One of the ways of development modern language is borrowing foreign words. The development of the language is always closely associated with the development of progress and society. Borrowed words in Russian are the result of contacts, relationships with other peoples, professional communities and states. Along with the words and expressions that came to us from other languages \u200b\u200bare very common in our speech of British. Talk about them today and talk.

Specific words and expressions that came to Russian from English are called British or Americanism. For the last 20-30 years, they rapidly penetrate into Russian, and in such quantities that linguists started talking about the phenomenon, called the Anglo-Russian bilingualism.

It is caused by this invasion primarily by the fact that modern society is open to international contacts, as well as the international status of English. Here are the main causes of mass entry into the Russian language of borrowing (in particular from the American version of the English language).

Causes of borrowing foreign words

In most cases, the borrowing of foreign language vocabulary occurs due to the lack of an appropriate concept in the cognitive database. For example, British borrowing in Russian type computer, player, toaster, impeachment, voucher, charter, barrel, surfing appeared.

Among other reasons allocate the need to express multi-valued Russian concepts with the help of a borrowed word. Examples: Hotel for autotourists - motel, meeting on summit - Summit, figure skiing - freestyle, Tagged arrows - sniper, short press conference for journalists - Briefing, hired killer - killer, parking lot - Parking / Parking, Running on short distances - Sprint, Falling production - Recession, retail - Retail and many others.

Foreign words in Russian allow you to increase it expressive means. Especially noticeable B. last years Appearance of foreign-speaking stylistic synonyms such as service - service, shopping - shopping, motorcyclist - Biker, security - Second, party - party, loser - Louser, girlfriend - Gölfrend, Dancing - Dance, friend - boyfriend, play - Perfomance, reception - Receptions, Dr.

British borrowings in Russian are also due to the need for specialization of objects and concepts, so many scientific and technical terms are borrowed from English. Have a significant number of foreign words, from formal / bookmark, there are Russian synonyms corresponding to them. Here is a list of such words:

• emphasize - allocate;
• similar - similar;
• vary - change;
• vulgar - rough, vulgar;
• disinform - give false information;
• decorate - decorate;
• ideal - perfect;
• infectious - contagious;
• memoirs - memories;
• permanent - permanent, continuous;
• reconstruction - restoration;
• elastic - flexible, etc.

Some English words in Russian appeared due to the presence of similar semantic and morphological rows. In the nineteenth century, the words gentleman come from the English language, polisman; Already at the end of the twentieth century, an athlete, record holders, yachtsman is added to them. Thus, a group of words that have the importance of the face and the general element - "men" appears. Gradually, the group became replenished by new borrowings: businessman, congressman, showman, superman.

The most popular Anglicisms

In almost any field of activity, you can meet words that came to us from English. Especially widely used in the names of clubs, TV programs, shops: talk show; dog show; strip show; Coaching center; Show Business; hit parade; Fan club; Tennis Hall; Brain Ring; Home Credit Bank; Fan Park (ROOF STUD); SEKOND- HEnd; Call center; Real-Coffee; Sweet Mom.

Below is a list of areas and agencies that lately Most often they are used.

Politics / Economy / Office:

summit, Briefing, Speaker, Rating, Electoctorate, Voucher, Holding, Impeachment, Image Maker, Specterier, Investment, Sponsor, Barrel, Media, Recession, Marketing, Offshore, Leasing, Sequection, Tender, Retail, Price List, (Top) Manager , Distributor, Dealer, Businesswoman, Promoter, Mentality.

Food / Clothing / Trade:

pop Corn, Hamburger, Hot Dog, Barbecue, Cheeseburger, Fishburger, Chocopie, Pudding, (Orange) Fresh, Yogurt, Lunch, Coke-Cola, Nuts, Twix, Sprite, Fast Food, Shorts, Booth, Bandana, Cotton, Top, necrollovaya (pillow), multi-brand, UNICEX, Caushael, Katering, Shopping, Shoppogolik, Sale, Kodak Express, Gel, SPA - Salon, Supermarket, VIP-Hall, Catering, Sokond Hand, discount.

Sport:

shaping, Diving, Surfing, Fitness, Bodybuilding, Snowboard, Paintball, Frisby, Fitball, Freestyle, Wrestling, Power Lifting, Training, Skishing Rink, Forward, Bowling, Goalkeeper, Biker, Sniper, Turbozlim, Scooter, Step-Class, Oumertime , Contest.

Art / Radio / TV:

western, Video Clip, Thriller, Clipmaker, Newsmaker, Blockbuster, Bestseller, Musical, Casting, Superstant, Underground, Pop -art, (HAD) Rock, Rock and Rol (L), Shake, Breicdan, Brain Ring, (Current ) Shaw, Hit - Parade, Skinhead, Meteotima, Superman.

House / Life / Office:

air conditioning, Mixer, Toaster, Blider, Cooler, Siding, Roller shutters, Antifreeze, Roll - Curtains, Magic Boulet, Vanish, Fairy, Comet, Head & Shoulders, Dove, Tide, Cleaning Company, Scrab, Perfume, Spray, Scotch, Color, Pampers, stapler.

Information and communication technologies:

computer, Display, Calculator, Monitor, Laptop, Printer, Internet, Scanner, CD, DVD, Device, Hacker, Processor, Wrong, Click, SMS, Site, Blog, Smiley.

The Anglicizms are present in all European languages, in the languages \u200b\u200bof the African peoples and the peoples of other continents who once absent in political dependence on the UK or exposed to the American influence (cultural, economic, etc.). For example, in Japanese, the word "cassette" sounds like tapire-rhe from English Tape-Recorder. The presence of Anglicisms and in the Chukchi language, penetrated through American merchants: the word "Sopov" means "soap" (in english language "SOAP"), "Mather" - "Money" (in the English language "Money").

Introduction

1. The history of borrowing

3. Mastering foreign words

4. Orphoepic standards of borrowed words

Conclusion

The language in modern state cannot be united, as it represents the connection of individual individual languages. Decision practical questions It should be based on how close to each other are currently these individual languages.

Much in Russian was borrowed from Indo-European culture. It is assumed that the original territory of the Eastern Indo-European tribes, including the ancestors of Slavs, was the North West of Russia, the pool Baltic Sea. A comparative study of Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bproves special proximity between the Slavic and Baltic languages.

It should be noted that the original Slavs were invalid to the West - to the Germans, from which they borrowed their material culture, their military life, a political structure. Consider the words related to these regions borrowed by the Russian language from Germanic languages. For example: Walked - helmet; Melko - Milk, Khiz - House, Hut; as well as stack, buy, cattle, etc.

The number of words borrowed from Iranian languages \u200b\u200bis very slightly. These are words like God from Olders. Baga; Topor - Tappari.

Another example of borrowing: from the German, Celtic and Latin is the word of the sea - Lat. Mare, GERM. Meri, Celt. Muir.

Much borrowed from Finnish languages: Palttina - canvas; Varpu - Sparrow; Arti - Raint; Suntia is a church servant; Sun'd - Judge, Court.

2. Injoice vocabulary

Before talking about foreign language vocabulary in Russian, let's say a few words about the original Russian vocabulary. Once again, let's say that these are words, ascending to the Praiado European, Praslavyan and Old Russian epochs and inherited by the Russian language, as well as created in Russian according to the models existing in it.

Actually, Russian words arose since the end of the XIV century. These are almost all nouns with suffixes -shit, -C., -Yatin (a), -LK (a), HVK (a), and o), -Sh (a), a), the model (with the value of the instrument or device). For example: Mason, rolling back, kislytina, lighter, leaflet, testimony, doctors, reality, handling, piecemen, switch; Comprehensive nouns: university, salary. Actually, Russians are both words arising in earlier era, then changed their meaning. So, the word red in Praslavyansky and in ancient Russian meant "good", "beautiful", and in Russian began to designate the color.

The most ancient, Pyranceo-European Plast of the original Russian vocabulary has conformity in other Indo-European languages. These are some of the terms of kinship: mother, son, brother; Names of animals: wolf, goose, deer. Nature phenomena: water, moon, snow, stone. Body parts: nose, tooth, ear, eye; Some actions: take, give, be, to see; numbers: two, three, etc.

Praslavyansky vocabulary presented large quantity And their diversity than Pyranceo European. These are words with conformity in Slavic languages \u200b\u200band missing in other Indo-European: heart, child, spring, rain, grass, snake, saddle, work, kind, ring, yesterday, etc. The words of these two layers are only about 2000, but they relate to Most used.

Old Russian layer of vocabulary make up words common to Russian, Ukrainian Belarusian languages \u200b\u200band absent in other Slavic languages. These are such words as, for example: uncle, sparkle, samovar, larks, cheap, rim, vouch, forty, ninety, etc.

The words of other languages \u200b\u200bused in Russian as regular lexical units are called an input vocabulary. In Russian, about 10% of words borrowed from other languages. The basis of borrowing is trade, cultural, scientific ties between nations and as a result of this - language contacts. In the overwhelming majority, foreign language words were borrowed by the Russian language together with the thing, the concept: School - the word Greek, class - Latin, Briefcase - French, Sibermet - German, Pencil - Turkic, Pioneer - English, Tea - Chinese, Candy - Italian, Tundra - Finnish.

As you know, the borrowed word can designate a special kind of subject, the concept that existed in Russian. For example, the word Jam from English denotes a "special grade of jam", from French, for example, a receptionist - "type of service in a hotel."

The cause of borrowing from other languages \u200b\u200bof words may also be a desire to replace the descriptive expression, the phrase in one word. Take an example: the English word sniper instead of the phrase "Metage Arrow". Or, for example, a motel (English word) - instead of a "hotel for autotourists", tour (French word) - instead of a trip along a circular route.

Initial words penetrated into Russian into Russian in different periods of his history. Part of these words switched from ancient Russian language, which, in turn, could get them from Praslavyansky. Such ancient borrowing from Germanic languages \u200b\u200bare, for example, prince, king, beech, carp, onions (as a plant), Khlev.

In the ancient Russian language came from the Scandinavian languages \u200b\u200bof the word Knut, hook, powder, herring. From Finnish - Navaga, Salaka, Song, Fir, Riga, Purga, Tundra. From the Turkic - Armenian, Balyk, Shoe, Tulup, Horse, Tabun, Barn, Shed, Chest, Bogatyr, Karaul. From Greek - bed, notebook, ship, sail, swallow, whale, lantern.

It should be said that the borrowing of the word may be not direct, but through another language. So, many Grecizms penetrated ancient Russian language through Staroslavlyansky, through turkic languages The words of other oriental languages \u200b\u200bare borrowed. Words beads, dagger borrowed from Arabic. Badja, turquoise, cripple is borrowed from Persian. At a later time, Greek words penetrated through various Western European languages. Such as anatomy, geometry, philosophy, analysis, democracy, politics, drama, tragedy, architecture. Latin words: inertia, radius, student, dean, dictatorship, republic. Western European languages \u200b\u200bcould be borrowed through Polish. For example, bottle, guitar, lady, turkey, carriage, market, fruit.

From the era of Peter I, the expansion of the dictionary composition of the Russian language begins by borrowing from Western European languages. Maritime terms borrowed from the Dutch language. For example, such words like boatswain, harbor, sailor, storm. As well as from English: Absor, boat. At a later time from English borrowed sports terms. Let us give an example: boxing, volleyball, start, finish, champion. Of german language Military terms came to Russian, for example: Bruvier, camp, officer, soldier, bayonet. And the terms of mining, such as shaft, galley, shtrek. From French Borrowed Terms of Art: Ballet, Parter, Landscape, Still Life, Director. Terms of literature: genre, novel, feuilleton, march. Culinary: dessert, cutlet, soup, puree, stew. Clothing titles: jacket, couch, costume, coat. From the Italian language in Russian included musical terms. For example: Aria, Bariton, Cello, Mandolin, Serenad and many others.

At the very beginning of the 20s of the 20th century, in connection with the isolated country of borrowing becomes small. In the 20s, it was especially noticeable effect on the literary language of the spaciousness, dialects, jargon. Strengthening the standards of the literary language, which began in the 1930s, filled with many words used in various literary genres in the previous period, but some of these words remained in literary language. In the late 20s and in the 30s, the English words are borrowed mainly. Such as jazz, combine, conveyor, container, speedometer, trolleybus. From the spatia and dialects in the literary boobs, such words were entered as a coop, milkmaid, darkening, Corzhik, Coswarta, Moroka, Novosel, Gugule, Half, Cottage, and Stud. From jargon - jams. Blot, thorough, buck. Part of these words lost non-leaturated painting, others and now belong to the conversational or spacious vocabulary.

The language is the most universal communication tool that will respond mobile to changes in the needs of society. Every day one or more new words appear, which are the result of simplifying or mergeing available, but the greatest number of verbal new products come from abroad. So, foreign words in Russian: why do they arise and what are they present?

Ordon Russian vocabulary

The Russian language was formed throughout the centuries, as a result of which the three stages of the genesis of the original Russian words were designated.

Indo-European vocabulary arose in the era of neolithic and based on the basic concepts of kinship (mother, daughter), household items and life (hammer), food products (meat, fish), the name of animals (bull, deer) and elements (fire, water).

The main words were absorbed by the Russian language and are considered to be part of it.

A great influence on Russian speech was made by Praslavyanskaya vocabulary, which had a high relevance at the border of the VI-VII centuries. and extended to the territory of Eastern and Central Europe, as well as the Balkans.

In this group, there were words related to plant peace (tree, grass, root), the names of crops and plants (wheat, carrots, beet), workers and raw materials (hoe, fabric, stone, iron), birds (goose, nightingale), and food (cheese, milk, kvass).

Modern words of the original Russian vocabulary originated from the VIII to the XVII century. And belonged to the East Slavonic language branch. Mass fraction Of these, they expressed an action (running, lying, multiply, put), the names of abstract concepts (freedom, result, experience, fate, thought) appeared, there were words appropriate to objects of life (wallpaper, carpet, book) and names national dishes (Crazy, soup).

Some words so firmly arrived in the Russian speech, that the replacement would be needed not soon, others were brazenly ousted by more consonant synonyms from the neighboring countries. So "humanity" turned into "Humanity", the "appearance" was transformed into the "image", and the "contest" received the name "duel".

The problem of borrowing foreign words

From a long time, the Russian people led trade, cultural and political relations with carriers of other languages, so avoid mixing the vocabulary was almost impossible.

New words were introduced into Russian from both neighboring states and from the distant republics.

In fact, the words of foreign origin are so often present in our speech that we are already accustomed to them and absolutely not perceive them as something alien.

Here are some examples of well-fitted foreign words:

• China: tea.
• Mongolia: Bogatyr, Label, Darkness.
• Japan: Karate, karaoke, tsunami.
• Holland: Orange, jacket, hatch, yacht, sprats.
• Poland: Donut, Market, Fair.
• Czech Republic: tights, pistol, robot.

Official statistics say that only 10% of words in Russian borrowed. But if you listen to the conversational speech of the younger generation, it can be concluded that the clogging of the Russian language by foreign words has a more global scale.

We go to Lunch in Fast Food and order a hamburger and a dairy shake. Having found free Wi-Fi, we will not miss the opportunity to visit the Facebook to put a couple of likes under the photo Best Frenda.

Borrowing foreign words: the main reasons

Why do we attract a vocabulary from neighboring states?

Greece

And now consider the geography of borrowing.

The most generous country lent in the Russian language part of the lexic reserve is Greece. She gave us the names of almost all famous sciences (geometry, astrology, geography, biology). Moreover, greek origin Have many words related to the field of education (alphabet, spelling, Olympiad, Department, Phonetics, Library).

Some foreign words in Russian have abstract values \u200b\u200b(victory, triumph, chaos, charisma), others characterize quite tangible items (theater, cucumber, ship).

Thanks to the ancient Greek vocabulary, we learned what sympathy is expressed, felt the taste of the style and were able to capture bright events in the photos.
Interestingly, the meaning of some words passed into the Russian language unchanged, the other acquired new values \u200b\u200b(economics - housekeeping, tragedy - goat song).

Italy

Do you think a lot of words in Russian speech come from the Apennine Peninsula? Surely, except for the famous greeting "Chao", immediately nothing will remember. It turns out that Italian foreign words in Russian are present in sufficient quantities.

For example, a document certifying the personality was first called the passport in Italy, and only then this word was borrowed by many languages, including Russian.

We know the tricks of Sicilian clans, so the origin of the word "mafia" is not doubt. Just and "Carnival" stuck in many languages \u200b\u200bthanks to the bright costume show in Venice. But the Italian roots of the Vermicelli surprised: Vermicelli is translated on Apennines as "worms".

Recently, it became fashionable to use the definition for the press as "paparazzi". But in the literal translation, this is not at all journalists, as you might think, but "annoying mosquitoes."

France

But France presented Russian speech a lot of "delicious" words: grill, jelly, croissant, canapes, cream-brule, omelet, mashed potatoes, stew, soup, soufflo, eclair, cutlet and sauce. Of course, together with the names of French culinary recipes, preparation recipes were borrowed, many of whom went to the taste of Russian gourmeans.

A few more extensive borrowing branches are literature, cinema and entertainment industry: artist, ballet, billiards, magazine, couplet, play, purse, repertoire, restaurant and plot.

The French also became inventors of seductive details women's clothing (panties and peignoir), taught the world to the rules of behavior in society (etiquette) and beauty art (makeup, cream, perfumery).

Germany

The German vocabulary is so different from Russian, it is difficult to imagine what words could have come in her. It turns out that there are quite a lot of them.

For example, we often use the German word "route", which denotes a pre-elected path. Or "scale" - the ratio of size on the map and on the ground. And the "font" in Russian is the designation of the signs of the letter.

The names of some professions have taken place: hairdresser, accountant, locksmith.

The food industry also did not cost without borrowing: sandwich, dumpling, waffles and muesli, it turns out, also have German roots.

Also, the Russian language absorbed several fashion accessories to his vocabulary: women - "shoes" and "bra", men - "Tie", children - "Backpack". By the way, the smart child is often called "Wunderkind" - this is also a German concept.

Foreign words in Russian feel pretty comfortable, they even settled at us at home in the form of a chair, bathroom and tile.

England

The greatest number of borrowed words come from Misty Albion. Since English is international, and many of him know at a fairly decent level, it is not surprising that many words migrated to Russian and began to be perceived as relatives.

Foreign words in Russian practically omnipresent, but the most popular sectors of their applications are:

• business (PR, Office, Manager, Copyright, Broker, Holding);
• sports (goalkeeper, boxing, football, penalty, time out, foul);
• computer technologies (blog, offline, login, spam, traffic, hacker, hosting, gadget);
• entertainment Industry (Talk Show, Casting, Soundtrack, Hit).

Very often, English words are used as a youth slang, which is most susceptible to the influence of fashion (baby, boyfriend, liser, teenager, respect, make meikap, frit).

Some words have become so popular in the world that they have found a none value (jeans, show, weekend).

The number of foreign words in everyday speech from year to year increases in geometric progression. Upset the fact that equivalent words at the same time exist in Russian and are still used less often. The situation is aggravated by the media, as well as policies by the ministries and departments of Russia in this direction. Increasingly from TV screens, we hear newly entered words from a predominantly German group of languages \u200b\u200b(mostly English), such as " manager", "campus", "shopping", "creativity", "digger."And other similar words. It is worth noting that the presidents, prime ministers and other high-ranking officials file a bad example in the use of the aforementioned words.

The following is a list of foreign words with their equivalent values \u200b\u200bin Russian. The list is formed by B. alphabetical order. If there are any additions or want to discuss this article, you can leave your messages in a specially created topic on our forum.

About list

The Russian language is littered purposefully, and a simple people forget that there are the same words in their native language. Therefore, it comes to the mind of the question "Where is this rich and mighty Russian?". We began to forget about the formation of words in our language. Where did such wealth come from? This and other similar issues can be devoted separate articles.

In some countries, special institutions that protect the primacy of the native language are created at the government level. For example, the population in France is very carefully and belongs to the language of their daily communication. At the same time, it is interesting that the inhabitants of the country, first of all, are not worried about the effect obtained in response to the Linguistic Policy of Official Paris, but the problem of possible gradual simplification of French, and as a result, depletion and degradation of its potential. December 1, 1975, French President Valerie Zhiscar D'Esthen signed a law on the protection of French from the invasion of English and any other language, which means someone else's culture. Such measures must be taken in Russia.

The purpose of this article is to write the equivalent Russian words English, German and others who have introduced into our daily use, as well as to celebrate references to the misuse of words of celebrities and high-ranking officials.

The following words are widely used by the media in Russia and in speeches. famous people At a time, when there are original Russian meanings. If there are no such words or expressions in the list, then each can add them to this list after registering in the Wikizarnal.

BUT

• Authoritative - meaningful
• Alphabet - (came from the Greek language - ἀλφάβητος). Original word " azubka.", also has a value" glagolitsa".
• Accent is equivalent emphasis.
• Emphasize - pay attention.
• Analogy, analogue, similar - (in English and French "Analogue"). It has an equivalent value in Russian " similarity"Or as an adjective" like" or " same".
• Annotation - (in English "Annotation"). Equimilar significance in Russian " content".
• Aristocracy (from the Greek language - αριστοκρατία). Equivalent word in Russian " know".

D.

AND

TO

L.

• LEGITIMENT - (from English "Legitimate") - original Russian equivalent meaning - " law".

M.

• Market - (from English "Market"). Equivalent meaning market".
• The manager is the most frequently used word, from English means " manager" / "manager" or " head". Often used in phrases office manager - from English means" secretary.".
• Message - (from English "Message") - this word Self-used in the Russian media. Equivalent meaning message".
• Method - (from ancient Greek "έέθοδος" - the path of knowledge, in the English language "Method") - means in Russian is not otherwise like " method".
• Moment - (from Latin Momentum - means driving force, but independent meaning has no. In English "Moment" - means a short length of time) - equivalent value in Russian " moment".
• Monitoring - (from the Latin word "monitor") - today this word is often used as a verb "Monitor". Russian equivalent word " track", "follow".

N.

• Nick or nickname - (from English "Nick" or "NickName") - best to say " nickname", "nickname" or " pseudonym".

ABOUT

• Okay - (from English "OK"). Frequently found word in everyday lifeWhile in Russian many equivalent values \u200b\u200bsuch as " oK", "okay", in other cases you can also say" excellent", "agree", "found"You can choose a lot of words, but the use probably happens due to the brevity of the English version.

P

• Person - (from the Latin language "Rersōna", in English "Person") is equivalent to the value in Russian - " personality".
• Positive - (from English "POSITIVE"). Equimilar significance in Russian " positive". In different variations there may be other values.
• Prolongize (from English "PROLONG"). Otherwise like " prolong"In Russian. Used on the extension of any contracts.

R

• Reception - (from English "RECEPTION" - IPRY, TAKE) EQUALLY WORD IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE " reception"(most often in hotels).
• Real - (in English "Real") means not otherwise like " valid".

FROM

• Synchronously - (with english word. "Synchronously" - means "simultaneously", "one-time").
• Self - (from the English word "self" - means "himself" or "himself"). This word has become widely distributed in the meaning "to photograph yourself (or a group of people with them)." Nothing could come up with how to take this word from English, whereas can be expressed " self". It is quite understandable and in Russian.
• Skatch - (from English "Scatch" - Do not otherwise, as " sketch"). This term is widespread in the construction sector and architecture. It is interesting that in Russian has long been an equivalent word" sketch", and in common one can say" podmalog".
• Specreteter - (from English "Speech" -Rech and "Writer" -Pistee) - a person who writes speech for someone. An equivalent value may be the word " author" or " text author". This word is increasingly entering the vocabulary of central TV channels, magazines.
• Stagnation - (from Lat. Stagno - to do a fixed) - equivalent meaning in Russian " stop", "slow down"Or as a noun" slow".
• Storage - (from English. Storage - storage, keep in stock) - equivalent value in Russian " storage".
• Soldier - (from Lat. "Soldus", "Solidus", in the English "Soldier") - invoking Russian equivalent meaning " warrior", "warrior" or " wari".

T.

• Tolerance - (from the Latin language Tolerantia) is an equivalent word in Russian " tolerance".
• Traffic - (from English "Traffic" -Diva). In Russian, this word began to consume mainly in two values. 1) In cases of descriptions of the transport situation on the roads - "dense traffic" - when you can say no other than how " road overload" or " uploaded stream"(cars) or even easier -" tubes on the road". 2) In the technical meaning about the number of users who visited this or that site -" Big / Little Traffic ", when equivalent definitions can be said" large / small attendance"(site).
• Tradition - (from Lat. Language "Traditio" - legend, in English "Tradition"). Unambiguous meaning in Russian " custom".
• Trading - (from the English language "Trade" -tricult). On the Internet, this word is increasingly used. Equimilar significance in Russian " trade".
• Tour - (from English Tour). Equimcons - " journey".

W.

• Weekend - (from English "Weekend"). Literally means "end of the week", not otherwise, as in Russian " weekend".
• Unique (from the Latin language "Unicus", in English "Unique"). Equimilar significance in Russian " special", "exceptional", "unique".

F.

• Fake - (from English "Fake"). Equimilar significance in Russian " fake".

H.

• Hobbies - (from English "Hobby") - equivalent meaning " enthusiasm".

Sh

• Shopping - (from English "Shop" -Magazine) - also means " purchase"or verb" shopping". On the sign of one of the major stores of Moscow, the inscription" Pleasant Shopping "was concerned - you can say" pleasant shopping ".
• Show - (from the English language "Show" -Pasy) - equivalent meaning " show"Also used in the phrases of the" tele show show "- with the equivalent value" tV shows" or " tV program".

E.

• Equivalent - (comes from the Latin word "aequivalens", in English "Equivalent") - in Russian means not otherwise like " equality".
• Experiment - (comes from the Latin language "Experīmentum", in English "Experiment") - equivalent values \u200b\u200bin Russian - experience, test.
• Existential - (in English verb "exsist") - equivalent meaning " existing"

Conclusion

The list, as you can see quite impressive and other words will be addable to it. Dear readers, if you have additions to this article, other foreign with equivalent values, then leave your examples on

One of the sections of vocabulary is etymology that studies the origin of the word against the background of changing the entire vocabulary stock of the language. The Russians are invalid and are considered from the standpoint of etymology. These are those two reservoirs for which all can be divided vocabulary Russian language, from the point of view of origin. This section of vocabulary gives an answer to the question as a word happened that it means, from where and when it was borrowed and what changes undergo.

Vocabulary of Russian language

All words that exist in the language are called vocabulary. With their help, we call various items, phenomena, actions, signs, numbers, etc.

The vocabulary is explained by the entry into the system that led to the presence of their generality of origin and development. Russian vocabulary roots goes into the past Slavic tribes and developed with the people for centuries. This is the so-called priming vocabulary that has existed for a long time.

Also in vocabulary there is a second reservoir: these are words that came to us from other languages \u200b\u200bdue to the emergence of historical ties.

Thus, if we consider the vocabulary from the position of origin, then the words are invoked Russian and borrowed. The other group are represented in a language in large quantities.

Origin of Russian words

The vocabulary of the Russian language has more than 150,000 words. Let's see what words are called original Russians.

The original Russian vocabulary has several tiers:

The borrowing process

In our language, the original Russians and borrowed words are adjacent. This is due to the historical development of the country.

As the people, Russians, ancient times, entered into cultural, economic, political, military, trading ties with other countries and states. It was quite natural led to the fact that we have words of those peoples with whom we collaborated with. Otherwise it was impossible to understand each other.

Over time, these linguistic borrowings bliss, entered the group and we have already ceased to perceive them as foreign. Everyone knows such words as "sugar", "Banya", "Activist", "Artel", "School" and many others.

The words are invariary Russian and borrowed, the examples of which are given above, have long and firmly entered our use and help to build our speech.

Foreign words in Russian

Finding into our language, foreign words are forced to change. The nature of their changes affects different sides: phonetics, morphology, semantics. Borrowing obey our laws and rules. Such words occur in the endings, in the suffixes, the genus changes. For example, the word "parliament" we have a male race, and in German, where it came from, - average.

It may change the meaning of the word. So, the word "painter" means a worker, and in German is a "painter".

Semantics change. For example, the borrowed words "canned", "conservative" and "conservatory" came to us from different languages And have nothing to do. But in his native language, French, Latin and Italian, respectively, they came from Latin and have the meaning to "save".

Thus, it is important to know from what languages \u200b\u200bwords are borrowed. This will help correctly determine their lexical importance.

In addition, it is sometimes difficult to recognize the original Russian and borrowed words in the mass of vocabulary, which we use daily. For this purpose, there are dictionaries, where the value and the origin of each word is explained.

Classification of borrowed words

Two groups of borrowed words are highlighted by a specific type:

• who came from the Slavic language;
• taken from non-Slavic languages.

In the first group, the larger mass is made up of old elements - words that are from the IX century in church books. And now there are widespread words as "cross", "Universe", "Power", "Virtue", etc. Many old elements have Russian analogues ("Lanits" - "cheeks", "mouth" - "lips" and others. ) The phonetic ("gates" - "gate"), morphological ("grace", "benefactor"), semantic ("Zlato" - "Gold") of old elements.

The second group consists of borrowing from other languages, including:

• latin (in the sphere of science, public life policies - "School", "Republic", "Corporation");
• greek (household - "bed", "dish", terms - "synonym", "vocabulary");
• western European (military - "headquarters", "Junker", from the field of art - "Molbert", "Landshaft", nautical terms - "boat", "shipyard" "Schoon", musical terms - "Aria", "Libretto");
• turkic (in the culture and trade "Pearls", "Caravan", "Iron");
• scandinavian (domestic - "anchor", "knut") words.

Dictionary of foreign words

Lexicology - Science is very accurate. Here everything is clearly structured. All words are divided into groups, depending on the basis of the basis.

Original Russian and borrowed words are divided into two groups on the basis of etymology, that is, origin.

There are various dictionaries that meet specific goals. Thus, a dictionary of foreign words can be called, where foreign-speaking examples that came to us for many centuries are collected. Many of these words are now perceived by us as Russians. The dictionary clarifies the value and indicates where the word came from us.

Foreign words in our country have a whole story. The first was created at the beginning of the eighteenth century, he was handwritten. At the same time, a tripled dictionary was released, the author of which N.M. Yanovsky. In the twentieth century appeared whole line Foreign dictionaries.

Among the most famous, the "School Dictionary of Foreign Words" can be called under the editors in the vocabulary article are information about the origin of the word, the interpretation of its value, examples of use, sustainable expressions with it are given.