Book vocabulary and its varieties. book words
Book words (vocabulary of book styles) are words that are found both in scientific literature (in articles, monographs, textbooks), and in journalism (including newspapers), and in business documents, and in fiction*, which is why it is difficult to assign them to any particular style. These include: native, hypothesis, hyperbolize, view, disharmony, given("this"), disorient, declarative, buffoonery, introduction, emergence, innate, lofty, hegemony, illusion, illusory, intuition, eradication, dry out, for, origins, be calculated, indifferent, proper, transformation, touch, illumination("image, display"), colleague, motive("cause"), punctual, original, surreal, find, sudden, prevail, in view of, due to the fact that, loss and etc.
* For example, the word transformation can be found in the author's language of the fiction writer, in journalistic and scientific works (below it is in italics): "At this time I was very busy transformation Konstantinovsky Survey School to the Konstantinovsky Survey Institute" (S. Aksakov); "Methods were demonstrated transformations phone into a microphone that transmits perceived speech over a distance of hundreds of kilometers" ( New world. 1971. No. 11. S. 176), etc.
In addition, words are bookish, which can hardly be said to be used in different styles of writing, but which are clearly uncharacteristic of a casual conversation. These are, for example, memorable, exaggerate, subdue, earn etc.
Some book words stand out for their "scientific" character, gravitate (but do not belong!) to scientific terminology ( impulsive, intense, hypothesis, exaggerate, prevail, illusory etc.), which gives reason to some linguists to call them "general scientific words". Others make up a category that can be conditionally called book-literary ( to plunge, loss, mortal, to trust, to crave, lofty, sweet-tongued, memorable, scourge, winnowing, great, inaccessible, visit, pet, win etc.). At the same time (it is worth emphasizing once again) neither one nor the other belongs to any one style. So, hypothesis, intense, identical, isolate, interpretation, ignore, transform, characterize and others are used not only in scientific papers, but also in journalism (and some of them, such as intense, transformation, characterized, and in official business documents); the words implementation, entrust, implementation and others are peculiar not only to the language of journalism, but also to the language of official business documents; book and literary plunge, crave, memorable, scourge, ferment, inaccessible and others are inherent not only in the language of fiction, but also in the language of journalism, etc.
"Bookiness" of book vocabulary can be different. In some cases it is not very noticeable, not very distinct; words with such a dull bookishness are called moderately bookish *. These include many verbal nouns in -nie, -enie, -tie, formed from stylistically neutral and moderate bookish verbs: arising, taking, touching, weighing, receiving, touching, considering, walking etc., as well as nouns such as significance, exile, incident, origins, measure, enemy, innovation, appearance, inhabitant, object(meaning "phenomenon, object, person to which someone's activity is directed, someone's attention"), carnage etc. Moderately bookish are the words congenital, eminent(and loftiness), significant(and significant, significance), visible(visibly), perverted(perverted, perversity), sophisticated(sophistication, sophistication), sudden(suddenly, suddenness), unattainable(unattainable), immemorial;inexhaustible, repeated(repeatedly, repetition), charming(charming, charming), seductive(seductively), erect, lay, arise, renew, instill(hope, faith) choose, survive("to eradicate"), isolate, dry up, resent, decapitate, carry out, characterize;quite, outwardly, must;something, several(meaning "to some extent": " several tired"), some, as a result of and etc.**
* The authors of the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, in which bookish vocabulary is in principle singled out (marked "knizhn."), do not give marks to moderately bookish words, considering them to be stylistically neutral. More or less consistently, this vocabulary is qualified as bookish in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" according to d ed. D.N. Ushakov.
** You can specify that some, i.e. moderate, bookishness distinguishes gerunds and participles, formed not only from moderately bookish, but also from stylistically neutral verbs.
In other words, "bookishness" is felt much more clearly. Therefore, they are called purely bookish. This: altruism, hypothesis, doctrinaire, hypothetical, hyperbole, hyperbolize, hypertrophied, for, illusory, indifferent, colleague, lapidary, nuance, unshakable, neophyte, carrier, nostalgia, promised, clothe, foreseeable, acquire, odious, burden, prerogative, pet, piety, precedent, zealous, truism and etc.
A significant part of book words (moderately and purely bookish) do not express any emotional assessment, but only name any phenomena, objects, properties, actions (usually of an abstract nature). In many cases, they have a cross-style synonym that completely matches them in meaning: given - this;exaggerate - exaggerate;someone - someone;significant - large;a few - a few;because, since - because;lapidary - short;sometime - once upon a time etc.
But there are such words among the book vocabulary that, in addition to designating the corresponding phenomena, properties, actions, also contain their assessment - positive or negative, disapproving. This evaluation of words is usually indicated in explanatory dictionaries by the corresponding mark ("iron." - ironic, "jokingly." - playful, "with a touch of disapproval", "with a touch of disdain", etc.) or the interpretation of the meaning itself. Litter "joke." stands, for example, with the words great, green, habitation, clothe (and vestment) and some others; litter "iron." find in words mortal, lofty all-lowest, panacea, notorious, persona(in the meaning of "person", "personality"), etc. And the evaluation of such words as doctrinaire, vandalism, insinuation, obscurantist, projector etc. shown in dictionaries by an appropriate explanation of the meaning of the word. For instance:
Vandalism–merciless destruction and destruction of monuments of culture and art*.
Doctrinaire- a person who blindly and pedantically follows any particular doctrine; scholastic, scholastic.
* In this and other interpretations given below, words expressing an assessment of the phenomenon or person they call are highlighted.
Vocabulary with book coloring. It is used mainly in scientific, business, journalistic styles. K.s. stand out against the background of neutrals: there is(neutral) - eat(book); want(neutral) - desire(book); creator(neutral) - creator(book). Book vocabulary also includes words with suffixes of book origin and corresponding functional and stylistic coloring: -stv-, -ost, -izm, ur-, -ani(e), -eni(e), -tel, -ist, -tor , -out- ( dignity, authorship, universality, essence, Marxism, optimism, altruism, sculpture, proofreading, graduate school, exclamation, wandering, sculptor, colonizer, motherland and etc.). With the help of suffixes of book origin, new scientific terms are constantly formed: fusibility, malleability; -stv: - hegelianism; -ism: - idealism, feudalism; -atsi(i) curing; professionalism: -k- - pasting, winding; -azh-meterage, etc. Prefixes of book origin, characteristic of scientific and scientific-technical, official business terms and journalistic vocabulary, are functionally colored: claim, play, forbid, abnormal, anti-artistic, ultraviolet, extraordinary. Excessive saturation of the text K. s. destroys the stylistic structure inherent in a certain type of text, and also violates one of the communicative qualities of speech - its relevance.
"book words" in books
Book publications
From the author's bookBook Publications Agibalova E., Donskoy G. History of the Middle Ages. - M.: Enlightenment, 1980. Bard A., Zoderkvist J. NETocracy. New ruling elite and life after capitalism. - St. Petersburg: Stockholm School of Economics in St. Petersburg, 2004. Balzac O. Lost Illusions: A Novel // Collected.
Bookshelves
From the book The Golden Rules of Feng Shui. 10 simple steps to success, prosperity and longevity author Ogudin Valentin LeonidovichBookshelves Shelves full of books, or shelves where books and papers are scattered about, create stagnant qi that will not benefit people. We need to find ways to protect people from the aggressive effects of corners and long ends of bookstores.
book riches
From the book Ivan III author Skrynnikov Ruslan GrigorievichBook wealth In a letter, Gennady asked Joasaph a question: “Do you have books in Kirillov, or Farofontovo, or Kamenny: Sylvester, Pope of Rome…” and others? Ioasaph, Prince Obolensky in the world, was hegumen of the Ferapontov Monastery until he received the episcopal rank and returned to
Book publications
From the book Sinister secrets Antarctica. Swastika in ice author Osovin Igor AlekseevichBook publications Biryuk A.V. UFO: secret strike. - M .: Gamma Press, 2000 (in RuNet this book is placed under the title "The Great Secret of Ufology": http://macbion.narod.ru/ufb/ufb0.htm). Vasilchenko A.V. Mysterious Expedition. What were the Germans looking for in Antarctica? – M.: Veche, 2011. Gershtein M.B. UFO in
BOOKSHELVES
From the book Your Home author Gurova Alexandra SergeevnaBOOKSHELFS We offer three designs bookshelves. Perhaps they will seem to someone suitable in idea and appearance and affordable by design. The first two samples are suspended. In one case, the entire structure is attached to the ceiling, and in the other, to the top of the wall.
book chambers
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (KN) of the author TSBO old poet's word: / "Words, words, only words!"
From the book encyclopedic Dictionary winged words and expressions author Serov Vadim VasilievichThe literary language, in addition to written and oral forms, is presented in the act of communication in the form of book and colloquial speech.
When implementing each of the forms, the writer or speaker selects words, combinations of words to express his thoughts, and makes sentences. Depending on the material from which speech is built, it acquires a bookish or colloquial character. Let's compare for example the proverbs: Desire is stronger than coercion and Hunting is stronger than bondage. The idea is the same, but framed differently. In the first case, verbal nouns in -nie (desire, compulsion) are used, giving the speech a bookish character. In the second - the words hunt, more, giving a touch of colloquialism. It is not difficult to assume that the first proverb will be used in a scientific article, diplomatic dialogue, and the second proverb in a casual conversation. Consequently, the sphere of communication determines the selection of linguistic material, and it, in turn, forms and determines the type of speech. Book speech serves the political, legislative, scientific spheres of communication (congresses, symposiums, conferences, meetings, meetings), and colloquial speech is used at semi-official anniversaries, celebrations, at friendly feasts, meetings, confidential conversations between the boss and subordinates, in everyday household, family environment.
Book speech is built according to the norms literary language, their violation is unacceptable; sentences must be complete, logically related to each other. In book speech, abrupt transitions from one thought that has not been brought to its logical conclusion to another are not allowed. Among the words there are abstract, bookish words, including scientific terminology, official business vocabulary.
Colloquial speech is not so strict in observing the norms of the literary language. It allows the use of forms that qualify in dictionaries as colloquial. The text of such speech is dominated by common vocabulary, colloquial; preferred simple sentences, participial and participle turnovers are avoided.
Book and colloquial speech have written and oral forms.
The terms book and colloquial vocabulary are conditional, since they are not necessarily associated with the idea of only one form of speech. book words, typical for written speech, can also be used in oral form (scientific reports, public speaking, etc.), and colloquial - in writing (in diaries, everyday correspondence, etc.).
However, not all words are distributed among different styles of speech. The Russian language has a large group of words that are used in all styles without exception and are characteristic of both oral and written speech. Such words form a background against which stylistically colored vocabulary stands out. They are called stylistically neutral.
If speakers find it difficult to determine whether given word use in one or another style of speech, they should turn to dictionaries and reference books. In the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, marks are given indicating the stylistic characteristics of the word: “book.” - bookish, "colloquial." - colloquial, "officer." - official, "special." - special, "simple." - spacious, etc.
For example, in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language at the End of the 20th Century" (St. Petersburg, 1998) with such notes are given the words:
Meditation (book) - in some Eastern religions: a state of deep self-denial, accompanied by physical relaxation, reaching complete prostration; detachment from the outside world.
Mental (bookish) - related to consciousness, thinking.
The poor (official) - a social stratum of society, consisting of people who do not have a living wage, who are at the poverty line.
Low income (official) - noun. to the underprivileged.
Marathon (trans., publ.) - about some. state; about a long and intense struggle for leadership in smth.
Pendulum (publ.) - about the sharp fluctuations of smth. in an unstable position.
Xerit (colloquial) - make a photocopy, make a photocopy.
Doll (colloquial) - a bundle, a pack, a package with cut paper, given by a fraudster instead of money,
Shopkeeper (colloquial) - the owner of the store.
It should be borne in mind that the functional and stylistic boundaries of the modern literary language are very mobile. Therefore, it is important to know and subtly feel the specific features of each functional style skillfully use language means different styles depending on the situation of communication and the purpose of the utterance.
Vvedenskaya L.A. Culture of speech - Rostov n / D., 2001.
Neutral vocabulary- the most stable part of the vocabulary of the language, which forms its basis; can be used in any communicative situation, since it is devoid of any expressive-emotional coloring and, in fact, is a kind of standard, in relation to which all others are determined
functional layers of vocabulary. Thus, for example, the verb to die is neutral compared to such variants as die (book style), die (colloquial style) and die (slang); noun person - neutral in comparison with the words face ( High style), physiognomy (colloquial version) and mug (simple river word).
Neutral vocabulary includes the names of many objects and phenomena (house, book, wind, snow, etc.), actions and states (read, lie down, walk, etc.), signs (high, sad, green, etc.). Almost all pronouns, numerals and auxiliary words are stylistically neutral.
In some linguistic works, neutral vocabulary is called interstyle.
Book vocabulary- vocabulary presented in scientific, fiction, journalism, official business documents. This category of words, as a rule, is used in written speech and is inappropriate in oral speech.
This group is dominated by words that do not express any emotional evaluation; quite often they denote those concepts that are not found in everyday communication, but at the same time they may not apply to scientific terminology (hypothesis, prevail, lofty). The degree of bookishness of such words can be different - both not very distinct, moderate (argumentation, burden, immemorial, very), and pronounced (hypertrophied, for, lapidary, prerogative).
Emotionally colored words are also found within the book vocabulary. Some of them give a positive assessment to certain processes, actions, properties and phenomena (persona, predestinate, panacea), others - negative or disapproving (vandalism, insinuation, obscurantism).
Inside the bookstore, high and poetic vocabulary can stand out. High vocabulary is characterized by a special solemnity, elation. It is often used in oratory, especially when some significant events in the history of the country, the life of the people, etc. are touched upon. (accomplishment, sovereign, hoist, from now on). Poetic vocabulary also adjoins solemn, but it is more characteristic of fiction, sometimes - journalism (azure, boundless, more beautiful, dreams, muse, blush).
colloquial vocabulary- vocabulary, presented mainly in colloquial (oral) speech, focused on informal, relaxed communication. Against the background of neutral vocabulary, colloquial is more expressive, sometimes familiar and somewhat reduced in style.
Colloquial vocabulary is not homogeneous; several different layers can be distinguished in its composition: material from the site
- literary and colloquial words (intellectual, on the sly, mindlessly, hack),
- colloquial and professional (utility room, steering wheel, planning meeting),
- colloquial terminological (troychatka, ascorbic acid, diabetic),
- everyday household (joker, joker, chatter, canteen).
Inside the colloquial vocabulary, both words are presented that are devoid of any expressive shades (four, dad, celebrate [birthday], rush, get sick), and expressively colored (erysipelas, devilry, cheat).
Colloquial vocabulary is part of the literary language, it is adjoined by colloquial vocabulary that is outside the literary norm - even more expressive and stylistically reduced (sure, bro, mug, there, sleep). The boundary between colloquial and colloquial words is quite indefinite and mobile, as evidenced by marks in various dictionaries.
Didn't find what you were looking for? Use the search
On this page, material on the topics:
- neutral and reduced vocabulary
- words neutral, bookish, colloquial
- neutral, bookish and colloquial vocabulary.
- dictionary of neutral book colloquialisms
- neutral colloquial bookish
Book vocabulary is a significant layer of the dictionary. Examples of book words: similar (cf. stylistically neutral similar, similar), hypothesis (cf. assumption), argue (cf. prove), differentiate (cf.
Distinguish, distinguish), silence (cf. silence), absolutely (cf. completely, completely: absolutely healthy - completely, completely healthy), etc.
The main areas of use of book vocabulary are various genres of book and written speech: scientific article, law, business correspondence, newspaper, radio and television correspondence, etc.
By the nature and degree of expressive-stylistic coloring, book words are not the same. Words stand out especially, which, in addition to the general coloring of bookishness, have a tinge of solemnity; they constitute a group of sublime, or high, vocabulary. These are words such as, for example, good, announce, listen, inspired, sing, eyes, lips, fatherland, accomplishments, coming, for, so that, etc. (as we see, among the exalted vocabulary there are many obsolete words). The area of use of high vocabulary is some genres of poetry, as well as prose texts created on the occasion of any solemn events (cf., for example, anniversary articles and speeches).
High language can be used in fiction or journalistic text to create a comic effect. For example: “And this faithful guard, unexpectedly for everyone around him, was inflamed with an unbridled passion for the good that he was called to guard” (from a newspaper feuilleton).
In addition to high, book vocabulary includes groups of scientific and official business vocabulary. Scientific, in addition to special terms (see § 82), includes many words that accurately name certain phenomena, properties, actions and do not contain evaluations: analyze, relevant, conclusion, identity, visual, identical, relatively, monograph, dissertation, structure and etc. 10-
Official business vocabulary includes words used primarily in the field of business relations between people and institutions and having a “clerical” coloring: such, in the absence of, in view of, the above, the undersigned, the plaintiff, the defendant, record, authorize, etc.
More on the topic § 85. BOOK VOCABULARY:
- Book vocabulary. Groups of book vocabulary. Word-building signs of book words. Stylistic marks in explanatory dictionaries characterizing the book form of the modern language.
- Functional-style stratification of vocabulary. Colloquial and book vocabulary (varieties). Expressive-colored vocabulary. The use of functionally fixed and express-colored vocabulary in various styles of speech. Stationery and stamps.
- RESTRUCTURING OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE VARIETIES OF THE BOOK LANGUAGE AS A RESULT OF REPULSING THE BOOK LANGUAGE FROM THE SPOKEN LANGUAGE. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GRAMMATICAL APPROACH TO THE BOOK LANGUAGE (XIV-XVI centuries)
