What are punctuation marks in Russian. Punctuation marks and their role in the text

MBNOU "Gymnasium No. 44"

The benefits of punctuation marks

Performed:

Mikhaleva Ulyana

Introduction

What can punctuation marks

The benefits of punctuation marks

Conclusion

Introduction

Punctuation, like spelling, is part of graphics system accepted for a given language, and must be as firmly learned as the letters of the alphabet with their sound meanings, in order for the letter to accurately and fully express the content of the utterance. And in order for this content to be equally perceived by all readers, it is necessary that the meaning of punctuation marks be firmly established within one national language. It doesn't matter what appearance punctuation marks in different languages can be the same, and the meaning and, therefore, their use are different. It is important that everyone who writes and reads in one language or another understands exactly what this or that punctuation mark expresses.

The main purpose of punctuation is to indicate the semantic division of speech. At the same time, punctuation marks serve to identify various semantic shades inherent in separate parts written text. Eigenvalues punctuation marks have evolved over the centuries. Everything that was accidental and unsuccessful was eliminated, all the best was consolidated in the work of authors, in the practice of serious publishing houses, in which editors who were equally sensitive to the importance of punctuation worked.

Punctuation marks - elements of writing<#"justify">Tasks:

1.What can punctuation marks.

2.The benefits of punctuation marks and their use in everyday life.

.The role of punctuation marks in works of art.

.The peculiarity of Russian punctuation.

1. What can punctuation marks

In everyday life, we are surrounded by many objects, things, phenomena that are so familiar that we rarely think about the questions: when and how did these phenomena appear and, accordingly, the words that call them? Who is their creator and creator? Have such familiar words always meant what they mean today? What is the history of their entry into our life and language?

To such a familiar and even to some extent ordinary (due to the fact that we are faced with this on a daily basis) can be attributed Russian letter, more precisely, the graphic system of the Russian language.

The graphic system of the Russian language, like many other languages, is based on letters and punctuation marks. Many of us ask the question: "Why are punctuation marks needed?" I think punctuation marks are very important, if only to give some meaning to a sentence. After all, the same phrase can be pronounced in different ways, and this will change the meaning of this sentence. Punctuation marks help us to correctly read a particular sentence in the right intonation and with the right emotions.

A.P. Chekhov wrote: "Punctuation marks are like reading notes." Everyone knows that punctuation marks play an important role in writing. Is it true that in case of omission or transfer of one punctuation mark to another place, you can completely change the meaning of this sentence?

We separate words, word groups and sentences with commas in writing. An inappropriate or missing comma can change the meaning of the entire sentence and lead to a misunderstanding of what is written. Here, for example: one of the deceased ancient Greek wealthy left a will, which contained a requirement in memory of the testator "To put a statue holding a golden lance." This caused a lot of controversy. One believed that it was necessary to erect "a golden statue holding a lance." This could have ruined the heirs in the end. Others believed that it was required to erect "a statue holding a golden lance." This understanding of the condition of the will would be more acceptable for the heirs, since it would be easier to fulfill.

Remember famous phrase"Execution cannot be pardoned." Many people know the hero from the cartoon "In the land of unlearned lessons", who had a dream about his careless attitude to school subjects. The boy immediately wanted to correct his mistakes. He remembered that in one of the assignments he had to correctly put a comma in the sentence "Execution cannot be pardoned." The boy, putting it after the word "cannot", thereby saved his life, in contrast to the fact that he could execute himself with the same comma: "Execute, you cannot pardon."

This example is related to historical fact... The English king Edward II (at the turn of the XIII-XIV centuries) revolted most of his subjects against himself by oppression and unbearable taxes. A conspiracy arose against him, led by his wife Isabella. The king was deposed by the decision of parliament and imprisoned in the castle, in which he spent eight months, awaiting the decision of his fate. The jailers who guarded the king received a prescription, formulated without commas: "Do not dare to kill Edward, it is useful to be afraid." It all depended on how to read the text.

Do not dare to kill Edward, it is useful to be afraid (that is, you should be afraid).

Kill Edward, do not dare to be afraid (as it is useful).

The jailers understood the queen's trick and read the letter the way she wanted. The result is a "bloody" comma.

This phrase, by the way, reflects one of the reasons why we need these very punctuation marks. This reason is unambiguity.

At times, there would be ambiguity in the interpretation of a sentence at all. It is no coincidence that punctuation marks have many different functions: dividing, excretory, emotionally expressive, semantic ...

2. Use of punctuation marks

Based on the above examples, I want to say that you should not belittle the role of punctuation marks. No wonder they were invented. So, for something they are needed!

Look closely at the advertisements posted in our city, read them in the newspapers. In modern fiction, punctuation errors also occur. And not as rarely as we would like.

If you place an ad at the entrance to the store: "Drunk dogs on roller skates are strictly prohibited", then the buyers will laugh at you. The role of the comma in this ad is visible to the naked eye.

But such a case happened to one boy. He sent a text message "Mom leaves in the morning, meet me." The meaning of the text depends on where the comma will be placed: after the word "leaves" or after the word "in the morning". Surely it will be necessary to clarify on mobile communications: how good it is that it exists.

And these sentences are the same in terms of vocabulary, but their meaning is also different. What do you think it depends on? Of course, from a comma.

Kolya sang as everyone sang.

Kolya sang, as everyone sang.

It was light so that every pebble was visible on the road.

It was light, so every pebble was visible on the road.

How did he leave?

I have not seen a comrade's brother and his sister.

I have not seen a brother, a friend of his sister.

The houses of the street are flooded with light.

Houses, streets are flooded with light.

Mud covered everything: window, door, ceiling, walls.

Mud covered the entire window, door, ceiling, walls.

He got up, quickly washed up and began to exercise.

He got up quickly, washed himself and began to exercise.

The child played, as all the children were playing.

The child played the way all children played.

Place punctuation marks between the following words:

what it is is what it is not is not is it so it is

At first glance, a complete gibberish. A collection of words devoid of meaning. However, watch how your perception changes if you arrange the punctuation as follows:

That it is, is. The fact that this does not exist is not. Isn't it so? This is true!

One more example:

"Already near the very porch, she came face to face with a neat old man, with a neatly trimmed beard and a whole mane of gray hair." The comma in this case is superfluous, since in the sense then it turns out that SHE faced three characters: an old man, with a beard and a whole mane of hair.

I found a certain experimental poem on the Internet, which, as it were, consists of three separate poems. You need to read the left poem first, then the right one, and then both together, combining them into one. Therefore, I deliberately did not place separating signs, because if a comma is appropriate when reading one poem, it turns out completely out of order when reading the general version.

In poetry, you can skillfully break lines into smaller ones, writing each one separately, with the breaks indicating the location of the comma or dash. For example:

The word is bitter

Wounds my soul

Feeling subtle

Carrying away to the moon

Among the skies of the night

Between bright stars

These are the feelings

The bridge will be woven

And on that bridge

Will rush into the distance

Taking away the dream

My sadness is sorrow

But this is in case the lines are short. And if it is a little more authentic, various kinds of misunderstandings may occur. For example,

And on that bridge ................ did not agree again

Will rush into the distance ........... and my love

Taking away the dream .................... turned back

My sadness is sadness .......... accursed.

a clumsy break from line to line: "... and my love, taking away the dream, turned back." Although, when placing signs, the stanza takes on a completely different meaning:

And on that bridge they did not agree again.

My love will rush into the distance.

Taking away the dream, turned back

My sadness is accursed sadness.

Below are examples of erroneous placement of punctuation marks, leading to a distortion of meaning in the placement of punctuation marks.

Olga was sitting on a bench and waiting for her friend, who was in the park.

Is everyone here? - No. Only Vanya, Misha, Masha, Kolya, Dima, Nastya have not come here yet.

There are 10 punctuation marks in modern Russian. V Grammar M. Smotritskiy also 10. Here they are: dash |, comma, colon :, point., Amazing !, distinct V, singular -, question ;, local, turn-down ().

Excerpt from Russian grammar M.V. Lomonosov. (1775)

In addition to the letters that are common in the Russian language, they put different signs with them, in lines and above the lines: for this, the first are called lowercase, others are superscript. Lowercase - comma, period, two dots :, semicolon, question mark, awesome mark, single =, capacious (). Superscript 2: a line to indicate different strengths in similar sayings: then and then, full and full: a parenthesis above the th short to distinguish from and simple: mine, mine (this also includes two dots above e)

What punctuation marks currently in use are not present in Russian grammar MVL omonosov? (Dash, ellipsis, quotation marks, brackets.)

How to understand the division of characters into lowercase and superscript?

Are superscripts in use now, as they are called?

What is this sign singular ? (This is a hyphen - connects parts of a word together.)

Which of them have come down to us without change, and which have changed their name.

A poem with missing punctuation marks also sounds rather strange:

Very, very strange kind

the river outside the window is burning

someone's house wagging its tail

doggie shoots from a gun

the boy almost ate the mouse

cat with glasses reading a book

old grandfather flew through the window

the sparrow grabbed the grain

but how he shouts, flying away:

that's what the comma means!

In the world of interesting (a story about interesting facts from knowledge of punctuation).

Did you know:

that punctuation marks are divided into 2 groups: basic and composite.

The first group includes a period, a comma, a dash. Group II - semicolon, colon, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis, brackets and quotes;

that the Greeks at the end of interrogative sentences do not put a question mark, as we do, but a semicolon;

that the Spaniards put question and exclamation marks not only at the end of a sentence, but also at the beginning of them upside down;

that Armenians begin a declarative sentence with a colon.

Thus, we can conclude, why do we need punctuation marks? (Their absence makes it difficult to read and understand the text, allows for double, erroneous interpretation).

If we do not adhere to punctuation rules, then the same thing will happen to us as in A. Kanevsky's fairy tale.

“The person lost the comma, became afraid of complex sentences, looked for simpler phrases. Simple phrases were followed by simple thoughts.

Then he lost the exclamation mark and began to speak quietly, with one intonation. Nothing pleased him and nothing angered him - he began to treat everything dispassionately, indifferently, without emotion.

Then he lost the question mark and stopped asking questions. No events aroused his curiosity, wherever they happened: on Earth, in space, or even in own apartment.

The role of punctuation marks in works of art

punctuation mark artwork

In the history of Russian linguistics, there are three main directions in the appointment of Russian punctuation: logical, syntactic and intonation. Theorist of the logical or semantic direction, F.I. Buslaev, formulated the purpose of punctuation as follows: "Since through language one person conveys his thoughts and feelings to another, then punctuation marks have a double purpose: 1) they contribute to clarity in the presentation of thoughts, separating one sentence from another or one part of it from another, and 2) express the sensations of the speaker's face and his relationship to the listener. "

In the second half of the twentieth century, along with these traditional trends, there was also a communicative understanding of the role of punctuation - "the possibility of underlining in a written text using punctuation marks of the communicative significance of a word / group of words"

The main function of punctuation (traditionally understood as a system of graphical non-alphabetic signs - punctuation marks - involved in the translation of oral speech into writing) is also subordinated to the solution of the communicative task - with the help of articulation and graphic organization of the written text "to convey to the reader the meaning of what is written as it is reproduced by the writer" ...

When analyzing the role of punctuation marks in works of fiction, the two-sided functional significance of punctuation becomes even more important: "punctuation for the writer" (direction from meaning to signs) and "punctuation for the reader" (direction through signs to meaning). After all, ultimately, it comes about coding text through signs.

On the one hand, this term refers to the features of the punctuation of texts that are individual in nature, inherent in a particular writer (the set of signs he uses, the predominant use of one of them, the expansion of the functions of this sign), in general, do not contradict the rules adopted in this period.

On the other hand, this is a deliberate deviation from the current norms of punctuation and a special use of punctuation marks in literary texts.

So, A.I. Efimov analyzed the widespread use of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin of such a punctuation mark as parentheses. In the "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation" only four cases of their application are given, and for a satirist writer, brackets were one of the effective means creating expressiveness: they contained synonyms of the word, "Aesopian" words, professionalism, explained outdated vocabulary, gave comments on names and surnames, commenting on the sources of phraseology, they served as interlinear satirical language, included witticisms, anecdotes, remarks of a service-grammatical nature, and etc. (according to Efimov's calculations, brackets in Saltykov-Shchedrin performed up to forty functions).

In system visual media characterizing the writing style of F.M. Dostoevsky, the method of using the dash after the union takes its definite place. "

In a word, I anticipate the onset of a new period of life and - I am worried;

A thousand prejudices and logical thoughts and - no thoughts!;

The main thing is that Mr. Versilov got excited and was too hasty ...;

Mechanically he went to the window to open it and breathe in the night air, and - suddenly all shuddered ...

Gorky's "addiction" to the dash is well known: it occurs between the subject and the verb predicate, after the compositional union with homogeneous members of the sentence, after generalizing words before listing homogeneous members, between homogeneous and heterogeneous members and in other cases in which usually or not at all a punctuation mark is put, or another mark is put.

For example ("Egor Bulychov and Others", "In People"): Lying is worse. Lying down means giving up;

It's like a fist fight;

And - I want to talk;

Weird! How can you not be afraid? A - gentlemen, and - God?;

People won;

Man - knows how to work !;

akat - extinguished; (in the last examples, the division of the sentence enhances the meaning of both main members, as if opposing them to each other);

He had such a thick, damp face, and his stomach - like a big pillow (before the comparative union);

Money disappears, work remains;

Some are at war, others are stealing (symmetrical dash);

All this is nonsense, - dreams, - nonsense!;

Leave me alone, - it will be, - give it up !; (in the last examples, a comma and a dash to express the gradation).

The semantic, syntactic, intonational functions of the dash, the graphic expressiveness of this sign won him popularity among other writers. He was aptly christened the sign of "surprise" - both semantic and intonational. So, in Boris Pilnyak's work Zavolochye, the effect of "surprise" is enhanced by the use of a sequence of two or more dashes: all the same, indifferent, there is no pitching, - the only reality is the sea, delirium, nonsense. "

For example, in the fiction of I.S. Turgenev ("Village", "Necessitas, Vis, Libertas", "Letters (1850-1854)"):

And it smells like smoke and grass - and a little tar - and a little skin;

And he, as if, died before me, while still being young; but years passed - and I forgot about his promise - about his threat;

A tall, bony old woman with an iron face and a motionless dull gaze — walks with long strides — and with her hand dry, like a stick, pushes another woman in front of her;

... I promise you one thing that I hope you will like - what it is - I will not say - you will see - and you will receive it, maybe in a month.

The famous poem by I.S. Turgenev's prose "Russian language" has the following punctuation design:

In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland - you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! If it weren't for you, how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!

Dash with his ability to express the rhythm melody of speech is widely used by F.I. Tyutchev ("The feast is over, the choirs are silent ..."). Sometimes it is used by the poet as a final sign:

The feast is over - the choirs are silent -

Amphorae emptied -

The baskets are overturned -

Not finished in the goblets of guilt -

On the heads the wreaths are crumpled -

Only the aromas are smoked

In an empty, light room ...

Yes - that's what - come back yourself, but at a trot, hear ...; And you - look - for such words ...; To the clerk - give, to the clerk - give, to the junior clerk - give (symmetrical dash).

In the poetry of A.A. The dash block is used for a concise, sharp and contrasting expression of thoughts: Here is an example ("I kept them in the chapel of John ..."):

And now - She, and to her - my Hosanna -

The crown of labor is above all awards.

I kept and warmed candles here alone.

One — the prophet — was trembling in the smoke of a censer.

And on the One Day - one participant of the Meeting.

I did not share these meetings with anyone.

In another poem "rhythmomelodic" dash ("Z. Gippius"):

High above us - above the waves -

Like dawn over black rocks -

The banner is blowing - the International!

Dash in verses of a special rhythm ("In the Attic"):

But she does not hear -

Hears - does not look,

Silent - does not breathe

White - is silent ...

Dash as a reflection of hard pauses ("Twelve"):

... grins his teeth - the wolf is hungry -

The tail is tucked in - does not lag behind -

A cold dog is a rootless dog ...

In the poetry of M.I. The color dash is used for the semantic highlighting of the last word of the line, to create a special rhythm melody of the verse ("In my huge city - night ..."):

The July wind sweeps me - the way

And somewhere there is music in the window - a little.

Ah, now the wind will blow until dawn

Through the walls of the thin breasts - into the chest.

There is a black poplar, and there is a light in the window,

And the ringing on the tower, and in the hand - the color,

And this step - follow no one,

And this shadow, but not me.

An example of the chased syllable of M. Tsvetaeva, reflected in the letter with a dash ("Not today, tomorrow the snow will melt ..."):

Far away - in the night - on the asphalt - a cane,

The doors are wide open - into the night - under the blow of the wind.

Come in! - come! - unwanted guest,

Into my light peace.

It should be noted that in modern literature there is both the absence of punctuation marks in the text (due to which the boundaries between the parts of the sentence are eliminated and each word form is included in many combinations), and the situation of the appearance of punctuation marks within the word.

There are also other cases of author's punctuation: complete or partial rejection of punctuation marks as a satirical technique, or a reflection of the features of punctuation foreign language in translated texts, or, conversely, overloading the text with punctuation marks:

I have an idea! Fall at my feet, so be it, have mercy! I AM! I take it! You! I enroll! TO! To yourself! V! Group! Here! (Gran.); I miss. Without. You. My. Expensive. ...

Even more significant changes in the organization of the text were brought about by the use of a computer, which gave our punctuation a few extra punctuation marks. The most important of these is the slash - the forward slash (/). Previously used only as a mathematical sign or a computer symbol, in modern use, the slash has become a very peculiar "punctuation" mark, demonstrating the multiplicity of choice, different options expressions for the same content. Moreover, the functions of this sign, which, like a dash, participates in the semantic division of information, are quite diverse, it can be used in the following meanings:

both ... and ... (for data input / output)

either ... or ... (in replace / insert mode)

And ... or ...

Another variant of using the slash is demonstrated in the book "The Seagull: A Comedy and Its Sequel", where two authors of the text (A. Chekhov / B. Akunin) and two publishers that took responsibility for its publication (Jerusalem: Gesharim / M .: Bridges of culture, 2000). If in the second case the slash acts in the already traditional role of a double conjunction "both ... and ...", then in the first it, in fact, performs the function of a computer symbol, denoting the "nesting" of one text in another. Indeed, in this case, under one cover there is a version of Chekhov's comedy in four acts, and additional (attached, nested) two acts of the play, written by B. Akunin.

"Do you really never have the feeling that the main work of Russian drama ends at the most interesting place?" finished view ", - says the annotation to the publication. In the first act of Akunin's supplement, the heroes agree to search for the killer of Konstantin Treplev, and the subsequent "eight takes" of the second act sequentially try on this role for Nina Zarechnaya, Medvedenko, Masha, Polina Andreevna, Sorin, Arkadina, Trigorin and Dr. Dorn, clearly demonstrating to the reader the possibility of multiple interpretation.

V recent times the forward slash mark is increasingly appearing in literary text as a non-systematic punctuation mark: "a hero who adored an actress / singer all his life" (Tatyana Moskvina. Praise for bad chocolate. St. Petersburg - M .: OOO "Limbus Press" Publishing House, 2002), "a hero / author thinks about Charlotte" ( Tatiana Tolstaya. Raisin. M .: Podkova, EKSMO, 2002).

However, in Pavel Krusanov's novel Bom-bom (St. Petersburg, Amphora, 2002), the slash serves as one of the text-forming elements of the work. The core idea of Krusanov's novel is the problem of choice: in the finale, the hero will have to decide whether he is capable of performing an act that is fatal for himself, but salutary for Russia. "Fate gives a person the right to choose, including the right to refuse the right to be chosen by it," notes Krusanov. The hero of "Bom-boma" throws a coin, which will decide his fate and thereby determine the plot line.

Half of the book's edition, in the version of the novel where the death of the hero becomes the ending, has an image of a coin turned "heads" on the back of the cover, and an image of "tails" on the other half. Thus, the hostage of the idea of choice becomes not only the author of the book, not only its hero, but also the reader who, buying a book in the store, also drew lots and, by force of random circumstances, chose one of the alternatives.

The novel is narrated in two temporal planes: the even chapters tell about the ancestors of the protagonist, Andrei Norushkin, and the odd ones - about Norushkin-2002, that is, our contemporary. It is significant that the slash appears only in chapters devoted to the modern era in the history of the Norushkin family, and only in that version of the final chapter, which is symbolically indicated by "tails".

Slash, who has turned from a punctuation mark into a fateful sign, separates two paths - and the possibility of choosing one of them exists only for a modern person. In other words, here the slash as a punctuation mark is not used in the meanings that have already become traditional for it ("as / so", "either / or", "on the one hand / on the other hand", "and / or"), not in the role of the "sign of opposition", but as a symbol of the realization of a certain possibility, potentially inherent in the text.

Feature of Russian punctuation

The peculiarity of Russian punctuation is that the same mark can be used:

?with various purposes (multifunctionality of punctuation marks),

?however, different marks can be used for the same purpose (synonyms of punctuation marks). One should not think that in specific cases they are completely interchangeable, i.e. are quite equivalent. Far from it: there are no absolutely synonymous punctuation marks, and by choosing one or another variant of the punctuation of the text, the author finds in it certain advantages of a semantic, stylistic, intonational nature.

Both of these circumstances make it possible to produce optimal choice signs. There are three cases of punctuation marks selection:

) according to the scheme "sign - zero of the sign" (to put or not to put) - optional signs;

) according to the scheme "either - or" (mutual exclusion of signs) - alternative signs;

) according to the "sign of choice" scheme (parallel use of signs) - variable signs.

"Sign - zero sign" (to put or not to put).

In the examples: "Thank you everyone ..." (title of the movie); He speaks frequently - brilliantly; All this is good, but it is a risk; Why do we need these words - now that everything has already been decided? - the setting of the dash is not due to the structure of the sentences, but it is quite justified: the authors' desire to emphasize the meaning of the words after the dash, to highlight them intonationally, to note the connecting shade, etc., comes into play.

It is possible to isolate the specifying circumstances of the place and time: There (,) in the distance (,) a thunderstorm begins; See you tomorrow (,) at seven o'clock in the evening.

Isolation of additions is possible: Instead of this endless monotonous plain (,) I wanted to see something picturesque. Wed See also: In addition (,) there were two more similar cases (in the meaning "except that case", and not in the meaning of the introductory combination, which must be highlighted).

Putting a comma between two homogeneous members of a sentence with a repeating union and: You can relax in the mountains (,) and on the seashore.

Oh yeah! - Oh yeah! (in the first case, o is an interjection, in the second, o is a particle).

"Or - or" (mutual exclusion of signs).

At the junction of two unions in a complex sentence, a comma is placed between them or not, depending on whether the second part of the double union follows the subordinate part of the double conjunction then, so, but; Wed: We were informed that if the weather worsens, the excursion will not take place. - We were informed that if the weather worsens, the excursion will not take place

Comparing the proposals: Are these disadvantaged and not society itself guilty of indifference? - Are these disadvantaged, and not society itself, guilty of indifference? - we note in the first of them the absence of a comma after the second homogeneous term associated with the first with the help of the adversary union a and does not end the sentence, and in the second - the presence of a comma. This discrepancy is explained by the fact that in the first sentence the predicate is consistent with the closest subject to it (society is guilty), and in the second - with a more distant subject (the disadvantaged ... are guilty).

Punctuation marks are alternative in so-called syntactic homonymy (coincidence of the lexical composition of two sentences, but with different syntactic connections of individual words: they can be attributed to both the previous and the subsequent group of words).

The troubles that befell him later, she perceived as retribution. - The troubles that befell him, she later perceived as retribution;

Likhachev read the letter of his nephew in silence, went to the window (Mark.). - Likhachev read the letter of his nephew, silently walked to the window.

He stated that he handed over the book and was waiting for an answer. - He stated that he had handed over the book and was waiting for an answer;

He spoke surprisingly easily, choosing precise words and constructing clear phrases. - He spoke, surprisingly easily choosing exact words and constructing clear phrases;

The detachment stopped: there were no boats at the crossing. - The detachment stopped at the crossing: there were no boats.

"Sign of choice" (parallel use of signs).

Various punctuation designs for similar texts are often found in print. The connecting structure can be preceded by different punctuation marks: comma, dash, period, ellipsis. Different punctuation marks can be in segmented constructions. After the first part (nominative topic, or nominative representation), there can be a period, comma, colon, dash, question or exclamation mark, ellipsis, a combination of two characters is possible:

Theatre. This word is associated with the earliest impressions of childhood (V. Kataev. "Surprise");

The logic of thinking, he believed it (Grossman);

Student life: what should it be? (gas.);

Aunt - where does she refuse, at least some, but you are still yours. (Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin: 3. Before the battle");

Love? I don’t know such a name. (Selv.);

Memories! Like a sharp knife onet. (AS Griboyedov. "Woe from Wit");

The man of the future ... They dreamed about him the best people many generations, all times (Dolmatov);

Friends of my youth! .. Each of them went his own way (Silver).

Various punctuation designs for similar texts are often found in print. Above, for example, it was said that different punctuation marks may appear in front of the connecting structure: comma, dash, period, ellipsis. Different punctuation marks in similar conditions can be used in a number of other cases. Let us indicate the most important of them.

Semicolon.

Let's compare two texts:

The shadow was thinning. The East was red. The Cossack fire was ablaze. (AS Pushkin. "Poltava");

The deep darkness in the sky thinned, the day fell on a dark valley, the dawn rose (AS Pushkin. "Prisoner of the Caucasus").

In texts similar in structure, the author established different relationships between individual sentences: more distant in the first case, closer in the second (the image of the coming day). As for the current rules, in such cases they allow the specified punctuation marks to be interchanged.

A comma is a semicolon.

Let's compare two sentences:

There was a quiet frost, dawn was burning out, downy snows lay high (VF Panova. "Kruzhilikha");

The shelves closed their ranks; arrows scattered in the bushes; cannonballs roll, bullets whistle; cold bayonets hung (AS Pushkin, "Poltava").

In such cases, variability in the use of these punctuation marks is possible.

Period is a semicolon.

Let's compare two texts:

Late. The wind turned cold. It's dark in the valley. The grove sleeps over the misty river. The moon hid behind a mountain. (AS Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin");

At the gate I saw an old cast-iron cannon; the streets were narrow and crooked; the huts are low and mostly thatched. (A.S. Pushkin. " Captain's daughter»).

The semicolon between the predicative parts of the non-union complex sentence in the second text is explained by its nature: the general first impression of the Belogorsk fortress is shown when entering it. But even in the first text, individual sentences paint a general picture (after the introductory sentence "Late"), and it would not be a violation of the current rules to set semicolons in similar cases.

The colon is a dash.

The most numerous cases of variability of punctuation marks are the parallel use of a colon and a dash.

After the generalizing word before listing the homogeneous members of the sentence:

Everything is different there - the language, the way of life, the circle of people (Koch.);

Everything in them expressed hostility - their loudness, self-confidence, arrogance (D. Granin, "Beautiful Uta");

Other auxiliary characters are possible - the owner of a furniture store, a painter smeared with lime, a greengrocer from a neighboring shop (Eut.);

And from everywhere - from every house, courtyard, from every ruin and alley - an echo ran towards us (K. Paustovsky.).

In a non-union complex sentence with explanatory relations, along with a colon, there is also a dash.

I realized that it is important who draws (D. Granin, "This Strange Life").

I understood - a grief had happened, and silently wanted to help (SA Yesenin. "Anna Snegina");

It seemed to Ephraim: there would be no end of the road (S. Sartakov. "Philosopher's Stone").

And it seemed - just about a little, and Fedor will understand (V. Tendryakov. "Date with Nefertiti");

I noticed the first stone, decided - there was a treasure here, began to poke around (V. Tendryakov. "Date with Nefertiti").

The use of a colon and a dash in sentences with an absent verb of perception (and saw, and heard, and felt) became variable.

I listened: it was quiet in the mountains (Hump.).

Listened - the eternal forest silence (Serafimovich A. "Wanderings");

Kuzma listened: someone was driving the horse (Lev.).

Jacob listened - a sad song (DE).

Compare also: I enter (: -) everything is quiet; He looks around all the time (: -) if someone is sneaking up; Calculated, figured (: -) unprofitable; He looked with surprise at the spots (: -) where is this from?

Wed setting a dash (instead of the expected colon) in sentences of this type: He looked at her sideways - she is very young and beautiful (M. Gorky "Tosca"); She looked around - Vaska was flying at her in a soldier's uniform, with coal-black eyebrows from the nose to the temples (V. Panova "Satellites"); He looked out of the room - not a single light in the windows (V. Panova); I looked at the hole - the water was dozing (Shishkov).

Sometimes in these cases, instead of a colon, a comma and a dash are used as a single sign: I looked into the nest, - there are only two chicks (VV Veresaev. "Notes for myself"); I turned around - the rider was already near (Sobolev L.S. "Sea Soul");

Colon and dash are variable in non-union complex sentences with cause-and-effect relationships: The last days the flags on the map did not move: the situation remained unchanged (K. Simonov, "The Living and the Dead").

And we could not go deeper - the earth was frozen (D. Granin. "Beautiful Uta").

Wed See also: It seems that Primorye already has something to surprise the world with (:-) some tigers and ginseng are worth something; Do not say these words in front of him (: -) may take offense; With such a partner, you can even fly to Mars (: -) a reliable comrade.

Colons and dashes are variable in non-union complex sentences with explanatory relations: The authors of these letters were worried different problems, but one thing united (: -) they all expected concrete and effective help from the newspaper; Everyone was interested in only one question (: -) how to get out of the situation as soon as possible; I remember the fluff on his cheeks (: -) he just started shaving; On her head is a scarf (: -) green roses in a scarlet field; I have a rule (: -) no coffee before bed.

Wed setting a dash instead of the expected colon: White dots pop up in the sky - shrapnel are torn (Cat.); Drops are falling from birches in large tears - spring juices are coming (Cat.).

The parallel use of a colon and a dash occurs when separating the explanatory and clarifying members of the sentence: This meant one thing (: -) you need to part; How long did this silence last (: -) a minute, three, ten?; Then the main thing began (: -) searches, groping for new ways of research; Their conversation always ended in the same (: -) quarrel; How old was I then (: -) nineteen or twenty?; Don't know when to leave (: -) Wednesday or Thursday.

Wed punctuation of headings similar in structure to sentences: Meet: Baluev.

Attention is a child.

In conclusion, it can be pointed out that in the "competition" between a colon and a dash, a dash often appears as the "winner". This phenomenon has been noted by many researchers. So, A.G. Lapotko and 3.D. Popova believe that "as a whole, a dash is a freer sign, entering into the possession of the colon." NS. Volgina also comes to the conclusion that there is a tendency to displace the colon in a number of cases with a dash. " This can be explained by the special status of the dash among other punctuation marks: “Currently, the dash is a very common and multifunctional punctuation mark. It performs both grammatical (purely syntactic) and emotional-expressive functions; it is especially widely used in the latter quality in fiction. "

Comma - dash

The synonymy of these punctuation marks, while preserving the semantic and intonational shades inherent in each of them, occurs in a number of cases:

) between homogeneous members of the sentence with their non-union combination: I turned everything into a joke at first, understood - began to reproach (AA Blok. “Turned everything into a joke from the beginning ...”) - putting a comma instead of a dash would weaken the shade of the investigation; She stubbornly was silent (-,) endured, but was silent;

) when isolating inconsistent definitions: It was a beautiful mountainous area (-,) with deep gorges, sheer cliffs, dense coniferous forests;

) when isolating the specifying members of the sentence: Discharge has become a recognized, moreover (-,) dominant factor in the world political life; There were several vacancies left, or rather (-,) five; Not sure, most likely (-,) disagree;

) in connecting structures: It didn't work out (-,) and that's it; This testifies to his insolence (-,) and nothing more;

) in complex sentences to indicate an unexpected addition (see § 32): A little more (-,) and we would be on the edge of the abyss;

) in non-union complex sentences with the meaning of opposition or conditionally-consequential: It was possible (-,) no, it has already happened; Listen to you (-,) so you are ready for anything for the sake of justice; Wed also: And if it were not me, you would have smoked in Tver (Gr.); If he wanted, the guy and Tanya would be bad (Pan.);

) in complex sentences, in the first part of which the condition is expressed by a combination of the impersonal form of the verb stands with indefinite form another verb, and in the second - the result or consequence: As soon as he slipped (-,) and everything died;

Question mark - exclamation mark

Depending on the shades of meaning and on intonation, some sentences may have either a question mark or an exclamation mark at the end:

Is it possible to abuse parents with such speeches? (A. Ostrovsky "Our People - Let's Reckon") - an exclamation mark can be set;

Where can I get the money! (Leo Tolstoy. Sevastopol stories.) - Possible question mark.

Hence, it becomes possible to set both signs; Wed:

Don't you know such simple things?

Don't you know such simple things!

Don't you know such simple things ?!

Ellipsis - dash

Let's compare the sentences:

Absorbed in thoughts of the quirks of fame, I went out on a bright staircase and ... dumbfounded (D. Granin. "Note to the guide");

The controller grinned knowingly, nodded towards the hall and spat (San.).

Here we can note the possibility of the parallel use of ellipses and dashes when expressing surprise or sharp opposition. Wed also:

Twenty years ... It was such a long time ago (nominative theme).

Twenty years is an eternity (two-part sentence).

Ellipsis - comma and dash

Let's consider an example:

He swung and punched his mother with all his might in the face () but he was only one year old.

A sign that is missing in parentheses can be an ellipsis (to express surprise that can cause a smile) or a comma and dash (one comma before the union, but it would not be enough to express a strong opposition).

Conclusion

punctuation mark artwork

I would like to end my speech with the words of the famous linguist Abram Borisovich Shapiro: ... to write and read without knowing the rules of punctuation and not knowing how to use them in their daily work is unacceptable not only for a philologist, but equally for a doctor, engineer, and agronomist. Violation of the generally accepted norms for the use of punctuation marks in most cases is more dangerous than spelling a word.

Punctuation is, firstly, a collection of rules for the placement of punctuation marks and, secondly, a system of punctuation marks ( graphic images) used in written speech to indicate its dismemberment. Punctuation marks are used to denote such a dismemberment of written speech that cannot be conveyed either by morphological means or by the order of the words. The main features of a linguistic sign are materiality; mandatory presence of a value; the function of pointing to something, due to the presence of a value; the conditional nature of the connection between punctuation marks and the concept that the sign replaces.

List of used literature

1.L.P. Demidenko I.S. Kozyrev T.G. Kozyreva "Modern Russian language". - Minsk: Vysheysh. shk. 1988

G.G. Granik S.M. Bondarenko "Secrets of Punctuation". - Enlightenment, 1991

Shubina N.L. Punctuation of the modern Russian language / N.L. Shubin. - M .: Academy, 2006

Punctuation marks. What are they needed for? - [Electronic document].

Penkovsky A.B., Schwarzkopf B.S. The experience of describing Russian punctuation as functional system/ Modern Russian punctuation. - M., 1979.

Efimov A.I. "The stylistics of artistic speech." M., 1957.

Valgina N.S. Difficult questions of punctuation: A guide for teachers / N.S. Valgin. - Education, 1983.

Ivanova V.F. On the initial use of the dash in the Russian press // Modern Russian punctuation. - M., 1979.

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In the Russian language, they perform several functions. They replace intonation pauses and emphasis keywords, lower / higher voice, characteristic of Depending on the purpose, they can be divided into several groups.

Signs at the end of a sentence

All punctuation marks have their own specific meaning. So, at the end of a sentence, either a period, or an ellipsis, and an exclamation point are put.

A dot is needed if the statement contains any message and is of a narrative nature: "Today it was snowing all day, from morning until late at night."
The ellipsis indicates that the thought expressed in the sentence is incomplete and needs to be continued: "Please tell me, could you ...".
Interrogative punctuation marks are put if sentences contain the question: "Where are you still running?"
Exclamation - when the statement contains an urge to something or emotional saturation: "Sanya, how glad I am to see you! Come here!"

Signs within a sentence

Within a sentence, their own punctuation comma, semicolon, colon and dash, and parentheses are used. In addition, there are also quotes that can open and close an independent statement, and is also located inside an already created one. We put a comma in the following cases:

With homogeneous members of the sentence, separating them from each other: "Snowflakes above the ground whirl softly, smoothly, measuredly."
When she serves as a border simple sentences as part of the complex: "Thunder struck, and the rain poured in a solid wall."
Punctuation marks when separating participial and adverbial phrases: "Smiling, the boy kept talking and talking without stopping. His interlocutors, laughing heartily, were very pleased with the boy."
If the sentence contains introductory words or "I think the weather should recover soon."
With alliances "but, but, yes, and" and others, this punctuation mark is required: "At first I decided to go for a walk, but then changed my mind."

The list of punctograms, of course, is far from complete. To clarify it, you should refer to the syntax textbooks.

The colon is put down according to certain rules:

It is used with generalizing words: "Everywhere: in the rooms, in the corridor, even in the remote corners of the pantry and kitchen, multicolored lights of garlands were shining."
The colon is used for explanatory relationships within its parts: "My friend was not mistaken with the predictions: in the west, slowly but surely heavy, low clouds were gathering."
When speaking directly, one should also not forget about this punctuation mark: it separates the words of the author: "Coming close, the guy knitted his eyebrows menacingly and muttered:" Maybe we’ll come out? "

A semicolon is written if the sentence is complex, non-union, and there is no close connection between its parts or there are punctuation marks inside each part: "Meanwhile, it got dark; lights flashed here and there, streams of smoke streamed from the pipes, the smell of preparing food" ...

The dash is also placed in non-union proposals or if the subject and predicate are expressed by a noun in the presence of the particle "it", etc.: "Spring is the shine of the sun, the blue of the sky, the joyful awakening of nature."

Each punctogram has whole line nuances and clarifications, therefore, for a competent letter, you must regularly work with reference literature.

FUNCTIONS OF PREPARATION SIGNS

Punctuation is an important means of shaping written speech. Punctuation marks indicate semantic , structural and intonational articulation of speech. It is known that punctuation marks not only organize the written text to facilitate its perception by the reader, but also directly convey part of the information contained in the text. In particular, punctuation sometimes serves as the only affordable means choosing the correct interpretation of the text.

By its functions first of all, the signs are different separating (separating)(period; question mark, exclamation mark, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis) and emitting (two commas, two dashes, brackets, quotes).

DOT

An ellipsis can be a "pause" in the deployment of a sentence and can end a sentence.

The ellipsis, along with the general separating function, has a number of specific, varied meanings, which most often reflect the emotional coloring of speech.

Ellipsis conveys innuendo, reticence, interruption of thought, often - its difficulty caused by great emotional stress.

The ellipsis can convey the meaningfulness of what has been said, indicate the subtext, the hidden meaning.

With the help of the ellipsis, the author, as it were, signals the reader about his feelings, impressions, asks to pay attention to the next word or to the previous one, to the written (unexpected or especially important information), conveys the emotion of the hero, etc.

An ellipsis is a punctuation mark in the form of three adjacent dots. In most cases, it denotes an unfinished thought or a pause.

Morphology is a section of grammar that studies parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.) and their forms. Knowledge of the parts of speech in Russian is indispensable.

Firstly, the written literacy of a person depends on the knowledge of the parts of speech, because many spelling rules are based on the ability to determine the part of speech of a particular word. For example, the use of a soft sign at the end of a word after sibilants depends primarily on what part of speech is given word... If this is a noun of 3 declensions, then "b" is written at the end (daughter, luxury, etc.), and if, for example, it is a short adjective, then "b" is not written (powerful, dense). Or the noun "burn" is written with the vowel "o" after the hissing root, and the verb "burned" - with the vowel "e".

Secondly, knowledge of the parts of speech forms punctuation literacy in a person. For example, such a part of speech as an interjection (oh, ah, well, etc.) is always separated by commas in writing.

Thus, morphology is a very important branch of the science of language.

Today we will talk about existing punctuation marks.
Find out which ones exist punctuation marks, what they serve and where they came from.
Let's start with the fact that we will form a certain understanding of the purpose of punctuation marks. Why do we need these same signs?
Our speech is extremely diverse, not only in terms of the content of words in it, but also in terms of intonation. We can ask something meaningfully, pause, exclaim, bring the speech to its logical conclusion. Divide your story into parts. Quoting someone, using many other techniques in speech.
To reflect these very intonational and semantic features in writing, punctuation marks come to our aid.
We list all the existing punctuation marks and give a brief description of each.
« » - Space serves to separate words from each other.

« . » - Point allows us to split text into sentences. A sentence is a kind of complete thought within the framework of a story. Also, the dot is used to shorten long words(example "square 97" is an abbreviation for apartment 97).

« , » Comma allows us to place accents, separate words from each other within a sentence. Famous example: "Execute, you cannot pardon." and "You can't execute, pardon." shows how important commas are in making the meaning of a sentence.

« ? » Question mark allows us to make an offer to the "inquirer".

« ! » Exclamation point comes to our aid when it is necessary to give a more pronounced emotional color to the proposal.

« … » Ellipsis(three dots) we use when we want to indicate a pause or an understatement in the narrative. The ellipsis is also used for technical purposes to shorten text, usually in quotations.
Example.
In the lines of Gorky's poem: "Above the gray plain of the sea ... A petrel flutters proudly.", We can meet a call for revolution.

« ”” » Quotes... As you can see, they are used quite often in this article. We use them to distinguish quotations, direct speech, names, words in a figurative sense. They are sort of word markers in a general context.

« - » Dash or hyphen... The scope of this punctuation mark is quite wide. It is used as an en dash without spaces in words like "ever, someone, somehow", and a long in sentences. For example: “Teaching is light! ". The dash serves as a kind of bridge between words or sentences, denoting their relationship. Here are a few more examples so that you can grasp the essence and variety of use of this sign.
With me the book is my faithful assistant.

In forests, fields, seas and oceans - harmony is everywhere.

- How did you sleep today?
- Sleep is a miracle!

"To me!" - the owner said the command.

I will buy two buckets - one for home, the other for the country.

I'm sorry to go to the East too.
I will fly from Moscow to Vladivostok.

« : » Colon we denote the belonging of the subsequent part of the sentence to the previous one. For example, when in a sentence we have a generalizing word, and after it there is a list of words related to it. Different animals live in the forest: wolf, fox, bear and others. A colon can separate 2 parts of a sentence if the second follows in meaning from the first. I am pleased: today was not a day in vain. Also, the colon is actively used in sentences with direct speech and quotations in cases where the words of the author come first. For example. Einstein said: "Everything is relative!"

« ; » Semicolon... We usually use this sign for the same purpose as the comma. It is worth saying that if a comma is a kind of intonation pause for the purpose of separation, then a semicolon is an intonation pause, but a little longer and more significant.
It is used in complex sentences, as well as in listings.
Here are a couple of examples.
Need to buy:
1) apples are red;
2) pickled cucumbers;
3) tomatoes.
Vitya did not catch a fish; but in spite of this, he spent the whole evening talking about how interesting the fishing was.

« () » Brackets we are separating implied text that is inconsistent with other parts of the proposal. Usually in brackets are written: clarifications, some details and details. In speech, we usually designate such moments with words: more precisely, in the sense, I mean, etc.
Examples:
In winter (late December) I am going to go to Austria.
Punctuation marks - handy tools to create clearer and richer text.

« ’ » Apostrophe... This sign, as a rule, separates one part of the word from another in complex surnames (Zhanna d'Ark, d'Artagnan) as well as in words with a part of the word in the Latin alphabet (I sometimes use E-mail and skype). This is a kind of upper comma, letting us know that when pronouncing, we need to make a micro-pause at the place of the apostrophe.

« Paragraph"- a punctuation mark, denoted by a paragraph, is, in fact, a new line. It is used for the purposes of semantic or intonational division of the text into parts. With a new line, they usually start new thought... Transitions are actively used when writing poems and dialogues.

We have listed and disclosed all punctuation marks in the Russian language existing today. In conclusion, I would like to draw your attention to a few facts from history.
Do you know that until the end of the 15th century in Russia, words were written together without spaces?
The period only appeared in the 1480s, the comma in the 1520s. And the first paired sign (brackets) - in 1619.
Today we successfully use all of the above signs, both for their intended purpose and for creating fancy emoticons from them.
This is all.
Good luck;)

Punctuation is a branch of the science of language that studies the rules for the use of punctuation marks. Punctuation marks developed gradually in the history of the Russian language and acquired modern look only to the nineteenth century. In ancient written monuments, punctuation marks were also used, but they were very different from modern ones. For example, a period was used in the middle of a line. The period corresponded to the modern comma. The four-dot, or "thinkable cross", corresponded to the point. Moreover, in ancient times, texts were written together, letter to letter. Since the 15th century, more and more often there is a separate spelling, a punctuation mark appears, which we also use, but for us it is an "empty space", that is, a space. The ancient scribes described it as follows: “Ice sliding, or rostav, or probl. And it is placed in the Divine Scriptures in the lines between the lines (words), the hollow space is pushed apart, so that the line is not intertwined. " according to Meletius Smotrytsky - "one", which "from line to line" goes, not dividing, but joining the word. In the Church Slavonic language, punctuation marks are very similar to modern ones. Only the question mark differs from modern punctuation marks. In Church Slavonic graphics, he is punctuation Greekism.

In modern linguistics, punctuation is a science, a linguistic discipline about punctuation marks, their composition, meanings and rules for their use. Punctuation is also understood as a collection of punctuation marks. The term punctuation is from the Latin word "punctum", which means "point". Punctuation, therefore, literally means "point science." The word punctuation in the term is punctuation marks of original Russian origin. Outside of this term, it means "obstacle". Comma and punctuation are words of the same root. The main and most significant difference between punctuation marks and other writing marks is functional: punctuation marks do not denote speech sounds and are not part of "written" words. In relation to words, writing signs are generally divided into three main groups: 1) intraword - letters 2) "word" signs - numbers 3) interword - these are just punctuation marks.

How many punctuation marks are there in Russian? The ten punctuation marks are: periods, comma, colon, ellipsis, semicolon, ellipsis, dash, question mark, exclamation mark, parentheses, quotation marks. The following signs are added to them: a single parenthesis: for example: 1)… 2)… or a)… b)… etc.); a footnote sign, usually in the form of an asterisk (*) (this sign is also called asterix, from the Greek Aster- "star"). Following the paragraph, other signs of division of the text are sometimes ranked as punctuation marks: chapters, various kinds of spaces, etc., but this is not yet widely recognized. Separately, it should be said about the hyphen. First of all, it must be strictly distinguished from a dash: they differ in style (a hyphen is 2-3 times shorter: (-), (-) and functionally: a dash is exclusively a punctuation mark, and a hyphen has 2 or 3 heterogeneous functions. the function of the hyphen is spelling: it forms the semi-literal spelling of some words: in our way, in an adult way, someone, someone, someone, first, second, etc .; within the spelling of the same hyphen it is used as a sign of transferring words from one line to another: sister, sister or sister.But the hyphen can also be a punctuation mark - to stand between the defined noun and a single application: Masha-rezvushka, Anika-warrior, cheat-western , an old fisherman, an old mother, a spring beauty, an Ossetian cabman, etc.

Recently, in some scientific texts, a single oblique line - a fractional line in the meaning of a union or, in particular, when separating unions and, or: and / or, i.e. then comes the text, which can either be attached to the previous text, or be with it in a separation relationship. The fractional line in this meaning is also a punctuation mark. This function also uses parentheses. Let's give an example for such brackets: Chapters and paragraphs in books have, as a rule, "an independent number and (or) heading" (according to the Dictionary of Publishing Terms). Instead of parentheses, you can use a fractional bar here; "Stand alone number and / or heading". The fractional slash appears in the Morse code system. In general, the following "alphabet" of punctuation marks is obtained (attention is drawn to the order in which they are listed):

point (.),
colon (:),
ellipsis (….),
semicolon (;),
comma (,),
commas (,),
quotes: a) feet (, ”) b) herringbone (“ ”),
question mark (?),
Exclamation point (!),
hyphen, or dash (punctuation) (-),
dash (--),
double dash (- -),
fractional bar (/),
bracket ()),
brackets: (),
footnotes (*),
paragraph, or paragraph indentation.