court or drive to the police station. "Comrade" - a word from Lexicon Communist Party, and after the fall of the communist regime, those who were against the former building did not want to use it again; And there were a lot of such. "Sir" also sounds terribly old-fashioned, which is why the situation still remains intractable.
If you know the surname of a person, you can always contact him "Mr. Ivanov" or "Mrs. Ivanova", but this is a very official appeal. Desperate to find anything suitable, the Russians use a simple "man!" And "Woman!", However, many reject such appeals, finding them vulgar. As a temporary measure, Russians use "Sorry, please!", I.e. Not called the interlocutor, but simply attract attention.
Since ancient times, the Russians are respectful about the older people with the help of the names of the degrees of kinship: "Grandma!", "Uncle!", And the eldest to the younger - affectionate "Son!" And "daughter!" Rouga times - Rough Morals: Extremely widespread quite unceremoniously sounding "Grandfather!" By all ages, a man with a beard. But "old man!" As an appeal to a young peer sounds quite friendly. Truly failed pathways!
Full report
If you meet on the Street of the Russian Russian street and ask how he is doing, he will stop, gaining air into the chest and will take it in the most detailed way to enlighten you.
He will list all his ailments and ailments of his wife; will tell what happened after he followed the doctor's advice; You will learn how he feels in this moment; He will inform you what the school successes of his son and what the teacher said at the last parent meeting.
Never, never ask Russian, how it is doing if you really don't want to know if he slept and that he ate today for breakfast.
Conversation
The most favorite subject of conversation is politics. Any Russian, in common it's mind or not, will tell you how everything is bad on the political front, and what would he do if he became president. There is no one, who would not have their proposals, how to save Russia from incompetent rulers, or detailed plan economic Development. Common trait All these plans are a hot desire to hang all the current rulers on lampposts.
Unlike the British, Russians do not have art to talk about the weather all over the transatlantic seabed. Russians are able to endlessly talk about anything: about politics, family matters, about the health of the youngest daughter of your rosium brother or the concept of the Holy Trinity. There are, however, several items that Russians seek to avoid and make them talk about which they are simply impossible. They are very shy to talk about sexual problems - even in the doctor's office, and even more so with friends, with children or parents. But with the advent of erotic films and magazines and even (oh, Lord!) Sex shops attitude towards this subject becomes calmer. With the showcases of each newspaper kiosk, not very modestly dressed girls look at you, in the eyes of which the promise froze. Now you can hear such first taboo words as a condom, compass or group sex. Homosexual relationships are still considered vile and shameful, but no longer punishable in a criminal procedure. Paulic education remains complete taboos. Russian and especially education workers still believe that children are found in the cabbage or buy for a currency in elite stores.
Most Russian curses are associated with sex. Russians are proud that their brands are known to the sailors of all countries, and these sailors rarely realize that they are pronounced. If they knew, they would probably think twice before applying such slaughter curses. Fortunately, the Russians themselves are also rarely thinking that they say.
Among the most common curses - the mat, abnormative vocabulary associated with the theme of sex and related relations, as well as such concern words, like the "whore" and "Sukin Son". Recent acquisition, very sharp, causing a fight - "goat".
But did you see it?
It should be especially stopped at gestures and facial expressions. The British, apparently, can do without gestage without gesture, but if you bind the hands of the Italian, it will discourage it will fail, because the gesture is the necessary part of the Italian language. Russian language - somewhere in the middle between these two extremes: to speak, not gesturing, it is possible, but, you see, very uncomfortable.
Most Russian gestures differ little from the gestures of other nations, but sometimes their significance differ greatly. Some gestures characteristic of Western cultures are not at all. There is no, for example, the gesture "I am deceiving" when the Western Europeant rubs the cheek with an index finger or crosses the index and middle fingers. Some gestures are distinguished by the details: when taking a taxi, Russians, as a rule, raise the hand and keep it parallel to the earth, in the West they lower the hand, as if showing where to drive. True, after watching foreign films, the Russians also begin to imitate this gesture.
Share my smile
There is nothing in human behavior, which would be more specifically smile. The role of smile in Russia is quite different than in the West. American in response to the question: "How are you?" - Answer: "Fine!" And smile, even if he has just received a notice of dismissal from work. The Japanese with a smile reports the death of his beloved daughter - and not at all because he is so heartless. In all countries of the world, people suffer equally, but in some cultures a smile - something like a shield: I may be bad, but I don't ask you to have sympathy, I will handle my trouble myself.
Russian, who is bad, will not smile: he wants to know the whole world to know about his trouble; Well, if not the whole world, even if the whole microdistrict. And if Russian sees that another is bad, he will immediately throw him help. Again, before us, the manifestation of community thinking: "Mount for two - half a ор; joy for two - two joy". Why help to help someone who smiles and says he and so good?
The peoples for whom the smile - the genus of the protective wall, the Russians will hear people sullen and harsh or insensitive and boring, because they do not smile as often as they. Foreigners in Russia even instead: "It will happen when the cancer on the grief whistles" - they say: "It will happen when someone in trolleybus smile."
But Russians are not guilty of all these sins in all these sins. They are just sure that "laughter without a reason - a sign of fools." Why depict fun if you are not fun?! Well, and if it's fun, then you can not shove it to demonstrate it.
Sit down with me near ...
It is not bad to take into account that in different cultures there is a difference in how close you should be from the interlocutor and how often you have the right to touch it during the conversation. For one experience, Puertorikans sitting at the restaurant table concerned each other 180 times per hour, the French - 110, the British - never. Russians, unfortunately, no one experienced, but you can be sure that they are clearly located somewhere in the middle between Puertorikans and the French.
Russians are located to the interlocutor closer than, for example, English-speaking nations, but further than Latin Americans. It seems Russians that the British and Americans are constantly removed from them, and the fact that the Russians are all the time they are in them. From here - possible misunderstandings: if the American stops a Russian woman to ask how to go to the hotel, she will come to him so close that the American might think that she wanted to get acquainted with him. Perhaps he will be accordingly to lead himself, to the indignation of a woman who did not come to know the idea of \u200b\u200bacquaintance.
While walking near Russians are much closer to each other than representatives of English-speaking nations. The same principle takes place in line: Western Europeans are standing on a large distance From each other, without invoking someone else's territory. Russians can closely press, without experiencing a big inconvenience: probably, they do that so that no one is without a queue. But only with a great distance to walk between people are even harder: after all, every maneuver is clear here!
The Russian faces of the same sex can hold hands, from English-speaking - in no way: what are the good, others think that they are homosexuals ... But the Russian young people of different sexes are holding hands only if they are in love. In the English-speaking peoples, this is a neutral gesture, which is not speaking anything. As a result, the Russians may have the impression that the British or Americans - the people are sexually dissolved, and these latter might think that Russians almost lively - homosexuals. For the same reason, in the West, the joint dances of people of one sex are completely impossible.
A significant difference in how representatives of different nations make their way through the crowd. Russians do not like those who strangers touch them, so they prefer to make their way torso, while the English-speaking peoples consider such behavior with rude and aggressive and remove people with their hands that the Russians are already regarded as a limit of non-competitance.
In general, Western residents believe that Russians with strangers behave panibrates, unceremoniously, as with relatives, and the Russians - that Western Europeans, even with relatives behave like others. Those and others are equally wrong, and exclusively at the expense of their cultural ignorance.
Can the usual home window be an expression of a national mentality? As it turned out, why not? About the fact that the Russians differ from the Anglo-Saxons, many articles are written and even books, but a very interesting nuance is usually overlooked - "ours" from the British are distinguished ... windows. The Russian window is the "OKO", the eye of the dwelling, with which its inhabitants can look "into the world." Hence the famous "Window to Europe." Russia drove it in order to climb into the European countries of best practices in science, technologies, public administration.
IN english language "Window" (Window) is rather known to the respiratory authorities. Meanwhile, in a new time, when in England he received wide use Puritanism - radical direction in Protestantism, english window Also became an eye, only not for the inhabitants of the dwelling, who want to look at the world, and for society, seeking to control to the smallest things any subtleties of the life of the English alignment.
The phrase "Puritan views" still symbolizes asceticism and fanatical "integrity" of those who share such views. Puritans sought to put all the privacy of people under the control of the religious community. For this, they needed windows. Until recently, banners attended the Calvinist Netherlands and even in Lutheran Sweden window curtains. It was believed that a respectful Christian has nothing to hide from prying eyes. Any Puritanin could easily approach the window and see what his neighbors on the street are engaged. This was not considered to be acknowledged, on the contrary? Every woman appared society. By the way, in Switzerland during the "dictatorship" founder of Calvinism Jean Calvin dissents waited for no less brutal violence than in Spain or Italy, where the Catholic Inquisition was rampant.
In Russia, we see a completely different cultural tradition. Although the inviolability of privacy is called one of the main values \u200b\u200bof the culture of the West, in reality in Russia, it has always been much developed than in the same England. Therefore, in Russian culture so many proverbs and sayings about uninvited guests.
Watching in other people's windows in Russia is considered indecent, this is explained by Russian people even in early childhood. For a Russian person, a house is his private sphere, the inner world in which only his owner can put. For "order" in the traditional Russian house, not neighbors through the window, but icons from the walls. The Russian man himself shonened the icons, the level of self-regulation and self-discipline has always been higher than that of Western man.
Modern values West, the lifestyle of the heirs of Puritan only repeats the vector that was set for centuries ago. Open society, transparency of public life, Juvenile Justice, unceremoniously invading families - is the classical manifestations of the "all-seeing eye" of Western society, the system of total supervision, which was in the west of the centuries. It is good that the Russian windows served another goal.
Since the ultimate goal of using any language is a description of the situation that exists in real life, the conversation about the language differences can only be held taking into account the implementation of the goal, i.e. First of all, we must learn to understand what the description of the real life situation in one language is different from the description of the real life situation in the other.
The first difference
The first, most importantly, the difference, practically defining all the others: in English, the words have no endings. Let's try to figure out how it looks in practice. In the course of the long historical development of the Russian language, the end system was developed in it, with the help of which the words seemed to be interconnected in order for the phrase (proposal), which correctly describes the situation from life. In modern Russian, every word (in a short exception) exists only with a certain set of finishes that we use, depending on whether this word is taken to describe what particular situation is at the moment.
For example:
Mel lies on the table.
There is no chalk on the table.
Mel fell under the table.
Chalk knocked on the table.
Chalk found under the table.
In these examples, five different situations are described, and all descriptions are performed correctly. But let's try to "play" endings:
Chalk lie on the table.
Chalk lies on the table.
Chalk lie on the tables.
Mel found under the table.
In the second case, the end is chosen incorrectly, the clutch between words did not occur, the meaning (the correct description of the situation) was not built.
Yes, but how to "build meaning" to describe the same situations in English, if there are no endings?
How do the British make the words among themselves?
The historical development of English occurred in a completely different direction. So far, our ancestors with you have created and improved the ending system, the ancestors of modern British concentrated their efforts on the development of verbs, i.e. Words denoting actions. They reasoned approximately this way: it is impossible to describe any life situation with a simple listing of objects, as life is a continuous movement, and there are no objects in it by themselves, but only in constant interaction with each other. Therefore, to describe any situation, an action is needed, which should force all items and concepts involved in the description of a specific situation, to interact with each other. In other words, that part of the work, which in Russian performs endings, the British were instructed to perform the verb. This means that in order to build an English proposal, you do not need to think about what form to give to each word (as in Russian). It is only necessary to put the verb correctly (in the proposal is called the lean). So, in our examples with chalk and table english words Chalk and Table in all situations will look completely equally. There will be only a legend to change.
The second difference
The second main difference follows from the first and lies in the fact that in English no sentence can exist without the main members - subject to and beyond. In Russian, such proposals are many.
For example:
It's five o'clock.
I was presented with a book.
Light.
In describing such situations in English, we will have to artificially enter into the proposal the main members. Thus, a message about English time is as follows:
This (subject) is (led) five hours now.
Here we need to understand that the need for a mandatory presence in the proposal of the main members is caused by the lack of endings in English - if in Russian proposal the words are connected consistently one with another with the help of endings, in English, they are as far as they are grouped around a facid, which cannot exist without because I will agree on my form only with him.
So, in any english offer Be sure to be subject to, and the lean:
I am a student. - Russian variant.
I am a student. - English version.
The exception can only be some points in the conversational speech, when the main members are easily guessed in meaning and therefore may be descended.
The difference is third
The third main difference is not associated with the first, but I consider it extremely important: the difference in the description of many real life situations.
For example:
I attend courses. - Russian variant
I take courses. - English version
I have ... - Russian option
I have ... - English
I'm thirsty. - Russian variant
I am eager. - English version
This applies mostly to spoken speech, i.e. To the description of those situations that arise in life most often and which as a result of this turned into a cliché, firmly established structures. This includes greetings, farewell, polite appeals, etc. We will consider such situations in the "Conversational Expressions" section. But differences in the description of situations exist not only in everyday spoken speech, they are generally found quite often in all language levels. Therefore, here my advice is: aspire not to simply translate the words from one language to another, but to give the correct description of the situation in the language you use at the moment.
For example:
I hear in English: Remember Me to Your Sister.
We make a literal translation (i.e. we take into account each word and the rule that the English speaker used to describe the situation to convey its meaning), and we get:
Remind me of your sister.
The situation is understandable, but in Russian we do not say that. Find an equivalent Russian proposal:
Pass from me hello to your sister.
This is the correct description of the situation in Russian, although the words used in both languages \u200b\u200bfor the same goal are somewhat different. Now the situation can be described out loud or on paper. At exactly the same principle we work in the opposite direction, from Russian to English. The output to all of the foregoing in this part can be done in this: the literal translation must be used only as an intermediate stage, the ultimate goal of any proposal is the correct description of the situation. Although, of course, in many cases, the description of the situations in different languages It occurs equally, and then the literal translation is normal.
Difference fourth
The fourth main difference follows from the first: in Russian, part of the speech differ in the end (Sell - verb, sale - noun, about-private - adjective), in the English language due to the lack of graduation, various parts of speech very often do not differ at all from each other: like - like (verb) / like - Like ( adjective); Book - Book (Noun) / Book - order a pre-ticket, place (verb); Need - need (verb) / Need - need (noun), etc. This should be remembered in cases where some word from the English language does not fit into your perception of the situation described in English, although the translation of this word seems to be known.
Contact the dictionary. By the way, very many people who study foreign languages \u200b\u200bare completely unable to use dictionaries only because they are launched to read the introductory part of the dictionary, where complete recommendations and explanations are given, how to use this dictionary. And more - the more the dictionary in terms of volume, the more competent and more reliable. Therefore, I believe that small dictionaries, such as pocket, for a serious study of the language are completely unsuitable. They simply do not have many necessary words of words and other important information. In the impossibility of distinguishing in many cases, part of the speech is based on another difference between English from Russian.
The difference is fifth
In English there is a strictly established and strictly observed word order in the proposal.This means that every member of the sentence should stand on its own place, otherwise they can be simply confused (because there is no endings!).
2. Introduction ................................................................................. .3
3. The main part is the traditions and customs of Russia and England ..................... ... 4
3.1. "Tea drinking" ............................................................................4-5
3.2. " Love for gardens ( English garden) » ……. ……………………………….6
3.3. "Monarchy" .....................................................................................................7
3.4. " Strict (English) upbringing »............................................. 8
3.5. "Private schools-boarding houses" ................................................... 9
3.6. "Love for your house» …………………………………………………..10
3.7. " Politeness and equilibiousness» ………………………………………11
3.8. " Communication "........................................................................ 12-13
3.9. " Movement of transport ".......................................................................14
3.10. "Love for animals" ...........................................................15
3.11. " National Sports» …………………………………………..16
4. Results of comparing traditions in Russians and in English families ... 17-18
5. Similarities and differences in English and Russian traditions ........................ 19
6.Connect .............................................................................. 20.
7. List of used literature ...............................................21
Introduction
Tradition is a lot of ideas, rites, habits and skills of practical and social activities transmitted from generation to a generation protruding one of the regulators of public relations.
In my work, I want to compare the customs and traditions of Russia and England, to identify whether they have similarities and differences.
The relevance of research: In our time, the borders are erased between countries, people travel, so it is very important to know the tradition and language of the country that you visit.
Purpose this report is the disclosure of the characteristics of the English culture and its tradition by comparing the cultures of England and Russia.
Tasks:
1) identify traditions existing in England;
2) find similarities and distinction in English and Russian traditions;
3) assess the level of knowledge about English traditions between students of 3 and 4 classes;
4) Prove the need to study popular traditions in order to better understand the English and Russian languages.
Hypotheses that were checked:
1) Is there a similarity in English and Russian traditions;
2) Is the influence of a geographical location, the history of the country and its climate on the culture of the people.
Object researchthere are English and Russian folk traditions.
Methods used: Analysis of literature, observation, comparison, survey.
Traditions and customs of Russia and England.
Tea drinking
The oldest and well-known tradition in England is considered to be with special respect and this tradition of England is revered no less than in the east. Tea in England, of course, drink Indian, although the Chinese is sophisticated and subtle. His own, especially mixed tea respected by the British takes with me on the journey. The traditions of tea drinking in our countries are significantly distinguished: the English tradition origated in the XVI century, with the help of the British tea planning his day until now, in Russia tea appeared later in the XVII century and since then this tradition has changed very much.
In England there is a tradition to drink tea six times a day
1st cup of tea
The British wake up at 6-7 am, and drink tea in bed before washing and dressing. Tradition arose as a result of the raw climate of England and morning fogs. A cup of tea helps them wake up.
2nd cup of tea
After they wake up, they go to the living room breakfast. For breakfast, the British drink tea with milk and eating, most often, oatmeal, fish or scrambled eggs with bacon.
3rd cup of tea
The second breakfast of the British (Lunch Time) comes from 12.00 to 14.00. At this time they also use tea.
4th Cup of Tea
"Five-O-Clock" is an English afternoon room at 17.00, accompanied by tea and small snacks.
5th Cup of Tea
The dinner of the British comes very late at 19.00 - 20.00, accompanied by tea ("High Tea") and abundant eating in the living room for huge round table By the fireplace, where there are conversations.
6th Cup of Tea
After a late dinner, shortly before the dream, the British can have another cup of tea.
In Russia, there is a tradition of tea drinking, but over time it changed significantly. Previously, tea was very expensive, and not everyone could afford it. Therefore, a tea ceremony appeared in Russia, which consisted in the ability to brew and pour tea so that each of the guests received his portion of tea of \u200b\u200bthe same fortress. The tea was brewed in samovar, and then drank from cups and deep saucers to the edible with jam and sugar. Nowadays, this is not a ceremony, but an ordinary evening tea drinking or family Saturday sitting with cakes, pie, jam and sweets.
« Love for gardens (English garden) »
An Englishman cannot imagine the house, without a well-kept garden near his house. This is a special custom of England, which is revered by everyone. To identify best Garden Near houses, even contests are held. An Englishman, whose garden near the house is recognized as the best, is considered a very distinguished man and he can rightly be proud of himself.
English gardens, most importantly in the style of which - skillful imitation natural naturecreated by human hands "wildness", are the strongest national hobbies.
Russians do not have gardens, usually there is a cottage with a garden. In Russia, they seek to use gardens, first of all, not for decorativeness, but for the cultivation of cultivated plants and obtaining a crop.
Monarchy
In England there is a queen that really does not rule the country. She is part of the traditions of this country. The British believe that the monarchy contributes to the unification of the nation and maintaining the National Spirit.
Russia is the country held by the president, he has real power and can take independent solutions. Before the Great October Socialist Revolution in Russia there was a monarchy, and the head of the state was the Emperor, who possessed the authorities and rules of the country.
"Strict (English) upbringing"
Children in England are customary in rigor, and the higher in society you are, the more rigor. Often you have to see how in rich english house, with a huge living room, a giant bedroom, the magnificent cabinet the so-called children's room is located almost in the attic and is a wretched Camork, and it is done quite consciously, from fundamental considerations, so as not to the undead, and to order. It is not by chance that, apparently, the boy-scout movement originated at the beginning of the 20th century in England, and it was the slogan "be ready!". Genuine Englishman must be ready for any difficulties any minute
In Russia, the upbringing is more democratic in nature, parents are more condescending to their children and less strict.
"Private schools-boarding houses"
Another wonderful tradition of England is a good, prestigious education for your children. Wealthy British prefer to give their children to private school-boarding schools, especially popular schools with separate training boys and girls (it is believed that so nothing will distract children from studying). Boys and girls in England are very often studying in private schools-boarding houses away from their parents, they only come home for holidays. Tradition to learn in such schools was born in the Middle Ages, when the British left for work in the colony and left their children in schools-boarding schools. Girls learn in some boarding houses, boys in others. There are very rare.
In Russia, girls and boys live with their parents and learn together, as a rule, in secondary schools. IN last years Private schools began to appear.
« Love for your home "
The British love to be at home. They say "My house is my fortress" (My House is My Castle), because they do not want what is happening at home, they knew neighbors. The British prefer to live in separate housesbuilt for one family. The center of the house is a fireplace around which all family members love to sit and look at the fire, exchanging news per day. On the fireplace shelf, the clock, mirror or photos are often placed
Russians love their home, but most often it is an apartment, and even more they like to invite people to visit or walk themselves, because they are more hospitable and hoeful than the British. Russian people are more open and often interested in the affairs of neighbors.
"Politeness and balance"
British Polite and often say "Thank you" and "I'm sorry." They do not speak loud on the street. They are not pushed in buses to take free placeThey buy tickets indicating the place in the queues at the bus stops. The inhabitants of England are not exchanged by the handshake, meeting each other, they do not show their emotions even in tragic situations.
Unlike the British, Russians Not very polite and more emotional, but good-natured and very hospitable. In ancient times, a Russian man, leaving the house, left the door with disadvantaged and food ready for a wanderer, so they went the legends about the latitude of the Russian soul. By virtue of greater emotionality, the Russians are peculiar to openness, responsiveness and incessia in communication
Communication in England and Russia
1. Russia
Communication has extreme high degree Importance in Russian culture. One of the features of communication is the Cat, characterized by the opinion of the team, the opinion of foreign ones. The next feature of Russian communicative behavior is the prescription of sincerity and mentality. Independence is the desire and ability to establish personal relations at any level of social relations.
A smile in Russian communication is not a mandatory attribute of courtesy. In the West, the more smiling man, the more manifests the courtesy. The Russian smile demonstrates a personal location to another person, which, naturally, does not apply to everyone. "A duty smile" has a negative connotation. No requirement to "hold a person", "maintain dignity". Contact of Russian communicative culture is incomparably higher than in the West. In conversation, the Russians are often touched by the brush of the interlocutor, disturbing their personal space.
In Russian communication, the circle is very widely discussed, especially in comparison with the communicative culture of the West.
For Russian man priority concern about souls. A Russian man is inherent in a steady tendency to ask the interlocutor deeply personal questions as a manifestation of friendliness, which for Western communicative behavior are considered to be taboo (these are Russians are close to the Greeks).
Love for disputes on global, philosophical issues is a bright feature of Russian communicative behavior. Emotional gesticulation is also possible, it is permissible to increase the voice, a sharp expression of denial: "For nothing! In no case!". Although the foreigners are often considered as a quarrel, rudeness, for Russians it often means only the greater emotionality of communication, and does not bear ill-sufficiency or authoritarianism towards the interlocutor.
2. United Kingdom
At first glance, the British seem to be restrained and calm. And very often it turns out that the British almost never say what they think. In the British, in contrast, for example, from Americans, a favorite occupation is to complain. FROM an important form, nodding and feeling uniform in general displeasure with others, they grumble about everything in the world, until, finally, do not agree together, that everything around is very bad, and somehow improving the position of things is absolutely impossible.
In a conversation, the British use a huge number of banalities to support the conversation or cover their own reluctance to say anything concrete on this or that matter.Weather the British is not only the most preferred topic for the conversation, it also serves even in order to fill the pauses in conversation. Having lost the weather theme, the Englishman during the conversation feels almost unarmed.
Jokes of the British most often extremely wisdom. Sometimes the meaning is almost impossible to catch such a joke. Here they love Irony and expect the same from others. The main in the communication of the British with each other are words expressing the request, gratitude and, most importantly, apologize. If you do not say necessary number Words of gratitude or regrets, the British will probably immediately bring you to the list of people "unpleasant", that is, those who are not delicious and polite.
Try to avoid excessive gesticulation when communicating with the British. This is considered a sign of theatricality, which means that insincerity. Exceptionally uncompatible is considered to talk, putting hands into pockets. Hands should always be in mind. The English gestures usually use only if it is absolutely necessary - for example, when you show the road (index finger of the right hand is stretched). Or, if they persistently defend their position (index and middle fingers right hand raised and depict the letter "V").
Indecent is considered to contact unfamiliar peopleAs long as you are not represented. When welcoming and handling, it is customary to use noble titles, even in a circle of close acquaintances. Although the "American" habit of calling each other is becoming increasingly distributing. During communication, avoid touching, with the exception of a handshake. IN in public places No way look at other people. The British avoid visual contact, considering it indecent. Handshakes of the British are trying to share easily and quickly. The British prefer a handshake short, energetic, without any attempt to delay your hand in her hand.
"Left-sided traffic"
Everyone knows about the right steering wheel and left-sided movement in England, so when moving the street, just in case, see all directions. Left-sided movement originates from knightly times when riders traveled to the left to right handIn which they kept weapons, it was ready to instantly hit the enemy towards the enemy.
In Russia, the right-sided movement of transport, so when moving the roadway, you need to look at the left, where the transport moves, and, reaching the middle - to the right, not forgetting at the same time to look around. Right-sided movement in Russia has developed historically in those times when horse harnesses went through the streets. They had to adhere to the right side not to face.
"Love to the animals"
British Very love domestic animals. They have about five million dogs, almost as many cats, 3 million parrots and other birds, fish in aquariums - and 1 million exotic pets, like reptiles. In the UK they have special stores Dogs selling food, clothing and other things for dogs. There are salons of hairdressers for dogs and cemeteries for dogs. In the UK, pets can send christmas cards to their friends. There are special animal hotels at airports. English people believe that they are the only nation on Earth, which is really kind for animals.
Russian too love animals, but, unfortunately, in Russia, not everyone has the opportunity to contain major representatives of the animal world. Most often, residents of Russia can afford small animals, such as cats, dogs, small rodents and parrots. And the care services in our country are not so common.
"National Sports"
Entertainment English Also traditional. National sports is rightfully considered golf, cricket, tennis, horseback polo, fishing and fox hunting. Cricket for the British is more than a game. The British play it every Sunday. If you really want to conquer their trust, try learning the cricket rules.
In Russia everything has long been, from Mala to Velik, took part in festivals and celebrations. In a festival, rare free from work, people sought to relax from heavy everyday life, playing, competing or just participating in the fun as the audience. But not only the fun and entertainment serve them, and also military training before battles with opponents. National sportsrussian They are laptians, towns and girome sports.
Results of comparing traditions in Russians and in English families
Comparison of the holidays of Russia and the UK
Consider specific examples Comparison of holidays, which are noted, both in Russia and in the UK.
Christmas
Christmas in the UK is the most important holiday. It is celebrated on December 25th. The British give each other gifts, decorate the Christmas tree, are looking forward to Santa Claus, listen to the speech of the queen. During the festive week, they go to visit and sing sacred songs.
The celebration of Russian Christmas has some differences. First, in Russia, Christmas is celebrated on January 7. Secondly, the main holiday in Russia is considered New Year. It is in this holiday that people give each other gifts, go to visit, listen to the speech of the president and are waiting for Santa Claus. The similarity is that the Russians sing the Russians who name "carols".
Maslenitsa
In the UK and in Russia, people celebrate Maslenitsa. Traditions to celebrate this day are similar in both countries. British bake pancakes, arrange competitions for the speed of their baking and eating. However, Russians celebrate the whole week instead of one day. Maslenitsa is a very important holiday for many Russians, it may be explained by the fact that after her celebration, many respect the great post. Maslenitsa is much brighter, more interesting in Russia than in the UK.
Mom's chanting is connected with the annual spring Greek festival in honor of the rei, the mother of all children. Christians celebrated this festival on the fourth Sunday of March in honor of Mary, Mother of Christ. In England, this holiday was expanded, began to include honored by all moms, and was named her mother's Sunday. In Russia, we celebrate Women's Day on March 8. On this day, all men agree to do everything around the house and even prepare lunch.
Every second Sunday in May, English mothers become queens of the day. Children give cards, flowers, congratulate their moms. This tradition is be sure to visit mom on this day. That is, the celebration of the Mamina Day in the UK has a lot in common with the celebration of the International Women's Day in Russia.
May holidays
In Russia, the holiday of May 1 is known to everyone. It is celebrated from Soviet times and is famous for the words "peace, work, May". Thousands of people participated in parades, rallies, Saturdays were organized in schools and offices. Today, May 1 - this is a great opportunity for Russians to arrange a picnic, spend your free time in the fresh air with your family.
It is very interesting that the idea of \u200b\u200bthe celebration of May Day in the UK is absolutely different. May 1 was very important in the Middle Ages. The May Day celebration has a story related to the celebration of the Roman Flower Festival, which was foreseen the beginning of the summer. People decorated at home with freshly cut flowers and believed that the flower spirits would bring them good luck. Early in the morning, the girls went into the field and washed with dew. They believed that it made them more beautiful. Also in May Day, young people competed in archery, pulling the rope. The British fun celebrate this holiday and to this day: Dance, sing songs, play various folk games.
Conclusion
The culture and traditions of England and Russia differ significantly. This is due to the geographical location of countries, their history and climate.
England is a very small country surrounded by seas. This means that the climate is wet. The weather is often raw, cloudy, so the British so often drink tea.
Russia is a huge country. It also has the sea, but most of the country is removed from them. The climate in our country is not so raw. But in some areas he is even dry.
The history of the development of English and Russian peoples is also very different from each other.
After conducting a questionnaire among students of grades 6-7 of our school, I made a conclusion that the guys know about English traditions, but not about all.
On the question of the similarity of Russians and english traditions Most students responded "no."
