Sanctions against the Russian Federation: a list, prerequisites and other interesting facts. US and EU economic sanctions against Russia

Since 2014, Washington has taken numerous restrictive measures against Moscow. The reason for the imposition of sanctions was not only the annexation of Crimea and Russia's position on Ukraine.

Washington's sanctions against Russia due to the poisoning of former double agent Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia came into force on August 27 after the publication of the relevant information in the Federal Register, the official journal of the US government. In another 90 days, the US is expected to introduce additional restrictions - in the event that Moscow does not provide "convincing guarantees" that it will no longer apply chemical weapon.

The new sanctions are a logical continuation of Washington's policy towards Moscow over the past five years. Russia's intervention in the events in Ukraine since 2014 and the annexation of Crimea have become a catalyst for a sharp deterioration in relations between the United States and the Russian Federation and the introduction of numerous sanctions by Washington against the Russian Federation. The situation was further aggravated by Moscow's active support for the Assad regime in Syria, the deteriorating situation with respect to human rights and civil liberties in Russia, attacks by alleged Russian hackers and possible Kremlin interference in the 2016 US presidential elections, and mutual accusations of violating arms control treaties. Washington is increasingly using the instrument of sanctions in response to Moscow's real and perceived actions.

2014: the first sanctions of the Obama administration

The first package of American sanctions was introduced by US President Barack Obama in March 2014 against the citizens of Russia and Ukraine "involved in the Russian invasion of Crimea and undermining the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Ukrainian state." The sanctions included visa bans for such individuals and the freezing of their banking assets. The list was constantly expanding, and already on March 20, sanctions were introduced against the Rossiya bank, which was called "the personal bank of high-ranking officials of the Russian Federation."

On March 28, the United States stopped licensing the export of defense goods and services to Russia. On April 3, consultations with Russia in the field of missile defense, as well as cooperation in the space sector (with the exception of the International space station) and on a number of projects in the field of peaceful nuclear energy.

On May 7, Washington excluded Russia from a trade program that allows transition economies to export certain types of goods to the United States duty-free.

The second sanctions package dates back to June 2014, when the first sanctions were introduced against key sectors of the Russian economy. The sanctions targeted the Rosneft and Novatek companies, the state-owned Vnesheconombank and Gazprombank, and the main corporations of the Russian defense-industrial complex. Then the sanctions list was supplemented by the Bank of Moscow, VTB, Rosselkhozbank and the United Shipbuilding Corporation.

On August 6, the US authorities banned the supply of equipment for deep oil and gas production in the Arctic to Russia, and then imposed sanctions on large Russian oil and gas companies. American firms are no longer allowed to supply them with the goods and technologies needed to develop oil fields in deep water areas and the Arctic shelf and lend them for more than 90 days. US sanctions have affected more than 90 percent of the Russian oil sector and almost all of Russian gas production.

On December 19, the US President introduced new sanctions in connection with Crimea, banning the export of any American goods, services or technologies to the peninsula and the import of products from Crimea into the United States. The Minister of Finance was given the right to impose sanctions on individuals and companies operating in Crimea.

2015-2016: banks, military-industrial complex, GRU and FSB

Over the next two years, the United States has significantly expanded the existing sanctions lists, adding to them, among other things, subsidiaries of companies in respect of which restrictions were already in effect.

In June 2015, Washington imposed penalties on any foreign banks carrying out financial transactions with sanctioned Russian entities and individuals. From this moment, foreign violating banks may be prohibited from opening correspondent accounts in the United States, and severe restrictions may be imposed on their existing correspondent accounts.

In 2016, for the first time, 11 were sanctioned. Russian manufacturers electronics, which can be used for the needs of the military industry, including the leaders of the Russian market "Angstrem" and "Mikron".

In December 2016, the United States imposed sanctions on Russia for the first time, the reason for which was not Ukraine, but possible cyberattacks by Russian hackers during the American election campaign. This time, the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces and the Federal Security Service were on the black list.

2017: against Nord Stream 2

In 2017, the reasons for the sanctions were not only Russia's actions towards Ukraine, but also Russia's possible interference in the US presidential elections, the fight against corrupt officials under the Magnitsky Act, and the interests of US national security. Some of the proposed sanctions were not so much political in nature as were aimed at advancing US economic interests.

On July 25, the US House of Representatives passed a new package of sanctions against Russia, Iran and North Korea, formalizing it as the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act. It provides, in particular, a reduction to 14 days of the maximum period for market financing of Russian banks that have come under the sanctions, and oil and gas companies - to 30 days. According to the document, Washington will continue to oppose the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline, as it "provides harmful effect on the energy security of the European Union, the development of the gas market in Central and Eastern Europe and reforms in Ukraine in the energy sector. "

On August 2, US President Donald Trump signed legislation to tighten sanctions against Russia. The list of companies and organizations consists of two parts. The first mentions 33 enterprises of the defense sector, including Rostec, Izhmash, Almaz-Antey, Uralvagonzavod and Kalashnikov. The second part of the list contains six intelligence organizations and structures: the FSB, the GRU, the SVR, the Zorsecurity company, the Special Technological Center from St. Petersburg, and the Professional Association of Informatics Systems Designers from Moscow.

On December 19, the US Department of Commerce included in the sanctions list two Russian defense enterprises: the Novator Design Bureau and the Titan-Barricades Federal Research and Production Center. Washington considered that the activities of these companies were contrary to the interests of national security or the foreign policy of the United States.

On December 20-21, the US Treasury Department expanded the sanctions list under the so-called "Magnitsky Act", on the basis of which Washington imposes penalties on corrupt officials and violators of human rights around the world. The list includes, in particular, Ramzan Kadyrov and the son of the Prosecutor General of Russia Artem Chaika.

Early 2018: the "Kremlin list" and a blow to private companies

2018 is characterized not only by the expansion of the list of individuals and organizations affected by the sanctions, but also by the tightening of the sanctions themselves.

In January, the US Treasury Department published the so-called "Kremlin list", which includes 210 names. It includes, in particular, all Russian businessmen with a fortune exceeding $ 1 billion, as well as 114 officials. Then the US administration announced its decision not to take restrictive measures with respect to those on the list.

On March 15, the US Treasury Department presented an expanded sanctions list, which included 19 Russians and five organizations accused by Washington of meddling in the 2016 presidential election.

On March 27, Trump also extended the sanctions imposed for cyberattacks against the United States by one year. Restrictive measures against the FSB and the GRU were confirmed. In addition, the sanctions extended to the Special Technological Center LLC, the Professional Association of Data Processing System Designers (NPO) and the Zorsecurity company associated with these special services. Then the research institute "Quant" and the companies Digital Security and Divetechnoservice fell under them.

On April 6, the United States imposed sanctions on 24 Russian businessmen and officials included in the "Kremlin list." Among those who fell under the sanctions were the most influential Russian businessmen who are close to Vladimir Putin - Alexey Miller, Igor Rotenberg, Oleg Deripaska, Suleiman Kerimov, Viktor Vekselberg.

Restrictive measures were also imposed on 14 companies and a group of high-ranking officials: Interior Minister Vladimir Kolokoltsev, Rosgvardia head Viktor Zolotov, Roskomnadzor head Alexander Zharov and Tula region governor Alexei Dyumin.

The fundamental novelty of this package of penalties is that Washington, for the first time, decided to beat private companies to defeat. US Treasury Secretary Stephen Mnuchin explained that the sanctions were not related to specific offenses, but were introduced in response to "Russia's malicious activity." It is on Moscow's punishment for all of its recent acts, including the annexation of Crimea, support for the Syrian regime and attempts to undermine Western democracy.

On May 9, the United States announced the imposition of sanctions against a number of Russian military structures in connection with the violation of US legislation on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery vehicles - ballistic and cruise missiles. We are talking about cooperation in this area with Iran, North Korea and Syria. The day before, sanctions were extended against Rosoboronexport, which has been under various US restrictions since 2015.

Second half of 2018: sanctions for the use of chemical weapons

Sanctions for the use of chemical weapons were imposed on Russia on August 27. The US State Department is convinced that Moscow was involved in the poisoning of ex-GRU colonel, former double agent Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia in Great Britain and thereby violated the American law of 1991 on the control over chemical and biological weapons and the prohibition of their military use.

Within the framework of the sanctions, a complete ban was introduced on the export to Russia of so-called dual-use electronic devices and their components; this definition hides the equipment used in the aviation industry. The export of goods and technologies related to the sphere of US national security, as well as the supply of electronics, components and technologies for oil and gas production will also be prohibited. It is noted that exceptions will be made for space flights and civil aviation.

Much tougher sanctions await Russia in three months if it "does not provide convincing assurances" that it will not use chemical weapons in the future. In this case, the United States will "lower" the level of bilateral diplomatic relations or even completely suspend them, introduce a complete ban on any export to Russia (with the exception of food), as well as a complete ban on the import of Russian goods, including oil and oil products. In addition, Washington will block loans to Moscow through international financial institutions and will prohibit airlines controlled by the Russian government from landing in the United States. Aeroflot may suffer the most from this measure.

US National Security Adviser John Bolton on Friday, August 25, in Kiev, confirmed that the sanctions imposed by the US authorities on Russia will remain in effect until Moscow changes its behavior.

For five years Russia has been under serious sanctions from the United States and the European Union. Who was included in the lists and for what, when the sanctions were introduced, how the ruble and oil reacted to it, what was happening at that time in the country - in a special RBC project

Why were the sanctions imposed on Russia?

Individuals Legal entities

The annexation of Crimea and events in the east of Ukraine * 276 i 476 i

Death of Sergei Magnitsky, corruption and human rights violations 50 i i

Sanctions Under the Counter America's Adversaries Act (CAATSA) * 32 i 42 i

Cyberattacks against the United States * 25 i 11 i

Supporting the Government of Syria 12 i 6 i

Deals with the DPRK authorities 6 i 6 i

The use of chemical weapons ** 4 i

Supporting the Government of Venezuela 1 i

* Data in the lists may be duplicated, for example, more than half of the people, companies and organizations that have come under sanctions for cyberattacks against the United States were later included in the CAATSA sanctions list.

** EU sanctions on suspected Skripal poisoning introduced in 2019.

What sanctions are in force against Russia

• Large-scale sanctions against Russia began to be imposed in April 2013 following the death of Russian auditor Sergei Magnitsky. In the West, they believe that his death in 2009 is connected with the exposure of corruption schemes for tax refunds, in which Russian officials and security officials could be involved. The "Magnitsky Act", initially directed against persons who, in the opinion of the American authorities, could be involved in the death of the auditor, later began to act against those responsible for violations of human rights and the principle of the rule of law both in Russia and around the world.
• The most ambitious sanctions are related to the annexation of Crimea to Russia and the events in the east of Ukraine. In the "Crimean" sanctions, the persons on the list are necessarily somehow connected with the "annexation and / or integration of Crimea." In the case of "East Ukrainian" sanctions, there may be no connection with the events in Donetsk / Lugansk - state-owned companies are punished simply because they are state-owned companies, "oligarchs" - for the most distant from the regime.
• The cyber attacks were sanctioned by Trump's predecessor, Barack Obama, on April 1, 2015. They allow the US Treasury Department to block any assets in the country of persons suspected of committing cyberattacks.
• On August 2, 2017, US President Donald Trump signed the federal law Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions (CAATSA). It imposes additional restrictions on Iran, North Korea and Russia.
• The smallest groups of sanctions against Russia are sanctions for providing support to the Syrian government and deals with the DPRK authorities.
• On August 27, 2018, sanctions entered into force that do not directly affect individuals or legal entities... They are connected with the poisoning of ex-GRU colonel Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia in British Salisbury. The export to Russia of goods and technologies that are controlled by American regulators according to the "National Security" criterion (for example, avionics, underwater vehicles, some gas turbines, calibration equipment, etc.) was banned. The exclusion included goods and technologies necessary to ensure the safety of civil passenger aviation. In January 2019, the EU introduced the first sanctions against individuals involved in the Skripal poisoning.

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Since 2014, Western countries have been imposing sanctions against Russian citizens and companies. Their influence is assessed controversially - the intensification of confrontation between Russia and the West bears a tangible negative in some areas of the economy, while in others it has a positive effect. What sanctions are, why they were introduced and how they influenced the Russian economy - read the article.

The concept of sanctions in modern everyday life is associated with the crisis, trade wars, "black lists" and other prohibitions. But in general view sanctions are economic restrictions imposed by one country against another country (or a group of countries).

The purpose of the introduction of sanctions is to force the government of the country to make a certain decision by restricting economic operations. For example, the US sanctions imposed on Iran are intended to force the authorities to curtail the nuclear research program. Sometimes sanctions are imposed not by one country, but by a group of countries (European Union) or an international organization (UN).

V recent history sanctions were introduced to force countries to make such decisions:

• withdraw troops from the territory of another country;
• accept the terms of an international treaty (disarmament, non-proliferation of nuclear weapons);
• stop political persecution of opposition forces, hold fair elections;
• stop supporting international terrorism.

There are sanctions different types depending on who or what they are directed to. In particular, the following types of sanctions are identified in the literature:

1. individual- against individual individuals and legal entities;
2. diplomatic- expulsion of diplomats from the country, termination of diplomatic relations;
3. sectoral- restrictions on cooperation with a specific industry in the country;
4. commodity- a ban on the purchase or sale of certain goods;
5. financial- prohibition of participation in the international capital market.

Most widely in last years individual and sectoral sanctions are used (against Russia), as well as trade sanctions (against Iran).

Generally speaking, sanctions can be called an intermediate stage between diplomatic measures ( with little to achieve) and a full-fledged war ( on which in the modern world few people dare).

Economic sanctions are not always effective, for example, it is almost impossible to stop military aggression with their help, and the degree of influence of sanctions on the economy depends on many factors. Sanctions against hostile countries cannot be effective (because trade between them is already minimal).

From the history of economic sanctions

Economic sanctions against individual countries have been around for a very long time. The first mention of such restrictions dates back to 423 BC, when Athens forbade representatives of Megara to visit its ports and markets, and this led to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian Wars.

Sanctions began to be widely used in the 20th century. The most famous example of sanctions is the US embargo against Cuba. After the government of this country confiscated the property of American citizens and organizations in 1960, the United States banned the import of Cuban sugar. Later, an almost absolute ban was imposed on any movement of goods, and the entry of American citizens into Cuba was also banned. The sanctions were then tightened more and more, and it was only in 2016 that the United States restored diplomatic relations with Cuba.

Also known are the US sanctions against Iran, which were introduced after the overthrow of the Shah's regime as a result of the Islamic revolution. The main ban concerned the purchase of Iranian oil, the freezing of Iranian deposits in American banks. The trade ban was lifted in 1980, and the rest of the sanctions were then adjusted. In 1987-1990, there was again a restriction on oil imports from Iran.

In the history of the USSR, there were also cases of imposing sanctions. The prerequisites for this were the restrictions imposed by the United States on access to high-tech products for the socialist countries. In 1951, during Korean war The United States terminates the trade agreement with the USSR, as a result of which customs tariffs on Soviet goods are quadrupled.

But the most serious were the consequences of the 1974 Jackson-Vanik amendment to American commercial law. The amendment removed most favored nation trade for countries that violated human rights and restricted the right to emigrate. This amendment came under the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 3, 1972, according to which those traveling abroad for permanent place residence citizens with higher education must compensate the state for training costs. Free emigration from the USSR was allowed in 1989, then the amendment with respect to our country ceased to be effective.

In addition to the Jackson-Vanik amendment, the United States introduced other restrictive measures. In 1980, in response to the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, the United States broke the contract for the supply of 17 million tons of grain to the USSR, prohibited the sale of high-tech goods, and limited cultural, economic and sports (Olympic Games) events. The grain embargo was lifted in 1981, but other restrictions were periodically introduced.

As you can see, the history of sanctions in the 20th century has much in common with the confrontation between East and West. In the second half of the 1980s, with the beginning of Perestroika, most of the restrictions were lifted.

Sanctions in the modern world

Despite the completion Cold war and the end of the confrontation between the countries of the socialist bloc and the United States, sanctions remain an instrument of international pressure today.

As noted above, in the 20th century, Iran was under US sanctions due to political reasons... In 1996, the sanctions were strengthened by the US Congress. Due to the development of a missile and nuclear program, investments in the oil sector of the Iranian economy were prohibited. Violators were threatened with revocation of licenses, restriction of lending and work with government securities. The sanctions against Iran have been stepped up further after the government of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad resumed its uranium enrichment program in Iran in 2005. The sanctions concerned Iranian banks and the military industry; since 2012, the sale of Iranian oil to the United States has again been banned.

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Some reliefs were outlined in 2015, when, with the conclusion “ nuclear deal Iran made concessions on its nuclear program. In 2016, sanctions were lifted from a large number citizens, organizations and property of Iran. Despite this progress, sanctions against Iran were reinstated in 2018. The most likely reason is Iran's support for armed formations in Syria, Lebanon, Iraq and Yemen.

In addition to Iran, under significant sanctions pressure is North Korea (DPRK)... Sanctions aimed at eliminating nuclear weapons were imposed by the UN Security Council in 2006. Despite this, the DPRK conducted a second nuclear test in 2009, which became the reason for the introduction of additional sanctions, including a ban on the sale of weapons, financial restrictions, and others. Missile tests in 2012 prompted the expansion of UN Security Council sanctions. Similar situations occurred in 2013, 2016 and 2017, and in recent years, nuclear and missile tests in the DPRK have been carried out more and more often.

In 2018, there was significant progress in relations between the DPRK and the United States: several rounds of negotiations were held, and the leader of North Korea announced his desire to rid the country of nuclear weapons. However, later, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo noted that the sanctions would be in effect until the complete denuclearization (nuclear disarmament) of the Korean Peninsula.

As you can see, sanctions in the modern world remain an instrument for ensuring security, including nuclear. At the same time, there are some tendencies towards the gradual abandonment of the sanctions regime.

Anti-Russian sanctions - chronology

Anti-Russian sanctions in modern history start countdown since 2014 after the referendum in Crimea, its inclusion in the Russian Federation and the beginning of hostilities in the east of Ukraine. Russia is accused of an armed seizure of power in Crimea, of the participation of Russian military and volunteers in battles in eastern Ukraine, of military and material support of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics (DPR and LPR).

The bulk of the sanctions imposed have a point-like focus - sanctions are imposed against individuals, enterprises and organizations, and sectors of the economy. The greatest sanctions pressure is experienced by:

• individuals- officials, the top leadership of Russia, military leaders, owners and management of large Russian business, statesmen of the Crimea, DPR and LPR;
• legal entities- companies operating in Crimea or related to the oil and gas industry, Russian banks.

Consequently, the purpose of the sanctions is to undermine the potential of the Russian economy, to prohibit the entry and any operations of persons associated with the transition of Crimea to the Russian Federation and hostilities in eastern Ukraine.

Sanctions have been imposed since March 2014, with each package of sanctions linked to specific events. In this case, sanctions are mainly taken against individuals or companies.

The table below summarizes the chronology of the sanctions against Russia:

year 2014

2015 year

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2016 year

2017 year

2018 year

It should be noted that for most of the reasons for the imposition of sanctions indicated in the tables, the position of the official representatives of the Russian authorities is fundamentally different. For example, the Russian Federation's interference in the internal affairs of Ukraine, interference in the US elections, involvement in the poisoning of Sergei Skripal, etc. is categorically denied.

Sanctions are regularly updated, reviewed and extended, and the list of sanctions is expanded quite often. In 2018, a significant expansion of sanctions in connection with the Skripal case is expected, and their coverage will be significant.

First reaction Russian authorities on sanctions - personal restrictions for a number of persons who pursue an anti-Russian policy and support the sanctions imposed against Russia. This was in response to the ban on Russian public figures from entering the United States, Canada and EU countries.

The next step is the introduction of the so-called food counter-sanctions. The import of food products from an extensive list from the countries of the European Union was banned. This was done in order to provide an asymmetric response to the sanctions imposed against Russia, as well as to support Russian producers and producers of countries. Customs Union(later - EAEU).

From the counter-sanctions, a policy of import substitution was formed (primarily in the field of food production). This solution had both advantages and disadvantages:

Dignity	Flaws
import substitution policy and counter-sanctions have reduced competition in the Russian food market; there are benefits and other incentive methods for Russian farmers; reduced dependence on food imports	at the beginning of the implementation of the import substitution policy, prices increased significantly, including for domestic products; the quality of Russian products still lags behind imported counterparts; controversial measures to combat smuggling (destruction of products); "Fictitious" import of European products under the guise of Belarusian

In addition to the food embargo, other restrictive measures were taken, including the suspension of an agreement with the United States on the disposal of weapons-grade plutonium; introduced visa restrictions for a number of US citizens.

In general, the counter-sanctions imposed by Russia perform the function not only of retaliatory measures in relation to the EU countries and the United States, but also presupposes measures to support the domestic economy.

Consequences of sanctions and counter-sanctions

It is rather difficult to assess the impact of sanctions on the Russian economy - since 2014, the country has all the signs of a crisis, which is caused by various reasons.

The sanctions are aimed at the oil and gas, financial and defense sectors of the economy and include the freezing of some assets abroad, restriction of access to capital markets, and increased control over Russian goods. At the same time, the economy was extremely negatively impacted by the more than twofold decline in the price of crude oil, which caused a strong depreciation of the Russian ruble.

The topic of sanctions imposed by Western countries on Russia is one of the most discussed in the political space today.

Some experts believe that the sanctions are disastrous for our economy, and their extension will lead to extremely negative consequences. Others, on the contrary, are full of optimism and believe that sanctions will help our economy to get rid of external dependence. The truth, as always, is somewhere in the middle.

What are sanctions?

It is customary to understand sanctions as certain restrictions imposed on any kind of activity, company, organization, or on individuals. The obstacles created can be comprehensive in nature or relate to specific areas.

So, in trade, sanctions can relate to certain types of goods or completely prohibit import or export relations with a particular state. It is believed that this effective method the pressure required to compel individual countries to comply with international standards. In practice, this is one of the methods of intervention in the internal affairs of states, which is used to achieve the United States and its allies their own geopolitical goals.

Reasons for imposing sanctions on the Russian Federation

The main reason for the emergence of sanctions against Russia by Western countries is the independent foreign policy held by our country in the last decade. Its most striking expression was the reunification of Crimea with the rest of Russia and the support provided to the unrecognized republics of Donbass.

The West believes that Russia had no right to defend its interests in Crimea and the interests of the Russian-speaking population of Donbass. The West is accustomed to using this privilege alone and does not want to put up with such a vivid example of opposition to its policies, fearing that other countries will also try to become more independent in defending their own interests.

Economic anti-Russian sanctions

The list of economic sanctions imposed by the United States, the countries of the British Commonwealth and the European Union is quite long. But its most sensitive points are restrictions on investment in a number of sectors of the Russian economy, as well as a ban on the supply of equipment for these sectors. These are energy, telecommunications, oil and gas industry and mining, transport and infrastructure. In addition, a boycott was announced by the above countries and organizations to Crimean companies and Russian enterprises operating in Crimea.

The most negative impact on the Russian economy was exerted by the ban on investing in the financial sector, as well as on the provision of loans to five leading Russian banks. It is this factor, combined with the unprecedented drop in international ones, that became the main reason for such a sharp depreciation of the Russian ruble.


Subsequently, economic sanctions against the Russian Federation were introduced by Ukraine and some European countries that are not members of the EU.

Political anti-Russian sanctions

The sanctions policy pursued by the United States towards Russia was supported by the countries of the British Commonwealth and the European Union. It consists in limiting the presence of representatives of the Russian Federation in a number of international organizations controlled by the West. Russia's participation in PACE, the informal "club of the world's leading states" G8, the NATO Parliamentary Assembly and some other organizations was suspended.

In addition, personal bans were introduced for a number of Russian politicians to enter states that supported the sanctions, and the accounts of these individuals in banks in the United States, Europe and the British Commonwealth were blocked. The sanctions affected and military sphere: military cooperation with Western countries was suspended, previously concluded supply contracts were canceled military equipment and equipment.

Russia's response

The Russian government, in response to the imposition of sanctions by Western countries:

- banned a number of politicians and statesmen The United States and other countries entering the territory of the Russian Federation;

- accelerated work on putting into operation its own payment system;

- launched an import substitution program, thanks to which new enterprises appeared and continue to appear in the country, producing high-tech products that were previously purchased abroad;

- introduced a number of agricultural products, raw materials and foodstuffs from the countries of the anti-Russian sanctions list for the import into Russia;

- limited government purchases in Western countries of light industry goods.

The results of the sanctions

According to many experts, the policy of sanctions negatively affects not only Russia, but also the countries of Europe.

For the Russian Federation, the result of economic sanctions was a tangible drop in the standard of living of the population caused by the rise in prices for imported goods and an increase in the cost of lending, stagnation of the economy and increased inflation. At the same time, one cannot deny the positive impact of the sanctions on a number of industries. Thus, the country's agriculture, thanks to the withdrawal from the market of European competitors, was able to significantly increase the volume of agricultural products over the past two years.

A logical consequence of the sanctions was the gradual reorientation of Russia towards cooperation with Asian countries, primarily with China. V political sphere The sanctions policy of the West turned out to be a complete failure, as the hopes for the "isolation" of Russia were absolutely not justified.

For European countries, the sanctions turned out to be tangible losses in the engineering, automotive and electronics industries, agriculture and a number of other industries. The tourism sector of European countries also suffered significantly, since due to the depreciation of the ruble, Russians today prefer to rest not abroad, but within the country.


Germany, Hungary, Poland and Finland were the most affected by the sanctions. Ukraine announced the loss of its economy $ 15 billion due to restrictions imposed by Russia. Despite the very sensitive losses, the EU countries cannot abandon anti-Russian sanctions, since they are deprived of the opportunity to pursue an economic policy independent of the United States.

The annexation of Crimea to the territory of the Russian Federation did not go unnoticed by European countries and America. In particular, in response to such an increase in territory, these countries decided to introduce a number of restrictions and prohibitions. What are the sanctions against Russia introduced today in the countries of the world, and what this will lead to for these countries and the Russian Federation is discussed everywhere.

The list of states that have introduced sanctions against the Russian Federation includes:

Countries of the European Union;
USA;
Canada;
Australia;
Georgia;
Ukraine;
Norway;
Iceland;
Albania;
Liechtenstein;
Montenegro;
New Zealand;
Japan.

It consists in limiting cooperation with Russian companies in various industries, in particular in the main strategic areas.

EU sanctions have been imposed in the field of energy, against companies:

Gazprom;
Rosneft;
Transneft.

The bans also affected the defense sector, namely companies:

Oboronpromtorg;
Uralvagonzavod;

United Aircraft Corporation.

The sanctions were not spared by the banking organizations of Russia:
VTB;
Gazprombank;
"Sberbank of Russia";
VEB;
Rosselkhozbank.

Citizens of European countries are prohibited from performing transactions with certain securities of these companies; a ban has been imposed on transactions in European banking organizations. The provision of services for the extraction of minerals and the supply of technology for Russian companies is also prohibited.

European countries have imposed sanctions on a number of Russian companies supplying dual-use goods. Among them are Sirius, Kalashnikov concern and others.

There is a sanctions list of Russian officials, activists and heads of the DPR and LPR for the countries of the European Union. They are prohibited from entering the territory of European countries, and the assets located there are subject to freezing.

Canada has also published a smaller sanctions list. This country has not spared Sberbank of Russia, ExpoBank, Rosenergobank, Russian research institutes and engineering plants... Canadians cannot fund these organizations for more than 30 days.

Imposed sanctions against Russian energy organizations:

Oil terminal of Feodosia;
Rosneft;
Novatek.

These companies cannot receive US loans for more than 90 days and investments in new securities. The widest was the US sanctions list of Russian legal entities in the field of defense and industry. Deliveries of goods in these industries from Russian companies have been frozen. American sanctions have not been spared by Russian banking institutions.

Australia has banned its citizens and organizations from trading with Crimea and investing in the peninsula, importing equipment for the oil and gas sector from Russia, and imposed restrictions on Russian banks.

The Japanese sanctions list includes leaders and officials LPR, DPR and Crimea, as well as their organizations.

Sanctions against Russia today cause not only inconvenience Russian Federation, but also cause irreparable damage to the economies of countries against which retaliatory measures were introduced.