Political reasons for the First World War. Reasons for World War I add your own price to the base comment
(one thousand nine hundred and fourteen - one thousand nine hundred and nineteen)
About the main causes of World War I, point by point, in the table
- Very briefly about the nature, reasons and participants of World War I
- German "throwing" preconditions for war
- Reasons for different countries ... in the table
So, what are the underlying reasons (pretext) for World War I ...
Briefly studying the history of the causes of the outbreak of the First World War point by point, it is worth mentioning the main one among them, namely, the sharpest contradictions that arose during the division of spheres of influence in the world between the major world powers. Simply put, each of them tried to snatch the most profitable and fatty piece of the pie. However, in reality, the problems and contradictions between the countries ran much deeper
Very briefly about the nature and causes of World War I
Germanic "throwing"
When briefly examining the causes and prerequisites of the First World War, the first point should be noted Germany's dissatisfaction with its position and the small number of its own colonies.
The German Empire, formed as a result of the Franco-Prussian war, initially did not at all claim to be hegemony in the world. However, with the rapid development of the economy, it needed additional sales markets. And the creation and rapid strengthening and increase of the armed forces made possible the struggle of the German Kaiser for power on the continent and in the world.
To solve this problem, the German authorities either tried to conclude an alliance with England against France, then "incite" other states to continental blockade Great Britain.
Subsequently, having learned about the conclusion of a secret Franco-British agreement, Germany made an attempt to win Russia over to its side. 
But all these political moves were unsuccessful. Since England and France were in this period of history on friendly terms. In addition, in the sphere of interests of France, there was also Russian empire.
In order not to be left completely alone, Germany, located in the very center of Europe, was forced to look for allies among weaker countries. These turned out to be Austria-Hungary and Italy.
At the same time, the only way to solve its problems, the German government saw a new redistribution of spheres of influence in the world by crushing England, France and Russia.
Reasons for the participation of different countries ...
TABLE by country
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Reasons for the entry of the British Empire ... England had many reasons for rejecting Germany. |
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... France ... |
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... Russia ... |
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... Austria-Hungary ... |
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... and Turkey (Ottoman Empire) |
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As for other countries, for them the war was a means to achieve their plans. Serbia's aspirations ... |
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... Bulgaria ... |
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... Poland ... |
1 military conflict of the worlds. scale 28.07.1914 – 11.11.18 part. 38 state., Battle. over 74 million, more than 10 million were killed, 20 million were wounded. The main opponents are from the Entente: England, France, Russia, Serbia, Japan, later Italy, Romania and the United States; from the side of the Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria. Victory of the Entente. Main causes: contradictions between the countries of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Accord (Entente) in the economic, naval and colonial spheres. 1) chapters. between England and Germany - economy, naval, colonial .; 2) between France and Germany - because of Alsace and Lorraine, taken from France after the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71; because of the Frenchman. colonies in Africa claimed by Germany; 3) contradictions between Europ. powers in the Balkans and the B. East - the problem of spheres of influence, political positions in the Balkans, issues of the Straits. Occasion: 28.06.14. in Sarajevo Serbian student, member of terror. op. G. Princip shot the heir to the Austrian throne. Outcomes: 4 empires collapsed - Ottoman, Russian, German and Austro-Hungarian (British survived); had a huge impact on the economy, politics, ideology, the system of the Ministry of Defense; the formation of a new geopolitical situation in the world. End: Compiegne Armistice - agreement to end hostilities K.P. was concluded for 36 days, extended until the signing of the Versailles MD. 07/28/1919 signed the Versailles MD, officially completing 1 MV. Russia, which concluded a separate peace with Germany (Brest-Lit. Peaceful d.) In March 1918, did not participate in the development of the Versailles system.
For reference:
Causes of the First World War:
1) the result of the aggravation of contradictions between the major powers at the beginning of the twentieth century. The rapid growth of the economic power of Germany prompted her to strive to redistribute the world and expand her colonial possessions.
2) Anglo-German contradictions: the rapid build-up of German naval power, Germany's desire to win positions in the traditional sphere of British interests in the Middle East.
2) The confrontation between Germany and France due to the capture of Alsace and Lorraine added + colonies: France seized Morocco, which Germany claimed.
3) The interests of Russia and Germany came into conflict because of the Balkan issue, G. supported Russia's rival, Austria-Hungary. + at the end of the XIX century. a customs war unfolded, Russia's interests prompted it to support France in order to prevent German hegemony in Europe.
Historians divide the course of the First World War into five separate military campaigns.
1914 year- military operations unfolded on the Western (France) and Eastern (Prussia, Russia) fronts, the Balkans and colonies (Oceania, Africa and China). Germany quickly captured Belgium and Luxembourg, and launched an offensive against France. Russia led a successful offensive in Prussia. In general, in 1914, none of the countries managed to fully realize their plans.
1915 year- fierce battles were fought on the Western Front, where France and Germany were desperate to turn the tide in their favor. On the Eastern Front, the situation changed for the worse for the Russian troops. Due to supply problems, the army began to retreat, losing Galicia and Poland.
1916 year- during this period, the bloodiest battle of Verdun took place on the Western Front, during which more than a million people died. Russia, trying to help the allies and pull the forces of the German army over to itself, made a successful counteroffensive attempt - the Brusilov breakthrough.
1917 year- the success of the Entente troops. The USA joins them. As a result of revolutionary events, Russia is actually leaving the war.
1918 year- Russia's conclusion on extremely unfavorable and difficult conditions of peace with Germany. The rest of Germany's allies conclude peace with the Entente countries. Germany remains alone and in November 1918 agrees to surrender.
The First World War was the first major global conflict in the context of the technical and scientific revolution that took place. This war has become completely new, unlike all previous conflicts and hostilities. Almost all states of the world were involved in this conflict, hundreds of thousands of soldiers did not return home. The war became a prerequisite for the fall of the four empires and a new turning point in the history of the development of human civilization. The prerequisites and causes of the First World War will be discussed in this lesson.
World War I: Prerequisites and Causes
Background
Since the beginning of the 20th century, international tension in Europe has grown steadily (see lesson). The main prerequisites for the start of the war were:
... the desire of the young united Italy and Germany to redistribute spheres of influence in Europe and colonial expansion; the militaristic basis of the emergence of these states (especially Germany), which in the eyes of the rulers and many of their subjects made war an adequate way further development;
... on the part of the old colonial powers - of course, the need to maintain their positions and prevent the loss of colonies;
... on the part of the Balkan peoples - the desire for independence; in the case of already independent Serbia and Bulgaria - the desire to unite other Slavic peoples around itself;
... on the part of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire - the desire to establish control over the Balkans.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, two military-political blocs were formed: Triple Alliance(Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy) and the Entente (Great Britain, Russia, France).
Events
June 28, 1914- The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed in Sarajevo by the Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip (Sarajevo murder); this event became a kind of trigger, leading ultimately to the outbreak of war.
July 23, 1914- Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with an ultimatum (Austro-Hungarian note dated July 23, 1914), which actually called into question the country's sovereignty. The ultimatum was partially accepted, one of the points was rejected, in response to which Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Over the next week, all members of the Entente and the Triple Alliance (except Italy) carried out military mobilization and declared war on each other. The First World War has begun.
1914 g.- success in general accompanies the Triple Alliance (while Italy does not enter the war and remains neutral). Germany is successfully waging a war on two fronts: against Russia in the east and France in the west, but the lack of forces did not allow her to take Paris and withdraw France from the war.
1915 g.- Italy joins the Entente. Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire join Germany and Austria-Hungary, creating the Quadruple Alliance.
1915 g.- the sides are waging a positional war. In Turkey, which fought on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary, the Armenian Genocide (Armenian Genocide) is taking place, classified by the Entente as a crime against humanity (for the first time in history).
Positional warfare is a war in which armed struggle is conducted mainly on continuous, relatively stable fronts with well-fortified defenses. Usually characterized by a high troop density and well-developed engineering support positions. Offensive operations undertaken, as a rule, do not receive development, often remain incomplete and end with limited results.
1916 g.- Battle of Verdun and Battle of the Somme. Both German and Anglo-French troops make an attempt to go on the offensive, in both cases this leads to protracted bloody positional battles with hundreds of thousands killed. Tanks were used for the first time in history in the Battle of the Somme.
1916 g.- Brusilov breakthrough. Successful offensive of Russian troops against Austria-Hungary in Galicia (see the lesson ").
February 1917- in Russia, as a result of the February Revolution, the monarchy fell, internal instability negatively affects the activity of the Russian troops.
April 1917- The United States declares war on Germany, starting in the fall of 1917, starting active hostilities on the side of the Entente.
April - May 1917- "Nivelle massacre", an unsuccessful attempt to defeat the German forces by the Entente troops, hundreds of thousands of dead and wounded.
October - December 1917- Battle of Caporetto. Italy, which had previously held the initiative on the Italian front, suffers a crushing defeat at the hands of the troops of Germany and Austria-Hungary.
March 3, 1918- Russia, in which the Bolsheviks came to power, comes out of the war by signing the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with Germany and its allies, according to which Russia lost significant territories in the west of the country (see the lesson “).
1918 g.- Germany, having made peace with Russia and thereby securing the eastern front, is making an attempt to attack on the western, but in the summer the Entente and the allies finally take the initiative and conduct a successful offensive on all fronts, the war is moving to an end.
November 1918- all countries participating in the Quadruple Alliance, one after the other, conclude an armistice with the Entente; in the case of Germany and Austria-Hungary, this was largely due to the revolutions that took place there. World War I ends.
Conclusion
Aftermath of the First World War
... The war has become a catalyst for social change and upheaval in many participating countries. During the war or in the first years after its end, monarchies fell in Austria-Hungary, Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and Russia.
... The result of the war was the disintegration of empires and the acquisition of national independence by many peoples. On the political map In Europe, independent Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Finland, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and other states appeared.
... The first war became unprecedented in the number of casualties; it used weapons that were new for that time: aircraft, tanks, machine guns, flamethrowers, chemical weapon etc. It was characterized by the conduct of trench warfare, when millions of victims did not lead to a significant change in the balance of power. World War I demonstrated how negligible value can be human life... The massive participation in the war gave rise to the formation of the so-called lost generation - a multitude of young people who returned from the war and were unable to adapt to a peaceful life, in many ways suffering from the psychological trauma they had endured.
... In the 20s - 30s. the heroics of the First World War were speculated by the totalitarian movements - the Italian fascists, the German National Socialists. The first World War without solving the most important international issues, it paved the way for an even more grandiose World War II.
Abstract
International relations at the turn of the century were a tangled and contradictory tangle of world politics. At the end of the 19th century, the colonial redistribution of the world was completed. The leading colonial powers of Europe were Great Britain and France, whose colonies lay on vast expanses of Asia and Africa. The United States considered the Western Hemisphere of the Earth to be its fiefdom, both political and economic. The Russian Empire stood apart from the colonial world, reaching its natural limits (with the exception of Austrian Galicia) in Europe, in the south (in the Caucasus and Central Asia) and in the north (the Arctic Ocean) (see Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. The world by 1914 ()
"Young" countries - Germany, Italy and Japan, who were late for the repartition of the world, but, starting from the last quarter of the 19th century, began to develop at an incredible pace, in many respects took over the territories "which were lying badly." The booming economies of Germany and Japan needed new spaces to market their products and compete with other powers.
The increase in international tension at the end of the 19th century led to the convocation of 1899 Hague Peace Conference(see Fig. 2), where the participating countries agreed on the peaceful settlement of territorial and other conflicts, on not using asphyxiant gases in future military conflicts and generally limiting the brutal manifestations of warfare, on the fate of prisoners and the activities of the International Red Cross. But, despite all these agreements, military-political blocs, which were in sharp confrontation, continued to take shape in Europe. On the one hand, such a block was Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary), and on the other - Entente - "Hearty Concord" (Great Britain, France and Russia).
Rice. 2. The Hague Conference ()
The main prerequisite for the First World War was the desire for a new redivision of the world on the part of the "young" developing countries.
From 1899 to 1913 Europe and the world, one way or another, took part in military conflicts. Fashoda Crisis, Boer War in South Africa, Japan's occupation of Korea, the Bosnian crisis, the two Balkan wars were a kind of rehearsals for the First World War.
The formal reason for the outbreak of hostilities was the so-called. "Shot in Sarajevo". June 28, 1914 19-year-old Bosnian Serb - (Fig. 3), a member of the terrorist organization Mlada Bosna, shot the heir to the Austrian throne Franz Ferdinand and his wife, during their visit to the Bosnian city of Sarajevo, which had recently been annexed to Austria.
Rice. 3. Gavrilo Principle ()
It was this shot that initiated a large-scale world conflict and was the reason for the outbreak of hostilities.
1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - early XXI century. - M .: Mnemosina, 2011.
2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M .: Russian word, 2009.
1. Read Chapter 5, pp. 46-48 of the textbook by LN Aleksashkina. General history. XX - early XXI century and answer question 1 on p. 56.
2. Why did the countries that signed the agreements in The Hague never implement them?
3. Could the First World War have been avoided? Explain your answer.
Question 01. What was the pretext and causes of the First World War? What is the difference between these concepts?
Answer. The reason for the war was the assassination on June 28, 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne with his wife Duchess Sofia Gogenberg in Sarajevo by a Serbian schoolboy Gavrila Princip, who was part of the Serbian-Bosnian revolutionary organization"Mlada Bosna". But the reasons accumulated much earlier than this murder. They are as follows:
1) economic imperialism;
2) trade barriers;
3) militarism;
4) autocracy;
5) the balance of power between the European powers;
6) local conflicts that took place on the eve (Balkan wars, Italian-Turkish war);
7) territorial claims and allied obligations of European powers.
Question 02. What was the nature of the war of 1914-1918? Is it possible to unequivocally determine who was the culprit? Who, in your opinion, is responsible for its occurrence?
Answer. There is a popular opinion about the imperialist character of this war. In this case, the imperialism of all European countries is to blame. But on the other hand, one cannot deny the facts that it was Austria-Hungary, with the support of Germany, who presented an ultimatum, chain reaction on which it became the beginning of the war, and the hostilities in the first months of the war went according to the plan of the General Staff of Germany.
Question 03. What is the manifestation of the crisis in the opposing powers? What were its reasons?
Answer. Crisis manifestations:
1) a trench war was going on in the main theaters of hostilities, none of the sides could break through the enemy's defenses;
2) interruptions in the supply of the population began in many countries (in Germany and Austria-Hungary they were caused by the blockade led by the British fleet);
3) mass protests against the war were observed in almost all the warring countries;
4) the hardships of the war years in many countries caused revolutions or the emergence of a revolutionary situation.
All these negative phenomena are caused by the protracted nature of the war, since they were not observed in its first months. Apparently, the leaders of the future warring states understood what negative consequences the prolongation of hostilities could lead to (perhaps that is why they all tried to win quickly), but when these consequences manifested themselves, they did not know how to deal with them.
Question 04. How did the mood in Russia change as the war dragged on?
Answer. Russia met the beginning of the war with an upsurge of patriotism, like the rest of the powers that entered the war. But gradually patriotism gave way to apathy. Mostly bad news came from the front, and then a trench war began, which seemed endless, because apathy is understandable. At the same time, the front required more and more new replenishment. The use of almost all the resources for the needs of the front caused problems with the supply of the population. Refugee flows also did not improve Russians' attitudes towards the war. The result of all this was the resulting sharply negative attitude towards the continuation of the war in Russian society.
Question 05. What patriotic initiatives did the Russian society show during the war years?
Answer. Initiatives:
1) the creation of the Zemsky Union;
2) the creation of the City Union;
3) the creation of the Main Committee for the supply of the army;
4) a massive enrollment of volunteers at the beginning of the war;
5) the mass entry of women into the number of sisters of mercy (to care for the wounded).
Question 06. How can you explain the victory of the Entente countries?
Answer. Causes:
1) Germany and Austria-Hungary failed to win in the first months of the war;
2) Germany and Austria-Hungary had to fight on several fronts each;
3) the Entente countries had more human resources;
4) the strategists of Germany and Austria-Hungary could not come up with other tactics, except for a frontal attack on the trenches in the offensive and defense with the help of trenches in the defense, and in such a war that led to large losses, the lack of human resources of these countries played a large role;
5) Great Britain was able to organize a naval blockade, because of which its opponents lacked the necessary raw materials;
6) the submarine fleet of Germany did not manage to cut off the sea supply of Great Britain before the entry into the war of the United States, which suppressed the actions of submarines;
7) the technical backwardness of the Ottoman Empire led to its defeat, albeit not quickly, with relatively insignificant forces of the Entente (the catastrophe in Gallipoli was an exception from the general series of failures of the Turkish army);
8) at the final stage of the war, the United States, with its fresh troops and huge industrial potential, sided with the Entente.
Question 07. Describe the role of the United States in the world war. Why did the USA enter the world war?
Answer. The actions of the United States during the First World War can be described as a path to world leadership. The most important here is the first period of the war, when the United States did not fight, but supplied the warring countries with weapons. This further strengthened American industry and the economy, which has made it the most prosperous in the world after the war, especially against the backdrop of the war-torn economies of European powers. It was after the First World War that the dollar became the world currency, because all the victorious countries owed America. These debts became at one time the main reason for America's entry into the war. Of course, there was the steamer Louisitania, sunk by a German submarine, and German instigations from Mexico to attack America, but the main thing was European debts. The United States traded with the Entente countries, since their ships could not reach their opponents due to the naval blockade. The Entente countries became large debtors to the United States, their loss in the war would make it impossible to pay these debts.
On the other hand, it is equally generally recognized that the murder was only the closest pretext, the "impetus" for war, while numerous hidden factors gradually led to it, the central of which were the desire of the German Empire to dominate the world and the competing national interests of the largest European powers ...
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✪ Intelligence poll: Yegor Yakovlev on the prehistory of the First World War
✪ Causes of the First World War
✪ Causes and the beginning of the First World War | The World History Grade 9 # 4 | Info lesson
✪ Causes and nature of the First World War
Subtitles
Factors of the policy of the European powers
It is widely believed that all major European powers were interested in starting the war, seeing no other way to resolve the accumulated contradictions. However, at the very beginning of the war, in the fall of 1914, even such a radical critic of tsarist Russia and the tsarist government as V.I. ), which actually became the Manifesto of the RSDLP (b) in relation to the war, at the very beginning:
The German bourgeoisie, spreading tales about a defensive war on its part, in fact chose the most convenient, from its point of view, moment for war, using its latest improvements in military equipment and warning new weapons already outlined and predetermined by Russia and France.
This point of view (that the war was unleashed by Germany) was shared not only by the leaders and peoples of the Entente countries, but also by many well-known figures of neutral countries (see Prominent political and scientific figures on the causes of the First World War).
British empire
- Could not forgive Germany for the support of the Boers in the Boer War - Messrs.
- She did not intend to watch from aloof the German expansion into the areas that she considered “hers”: East and South-West Africa.
- Waged an undeclared economic and trade war against Germany.
- Conducted active naval preparations in case of aggressive actions by Germany.
- Due to the potential German threat, she abandoned the country's traditional policy of "brilliant isolation" and moved on to the policy of forming an anti-German bloc of states.
France
- She sought to take revenge for the defeat inflicted on her by Germany in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870.
- She intended to return Alsace and Lorraine, separated from France in 1871 following the war of 1870.
- It suffered losses in its traditional sales markets in competition with German goods.
- She was afraid of a new German aggression.
- At any cost, she strove to preserve her colonies, in particular, North Africa.
Russia
- It claimed free passage of its fleet to the Mediterranean Sea, insisted on weakening or revising the control regime over the Dardanelles in its favor.
- Appreciated construction railroad Berlin-Baghdad (1898) as an act unfriendly from Germany. At the same time, she referred to the fact that this infringes on her rights in Asia under the Anglo-Russian agreement of 1907 on the distribution of spheres of influence in this region. However, by the beginning of the First World War, these differences with Germany were settled by the Potsdam Agreement of 1911.
- Opposed German hegemony in Europe and Austrian penetration into the Balkans.
- Insisted on the exclusive right of protectorate over all Slavic peoples; supported anti-Austrian and anti-Turkish sentiments among Serbs and Bulgarians in the Balkans.
Serbia
- The newly formed state (full independence since 1878) sought to establish itself in the Balkans as the leader of the Slavic peoples of the peninsula.
- She planned to form Yugoslavia, including in it all the Slavs living in the south of Austria-Hungary.
- Unofficially supported nationalist organizations that fought against Austria-Hungary and Turkey, that is, interfered in the internal affairs of other states.
Bulgaria
- She strove to establish herself in the Balkans as the leader of the Slavic peoples of the peninsula (as opposed to Serbia).
- It sought to return the territories lost during the Second Balkan War, as well as to acquire the territories that the country claimed following the results of the First Balkan War.
- She wanted to take revenge on Serbia and Greece for the humiliating defeat in 1913.
Polish question
- Having no national state after the divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Poles strove to gain independence and unite the Polish lands.
German empire
- Strived for political and economic domination on the European continent.
- Having joined the struggle for the colonies only after 1871, it claimed equal rights in the colonial possessions of the British Empire, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Portugal. Showed special activity in getting markets.
- Qualified the Entente as an agreement, the purpose of which was to undermine the power of Germany.
- I wanted to acquire new territories.
Austro-hungary
- Being a multinational empire, due to interethnic contradictions, Austria-Hungary was a constant hotbed of instability in Europe.
- She strove to keep Bosnia and Herzegovina captured by her in 1908. (see Bosnian Crisis 1908-1909)
- They opposed Russia, which took on the role of the defender of all Slavs in the Balkans, and Serbia, which claimed the role of a unifying center for the southern Slavs.
Ottoman Empire
- Seeked to return the territories lost during the Balkan Wars.
- She strove to preserve the unity of the nation (in the conditions of actually crumbling statehood), which is easier to do in the face of an external threat.
- In the Middle East, the interests of almost all powers collided, striving to have time to divide the crumbling Ottoman Empire (Turkey).
Prominent political and scientific figures on the causes of the First World War
Modern historians blame the beginning of the war in descending order on Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Serbia, France, Britain. At the same time, some scientists emphasize the role of the geopolitical ambitions of individual states, in particular, Germany and Russia.
Opinions on the initiative of Nicholas II to refer the Austro-Serbian dispute to the Hague Tribunal
On July 29, 1914 (two days before Germany declared war on Russia), Nicholas II sent the following telegram to Kaiser Wilhelm II:
“Thank you for your conciliatory and friendly telegram. Meanwhile, the official message conveyed today by your ambassador to my minister was in a completely different tone. Please explain this disagreement. It would be correct to refer the Austro-Serbian question to the Hague Conference. I count on your wisdom and friendship "
Kaiser Wilhelm never responded to this peace initiative of Nicholas II. The French ambassador to Russia Maurice Paleologue wrote in his memoirs (p. 155, 156):
Sunday, January 31, 1915 Petrograd "Government Bulletin" publishes the text of a telegram dated July 29 last year, in which Emperor Nicholas proposed to Emperor Wilhelm to transfer the Austro-Serbian dispute to the Hague court.<…>The German government did not see fit to publish this telegram in a series of messages exchanged directly between the two monarchs during the crisis preceding the war.<…>- What a terrible responsibility Emperor Wilhelm took upon himself, leaving without a single word of answer the proposal of Emperor Nicholas! He could not respond to such a proposal otherwise than by agreeing to it. And he didn’t answer because he wanted war.
In 1915-1919 (during the First World War), the British Ambassador to Russia J. Buchanan (Chapter 14) and some prominent foreign public figures and historians wrote about this telegram (P. 132-133). In 1918, this telegram was even mentioned in the American Encyclopedia of the First World War. US Deputy Attorney General James M. Beck wrote in 1915 (translated from English):
It is a curious and thought-provoking fact that the German Foreign Office omitted one of the most important telegrams in the correspondence between the Kaiser and the Tsar published in the autumn of 1914. ... The German Foreign Minister then explained that they considered the telegram "of no importance" for publication. - A comment is superfluous! Apparently, at the beginning of his correspondence with the Kaiser, the tsar proposed to transfer the entire Austro-Serbian problem to the Hague Tribunal. Serbia made the same proposal. ... But the world is also in debt to the Russian tsar for the first Hague conference, which was convened and held
