The influence of emotions on human activity and behavior. The influence of emotions on the functioning of the body

Introduction………………………………………………………………….………….3

1. Biological and psychological significance of emotions…….4

2. Development of emotions and personality development…………………………8

3. The influence of emotions on human behavior…….………………10

4. Emotional life of a person…………………………………………………………………………………………12

Conclusion…………………………………………………….…….……………..15

Literature……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Introduction

Emotions- a special class of subjective psychological states, reflecting in the form of direct experiences, sensations of pleasant or unpleasant, a person's relationship to the world and people, the process and results of it practical activities. The class of emotions includes moods, feelings, affects, passions, stresses. These are the so-called "pure" emotions. They are included in all mental processes and human states. Any manifestations of his activity are accompanied by emotional experiences. In humans, the main function of emotions is that, thanks to emotions, we better understand each other, we can, without using speech, judge each other's states and better tune in to joint activities and communication. Remarkable, for example, is the fact that people belonging to different cultures able to accurately perceive and evaluate expressions human face, to determine by it such emotional states as joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise. This, in particular, applies to those peoples who have never been in contact with each other at all.

This fact not only convincingly proves the innate nature of the main emotions and their expression on the face, but also the presence of a genotypically determined ability to understand them in living beings. This, as we have already seen, refers to the communication of living beings not only of the same species with each other, but also of different species with each other. It is well known that higher animals and humans are capable of perceiving and evaluating each other's emotional states by facial expressions.

1. Biological and psychological meaning of emotions

We call emotions a person's experiences, accompanied by feelings of pleasant and unpleasant, pleasure and displeasure, as well as their various shades and combinations. Pleasure and displeasure are the simplest emotions. Their more complex variants are represented by such feelings as joy, sadness, sadness, fear, anger.

When we suddenly find ourselves near an abyss, we experience the emotion of fear. Under the influence of this fear, we retreat to a safe zone. By itself, this situation has not yet harmed us, but through our feeling it is reflected as a threat to our self-preservation. Signaling the direct positive or negative meaning of various phenomena, emotions reflexively regulate our behavior, encourage or inhibit our actions.

Emotion is a general, generalized reaction of the body to vital significant impacts(from lat. "emoveo" - excite).

Emotions regulate mental activity not specifically, but through the corresponding general mental states, influencing the course of all mental processes.

A feature of emotions is their integration - arising under appropriate emotional influences, emotions capture the entire body, combine all its functions into an appropriate generalized stereotypical behavioral act.

Emotions are an adaptive product of evolution - they are evolutionary generalized ways of behaving in typical situations.

It is precisely thanks to emotions that the organism turns out to be extremely favorably adapted to environmental conditions, since, even without determining the form, type, mechanism and other parameters of the impact, it can respond with saving speed to it with a certain emotional state, reducing it, so to speak, to a common biological denominator, those. to determine whether a given particular effect is beneficial or harmful to him.

Emotions arise in response to key features of objects to satisfy a specific need. Separate biologically significant properties of objects and situations cause an emotional tone of sensations. They signal the meeting of the body with the desired or dangerous property of objects. Emotions and feelings are a subjective attitude to objects and phenomena, arising from the reflection of their direct connection with actualized needs.

All emotions are objectively correlated and bivalent - they are either positive or negative (because objects either satisfy or do not satisfy the corresponding needs). Emotions induce stereotypical forms of behavior. However, the features of human emotions are determined by the general law of human mental development - higher education, higher mental functions, being formed on the basis of lower functions, restructure them. The emotional and evaluative activity of a person is inextricably linked with his conceptual and evaluative sphere. And this sphere itself affects the emotional state of a person.

Conscious, rational regulation of behavior, on the one hand, is stimulated by emotions, but, on the other hand, it opposes current emotions. All volitional actions are performed in spite of strong competing emotions. A person acts, overcoming pain, thirst, hunger and all kinds of inclinations.

However, the lower the level of conscious regulation, the more freedom emotional-impulsive actions receive. These actions do not have conscious motivation, the goals of these actions are also not formed by consciousness, but are unambiguously predetermined by the nature of the impact itself (for example, impulsive removal from an object falling on us).

Emotions dominate where the conscious regulation of behavior is insufficient: with a lack of information for the conscious construction of actions, with an insufficient fund of conscious ways of behavior. But this does not mean that the more conscious the action, the less important emotions are. Even mental actions are organized on an emotional basis.

In conscious actions, emotions provide their energy potential and enhance the direction of action, the effectiveness of which is most likely. Allowing greater freedom of conscious choice of goals, emotions determine the main directions of human life.

Positive emotions, constantly combined with the satisfaction of needs, themselves become an urgent need. A person strives for positive emotions. Deprivation of emotional influences disorganizes the human psyche, and prolonged deprivation of positive emotional influences in childhood can lead to negative deformations of the personality.

Substituting needs, emotions in themselves are in many cases an incentive to action, a motivating factor.

There are lower emotions associated with unconditioned reflex activity, based on instincts and being their expression (emotions of hunger, thirst, fear, selfishness, etc.), and higher, truly human emotions - feelings.

Feelings are associated with the satisfaction of socially developed needs. A sense of duty, love, camaraderie, shame, curiosity, etc. are formed in a person as he is included in social ties, i.e. as the individual develops as a person. Experiencing certain feelings, a person operates with historically developed moral and aesthetic concepts (“good”, “evil”, “justice”, “beautiful”, “ugly”, etc.),

Thus, feelings, to a greater extent than emotions, are associated with the second signaling system. Emotions are situationally determined, feelings can be long-lasting and stable. The most stable feelings are personality traits (honesty, humanity, etc.).

The fact of the close connection of emotions with life processes indicates the natural origin of at least the simplest emotions. In all those cases when the life of a living being freezes, is partially or completely lost, we first of all discover that its external, emotional manifestations have disappeared. An area of ​​skin temporarily deprived of blood supply ceases to be sensitive; a physically ill person becomes apathetic, indifferent to what is happening around him, that is, insensitive. He loses the ability to emotionally respond to external influences in the same way as in the normal course of life.

All higher animals and humans have structures in the brain that are closely related to emotional life. This is the so-called limbic system, which includes clusters of nerve cells located under the cerebral cortex, in close proximity to its center, which controls the main organic processes: blood circulation, digestion, endocrine glands. Hence the close connection of emotions both with the consciousness of a person and with the states of his body.

Bearing in mind the vital importance of emotions, Charles Darwin proposed a theory explaining the origin and purpose of those organic changes and movements that usually accompany pronounced emotions. In it, the naturalist drew attention to the fact that pleasure and displeasure, joy, fear, anger, sadness are manifested in approximately the same way both in humans and in anthropoid apes. C. Darwin was interested in the vital meaning of those changes in the body that accompany the corresponding emotions. Comparing the facts, Darwin came to the following conclusions about the nature and role of emotions in life.

1. Internal (organic) and external (motor) manifestations of emotions play an important adaptive role in human life. They set him up for certain actions and, in addition, this is a signal for him about how the other is set up and what he intends to do. creature.

2. Sometime in the process of evolution of living beings, those organic and motor reactions that they currently have were components of full-fledged, detailed practical adaptive actions. Subsequently, their external components were reduced, but the vital function remained the same. For example, a person or animal bares his teeth in anger, tense his muscles, as if preparing for an attack, their breathing and pulse quicken. This is a signal: a living being is ready to commit an act of aggression.

2. Development of emotions and personality development

Emotions go through the path of development common to higher mental functions - from external socially determined forms to internal mental processes. On the basis of innate reactions, the child develops the perception of the emotional state of the close people around him, which over time, under the influence of increasingly complex social contacts, turns into higher emotional processes - intellectual and aesthetic, which make up the emotional wealth of the individual. A newborn child is able to experience fear, which is revealed with a strong blow or a sudden loss of balance, displeasure, which manifests itself in the restriction of movements, and pleasure, which occurs in response to swaying, stroking. The following needs have an innate ability to evoke emotions:

Self-preservation (fear)

Freedom of movement (anger)

Obtaining a special kind of irritation that causes a state of sheer pleasure.

It is these needs that determine the foundation of a person's emotional life. If in an infant fear is caused only by loud sounds or loss of support, then already at 3-5 years old shame is formed, which is built on top of innate fear, being the social form of this emotion - the fear of condemnation. It is no longer defined physical characteristics situations, but their social significance. In the future, joy develops as an expectation of pleasure in connection with the growing probability of satisfaction of any need. Joy and happiness arise only with social contacts.

Positive emotions develop in the child in the game and in exploratory behavior. Buhler showed that the moment of experiencing pleasure in children's games shifts as the child grows and develops: for a child, pleasure arises at the moment of receiving desired result. In this case, the emotion of pleasure plays the final role, encouraging the completion of the activity. The next step is functional pleasure: the playing child enjoys not only the result, but also the process of activity itself. Pleasure is no longer associated with the end of the process, but with its content. In the third stage, older children develop an anticipation of pleasure. Emotion in this case arises at the beginning of play activity, and neither the result of the action nor the performance itself is central to the child's experience.

The development of negative emotions is closely related to frustration - an emotional reaction to an obstacle to achieving a conscious goal. Frustration proceeds differently depending on whether the obstacle is overcome, a substitute goal is found. Habitual ways of resolving such a situation determine the emotions that form in this case. It is undesirable in the upbringing of a child to achieve his demands too often by direct pressure. To achieve the desired behavior in a child, you can use his age-specific feature - instability of attention, distract him and change the wording of the instructions. In this case, a new situation is created for the child, he will fulfill the requirement with pleasure and the negative consequences of frustration will not accumulate in him.

A person judges the emotional state of another by special expressive movements, facial expressions, voice changes, etc. Evidence has been obtained for the innate nature of some manifestations of emotions. In every society, there are norms for expressing emotions that correspond to ideas of decency, modesty, good breeding. An excess of facial, gestural or speech expressiveness may be evidence of a lack of education and, as it were, put a person outside his circle. Parenting teaches how to show emotions and when to suppress them. It develops in a person such behavior, which is understood by others as courage, restraint, modesty, coldness, equanimity.

The brightness and variety of emotional relationships make a person more interesting. He responds to the most diverse phenomena of reality: he is excited by music and poetry, the launch of a satellite and the latest advances in technology. The wealth of a person's own experiences helps her to understand what is happening more deeply, to penetrate more subtly into people's experiences, their relationships with each other.

Feelings and emotions contribute to a deeper knowledge of a person himself. Thanks to experiences, a person learns his capabilities, abilities, advantages and disadvantages. A person's experiences in a new environment often reveal something new in himself, in people, in the world of surrounding objects and phenomena.

Emotions and feelings give words, deeds, all behavior a certain flavor. Positive experiences inspire a person in his creative search and bold daring.

3. The influence of emotions on human behavior

Human behavior is largely dependent on his emotions, and different emotions affect behavior in different ways. There are so-called sthenic emotions that increase the activity of all processes in the body, and asthenic emotions that slow them down. Sthenic, as a rule, are positive emotions: satisfaction (pleasure), joy, happiness, and asthenic-negative: displeasure, grief, sadness. Let's look at each type of emotion in more detail, including mood, affect, feeling, passion, and stress, in their effect on human behavior.

The mood creates a certain tone of the body, i.e. its general mood (hence the name "mood") for activity. The productivity and quality of labor of a person in a good, optimistic mood is always higher than that of a person in a pessimistic mood. A person who is optimistic is always outwardly more attractive to others than one who is constantly in a bad mood. With a kindly smiling person, those around them enter into communication with a greater desire than with a person who has an unkind face.

Affects play a different role in people's lives. They are able to instantly mobilize the energy and resources of the body to solve a sudden problem or overcome an unexpected obstacle. This is the basic vital role of affects. In an appropriate emotional state, a person sometimes does things that he is usually not capable of. The mother, saving the child, does not feel pain, does not think about the danger to her own life. She is in a state of passion. At such a moment, a lot of energy is expended, and very uneconomical, and therefore, in order to continue normal activity, the body definitely needs rest. Affects often play a negative role, making a person's behavior uncontrollable and even dangerous for others.

Even more significant than that of moods and affects is the vital role of feelings. They characterize a person as a person, are quite stable and have an independent motivating force. Feelings determine the attitude of a person to the world around him, they also become moral regulators of actions and relationships between people. From a psychological point of view, the upbringing of a person is to a large extent the process of forming his noble feelings, which include sympathy, kindness, and others. Human feelings, unfortunately, can be base, such as feelings of envy, anger, hatred. Aesthetic feelings are distinguished into a special class, which determine the attitude of a person to the world of beauty. The richness and variety of human feelings - good indicator level of his psychological development.

Passions and stresses, unlike moods, affects and feelings, play a mostly negative role in life. A strong passion suppresses other feelings, needs and interests of a person, makes him one-sidedly limited in his aspirations, and stress in general has a destructive effect on psychology and behavior, on the state of health. Over the past few decades, a lot of convincing evidence has been obtained for this. Famous American practical psychologist D. Carnegie, in his very popular book How to Stop Worrying and Start Living, writes that according to modern medical statistics more than half of all hospital beds are occupied by people suffering from emotional disorders, that three-quarters of patients with cardiovascular, gastric and endocrine diseases could well cure themselves if they learned to control their emotions.

4.Emotional life of the individual

The totality of moods, affects, feelings and passions of a person forms his emotional life and such individual quality like emotionality. This quality can be defined as a person's tendency to emotionally respond to various life circumstances that affect him, as his ability to experience emotions of different strength and quality, from moods to passions. Emotionality also refers to the strength of the influence of emotions on thinking and behavior.

Speaking about human feelings, we have already noted that they can be primitive and high. What are high feelings? These are emotions that are based on the highest morality accepted by a person, on moral norms and values ​​of behavior. The nobility of feelings is determined not by the very nature of these feelings, but by the goals and final results of those actions that a person performs under the influence of these feelings. If a person, having accidentally done something good for another, feels joy because of this, then such a feeling can be called noble. If, on the contrary, he has regret that someone has become better from his actions, or, for example, the feeling also depends on the fact that someone feels good, then such emotions cannot be called noble. The highest emotions of a person are the motives of behavior, that is, they are able to induce and guide a person, stimulate him to perform certain actions and deeds. This was once vividly described by the famous Dutch philosopher and psychologist B. Spinoza. The nature of people, he argued, is such that for the most part they feel compassion for those who feel bad, and envy those who feel good. Compassion and envy are difficult to combine emotions. However, they, unfortunately, occur almost equally often in life, sometimes making people emotional two-faced Januses. At the same time, throughout the centuries, the great and noble minds of mankind have constantly fought and called for ignoble feelings to be excluded from people's lives.

Emotions are the impetus for achieving goals. Positive emotions contribute to a better assimilation of cognitive processes. With them, a person is open to communication with others. Negative emotions interfere with normal communication. They contribute to the development of diseases, affecting the brain, and those in turn on the nervous system. Emotions are associated with cognitive processes. For example, with the perception of emotions, the connection is direct, because. Emotions are expressions of the sensuous. Depending on the mood, emotional state of a person, this is how he perceives the world around him, the situation. Emotions are also associated with sensation, only in this case sensations affect emotions. For example, touching a velvet surface, a person is pleased, he has a feeling of comfort, and touching a rough surface is unpleasant for a person.

If everything that happens, inasmuch as it has this or that relation on his part, can evoke certain emotions in him, then the effective connection between the emotions of a person and his own activity is especially close. Emotion with internal necessity arises from the ratio - positive or negative - of the results of an action to the need, which is its motive, the initial impulse.

This relationship is mutual: on the one hand, the course and outcome of human activity usually evoke certain feelings in a person, on the other hand, a person’s feelings, his emotional states affect his activity. Emotions not only cause activity, but are themselves conditioned by it. The nature of emotions, their main properties and structure emotional processes depend on her.

The influence of emotions on activity in its main features obeys the well-known Jerkes-Dodson rule, which postulates the optimal level of stress for each specific type of work. A decrease in emotional tone as a result of a small need or completeness of the subject's awareness leads to drowsiness, loss of vigilance, missing significant signals, and slow reactions. On the other hand, an excessively high level of emotional stress disorganizes activity, complicates it with a tendency to premature reactions, reactions to extraneous, insignificant signals (false alarms), to primitive actions such as blind search by trial and error.

Human emotions are manifested in all types of human activity and especially in artistic creation. The artist's own emotional sphere is reflected in the choice of subjects, in the manner of writing, in the way of developing selected themes and subjects. All this taken together makes up the individual originality of the artist.

Conclusion

The main biological significance of emotional experience lies in the fact that, in essence, only emotional experience allows a person to quickly assess his inner state, his emerging need and quickly build an adequate form of response: be it a primitive attraction or conscious social activity. Along with this, emotions are also the main means of assessing the satisfaction of needs. As a rule, emotions accompanying any motivational excitation are referred to as negative emotions. They are subjectively unpleasant. The negative emotion that accompanies motivation has important biological significance. It mobilizes the efforts of a person to satisfy the need that has arisen. These unpleasant emotional experiences are intensified in all those cases when a person's behavior during external environment does not lead to the satisfaction of the need that has arisen, i.e. to find appropriate reinforcements.

Life without emotions is just as impossible as life without sensations. Emotions, argued the famous naturalist C. Darwin, arose in the process of evolution as a means by which living beings establish the significance of certain conditions to meet their urgent needs. Emotionally expressive human movements - facial expressions, gestures, pantomime - perform the function of communication, i.e. communication to a person of information about the state of the speaker and his attitude to what is happening at the moment, as well as the function of influence - exerting a certain influence on the one who is the subject of perception of emotional and expressive movements. The interpretation of such movements by the perceiving person occurs on the basis of the correlation of the movement with the context in which the communication takes place.

Literature

1. Nartova-Bochaver S.K. differential psychology Tutorial(Series "Psychologist's Library"). -M.: Flinta, MPSI, 2003
2. Nemov R.S. Psychology. Book 1: Fundamentals of General Psychology. - M., Enlightenment, 1994.
3. Communication and optimization of joint activities. Ed. Andreeva G.M. and Yanoushek Ya. M., Moscow State University, 1987.
4. Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. 2000 RGIU Library http://www.vusnet.ru/biblio/
5. Reikovsky Jan Emotions and cognitive processes - the selective influence of emotions. 1979 RGIU Library http://www.vusnet.ru/biblio/
6. http://psy.rin.ru/cgi-bin/razdel.pl?r=59 Emotions - Psychology

• First principle
• Second principle
• Third principle
• Fourth principle
• Emotion as an accelerator

The importance of emotions in human life is incredibly high. It turns out that emotions are useful tool which can be actively used. It has been proven that a low degree of emotion brings disorganization, and a high degree leads to rapid exhaustion.

For each person, the basic emotion settings work, but you can organize them for yourself, create optimal modes. Let's see how it works, what are the four main laws in this area.

First principle

The higher the emotional arousal, the better the person performs his work. The effectiveness of actions increases. Gradually, emotional arousal reaches its peak, which is also known as the optimal emotional state. Then, if the emotional arousal continues to grow, then the efficiency of work performance decreases. This is confirmed Yerkes-Dodson law. It says that there is an optimal emotional-motivational level to which one must strive. If emotions exceed this bar, then a person loses the desire to learn, he is only interested in the result. There is a fear of not getting this result. Too strong emotions become your enemy, they influence the appearance of another kind of activity, they concentrate your attention not on what is needed at the moment.

Second principle

This principle explains the influence of emotions on a person, follows from the law of force of IP Pavlov. The law says that excitation can turn into extreme inhibition if strong stimuli act on the body.

One of the most powerful stimuli is anxiety. We all know the situation when, due to excitement, we cannot concentrate on doing the work, we forget elementary things that previously did not cause difficulties. For example, the first flight of a flight school cadet will be held under the strict control of the commander, who will voice all the actions for landing the aircraft. Although the cadet knew the whole procedure perfectly, he forgot everything because of the excitement. Joy can also be destructive. Too much joy from the upcoming victory can affect the performance of the athlete, and he will show a worse result than he could show.

The second principle is not so simple, there are a number of reservations here. A high level of arousal has a positive effect on the performance of simple actions. A person invigorates, ceases to be lethargic and passive. Cases of medium complexity should be accompanied by medium excitement. And when performing serious tasks, it is worth reducing the influence of emotions on human activity in order to do them well.

If you feel a high level of arousal, then it is better not to start difficult tasks. Switch to something that does not require serious brain activity. Clear your desk, put your papers in order. In a calm state, it is worth paying attention to more complex matters. So it is possible achieve maximum concentration and efficiency.

Sometimes increased arousal occurs during a work or school day, when it is necessary to perform challenging tasks. In this case, anxiety or tension cannot be stimulated. Try to remove the excitement. You can briefly switch to simpler actions, joke, use supportive gestures to remove the influence of emotions.

Third principle

The higher the emotional stress, the worse we make choices. The centers of excitation gain strength, they begin to dominate memory. So we stop see right decisions . Intense emotions cause counterarguments to be ignored. The person considers himself absolutely right.

Fourth principle

This principle is similar to the reverse lane rule. There are two groups of emotions. The first is active, positive human emotions, also called sthenic. These include those feelings that favorably affect the body, for example, admiration, joy, surprise. The second group is passive emotions, also called asthenic. Boredom, sadness, apathy, shame. They negatively affect the life processes of our body. Both groups of emotions work on the principle of one-way traffic.

The work of sthenic emotions occurs as follows. If a person experiences joy or surprise, then his brain and other organs receive extra food due to dilation of blood vessels. Fatigue is unusual for a person, on the contrary, he tries to work more, to be in motion. We are familiar with this situation, when joy forces us to run, scream, jump with delight, laugh out loud and gesticulate strongly. We feel additional energy, a force that makes us move. A joyful person feels a surge of cheerfulness. Moreover, the expansion of blood vessels stimulates the brain to work productively. A person can have bright and extraordinary ideas, he thinks faster and thinks better. In all areas, there is a positive role of emotions in human life.

The opposite effect of emotions on a person is observed with asthenic emotions. Blood vessels constrict, which is why the internal organs and, most importantly, the brain are malnourished, anemia. Sadness (or other asthenic emotions) stimulate pallor of the skin, a decrease in temperature. The person may feel chills and difficulty breathing. Naturally, the quality of mental activity decreases, apathy and lethargy occur. A person loses interest in performing tasks, thinks more slowly. Asthenic emotions provoke fatigue and weakness. There is a desire to sit down, as the legs stop holding. If passive emotions have a long-term effect on the body, then all life processes begin to experience their negative impact (there may be depression, get out from which is not always easy).

The one-way rule mentioned above works in the case of unambiguous emotions. This rule has minor exceptions. But 90% of unequivocal emotions can either reduce human potential or increase it.

But the influence of emotions on human activity cannot be so simple. There are also ambiguous emotions that act as reverse lanes. They can have different directions, on which it depends whether the effect on the body will be favorable or negative.

To better understand the principle of work will help such an emotion as anger. If anger is used as a psychological influence on the environment, then the effectiveness of the group and its balance are destroyed. Emotions and behavior of a person in a group change. But anger can stimulate inner strength a person, which, on the contrary, increases the efficiency of his work.

Anger can have a positive effect on conflict situations when they develop slowly. It stimulates the emergence of disagreements that have not previously appeared, have not been discussed. Anger aggravates the conflict, which leads to its resolution. Therefore, human emotions can be divided into the following groups:

• unequivocal emotions that positively affect activity;
• unequivocal emotions that negatively affect activity;
• ambiguous emotions that have a dual effect depending on their direction.

Emotion as an accelerator

The influence of emotions on human activity can significantly increase its effectiveness. Various emotions are responsible for this. The impact is not only on the intellectual sphere, but also on other areas of life. The group of emotions that positively affect activity includes:

• Adoption. Trust begins with acceptance. Trust projects security and faith in a person, opinion, or situation. With trust, we can completely rely on the other, save ourselves from the need to control, from studying a certain issue.
• Confidence. Trust causes many emotions, some of them polar. For example, trust can stimulate both love and hate. May cause different states both comfort and stress. The atmosphere of trust is favorable, but this feeling itself is not a motivation. Usually the beginning of work on many projects begins with acceptance and trust. They go hand in hand with performance. The lower the trust, the lower the efficiency. Its presence determines the internal atmosphere in any team. There is a positive effect of emotions on human activity.
• Expectation. Expectation is related to our ideas about the result. It arises even before the result has appeared, it expresses the emotion of anticipation. Expectation is more powerful than acceptance and trust. It stimulates human activity, he is ready to perform any work that will be aimed at achieving the desired result.
• Joy. This positive emotion causes feelings of satisfaction and activity. It appears very rapidly, often bordering on the strength of affect. A person feels joy when he receives a desired or pleasant gift, news, and so on. Creativity is strongly associated with joy and interest. These emotions combine to set us up for a constructive and productive creative process. Even if the joy is not related to the work process, the positive impact of this emotion can be transferred to the activity, increase its effectiveness. Joy is a strong stimulus, only surprise will be greater in strength.
• Astonishment. This emotion is caused by a strong impression of an unusual or strange object or event. Surprise is often called the emotion responsible for clearing the channels, because. it is this that prepares the nerve pathways for activity, frees them. With the help of surprise, we can highlight and note something new and unusual for us. A person distinguishes the old from the new, stimulates attention to an atypical situation, makes it analyze. Thus, the efficiency of mental activity increases, since the brain wants to fully study the phenomenon or event that aroused surprise in it.
• Delight. Admiration occurs for a short period of time. Sometimes this feeling is confused with delight. The difference lies in the direction - admiration appears for a specific person or object. Of all the emotions described, admiration is the strongest. It significantly affects the activity and activity, makes you work to get a result. If a person feels admiration, it means that he sees a certain positive quality. When subordinates follow the conduct of successful negotiations, they try to achieve the same heights that their leader reached. When a project delights its participants, their responsibility for the result increases. And if admiration coexists with interest, then this symbiosis is already becoming a sure recipe for success.

Having understood and understood how emotions affect our activities and life in general, we can learn to control them. Development of emotional intelligence- one of the stages in building inner harmony and a serious step towards great success.

Pedagogical experience:

« Emotions, their impact on human health and behavior ».

Prepared by: Kirichenko Lyubov Ivanovna, teacher-psychologist at MBDOU No. 16 "Swallow" of the village of Novorozhdestvenskaya.

A person in the course of his activity experiences a number of emotions, both positive and negative.

Emotions are a process that includes neurophysiological processes, subjective experience and its external expression.

Emotions on the impact on human activity are divided into:

Stenic emotions that help a person in his activities, increasing his energy and strength, give courage in committing actions and statements. A person in this state is capable of many accomplishments.

Asthenic emotions are characterized by passivity, stiffness.

Emotional states depend on the nature of mental activity, while at the same time exerting their influence on it. With a good mood, the cognitive and volitional activity of a person is activated.

The emotional state can depend not only on the activity performed, but also on the act, on the state of health, a piece of music, a movie, a performance, etc. A person's well-being, in turn, depends on his emotional state. After all, even a person who is in a serious condition, at the moment of emotional upsurge, can feel completely healthy.

Emotions are characterized by strength and depth, i.e. how more value for a person this or that phenomenon has, the more important it is for him, the stronger and deeper emotions and feelings it causes. Another leading characteristic of emotions and feelings is their polarity (joy-grief, love-hate, fun-sadness, etc.)

The combination of several fundamental emotions, which manifest themselves frequently and stably in a certain complex, determines some emotional trait characteristic of a particular person. The development of such complexes of emotional traits is due to both biogenetic prerequisites and cultural and social factors (norms and rules adopted in a particular society, conditions of education). However, fundamental emotions are innate. Their cultural context more affects the rules for the appearance of emotions. Depending on the established historical traditions, these rules and, conversely, the most open demonstration of others.

Emotions and feelings have a great influence on personality. They make a person spiritually rich and interesting. A person capable of emotional experiences can better understand other people, respond to their feelings, show compassion and responsiveness.

Feelings enable a person to better know himself, to realize his positive and negative qualities, cause a desire to overcome their shortcomings, help to refrain from unseemly acts.

Experienced emotions and feelings leave an imprint on the external and internal appearance of the individual. People who are prone to experiencing negative emotions have a sad expression on their faces, while those with a predominance of positive emotions have a cheerful expression on their faces.

Emotions form the main motivating force and by their influence are able to change the way of life, actions and communication; they affect the organs and tissues of the body, and, consequently, affect our spiritual and bodily health.

Interest is a stimulus of attention and a necessary factor not only for the normal course of the process of perception, but also enhances the physiological functions that are necessary for long and tedious work. But at the same time, sustained intense arousal caused by the activation of interest, as with negative affect, can cause insomnia.

Joy Any activity you do with joy improves your mental health. Physiologically, it is facilitated by the acceleration and increase in the depth of breathing, the improvement of the general gas exchange in the body, the feeling of one's own strength - one's own superiority. Having a specific relaxing effect, joy normalizes the overall tone of the body, is a kind of antidote to the destructive effects of negative emotions. Joy calms a person, facilitates interaction with other people and enhances responsiveness.

Astonishment - can often destroy depression - a very persistent and complex complex of emotions and feelings. Thus, the sudden appearance of a speeding car in the path of a person in a state of depression can change his emotional state and contribute to saving a life, avoiding injury. Surprise has the function of bringing out the nervous system in which it is currently located and adapting it to sudden changes in our environment.

Suffering includes 3 main psychological functions:

Suffering itself informs the person and those who surround him that he is ill;

It encourages a person to take certain actions, to do what is necessary to reduce mental pain (eliminate the cause or change their attitude towards what caused this condition;

Suffering has a certain resistance to achieving the goal, giving rise to negative motivation.

Anger - decisions made by a person in a state of passion often contradict not only generally accepted, but also narrow professional concepts, often not corresponding to views, beliefs, morality, and often contradict them. Therefore, in a state of passion, one should not make any decisions, especially responsible ones, and even more so immediately implement them.

Disgust - at the same time, a person shows a persistent desire to move away from the object that causes disgust, or change it so that it ceases to be disgusting.

Experiences of fear and anxiety can cause long-term neurotic or mental illness. Long-term anxiety and fear can turn into depression, especially in patients who are in the hospital for a long time.

Shame makes a person sensitive to the assessments of others, receptive to comments.

Guilt has a special impact on the development of personal and social responsibility, aggravation of conscience, it complements shame, as a result, psychological maturity is strengthened.

From the above, we can conclude that emotions have an impact on the whole life of a person, on his behavior and health.

Emotions (from Latin emovere - to excite, excite) is a special class of processes and states associated with the assessment of the significance for the individual of the factors acting on him and expressed primarily in the form of direct experiences of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of his actual needs. They serve as one of the main mechanisms for regulating activity and accompany almost any manifestation of human activity. The basic form of emotions is the emotional tone of sensations, which is a genetically determined experience of a hedonic sign that accompanies vital impressions, such as taste, temperature, pain. Another form of emotions is affects, which represent very strong emotional experiences associated with active behavior to resolve an extreme situation. In contrast to affects, emotions themselves have a pronounced binding to rather local situations, which was formed in vivo. Their emergence can occur even without the action of the actual situation of their formation; in this aspect, they act as guidelines for activity. The main feature of human emotions is that in socio-historical practice a special emotional language (language of images) has been developed, which can be transmitted as some generally accepted description.

The most essential characteristics of emotions are their modality (positive and negative) and intensity.

One of the most prominent functions of emotions is to evaluate what is happening in the external or inner world of a person - is it good or bad for a person, harmful or useful, whether he likes it or not. Depending on the modality of assessing the situation by a person, he will either avoid it or try to stay in it, act. Such assessment may be based on subjective expectations and goals.

It is human nature to strive for certainty in interpreting what is happening. In a situation of uncertainty, anxiety increases, and a person can sometimes choose anything instead of continuing uncertainty.

Emotions also signal the significance of what is happening for a person: more significant causes stronger emotions. Usually a person reacts vividly to everything that happens to people close to him, and, as a rule, is quite indifferent to what happens to random passers-by.

These functions of emotions are well reflected and explained by the proposed P.V. Simonov informational theory of emotions. According to her, "emotion is a reflection by the brain of a person or animals of some actual need (its quality and magnitude) and the probability (possibility) of its satisfaction, which the brain evaluates on the basis of genetic and previously acquired individual experience."

Information is understood as a reflection of the entire set of means to achieve the goal: the knowledge that the subject has, the perfection of his skills, the energy resources of the body, the time sufficient or insufficient to organize the appropriate actions, etc. The stronger the need, the stronger the emotion it evokes. The greater the difference between necessary and sufficient means, the stronger the emotion. When all the necessary means are available, the subject calmly satisfies the urgent need without experiencing any special emotions about it. If the difference is less than zero, that is, we find out that we do not have enough opportunities to satisfy our "wants", we get upset (E< 0, то есть эмоции отрицательные), и чем больше эта разница, тем эмоции сильнее.

An increase in the probability of satisfying a need encourages a person to rejoice in anticipation of achieving the goal. This is how the predictive function of emotions manifests itself, which makes it possible to anticipate the development of events.

The most important moment in the process of performing professional functions is the need to maintain the ultimate goal of the employee's actions. The function of holding a relatively distant target is performed through an emotional-volitional action.

Will is a specific need to overcome obstacles, which is always added to some other need that initiated behavior and gave rise to the need to overcome. A volitional action contributes to the transformation of a need, which is steadily dominant in the system of needs of a given person, into external behavior, into an act, into an action. If there is a need, an obstacle on the way to its satisfaction activates two independent brain mechanisms: the nervous apparatus of emotions and the structure of the reaction of overcoming. The positive significance of emotions lies in the hypercompensatory mobilization of energy resources, as well as in the transition to those forms of response that are oriented to a wide range of supposedly significant signals.

Simultaneously coexisting different needs excite different emotions, and usually the strongest emotion determines the direction of a person's actions. At the same time, due to the fact that emotion depends not only on the magnitude of the need, but also on the probability of its satisfaction, a person’s behavior is sometimes reoriented towards a less important, but easier to achieve goal - a person chooses “a tit in the hand” instead of “a pie in the sky”.

P.V. Simonov also notes that the realization of biological needs is mainly associated with the emergence of emotional states such as affects. Social and ideal needs stimulate feelings and emotions.

Another function of emotions is mobilization, switching all body systems to an “emergency” mode, bringing it into a state of increased readiness for action. So, the emotions of rage, fear help in a fight, chase, when fleeing from danger, in situations where maximum tension and dedication of all forces are required.

Emotions regulate both the transition of the body from a state of rest to a state of activity, and vice versa - in favorable conditions, setting the body for demobilization - restoration and accumulation of strength. Emotions produce instant integration of all bodily functions.

An important role, according to S.L. Rubinstein, emotions play in the processes of cognition. Emotions are involved in the processes of learning and accumulation of experience (including professional). Emotionally colored events are better remembered. Strongly expressed emotions can distort the processes of perception. Emotions also influence imagination and fantasy.

Another function of emotions is communicative. Emotional connections are the basis of interpersonal relationships in the professional field. An important role in communication belongs to the expressive function of emotions, which has not lost its significance even after the appearance of speech. Emotional expression remains one of the important factors, providing the so-called non-verbal communication. Emotions can be expressed through facial expressions, pantomime, exclamations, voice expressions.

And one more function of emotions is connected with the fact that, according to A.N. Leontiev, they "set the task for meaning". By signaling something significant, emotions can evoke hard work consciousness by explaining, approving, reconciling with reality, or condemning it, and even suppressing it.

Introduction
Emotions and their characteristics
Chapter 2
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

Every adult in his life repeatedly experienced certain emotions and feelings from early childhood. Emotions and feelings are a special, very important side inner life person. Emotional manifestations of a person are very diverse: joy, grief, fear, anger, surprise, sadness, anxiety, admiration, contempt, etc. The world of emotional experiences permeates all aspects of life: relationships with other people, activities, communication and knowledge. Emotions and feelings induce a person to action, influence decision-making and setting life goals, determine behavior, and simply turn out to be necessary in overcoming difficulties. Everyday life. Thanks to feelings and emotions, a person perceives the world around him not as an extraneous phenomenon, but takes an active part in it, and experiences certain experiences.

But psychologists do not have a single point of view regarding the role that feelings and emotions play in a person's life. So, some of them, considering reason as a characteristic of a truly human in a person, argue that the meaning of human existence should be precisely cognitive-intellectual activity. Other scientists classify humans as emotional beings. In their opinion, the very meaning of human existence has an affective, emotional nature, i.e. a person surrounds himself with people, objects to which he is emotionally attached.

Thus, scientists have not yet been able to reach a consensus on the nature and significance of emotions and feelings in human life, so this topic is relevant today.

The purpose of the essay is to determine the role of emotions and feelings in human life.

Tasks: 1) describe the characteristics of the essence of emotions;

2) to study the distinctive features of emotions and feelings;

4) to reveal the influence of feelings and emotions on the personality.

Chapter 1. Emotions and feelings as psychological processes

1.1. Emotions and their characteristics

In the first half of the 20th century, psychologists began to talk about affects as emotional reactions aimed at defusing the resulting emotional arousal. So S. L. Rubinshtein used the terms “emotional” and “affective” as equivalent: “... the three-term division of mental phenomena into intellectual, emotional and volitional cannot be maintained. Primary, basic is the two-term division of mental processes into intellectual and affective ... " 1 . Today, emotion is understood as an experience, emotional excitement. Emotions mobilize energy, and this energy is sometimes felt by the subject as a tendency to act. They direct the mental and physical activity of the individual, direct in a certain direction. For example, if a person is seized with anger, then he will not rush to his heels, and if a person is frightened, then he is unlikely to decide on aggression.

Emotions or emotional responses are characterized by positive or negative experiences, influence on behavior and activity (stimulating or inhibitory), intensity (the depth of experiences and the magnitude of physiological changes), the duration of the course (short-term or long-term), objectivity (the degree of awareness and connection with a specific object).

In addition to the main characteristics, psychologist E. D. Khomskaya identifies such characteristics as the reactivity of emotions (the speed of occurrence or change), quality (connection with need), and the degree of their arbitrary control.

1) A sign of emotional response. According to what experiences a person has (positive - pleasure or negative - disgust), emotional response is marked with a "+" or "-" sign. However, it should be noted that this division is largely arbitrary and at least does not correspond to the positive or negative role of emotions for a given person in specific situation. For example, such an emotion as fear is unconditionally classified as negative, but it certainly has a positive meaning for animals and humans, and in addition, it can give a person pleasure. K. Izard notes the positive role of such a negative emotion as shame. In addition, he notes that joy, manifested in the form of gloating, can bring the person experiencing it the same harm as anger.

Therefore, K. Izard believes that “instead of talking about negative and positive emotions, it would be more correct to assume that there are such emotions that contribute to an increase in psychological entropy 2 , and emotions, which, on the contrary, facilitate constructive behavior. Such an approach makes it possible to attribute this or that emotion to the category of positive or negative, depending on what effect it has on intrapersonal processes and the processes of interaction of the individual with the immediate social environment, taking into account more general ethological and environmental factors. 3

2) Intensity of emotional response. A high degree of positive emotional response is called bliss. For example, a person experiences bliss when warming himself by the fire after a long stay in the cold, or, conversely, consuming a cold drink in hot weather. It is characteristic of bliss that a pleasant sensation spreads throughout the body. Highest Degree positive emotional response is called ecstasy, or an ecstatic state. It may be the religious ecstasy experienced by the mystics of the Middle Ages, and now observed in the members of certain religious sects; this state is also characteristic of shamans. Usually people experience ecstasy when they experience the height of happiness. This state is characterized by the fact that it captures the entire consciousness of a person, becomes dominant, due to which the external world disappears in subjective perception, and the person is outside of time and space.

3) Duration of emotional response. Emotional response can be of different duration: from fleeting experiences to states lasting hours and days.

4) Objectivity as a characteristic of emotional response. As V. K. Vilyunas writes 4 , a person admires or is indignant, he may be saddened or proud of someone or something. The so-called non-objective emotions usually also have an object, only less definite (for example, the situation as a whole can cause anxiety: night, forest, hostile environment) orunconscious (when the mood is spoiled by failure, in which a person cannot admit).

Since the time when philosophers and natural scientists began to seriously think about the nature and essence of emotions, two main positions have arisen. Scientists occupying one of them, intellectualistic, most clearly marked by I.-F. Herbart, argued that the organic manifestations of emotions are the result of mental phenomena. According to Herbart, emotion is a connection that is established between representations. Emotion is mental disorder, caused by mismatch (conflict) between representations. This affective state involuntarily causes vegetative changes.

Representatives of another position - the sensualists - on the contrary, stated that organic reactions affect psychic phenomena. These two positions were later developed in the cognitive theories of emotions and in the peripheral theory of emotions by W. James - G. Lange. -

"Peripheral" theory W. Jam - G. Lange.The American psychologist W. James put forward a "peripheral" theory of emotions based on the fact that emotions are associated with certain physiological reactions. Joy, from his point of view, is a combination of two phenomena: increased motor innervation and expansion of blood vessels. This is where the expressive expression of this emotion comes from: fast, strong movements, loud speech, laughter. Sadness, on the contrary, is the result of a weakening of the motor innervation and narrowing of the blood vessels. Hence sluggish, slow movements, weakness and soundlessness of the voice, relaxation and silence.

From the standpoint of the James-Lange theory, the act of generating an emotion is as follows:

irritant - the occurrence of physiological changes - signals about these changes to the brain - emotion (emotional experience).

The meaning of this paradoxical statement is that an arbitrary change in facial expressions and pantomime leads to the involuntary appearance of the corresponding emotions.

Mimic means of expression.The face of a person has the greatest ability to express various emotional shades. Even Leonardo da Vinci said that the eyebrows and mouth change differently for various reasons for crying, and L. N. Tolstoy described 85 shades of eye expression and 97 shades of a smile that reveal the emotional state of a person (restrained, strained, artificial, sad, contemptuous, sardonic, joyful, sincere, etc.).

Reikovsky 5 notes that the formation of mimic expression of emotions is influenced by three factors:

1. congenital species-typical facial patterns corresponding to certain emotional states;
2. acquired, learned, socialized ways of expressing emotions, arbitrarily controlled;
3. individual expressive features that give specific and social forms of mimic expression specific features that are unique to this individual.

As G. Oster and P. Ekman note, a person is born with a ready-made mechanism for expressing emotions with the help of facial expressions. All facial muscles necessary for expressing various emotions are formed during the 15-18th week of uterine development, and changes in the "facial expression" take place starting from the 20th week. The most frequently manifested mimic patterns 6 are a smile (with pleasure) and a "sour mine" (with disgust). Differences in smiles appear as early as 10-month-old babies. The child reacts to the mother with a smile, in which the large zygomatic muscle and the circular muscle of the eye are activated. At the approach of a stranger, the child also smiles, but activation occurs only in the large zygomatic muscle; the orbicular muscle of the eye does not respond. With age, the range of smiles expands.

P. Ekman and K. Izard described the mimic signs of primary, or basic, emotions (joy, grief, disgust-contempt, surprise, anger, fear) and identified three autonomous areas of the face: the forehead and eyebrows, the eye area (eyes, eyelids, base of the nose) and the lower part of the face (nose, cheeks, mouth, jaws, chin). The studies carried out made it possible to develop original “formulas” of facial expressions that fix characteristic changes in each of the three areas of the face, as well as to construct photo standards for facial expressions of a number of emotions. So, for example, in fear, the eyebrows are raised and shifted, the upper eyelids are raised, the mouth is open, the lips are stretched and tense, but in surprise, the eyebrows are raised and rounded high, the upper eyelids are raised, and the lower ones are lowered, the mouth is open, lips and teeth are separated.

Types of emotions. The nature of the emotional attitude to different objects is manifested in the experience of positive or negative emotions by a person. According to Lazarus 7 , 16 different emotions can be distinguished, of which 4 are positive, 9 are negative and 3 emotions - hope, compassion and gratitude - are mixed.

Positive emotions are:

happiness - experiencing the successful implementation of the goal;

pride - strengthening of identity due to obtaining a valuable result;

relief - relieving stress that has arisen when achieving the goal;

love - Desire or experience of attachment.

Negative emotions are:

anger - emotional reaction to an insult, resentment directed against a person;

fright - reaction to significant physical danger;

guilt - an experience that arose as a result of violation of boundaries moral standards;

shame - experience of the impossibility to live in accordance with the ideal Self;

sadness - experience of irretrievable loss;

envy - desire for something that another has;

jealousy - a threat to lose the love and affection of another;

disgust - action and opposition to an unpleasant object or idea;

fear - reaction to an uncertain situation and a situation of a real threat.

Emotions are usually difficult to explain conceptually. The usual technique is the expression of an emotional state through a description of the accompanying bodily sensations.

1.2. The relationship of feelings and emotions in a person's personality

To date, the concept of “feeling” has been mixed with the designation of sensations (“feeling of pain”), the return of consciousness after fainting (“come to your senses”), self-esteem (self-esteem, feelings of inferiority), intellectual processes and human states. For example, K. D. Ushinsky in his work “Man as an Object of Education” examines in detail such “mental feelings” as a sense of similarity and difference, a sense of mental tension, a sense of expectation, a sense of surprise, a sense of deception, a sense of doubt (indecision), a sense of confidence, a sense of irreconcilable contrast, a sense of success. Unfortunately, this takes place not only in the past, but also now.

The fact that feelings and emotions are closely related does not require discussion. The question is not this, but what is invested in these concepts and what is the relationship between them. Attempts to separate the concepts of "feeling" and "emotion" have been made for a long time. Even W. McDougall wrote that "the terms" emotion "and" feeling "... are used with great uncertainty and confusion, which corresponds to the uncertainty and diversity of opinions about the foundations, conditions for the occurrence and functions of the processes to which these terms refer" . He writes that there are two primary and fundamental forms of feeling - pleasure and pain, or satisfaction and dissatisfaction, which color and determine, to some, at least an insignificant degree, all the aspirations of the organism. As the organism develops, it becomes capable of experiencing a whole range of feelings, which are a combination, a mixture of pleasure and pain; as a result, feelings such as hope, anxiety, despair, a sense of hopelessness, remorse, sadness appear. Such complex feelings in everyday speech are called emotions. McDougall believes that it is appropriate to call these complex "derivative emotions" feelings. They arise after a person's aspirations have been successfully or unsuccessfully implemented. Genuine emotions precede success or failure and do not depend on them. They do not directly affect the change in the strength of aspirations. They only reveal to the self-conscious organism the nature of the active impulses, i.e., the existing needs.

Complex feelings, according to McDougall, depend on the development of cognitive functions and are secondary in relation to this process. They are inherent only in man, although their simplest forms are probably also available to higher animals. Genuine emotions appear at much earlier stages of evolutionary development.

W. McDougall's attempt to separate emotions and feelings cannot be considered successful. The criteria he gives for such a dilution are too vague, and the attribution of one or another emotional phenomenon to feelings or emotions is little substantiated and understandable. For example, there is no exact distinction between the "mixed emotion" of shame, disgrace and the phenomena attributed to them by feelings, like remorse, despair. Both those and others can appear after the implementation or non-fulfillment of aspirations.

In "Philosophical Dictionary" 8 the author of the article on feelings and emotions sees the difference between emotions and feelings in the duration of the experience: for emotions proper, they are short-term, and for feelings, they are long-term, stable.

The dictionary "Psychology" says that "feelings are one of the main forms of a person's experience of his attitude to objects and phenomena of reality, which is characterized by relative stability." 9 But experiencing one's attitude to something is an emotion. Therefore, here, too, feeling is understood as a stable emotion. But often emotions are called feelings, and vice versa, feelings are designated as emotions even by those scientists who, in principle, breed them.

A. G. Maklakov, 10 considering feelings as one of the types of emotional states, declares the following signs as differentiating emotions and feelings.

1. Emotions, as a rule, are of the nature of an orienting reaction, i.e., they carry primary information about a lack or excess of something, therefore they are often vague and insufficiently conscious (for example, a vague feeling of something). Feelings, on the contrary, in most cases are objective and concrete. Such a phenomenon as a “vague feeling” (for example, “vague torment”) speaks of the uncertainty of feelings and is considered by the author as a process of transition from emotional sensations to feelings.

2. Emotions are more connected with biological processes, and feelings - with the social sphere.

3. Emotions are more connected with the area of ​​the unconscious, and feelings are maximally represented in our consciousness.

4. Emotions most often do not have a specific external manifestation, but feelings do.

5. Emotions are short-term, and feelings are long-term, reflect a stable attitude towards any specific objects.

Feelings are expressed through certain emotions, depending on the situation in which the object to which the person feels is located.For example, a mother, loving her child, will experience different emotions during his examination session, depending on what the result of the exams will be. When the child goes to the exam, the mother will have anxiety, when he reports that he has successfully passed the exam - joy, and if he fails - disappointment, annoyance, anger. This and similar examples show that emotions and feelings are not the same thing.

Thus, there is no direct correspondence between feelings and emotions: the same emotion can express different feelings, and the same feeling can be expressed in different emotions.Without showing outwardly emotions, a person hides his feelings from others.

Characteristics of emotional relationships.Feelings as emotional relationships are characterized from different angles.

1) Relationship sign. It is believed that the attitude can be positive, negative, indifferent. A person relates positively to what attracts him, negatively to what repels him, causes disgust, displeasure. A true indifferent attitude can only be towards objects that are insignificant for a person (that is, those that do not arouse his interest, are not important to him).

2) The intensity of emotional relationships. Differences in the intensity of feelings are visible at least on the example of the following row: a positive attitude towards a friend - friendship - love. In the course of the development of subjective relations, their intensity changes, and often quite sharply. Sometimes a small push is enough for the positive attitude not only to decrease in intensity, but even to change in modality, that is, to become negative.

3) The stability of emotional relationships. Emotional relationships are not always stable. Children's relationships are especially unstable. So, within one hour of playing together, children can quarrel and make peace several times. In adults, some emotional relationships can be quite stable, taking the form of rigid attitudes, conservative views, or expressing the principled position of the individual.

4) The breadth of emotional relationships. Each personality in the process of its development forms a complex multidimensional, multilevel and dynamic system of subjective relations. Than to more objects a person expresses his attitude, the wider this system, the richer the personality itself, the more it has, in the words of E. Erickson, "the radii of meaningful relationships."

5) Generalization and differentiation of relations. The diversity or narrowness of relations is closely related to another characteristic - the differentiation of relations. For example, elementary school students in most cases are satisfied with both the lesson itself in any subject and its various aspects: relations with the teacher, the results achieved, the conditions in which the lessons are conducted, etc. Their subjective attitudes often arise under the influence random events (I liked the first lesson, it means that it is interesting to study this subject). This generalized positive attitude is likely indicative of immaturity junior schoolchildren as individuals, about their inability to separate one factor from another in their assessments. The generalization of emotional relations occurs when a person generalizes emotional impressions and knowledge and is guided by them in the manifestation of his attitude to something. For example, a person's positive attitude to physical education will be generalized and stable, and the need to engage in physical education will become his conviction if he understands the role of any physical education for his development and regularly enjoys it.

6) Subjectivity of emotional relations. Feelings are subjective., since the same phenomena can have for different people different meaning. Moreover, a number of feelings are characterized by their intimacy., that is, the deeply personal meaning of experiences, their secrecy.

Classification of feelings.The traditional division of feelings into lower and higher does not reflect the actual reality and is due only to the fact that emotions that reflect the biological essence of a person are also accepted as feelings. Feelings reflect the social essence of a person and can reach a high degree of generalization.(love for the Motherland, hatred for the enemy, etc.).

Based on what sphere of social phenomena becomes the object of higher feelings, they are divided into three groups: moral, intellectual and aesthetic. 11

moral called the feelings that a person experiences in connection with the realization of the conformity or inconsistency of his behavior with the requirements of public morality. They reflect varying degrees attachment to certain people, the need to communicate with them, attitude towards them. Positive moral feelings include feelings of benevolence, pity, tenderness, sympathy, friendship, comradeship, collectivism, patriotism, duty, etc. Negative moral feelings include feelings of individualism, selfishness, enmity, envy, malevolence, hatred, malevolence, etc.

intellectualname the feelings associated with cognitive activity person. These include curiosity, curiosity, surprise, the joy of solving a problem, a sense of clarity or fuzziness of thought, bewilderment, a sense of conjecture, a sense of confidence, doubt. aesthetic called the feelings associated with the experience of pleasure or displeasure, caused by the beauty or ugliness of perceived objects, whether natural phenomena, works of art or people, as well as their actions and actions. This is an understanding of beauty, harmony, sublime, tragic and comic. These feelings are realized through emotions, which in their intensity range from slight excitement to deep excitement, from emotions of pleasure to aesthetic delight.

Thus, the question of the specific composition of feelings remains open. Most of the so-called feelings are emotions, and many do not relate to emotional attitudes at all, that is, they do not express a biased attitude towards someone or something. Such are many of the moral sentiments singled out in ethics.

Chapter 2 The influence of feelings and emotions on a person's personality

Emotional education of a person is not only one of the significant goals of education, but also an equally important component of its content. P. K. Anokhin 12 wrote: "Producing almost instantaneous integration (combining into a single whole) of all functions of the body, emotions in themselves and in the first place can be an absolute signal of a beneficial or harmful effect on the body, often even before the localization of effects and the specific mechanism of the body's response are determined. ". Thanks to the emotion that has arisen in time, the body has the opportunity to adapt extremely favorably to the surrounding conditions. He is able to quickly and quickly respond to external influences without having yet determined its type, form, or other private specific parameters. Positive emotions and feelings (joy, bliss, sympathy) create an optimistic mood in a person, contribute to the development of his volitional sphere. Positive emotional arousal improves the performance of easier tasks and makes it more difficult for more difficult ones. But at the same time, positive emotions associated with achieving success contribute to an increase, and negative emotions associated with failure - to a decrease in the level of performance of activities and exercises. Positive emotions have a significant impact on the course of any activity, including educational. The regulatory role of emotions and feelings increases if they not only accompany this or that activity, but also precede it, anticipate it, which prepares a person for inclusion in this activity. Thus, emotions themselves depend on activity and exert their influence on it.

In physiological terms, positive emotions and feelings, acting on the human nervous system, contribute to the improvement of the body, while negative ones destroy it and lead to various diseases. Positive emotions and feelings have a powerful effect on behavioral processes and thinking.

1) positive thinking. Being in a good mood, a person argues in a completely different way than when he is in a bad mood. Studies have shown that good mood is manifested in positive free associations, in composing funny stories when asked for TAT (thematic apperception test). The TAT includes a set of cards with pictures that are indeterminate in content, allowing for arbitrary interpretation by the subjects, who are instructed to compose a story for each picture. Interpretation of the answers makes it possible to judge personality traits, as well as the temporary, current state of the subject, his mood.), favorable descriptions of social situations, perception of himself as a socially competent person, a sense of self-confidence and self-esteem.

2) Memory. In a good mood, it is easier to remember joyful events in life or words filled with positive meaning. The generally accepted explanation for this phenomenon is that memory is based on a network of associative links between events and representations. They interact with emotions, and at the moment when the individual is in a certain emotional state, his memory is tuned to the events associated with this particular state.

3) Problem solving. People who are in a good mood approach problems differently than those in a neutral or sad mood. The former are characterized by increased reaction, the ability to develop the simplest solution strategy and make the first solution found. Experiments have shown that stimulating good mood (positive emotions) leads to original and varied word associations, suggesting a potentially wider creative range. All this contributes to an increase in creative returns and favorably affects the process of solving problems.

4) Help, altruism and sympathy. Many studies have shown that happy people are characterized by such qualities as generosity and willingness to help others. The same qualities are also characteristic of people whose good mood was caused by artificial stimulation of positive experiences (receiving small gifts, recalling pleasant events, etc.). People who are in a good mood believe that helping others is a compensatory and beneficial action that contributes to maintaining a positive emotional state. Observations show that people who are in a good mood and notice a discrepancy between their own state and the state of others, try to somehow balance this inequality. It has been established that the environment also has a significant impact on the relationship of people.

Negative emotion disorganizes the activity that leads to its occurrence, but organizes actions aimed at reducing or eliminating harmful effects. There is emotional tension. It is characterized by a temporary decrease in the stability of mental and psychomotor processes, which, in turn, is accompanied by various rather pronounced vegetative reactions and external manifestations of emotions.

The emotional factor can have a very strong influence on a person and even lead to much deeper pathological changes in organs and tissues than any strong physical effect. Cases of death are known not only from great grief, but also from too much joy. So, the famous philosopher Sophocles died at the moment when the crowd gave him a stormy ovation on the occasion of the presentation of his brilliant tragedy.

Mental stress, especially the so-called negative emotions - fear, envy, hatred, longing, grief, sadness, despondency, anger - weaken the normal activity of the central nervous system and the whole organism. They can be not only the cause of serious diseases, but also cause the onset of premature old age. Studies show that a person who is constantly anxious experiences visual impairment over time. Practice also speaks of this: people who have cried a lot and experienced great anxieties have weak eyes. An aggressive feeling also has a negative effect on a person. In the structure of aggressive behavior, feelings are the force (expression) that activates and to some extent accompanies aggression, ensuring the unity and interpenetration of its sides: internal (aggression) and external (aggressive action). An aggressive feeling is, first of all, a person's ability to experience such emotional states as anger, anger, hostility, revenge, resentment, pleasure, and others. People can be plunged into such states both by unconscious (for example, heat, noise, tightness) and conscious (jealousy, competition, and others) reasons. The formation and development of aggression is carried out on the interweaving of feelings and thoughts. And the more thoughts dominate, the stronger and more sophisticated aggressive actions will be, because only thought can conflict, direct and plan aggression.

Many are accustomed to thinking that negative emotions and feelings (grief, contempt, envy, fear, anxiety, hatred, shame) form weak will and weakness. However, such an alternative division is not always justified: negative emotions also contain a "rational" grain. One who is devoid of the feeling of sadness is just as pathetic as the person who does not know what joy is or who has lost the sense of humor. If there are not too many negative emotions, they stimulate, make you look for new solutions, approaches, methods.

Conclusion

Undoubtedly, the role of emotions in human life is extremely important. Emotions are a specific group of mental states of a subjective nature, which are expressed in the form of experiences and sensations of a positive or negative character, a person's perception of the surrounding world and people, his own actions and results of actions. The group of emotions includes feelings and passions, moods and affects, as well as stress. All mental processes are accompanied by these states. In other words, any manifestation of human activity is colored by some kind of emotion. It is thanks to emotions and feelings that people better find a language with others, are able, without using verbal signals, to draw conclusions about the state of their neighbor.

A variety of emotional moments are included in the content of all mental processes - perception, memory, thinking, etc. Feelings determine the brightness and completeness of our perceptions, they affect the speed and strength of memorization. Emotionally colored facts are remembered faster and stronger. Feelings involuntarily activate or, conversely, inhibit the processes of thinking. They stimulate the activity of our imagination, give our speech persuasiveness, brightness and liveliness. Feelings evoke and stimulate our actions. The strength and perseverance of volitional actions is largely determined by feelings. They enrich the content of human life. People with poor and weak emotional experiences become dry, petty pedants. Positive emotions and feelings, along with negative ones, increase our energy and ability to work.

Also, do not forget about physical condition human body. Emotions and feelings affect many internal organs, such as, for example, the heart, vision. There are several suggestions that a positive attitude can protect a person from health problems throughout life. For example, happier people are more likely to adopt an active anti-aging approach, usually by exercising regularly and spending more time with health benefits. At the same time, these people may avoid unhealthy behaviors such as smoking and risky sex.Scientists have proven that people who have experienced more positive emotions and feelings in their lives than negative ones live much longer. On the one hand, negative feelings and emotions can not only cause serious illnesses, but also cause premature aging. On the other hand, they motivate a person to solve pressing problems, to change what does not suit him. Fear is essential for survival and security. Guilt encourages cooperation. Anger motivates the search for justice.

Often negative emotions convey important information to a person, and therefore sometimes they even surpass positive emotions in usefulness. Sadness signals a loss, fear a threat, and anger warns of an unworthy act.

Thus, the role of emotions, both positive and negative, is extremely important for a person. Feelings and emotions are an integral part of personality. They contribute to the growth of the personality and enrich it.

Bibliography.

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2. Ilyin E.P. Emotions and feelings. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001
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1 Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology. St. Petersburg: Publishing house "Piter", 2000 - p. 269

2 Entropy (in psychoanalytic theory) is the degree to which psychic energy becomes unusable after being invested in a particular object. Oxford Dictionary of Psychology / Ed. A.Rebera, 2012

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7 Arnold Lazarus (born 1932) is a PhD in Psychology and Professor Emeritus in the Graduate School of Applied and Occupational Psychology at Rutgers University.

8 http://gufo.me/content_fil/chuvstva-8274.html

9 http://www.psychologist.ru/dictionary_of_terms/index.htm?id=2846

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11 Rudik P. A. Psychology: Textbook. - M., 2006

12 Anokhin Pyotr Konstantinovich - Soviet physiologist, creator of the theory functional systems, Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1945) and Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1966), laureate of the Lenin Prize (1972).