English sentences in the affirmative form. English sentences: affirmative, negative sentences, questions in English

As has already been clarified, each sentence has a modality, that is, the sentence always expresses the relation of the expressed thought to reality. Most clearly, this attitude is manifested in the affirmation and denial of the connection between the subject of speech and its sign.

Affirmative are sentences in which the connection between the subject of speech and its attribute is conveyed as existing, or the existence of an independent attribute is affirmed, or the existence of the subject is reported.

For example: 1) The lights from the star float to the star (Oshanin); 2) At night again caused fog (Paustovsky); 3) Dew evening coolness (Surkov).

Negative sentences are those in which the connection between the subject of speech and its attribute is denied or the existence of an independent attribute, the being of the subject, is denied.

For example: 1) Poetry is not subject to planning (Prishvin); 2) Homeland, in the spiritual arsenal There are no shrines sacred than you (Smirnov); 3) It was impossible to think about travel (Dostoevsky); 4) Now the drawn sea could not be distinguished from the present (Kataev).

As can be seen from the examples, the grammatical indicator of affirmative sentences is the absence of a negative particle, no, no negative words, impossible, impossible. The presence of a particle of not or specified words is an indicator of a negative sentence. All the negative sentences cited contain complete denial, since they deny the attribute called the predicate. Such suggestions are called negative.

Sometimes a particle either neither union nor ... neither forms a generally negative type of proposal: 1) There is not a soul around (Kazakevich); 2) Neither rain, nor clouds with hail (Shesterikov). Such constructions are correlated with impersonal negative sentences, in which the predicate is expressed by the word no: 1) There is no soul around; 2) There is no rain, no clouds with hail. A particle neither, union nor ... nor reinforce denial.

Partially negative sentences contain not a complete, but a partial negation, which is expressed by the use of a particle not before any member of the sentence, except for the predicate: 1) No wind is raging over the forest, Not streams have run from the mountains ... (Nekrasov); 2) Such a sun does not always happen! (Zharov).

A particle is not sometimes used in affirmative sentences.

1. If there are two negatives in the predicate:

1) The breadth of his views could not help but amaze me (Gorky);

2) It was impossible not to recognize in him a well-mannered person (Turgenev).

2. In exclamatory sentences with pronouns, who, what, what, like others: I) Who does not worship them as monsters of the human race! .. (Pushkin); 2) And what kind of tests are not waiting for them ahead! (Bondarev); 3. In interrogative sentences with a particle: Should I give you drops? Is peace needed? (Griboedov).

Finally, it should be noted that in some cases even without a particle, sentences are not negative, for example, interrogative-rhetorical: What can be sweeter than a priceless native land? (Languages).

From the point of view of the purpose of utterance in the English language, as well as in Russian, it is possible to form various types of utterances. English sentences are divided into narrative (affirmative and negative), interrogative (questions in English), exclamatory sentences and imperative phrases. To compile each of these types of sentences, there is a strict grammatical algorithm, which must be observed, otherwise the construction of the structure will be incorrect. You can start with the most common affirmative sentences.

The procedure for constructing an affirmative sentence

Affirmative sentence (this is the name of this type) does not require any special particles in its formation. The main thing is to follow the standard order characteristic of English. To make an affirmative sentence is to arrange the members of the sentence according to a certain pattern: subject, predicate, and all other minor members. It is worth remembering that some temporary forms (for example, Perfect or Future) carry auxiliary verbs that are part of the predicate structure, which should also be used after the subject:

· He has eaten too much today, it’s time to stop - He ate too much today, it’s time to stop
  · Alex will come in a few days, I suppose - Alex will come in a few days, I suppose

Note: forming statements, there is an unwritten rule to use circumstances in a certain order: first the adverbs of the place, and then the time. Sometimes this order can change, but these are already conditions for author's expressiveness:
Sally went (1) to Scotland (2) last week - Sally went to Scotland last week

It is worth saying that simple English sentences, which emphasizes a statement and ends with a dot at the end, are called declarative sentence.

Negative offers

Negative sentences in English for the most part are formed in a standard way: the negative particle not comes to the aid, which is placed either after the auxiliary verb of time or after the verb to be. It is no secret that the negative form of the verb to be is a construction that can be shortened, for example, is not \u003d isn’t, will not \u003d won’t, etc.

However, the not particle is not the only way to form a negative sentence. In general, in English, in addition to the not particle, there are several more methods for constructing negative sentences, namely:

· Adverbs that have a negative meaning (both directly and indirectly) - nowhere, never, hardly / scarcely, seldom / rarely, etc .;
  Negative pronouns - nobody, nothing, no one, etc .;
  · Negative prefixes (ir-, il-, un-, dis-, mis-, etc.) and –less suffix.

Note: in the English sentence there cannot be two negatives! If such a situation is possible in Russian, then this cannot be allowed in English, it is necessary to convey a negative value otherwise, and sometimes this can be done in several ways:

I did not see anyone yesterday - 1. I did not see anybody yesterday 2. I saw nobody yesterday

A negative form in English is possible even in an interrogative sentence, but this will be discussed a little further.

Types of interrogative sentences in English

It is important to remember that there is no single rule for writing questions in the English language, since there are only six varieties of such sentences, and each of them is formed differently from the other.

General Question Rule

A general question in English is a question that starts either with an auxiliary verb (have / has, do / does, did, etc.) or with the desired form (it will help to get rid of doubts about the formation of various temporary forms). A distinctive feature of General questions - the answer to them can be the words “yes” or “no”, that is, the person asking the question asks about some general information.

General questions in the English language are quite popular and, as a rule, do not carry much difficulty in education. The word order in the General question is special, as in almost all other sentences with a question. The answer to the question of how to ask the general question is quite simple: the subject should follow the to be verb or another auxiliary verb, and the whole remaining sentence structure should follow it:

Does he appreciate his new job? “Does he appreciate his new job?”
Have they already eaten donuts? “Have they eaten the donuts yet?”
Is she really as beautiful as they say? “Is she really as beautiful as they say?”

Special Issue Features

A special question in English is so called because it puts a special question word in the first place - when, how, where, why, etc. This is the main difference between Special questions and General, because the question word is followed by the same word order that common questions have: in the first place is one of the auxiliary verbs, then the subject, and then the secondary members of the sentence. In English, special questions have the following structure:

When did you return from Berlin? - When did you return from Berlin?
Why is he so lazy? “Why is he so lazy?”

With the exception of the beginning, the outline of a special question repeats the general one completely and usually also does not cause difficulties for people learning a language.

English subject question

The question of the subject in English is considered by many to be the simplest from the point of view of education, and there is a fairly logical explanation for this. Such questions are somewhat reminiscent of special ones, but here the main interrogative words are who and what (this is the name that came from). Questions are formed with who and what is elementary: the simple affirmative form with the subject at the beginning of the sentence changes very slightly and just who (for animate nouns) or what (for inanimate) is put in the place of the main member of the sentence, and the whole conversion is complete. Here are examples of how similar questions in English are formed:

Emily is best cook in the world - Who is the best cook in the world?
His work has influenced him greatly - What has influenced him greatly?

Do not confuse special questions in English with questions to the subject, since here you do not need to use any auxiliary verbs.

Note: There is a rule allowing the use of what with inanimate nouns. Translation of the phrase “What are you?” - “Who are you by occupation?” (“Who are you?” - “Who are you?”, The name is meant).

Alternative question

An alternative question in English by the way of its education resembles a general one, but there is one caveat. This is why it is called alternative, because a person asking such a question does not just want to hear “yes” or “no” in response, but clarifies something by choosing from two objects, qualities, actions. These actions or objects are separated by an or particle introducing an alternative. Such questions look as follows:

Does he like meat or fish? “Does he like meat or fish?”
Will you come tomorrow or the day after tomorrow? “Will you come tomorrow or the day after tomorrow?”

Conditions for the formation of a separation issue

These questions have several names: Disjunctive questions, Tag questions, and sometimes popularly they are referred to simply as questions with a ponytail. Their essence is to question, clarify, interest the interlocutor. Separation questions are formed in English (this is their most common name in Russian) is not quite usual: the main part is in the affirmative, and the whole question is enclosed in the so-called tail. Moreover, if in the main part of the sentence there is no negation, then it will appear in the tail, and vice versa. At the end there should be that auxiliary verb, which corresponds in time to the main part, and the subject should follow it. In fact, there is nothing complicated:

· They are coming in a week, aren’t they? - They come in a week, right?
She hasn’t completed her task, has she? “She hasn't finished her assignment, right?”

Note: in imperative sentences, the formation of such a question is non-standard:

Let’s finish this work, shall we? - Let's finish this job, okay?
Go and bring me my money, will you? “Come and bring me my money, okay?”

Indirect issues

There is another type of question - indirect. To understand how to ask such questions, it is worth remembering that they are relevant, as it becomes clear from their name, in indirect speech, when it is necessary to convey the words of the author. Here the if union appears, and the word order must be straightforward, since the sentence from the interrogative becomes narrative:

He worried if he will stay alive - He worried if he would stay alive
· I wonder if you want to come - I wonder if you want to come.

Interrogatively negative sentences

At absolutely any time, it is possible to form forms of the so-called interrogative-negative sentences in English. This means that the question and denial are included in the sentence structure, and from the point of view of grammar this is quite acceptable. Such negative questions are translated in English using the constructions “Really?”, “Isn't it?”:

· Didn’t you find your book there? “Didn't you find your book there?”
  Hadn’t Jack finished his work before I called? “Didn't Jack finish work before I called?”

Imperative sentences in English

Classification of sentences in English implies the presence of another type of sentences in addition to the above - these are imperative sentences, that is, imperative. Such structures are simple in education: the infinitive without the to particle is put in the first place, and even more simply, this is just the first form of the verb. Such suggestions are used when you need to give an order, ask for something to call for action, etc.

Send me a letter as soon as you get there - send me a letter as soon as you arrive there
Leave the room right now! “Get out of the room right now!”

Exclamation sentences in English

Exclamation sentences are meant to show emotions, and they are called exclamatory sentences. Often begin with the word what and are used with an exclamation mark at the end:

What a catching story! - What a fascinating story!
What a shame! - What a shame!

All these types of sentences are actively used in the English language, and knowing how they are formed, using them in your speech will be much easier, and the language itself will become richer and more beautiful, because there will be much more ways to express certain emotions or thoughts.

Affirmative and Negative Suggestions

Division of sentences into affirmative and negative is related with the content of the relationship of reality expressed in them.

The affirmative or negative nature of the proposals is a reflection of the relationship between the phenomena of reality.

So the sentences are called affirmativeif transmitted to them communicationbetween objects and their signs in reality, and negativeif in them this the connection is denied. Contrasting on the principle of affirmation - negativity purely semantic. It is not a reflection of the opposition on the principle of real and surreal modality, but only overlaps with the meaning of objective modality expressed in the sentence. Both affirmative and negative sentences can have both real modality and surreal.

Negation Categoryassociated with the structure of the proposal, it can be structurally significant. ABOUT the structural role of negationcontrasts of some types of sentences testify: when translating an affirmative sentence to a negative, its structural type may change. In other cases, the category of negation does not affect the structure of the sentence.

Grammatically, negation is usually expressed by a particle not, and the statement - its absence.

Denial may be full and partial.Fullnegation is achieved by staging particlesnot   before the predicatesuch a sentence is called generally negative.

Particlenot   to other members of the proposalexpresses partial denial. Such offers are called privately negative, since in general they conclude the statement.

Not denying the sentence a general affirmative meaning before subject, eg: I will not see your mighty late age ... (P.).

In this way, the negation category is directly related to the predicate category:“It is only the negation that stands with the predicate that makes the whole statement negative, while the negation that stands with another member does not hesitate the general affirmative meaning of the statement”.

However particle noteven with a predicate, it does not always serve as a sign of a negative sentence.

Sentence loses the negative meaning,

firstly, when repeating a particlenot ; eg;

secondly, when the particle acquires other shades of value:

assumptions-Sprayed the light, do you want to get married? (Gr.);

generalizations-Who didn't curse station rangers? (P.);

concerns-No matter what happens! (Ch.);

endorsement-Why not work!;

the need-How can I not cry!

As a negative particle can act particleneither introducing additionally amplification shade of meaning:Not a soul in the living room (Ch.).

Particle neitherupon repetition serves as a union:He himself is neither rich, noble, nor smart (T.). Word neitherhere corresponds to the combination and not(connecting union and negation).

Reinforcement of denialachieved with negative pronouns and adverbs:Nothing foreshadowed the weather (Ars.); The boy never suffered from anything and never caught a cold (Inb.).

Particle neitherdoes not always express a negative meaning: it can act and only as an amplifying particle in transmitting an affirmative sense. This is true for parts of a complex sentence that have concessive shadevalues: But no matter how girls all over the world say, everything becomes sweet in their mouth (Fad.).

Grammatical signnegative offer can serve as a special negative wordno performing the function predicate in an impersonal sentence:There is no beast stronger than a cat (Cr.); He has no equal river in the world (G.).

Finally, denial can be expressed without the participation of special lexical means - using intonation,word order,some emotional particles. Such constructions are characteristic of the spoken style, accompanied by subjective-modal meanings. They are always expressive. For example: So I will wait for you! I also found a commander!

Position A.M. Peshkovsky on the connection between the category of negation and predictionand his division of sentences according to this into general negative and particular negative applies specifically to a sentence as a unit of language, since it is the predicate that is the carrier of the basic grammatical meanings of the sentence - modality and syntactic time. However the same category of negation at the level of utterance, i.e. units of speech, manifests itself somewhat differently.

When a sentence (utterance) is considered from the point of view of communicative needs (i.e., in speech), any component, not just a predicate-predicate, can become its center, since the utterance is divided into another principle: something new and new, this given.

For example: sentence Students went to practicefrom the point of view of communicative significance, it can contain three messages:

Students   (and not anyone else) went to practice;

Studentsgo   (but didn’t go, say, on foot) to practice;

Students wentto practice   (and not rest).

The component of the utterance accented in each case carries a new one, i.e. purpose of the message. If, according to this partition, negative constructions are constructed, then the particle does not need to be placed precisely in front of these components:

Not students   let's go to practice;

Studentsdid not go   to practice;

Students wentnot to practice .

Logical stress in such cases accompanies the word form in which there is negation. This component contains the message center, i.e. what the utterance is for. In this case, the question of particular and general denial is removed.

Suggestions affirmative and negative.

In the semantics of PP, the most significant is the opposition of affirmation and negation. This division is related to the nature of the relationship between the content of the proposal (reported) and reality. Relating the reported (ᴛ.ᴇ. any sign) to reality, speaking on the basis of the nature of the relation of the reported to reality, it either confirms the presence of the declared sign in the subject or in general in reality, or denies this. Sentence The patient consulted a doctorindicates a real situation. The speaker claims that what is reported about the patient (sign - action advised) really refers to him, belongs to him, because it corresponds to reality. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, S (P) - P (C). The offer is affirmative. .Single Composition It's frosty outside the window  also affirmative, as the presence of an expressed attribute is also stated here .

The denial of the attribute belonging to the object, expressed most often with the help of particles not  and neitherdraws up negative offers. Wed: The patient did not see a doctor.  So, the characteristic of this proposal coincides with the characteristic of the first 7 points. Moreover, the presence of a sign in the subject is not affirmed here, but, on the contrary, the presence of this connection S (П) ≠ P (С) is denied. This is a negative offer.

The meaning of negation is usually expressed with the help of negative words, which are a structural sign, an indicator of a negative sentence. The absence of negative words is a structural feature of the affirmative sentence. Grammatical spokesmen for negation are: 1) negative particles ( I did not sleep all night. Not a soul on the street.); 2) the word no (He has no language ability.); 3) negative pronouns and adverbs, words of the category of status, acting as the main member of a one-part sentence (I have nowhere else to rush, I have no one else to love ... You can’t stay here).

Negative sentences are divided into negative and private negative.

In negative sentences, the subject has a predicative feature. In particular negative sentences, denial to any member of the sentence (main or secondary). The patient did not come to the doctor. Not a patient came to the doctor.

It should be noted that not always structurally formal features of a simple sentence (presence - absence of negative words) testify to the corresponding semantics of denial or affirmation. So, affirmative sentences are sentences 1) in which, in the predicate, there are two negatives ( He could not help laughing); 2) interrogative affirmative sentences (What Russian doesn’t like to drive fast?). On the contrary, interrogative-negative sentences should be recognized as negative, where there are no negative words (What hope! What can I hope for?).

Suggestions affirmative and negative. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Affirmative and negative sentences." 2017, 2018.