Analysis of import and export of engineering products of the states of the customs union. Export of engineering products

The main task of mechanical engineering is to provide society with new, more and more modern machines.
ENGINEERING - PROVIDE
SOCIETY NEW, EVERYTHING
MODERN MACHINES.

The role and importance of mechanical engineering.

ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE
ENGINEERING.
It accounts for 36%
enterprises, 40% employed, 20%
gross industrial output
Russia.
Engineering products
applied everywhere: in
industry, agriculture,
everyday life, in transport, in armed
forces.
Determines the pace of scientific and technical
revolution.

Groups of industries of mechanical engineering
Heavy
Equipment for
metallurgy;
mining,
energetic,
hoisting and transport.
General and
the average
Machine tool building,
transport,
Transport
equipment for
new
light and food
industry
Exact
Electronics.
Instrumentation
Production
office equipment,
household and
robotics.

Heavy engineering provides equipment for the energy, metallurgy, chemical, mining industries.

HEAVY ENGINEERING
PROVIDES

Reference information

Mechanical engineering is the most
dynamic industry
industry that
reflects the level of development of countries
(in the structure of industry
developed countries share
mechanical engineering - 34%).
It is especially characteristic of her
deepening of specialization
production and expansion of its
scale.
How the industry originated 200 years
back during industrial
revolution in England.
Today, according to the number of people employed (80
million people), and by the number
the cost of production it
ranks first among
industries of the world
industry.
REFERENCE
INTELLIGENCE

Composition of the machine-building complex

COMPOUND
ENGINEERING
OF THE COMPLEX
Industries,
Industries,
General
defining defining scientific and technological progress in mechanical engineering
NTP in all
the very
farm
mechanical engineering
Electrical Machine Tool and
Railway
industry
instrumental
mechanical engineering
industry
Instrumentation
Radio engineering
Electronics

Automotive
industry
Aviation
industry
Tractor and
agricultural
mechanical engineering

Heavy
mechanical engineering
Manufacture of machines for
metallurgy and
mining
industry
Shipbuilding
Lift and transport
mechanical engineering
Mechanical Engineering for Chemical and Petroleum
light and food
mechanical engineering
industry

Construction and
communal
mechanical engineering
Industry
metal
structures and products

Industry groups

INDUSTRY GROUPS

The level of development of mechanical engineering in regions and countries of the world

LEVEL OF EVOLUTION
MACHINERY IN REGIONS AND
COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
High
Foreign
Europe,
USA,
Canada,
Japan,
Russia
Average
Australia, China,
India, NIS Asia,
Kazakhstan,
Portugal,
Norway,
Finland,
South Africa, Brazil,
Argentina,
Mexico
Weak
Indonesia, Mongolia,
Turkey,
Iran, Afghanistan,
Pakistan,
DR Congo,
Algeria,
Morocco,
Egypt,
Venezuela,
Colombia,
Peru, Chile
Missing
Saudi
Arabia, countries
Tropical
African
Central
Of America

Geography of mechanical engineering

GEOGRAPHY
ENGINEERING

Engineering centers of the world

ENGINEERING
WORLD CENTERS
North America, where almost all types are produced
engineering products, from the highest to medium and
low degree of complexity.
Foreign Europe, which produces mainly
mass machine-building products, but retains its
positions in some of the latest industries.
East and Southeast Asia, led by Japan,
also combining products of mass mechanical engineering with
products of the highest technology; it also includes “Asian
tigers ", specializing primarily in the production of household
electronics; and China.
CIS, for most of whose countries mechanical engineering is one of the
main branches of international specialization.

Major auto exporters and importers

MAIN EXPORTERS AND
AUTO IMPORTERS

Compilation of EGH for the sector of the economy

COMPOSITION OF THE EGH OF THE INDUSTRY
FARMS
1.
The importance of the industry in the world economy, its sectoral composition,
the influence of scientific and technological revolution on its development.
2.
Raw materials and fuel resources of the industry and their placement.
3.
Sizes of production of products with distribution by
major geographic regions.
4.
Main producing countries.
5.
Main districts and centers of production; factors,
which determined the location of the industry in these areas.
6.
Conservation and ecological problems arising in
connection with the development of the industry.
7.
Main countries (regions) of export of products. The main
countries (regions) of imports of products. The most important cargo flows.
8.
Prospects for the development and placement of the industry.

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Russia

Belarus

Kazakhstan

All CU countries in 2007-2012 remained net importers of mechanical engineering products. In Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, dependence on imports of engineering products increased over the period under review. Thus, Russian engineering exports from 2006 to 2012 increased by 29%, and imports by 123%. In Belarus, the growth rate of exports was 85%, imports - 96%. In Kazakhstan, exports grew by 4%, while imports by 30%.

Most of the export of mechanical engineering products of the countries of the region in 2012 accounted for $ 16.6 billion in Russia. Belarus exported mechanical engineering products for $ 6.8 billion, and Kazakhstan for $ 0.7 billion. Exports of Armenia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan against the background of the total mechanical engineering exports of the CU republics are almost invisible.

The shares of export of engineering products in the total export of goods in all countries of the region, except for Belarus, are small and do not exceed 5%. In the Republic of Belarus, such products in 2012 accounted for 16.9% of the export of goods. On the contrary, the shares of imports of engineering products in imports of goods are significant in all the subjects under consideration: Belarus and Armenia had the smallest share, 18.8%, and Russia, 49.9%, where engineering products are the largest item of imports of goods.

Russia
In 2012, the net export of engineering products of the Russian Federation amounted to $ 135.8 billion. In other words, Russia imported much more machinery and equipment than it exported. At the same time, she was a net importer for all considered species economic activity varying degrees of disaggregation. Moreover, in almost all types of activity, imports were many times higher than exports. With regard to Russian exports of engineering products, out of $ 16.6 billion, 21.1% accounted for equipment, 31.3% for electrical equipment and 47.6% for vehicles. The largest export items were aircrafts$ 3.1 billion, electronic components and equipment for radio, television and communications $ 2 billion, and electrical machinery and equipment $ 1.7 billion.

Of the $ 152.4 billion of Russian imports of mechanical engineering products, 35.2% fell on the production of equipment and the production of vehicles, the share of electrical equipment was 31.3%. The largest articles of steel imports cars$ 18.7 billion, electronic components and equipment for radio, television and communications $ 18.2 billion, electrical equipment $ 11 billion, equipment for mining and construction $ 6.3 billion, aircraft $ 5.8 billion, equipment for Agriculture$ 5.6 billion

RF has a significant potential for import substitution. This is due to the significant demand for engineering products, which is now largely met by imports. And all last years the frequency of purchases of imported equipment by Russian enterprises grew, exceeding in 2012 the frequency of purchases of machinery and equipment manufactured in the Russian Federation.

In the short and medium term, it can be expected that the growth of domestic demand for automotive products and durable goods will continue, since the saturation of markets with these products is still far from the indicators typical for the most developed countries. In addition, the achievement of the maximum utilization of available capacities in almost all industries in the mid-2000s increased the demand for machine-tool products, this is another potential direction for the growth of the Russian machine-building industry.

True, in many areas, the growing demand for engineering products is met almost entirely by foreign supplies. Therefore, the implementation of the existing potential of import substitution depends on how quickly the process of updating the machine-building equipment goes. The example of some industries, in particular the automotive industry, shows that the modernization of production, provided there is a stable effective demand and the creation of relatively small preferences for investors, can occur in a fairly short time. Resources accumulated during the period of economic growth can become the main source of financing for investments in fixed assets of machine building. The latter, however, will require special efforts on the part of the state to facilitate and reduce the cost of access to funding sources.

The potential for increasing exports of Russian engineering products is limited. First, the growing domestic demand, both consumer and investment, will absorb most of the increase in the output of goods and will not allow a noticeable increase in export supplies. Secondly, given the existing technological lag behind developed countries, it is difficult to predict a significant increase in demand for Russian engineering products in the world market. Now in almost all commodity groups, imports are many times greater than exports. This testifies to the weak demand for Russian products in the world market, and the rapid gaining of positions on it, even with an increase in the quality of goods, is hardly possible.

Belarus
Net export of Belarus in 2012 was equal to - $ 1.8 billion, and the value of imports is comparable to the value of exports. Belarus is a net importer of equipment. For most items, although imports exceeded exports, their values ​​were comparable, and in the "production of machinery and equipment for agriculture" exports exceeded imports by almost four times. In the production of vehicles, the country is a net exporter of products, and here the excess of exports over imports is achieved mainly due to the net export of trucks. In terms of internal combustion engines, passenger cars and railway rolling stock, Belarusian imports exceed exports.

Of the $ 6.8 billion in machine-building exports of the Republic of Belarus, 47.1% accounted for equipment, 17.6% for electrical equipment and 35.3% for vehicles. The largest export groups: machinery and equipment for agriculture $ 1.8 billion, trucks $ 1.4 billion and electrical equipment $ 0.6 billion. The largest import positions in the country in 2012 were electrical equipment $ 1 billion, electronic components and equipment for radio, television and communications $ 0.8 billion, cars cars $ 0.6 billion, internal combustion engines for cars and machinery and equipment for agriculture $ 0.5 billion each.

Belarus depends on foreign supplies of a very wide range of engineering goods. In 2012, the negative balance of foreign trade exchange of such goods de facto reduced the potential GDP of the republic by 17.6%, which is the highest indicator in the countries of the region.

Kazakhstan
The trade balance of mechanical engineering products of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2012 amounted to $ 13.2 billion. Kazakhstan, like Russia, is a net importer of these products in all types of economic activities under consideration. The export of machine-building products of the republic was equal to $ 0.7 billion, of which $ 0.35 billion was the value of exported equipment, $ 0.29 billion of electrical equipment, $ 0.06 billion of vehicles. The largest imports of Kazakhstan in 2012 were electronic components, equipment for radio, television and communications $ 1.8 billion, electrical machines and electrical equipment and railway rolling stock for $ 1.5 billion.

The economy of the republic in the coming years, according to forecasts, will develop dynamically. Consequently, the demand for engineering products will increase. But the volumes of output of Kazakhstani machine building are now relatively small, and in any case it is not able to meet the demand of local consumers. Therefore, mass import substitution in the conditions of a growing economy in Kazakhstan is unlikely and, moreover, it is in many respects impractical, since the creation of new machine-building industries requires huge resources.

The export of mechanical engineering products of the Republic of Kazakhstan is small in 2012, it was equal to 0.4% of GDP, the lowest indicator in the CES countries and is focused on the Russian market. It is difficult to expect a multiple increase, but for some product groups, bearings, electrical equipment, given the creation of the Common Economic Space, a certain increase in export flows can be predicted.

The development of mechanical engineering in Turkey began with the completion of the industrialization of Western Europe. Later, in the last quarter of the twentieth century, European countries, the most energy-intensive, environmentally harmful and other "dirty" enterprises, with the exception of military and strategically important industries, tend to relocate to developing countries. This became especially noticeable during the transition from industrial to post-industrial - or informational - society. With the beginning of this process, the movement to developing countries of industries such as metallurgy and the chemical industry quickly gained momentum. Developed countries, instead of dealing with these unpromising industries for themselves, began to pay more and more attention to the development of knowledge-intensive industries. This process continues today.

The movement of the above industries is carried out through the use of direct investments - mergers, subordination to their goals of the local firms cooperating with them, which fulfill orders of foreign parent companies for the production of products of the desired profile. Automotive, railroad car manufacturing and other engineering industries requiring heavy industries, especially polluting metallurgy, are moving to countries such as Turkey, Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland and Romania. Other less developed countries, such as those in Africa, which cannot make it to this list, are doomed to become poorer and poorer.

In the future, firms from industrialized countries not only buy machinery and equipment from their foreign subsidiaries (although they are often inferior to Western standards), but also their components, which are used in their own, including science-intensive, industries. In this way, the efficiency of production is increased, and its costs are reduced. For example, we can cite such joint ventures operating in Turkey as MERCEDES-BENZ, TÜVASAŞ, ABB, ALCATEL, ALSTO, BOSCH, GE, SCHNEIDER, PHILLIPS, TÜRK PIRELLI, TÜRK SIEMENS, TELEMECHANIQUE and many others. 6 They sell their products both in the Turkish market and export them to other countries.

The first places in the export of Turkish engineering products are to Western European countries. They are followed by Russia, Algeria and a number of other states of the Middle East region and Central Asia.

According to Turkish experts, the export value of Turkish engineering products in 1996 was $ 794 million, and in 1998 this amount increased to $ 1.1 billion. In 1996, exports of refrigerators, freezers, and heating pumps amounted to in 124 million dollars, taking first place in the nomenclature of goods. The second place was taken by the export of water turbines, sharpeners and regulators for them in the amount of $ 109 million.And in 1998, the first place was taken by the export of pistons for internal combustion engines, parts and components for motors in the amount of $ 162 million. , on the second - the export of refrigerators, freezers and heat pumps in the amount of 161 million dollars. The export of turbojets, turbochargers, gas turbines and heavy machines in 1998 exceeded 50 million dollars.

The Asian financial crisis of 1997 and the crisis of 1998 in Russia had a negative impact on Turkish industrial exports. But on the other hand, the Asian crisis has partly played into the hands of Turkey, since the countries of Southeast Asia are its competitors in the world market. During this crisis, there was a small, but still growth in exports.

Turkey is a manufacturer of parts and components for the main Western European countries-suppliers of engineering products and for this reason the crises occurring in Europe are most negatively reflected on its economy.

In 2000, Turkish exports of mechanical engineering products reached $ 1.4 billion, in 2002, $ 2.1 billion. in 429 million dollars, on the second - the export of refrigerators, freezers and heat pumps - 382 million dollars and on the third - export washing machines- $ 153 million. The fourth place was taken by exports worth $ 86 million of turbojets, turbo-compressor engines, other gas turbines and heavy machines.

In 2003, for the period January-May, the export of cars reached $ 1 billion.The export of internal combustion pistons, parts and components for motors amounted to $ 208 million, and the export of refrigerators, freezers and heat pumps - $ 193 million.

Exports of pistons for internal combustion engines, parts and components for motors, refrigerators, freezers, heat pumps, washing machines, turbojets, turbochargers, other gas turbines and heavy machinery account for 55% of all exports of the Turkish engineering industry.

Export electric cars for the period 1996–2000 kept at the level of 1 million dollars on average annually. The reason for the stability of the export of electrical machines was the fact that in the foreign electronic industry, which is their consumer and uses them as components, a fairly strong demand was maintained in the countries of the European Union.

We can say that the export of electric cars will continue to grow gradually, provided that the demand for Turkish products in the European market remains stable. As you can see, during the crises in 2001 and 2002, there was an increase in the export of cars, which reached 1.35 and 1.36 million dollars, respectively. electrical insulating wires, cables, insulating conductors; fiber-optic cables worth $ 493 million; electric water heaters, electrothermal apparatuses worth $ 197 million; electrical transformers and other similar products worth $ 167 million; equipment of the electric phase, the voltage of which does not exceed 1000 volts, in the amount of 80 million dollars. In 2003, for the period January-May, the amount of export of the listed products reached a total amount of 588 million dollars.

Thus, there is a steady growth in the export of electrical machinery and electrical equipment. The reason for this is Turkey's penetration into economically stable EU markets, which is facilitated by technology migration and intra-firm trade.

table 2

Turkey Exporters of Electrical Engineering(thousand dollars)

Source: Dış Ticaret Müsteşarlığı (DTM)

Characterizing the place and role of engineering products in Turkish foreign trade in recent decades, we can talk about a combination of import substitution with export orientation, while the latter is gaining momentum.

This is evidenced by the following official data on the main types of products of Turkish engineering, which were exported in the first half of 2003. 7 At the same time, these data give a concrete idea of ​​the foreign markets for these products.

Reactors and boilers. Exports of reactors and boilers in 2003 for the period January-June increased by 363% compared to the same period last year, and increased from $ 8 million to $ 37 million. The main importers are Germany, Spain, Italy, France, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan.

In 2002, these products were exported in the amount of 38.1 million dollars, which is 93% more than in 2001.

Turbines - turbojets, parts and accessories for them. Exports of turbines, turbojets and their components in 2003 for the period January-June increased by 7.4% compared to the same period last year and amounted to $ 39.2 million. Most of these products were exported to the USA, Germany, Austria, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia.

The export of this industry in 2002 decreased by 11% compared to 2001 and fell to $ 89.9 million from $ 100.5 million.

Pumps and compressors. In Turkey, the manufacturers of pumps for liquids, compressors and vacuum pumps are medium and small firms. Most of the enterprises (about 79%) are located in the Marmara and Aegean regions.

In 2003, for the first half of the year, the export of the above-mentioned products increased by 35.4% compared to the same period last year, and amounted to $ 59.5 million. . dollars, and imports by 416.1 million dollars. In the industry, exports compensated imports by 24%. Turkey sold most of pumps for liquids, compressors and vacuum pumps to Germany, USA, France, Romania, England and Belgium. The demand for these types of products in the aforementioned countries is high, which indicates the development of this market. The main manufacturing firms are Alarko Carrier, Ankara Mak. Fab. "," Türbosan "," Hema Endüstri "," Miksan Motor "," Gücüm Pompa "and others.

Motors. In 2001, internal combustion engines in the world were exported in the amount of 65 billion dollars. The main importers are the USA, Germany, Canada, Mexico and Belgium. In Turkey, the export of these goods is constantly developing. In 2003, the export of motors for the period January-June increased compared to the same period in 2002 by 37% and reached 263.4 million dollars.

The export of these products in 2002 increased by 14% compared to 2001 and amounted to $ 447 million. And imports, which increased by 37.4%, reached $ 754 million. Exports compensated imports by 59%. Export is carried out mainly to Germany, Italy, England and France.

Air conditioners and cooling machines. Exports of air conditioners and refrigerating machines in 2003 for the period January-June increased by 56.5% and reached $ 303.8 million.Together with components, this subsector of mechanical engineering exported its products more than others, which were sent mainly to countries. EU: England, France, Spain, Germany and Italy.

The export of these products in 2002 increased by 46% compared to 2001 and amounted to 421 million dollars. During the same period, imports decreased by 15.8% and amounted to 209.4 million dollars out of 248.7 million. USD. Thus, exports in the sector have compensated imports by 200%. The main manufacturing firms - ALARKO CARRIER, VESTEL, ARÇELIK LG ELECTRONIC - are companies in which foreign capital participates.

Heaters and ovens. In 2003, in January-June, exports compared to the same period in 2002 decreased by 16.6% and fell to $ 30.8 million.According to the data for six months, most of all products were exported to France, England, Russia , Azerbaijan and Romania. In 2002, exports compared to 2001 increased by 21% and reached $ 87 million, while imports decreased by 7% and amounted to $ 182.5 million.

Rolling and casting machines, parts and accessories for them. In 2003, in the first six months, the export of roll and casting machines, as well as parts and components for them, increased by 64.4% compared to the same period of the previous year, from $ 18.1 million to $ 29.8 million. These products are mainly exported to Italy, USA, France, Germany, Iran and Egypt.

The export of these products in 2002 increased by 49% compared to 2001 - from $ 25.8 million to $ 38.4 million. Exports in the industry compensated imports by 15.8%.

Machines for Food Industry and accessories for them. In 2001 all over the world these machines were imported in the amount of 4.8 billion dollars. The main importers are the USA, China, England, France, Germany and Russia. According to the data of Turkish exporters, in 2003 for the period January-June, the export of machinery for the food industry and components for them increased in comparison with the same period in 2002 by 8% from $ 33 million to $ 35.7 million. Turkey exports most of these machines to Algeria, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Germany and Iran. Their exports in 2002 increased by 2% compared to 2001 and rose from $ 67.9 million to $ 69.9 million. Exports in the industry compensated imports by 31.5%.

Agricultural and woodworking machines and accessories for them. In the first half of 2003, the export of agricultural and woodworking machinery and components for them increased by 63.7% compared to the same period in 2002 and rose from $ 8.6 million to $ 14.1 million. imports - France, Morocco, Greece, Kazakhstan, Bulgaria and Azerbaijan. The export of these products in 2002 decreased by 21% compared to 2001 - from $ 25.3 million to $ 20.1 million.

Lifting and transporting and laying machines and accessories for them. A number of medium and relatively large firms operate in this industry, including those with the participation of foreign capital 8:

Company name and location

ASMAŞ A. Ş. Izmir

Bülbüloglu Vinç San. Ankara

Cesan A. Ş. Istanbul

Gökay Makine San. Afyon

Güralp Vinç Mak. Ltd. Izmir

IŞIK Makine A. Ş. Ankara

Kümsan A. Ş. Istanbul

Özarar A. Ş. Istanbul

Rona Makine A. Ş. Ankara

STFA Vinç Ltd. Istanbul

Vinçsan. Istanbul.

In 2003, for the period January-June, the export of lifting and transporting and laying machines, as well as components for them, increased by 76% in comparison with the same period last year - from $ 15 million to $ 26 million. More All of this equipment is exported to the USA, Syria, Germany, the Russian Federation and Italy. Its exports in 2002 decreased by 34% compared to 2001 and fell from $ 52.7 million to $ 34.8 million. During the same period, its imports increased by 27%. Reimbursement of imports by exports amounted to approximately 20%.

Machines used in construction and metallurgy, as well as components for them. The number of construction machines and machines used in metallurgy, as well as their comparative scale, is one of the indicators of the country's development level. The introduction of such machines contributes to the growth of the economic and social potential of the state. In Turkey, about 42 thousand 369 units of such machines are used, while in Germany 300 thousand, in France 250 thousand, in Italy 200 thousand. In Turkey, 108 companies work in the construction machinery and equipment industry. The number of people employed in this industry is approximately 7,500 people, the total investment is $ 1.6 billion, the average annual turnover is estimated at $ 1.6 billion. The industry's contribution to the Turkish economy is approximately 2-4%.

During the period from January to June 2003, the export of construction and metallurgical machinery with components increased by 32.9% compared to the same period in 2002, from $ 60.8 million to $ 80.8 million. buyers Italy, England, Germany, France, Kazakhstan and Belgium.

The export of products of this industry in 2002 increased by 5% compared to 2001 and from $ 127.6 million to $ 134 million.

Pulp and paper machines. In 2003, for the period from January to June, the export of paper-pulp and printing machines decreased as compared to the same period in 2002 by 1.5% - from $ 6 million to $ 5.9 million. Exports this production in 2002 decreased by 25% and amounted to 13.6 million dollars, while imports increased by 12.5% ​​compared to 2001. The main export markets are Russia, Iran, Syria, Bulgaria, Germany and Kazakhstan.

Drying, washing and ironing machines and their accessories. In 2003, for the period from January to June, the export of drying, washing and ironing machines and their components increased, compared to the same period in 2002 by 101.3% - from 76.6 million dollars to 154.2 million . dollars. Turkey exports most of these types of equipment to Iran, Portugal, UAE, Romania, India, Russia and Egypt. Exports of these products in 2002 increased by 90% compared to 2001 - from $ 112 million to $ 213 million. Exports in 2002 compensated imports by 51%.

Textile and confection machines and theiraccessories. As of 2000, the main importers of these machines were China, USA, Mexico, Italy, Hong Kong, Turkey, Germany, South Korea, France and Belgium. In 2000, China imported such machines worth 2.4 billion dollars, or 13% of total imports, and came out on top in the world. Turkey in 2000, having imported textile machines in the amount of 931 million dollars, took 6th place, and in terms of their exports in the same year - 24th place.

In Turkey in 2003, for the period January-June, the export of these products increased as compared to the same period in 2002 by 45% - from $ 13 million to $ 18.8 million. The export of this industry in 2002 increased by 143.8% compared to 2001 and from $ 552 million to $ 1.3 billion. In the total export of mechanical engineering, the export of textile machinery showed the highest growth. In 2002, Turkey supplied most of all textile machines to Germany, Syria, Iran, Bangladesh and Egypt. The export of this product in 2002 exceeded its import by 1.7%.

Leather processing machines and accessories. In 2003, for the period January-June, the export of these machines and their components increased by 59.7% compared to the same period in 2002 and amounted to 2.7 million dollars.However, their export in 2002 decreased by 8% and was at the level of $ 3.7 million, and the cost of their imports increased by 884% - from $ 7.4 million to $ 73.1 million.

Machines for the production of rubber, plastics and rubber. In 2003, for the period January-June, the export of these machines and their components decreased by 17% compared to the same period in 2002, from $ 11.7 million to $ 9.6 million. Iran, Russia, Germany, Kazakhstan, Romania and Egypt. In 2002, the export of these products increased by 16% and reached $ 18.4 million.

Complete machines. The production of complete machine tools plays the role of a kind of backbone for the industry of developed countries, as it is important in the technological development of many industries. The main industries in developed countries that use complete machine tools in production:

1) the automotive industry;

2) air transport and space industry;

3) the railway transport industry;

4) industries for the production of consumer goods;

5) production of agricultural equipment and machinery.

The complete machine tool sector is directly linked to the engineering, automotive and defense industries. The first place in the world for the production of complete machine tools is occupied by the United States, and Turkey is ranked 16th. It accounts for 0.6% of the global production of complete machine tools. As of 1999, which included 31 countries of the world, complete machine tools were produced for a total of $ 34.4 billion.Turkey produced complete machine tools for $ 251 million in 1998.

In 2003, for the period January-June, exports of complete machine tools increased by 26.4% compared to the same period in 2002 and reached the level of $ 9.6 million. The main Turkish export markets, which were carried out from the Free Trade Zone in the city of Bursa, were Germany, Spain, Russia, Israel and Greece.

The export of these products in 2002 increased by 10% compared to 2001 - from $ 97 million to $ 106.9 million. The main manufacturing firms are Tezsan and Taksan.

Office machines and equipment. In 2003, for the period from January to June, the export of office machines decreased by 31% compared to the same period in 2002 and amounted to $ 13.7 million.The export of these products in 2002 decreased by 25% compared to 2001 and amounted to 38.5 million dollars, and its imports, having increased by 26%, reached 938 million dollars. Office machines from Turkey are exported to the USA, Germany, Hong Kong, France, the Netherlands and the UK.

Bearings. In 2003, for the period from January to June, the export of bearings compared to the same period in 2002 increased by 61% and amounted to $ 16.2 million. The export of bearings in 2002 increased by 11% compared to 2001. ...

Other cars. Exports of all other machines not listed above in 2002 increased by 60% compared to 2001 and amounted to $ 143 million, while imports increased by 23% and reached $ 829 million.

In 2003, for the period January-June, the export of other cars compared to the same period in 2002 increased by 44% and reached $ 81 million.

The following is the data on the development of electrical engineering 9.

Electric motors. Both large motors and motors for small household equipment are produced in Turkey. The main manufacturers of large electric motors are the following companies: ABANA, ELSAN, GAMAK and Türk Elektrik Endüstrisi. These enterprises manufacture motors with a power from 0.12 kV to 160 kV.

Small motors are manufactured in Turkey at the following factories: Türk Elektrik Endüstrisi A.Ş., PEG Profilo, Elektropark, Faz Elektrik, Balkan Motor, Raks Sanayi Ürünleri Dağıtım A.Ş., Danışment Makine San. Ve Tic. A.Ş. " and Senur Elektrik Motorları San. ve Tic. A.Ş. ".

Turkey's need for motors is 3 million units, 14% of this amount is provided through imports. Turkish electric motor production accounts for 6% of all electrical engineering, provides 71% of Turkey's needs and exports 11% of its production. Turkey supplements the remaining 29% of the country's needs with imports.

Transformers. There are 9 large and medium-sized and several small transformer manufacturers in Turkey. The main manufacturers are: ABB, ALSTOM, BEST, ETİTAŞ, MAKSAN, TRANSTEK, ELTAŞ. The industry of Turkish transformers of the total percentage of electrical engineering is the same as electric motors - 6.3%. These firms provide 78% of all the needs of the country and ¼ of the manufactured products are exported. 60–70% of the raw materials used in production are local, and the rest is imported from abroad.

Sectioner for medium voltages. The producers of sectioners for medium voltage are the following companies: ALSTOM, DEMİTAŞ, ELİMSAN, PELKA, SİMKO, SCHNEIDER, TEMSAN. These enterprises produce 22,750 pieces per year. Except in some cases, medium voltage sectioners are not imported, because in Turkey itself, the products are made with the latest technologies and sufficiently meet the needs of the domestic market. Medium voltage sectioners are exported to many countries around the world. Many sectioner manufacturing firms have foreign capital.

Sectioner for low voltages. In Turkey, sectioners for low voltages are produced by 12 companies: ABB, ALSTOM, BUFER, ELTEM, EKOSAN, ETİ ELEKTROTEKNİK, FEDERAL ELEKTRİK, KALEPORSELEN, SCHNEIDER, SİMKO "," TANSAL "and" ÜNAL KARDEŞLER ". 70,000 pieces are produced per year. However, Turkish low voltage sectioners are inferior in quality to imported ones.

Insulating wires and cables. The production of telecommunication and information cables is actively developing. The production of these cables increased from 23% to 37%, while the production of power cables decreased from 70% to 37%. About 150 companies are engaged in the production of cables and wires. The main ones are: "BEKTAŞ", "BOTEL", "ELSAN", "EMSAN", "ERİKOĞLU", "KAVEL", "KAVİ", "ALTIN ​​KABLO", "AREL MÜHENDSLİK", "ALCATEL", "ATILIM", "BAŞOĞLU", "DEMİREL KABLO", "ELEKTROMOTİV", "ERKABLO", "HES HACILAR ELEKTRİK SANAYİİ", "KAVEL KABLO", "SİMKO", "SURTEL KABLO", "TELKA KABLO" "," UNİVERSAL KABLO "," TÜRK SIEMENS "," TÜRK PIRELLI "," ALCE, BAŞOĞLU "," BORTRANS "," ELEKTOMOTİV "," EMEK "," EMEL "," EMGE ELEKTROMEKANİK ". A large number of Turkish firms create competition in the domestic market. The latest technologies are used in production, and therefore the products of the industry generally correspond to the international level. Recent stagnation in the market has forced manufacturers to enter foreign markets. Due to the great competition, firms are forced to operate with 2-3% profits.

According to Turkish experts, the export of the engineering industry, since the 90s of the last century, has shown successful development and has increased by 22.1% on average per year. During the same period, the overall development of Turkey's exports averaged 8.4% over the year, and the manufacturing industry separately - 6.5%. These figures are indicative of the dynamism of the machinery industry in Turkey. The countries of the European Union are the main importers of Turkish engineering products. In 2001, they accounted for 38% of total exports. As can be seen from the export data, the EU countries mainly export parts and components for the engineering industry. The second place in the volume of exports of the Turkish engineering industry is occupied by the US market. In addition, Turkey entered the markets of the Middle East, Russia and the Turkic Republics. Exports to these countries, having recovered from the 1998 crisis, continue to develop intensively. Not only is the list of countries expanding to which goods from the engineering industry are exported, but also the varieties of exported goods. The fact that Turkey exports its engineering products to developed countries shows its competitiveness. Since the 90s of the last century, Turkey's total imports have increased by 5.8% on average per year. Of these, the import of the engineering industry amounted to about 15%. On average, imports per year increased by 5% over that period. The main exporters of Turkey are the EU countries, the USA and Japan. If we compare the index of development of imports and exports for 1995 and 2001, then we note that imports in 2001 amounted to 93.7%, and exports - 222.5%, if we take 100% as the base figure for 1995 10. This shows the potential for the development of the machine-building industry. Still, according to SEDT (Standardize edilmiş dış ticaret), total imports prevail over exports. The reason for this is that along with the development of exports of the engineering industry, the potential of the domestic market also increases.

1 Recep Demir. TÜRİYE MAKİNE SEKTÖRÜNDE DURUM ANALİZİ // Turkish Times. İstanbul, 2003–3. Ağustos-Eylul, p. 6.

2 Ibid, p. 6.

4 Ibid, p. 3.

6 DPT-ÖIK. ELEKTRİKLİ MAKINALAR SANAYIİ ÖZEL İHTİSAS KOMİSYONU RAPORU. Ankara, 2001, p. nineteen.

7 Recep Demir. TÜRİYE MAKİNE SEKTÖRÜNDE DURUM ANALİZİ. Turkish Times. İstanbul, 2003. Ağustos-Eylul, p. 3.

8 DPT-ÖIK. MAKİNA İMALAT SANAYİ ÖZEL İHTİSAS KOMİSYONU RAPORU. Ankara, 2000, p. 55.

9 DPT-ÖIK. ELEKTRİKLİ MAKINALAR SANAYIİ ÖZEL İHTİSAS KOMİSYONU RAPORU. Ankara, 2001, p. 24.

10 Gündüz Ulusoy. TÜRKİYE’DE MAKİNE İMALATI SEKTÖRÜNÜN BİR DEĞERLENDİRMESİ // Turkish Times. İstanbul, 2003-3. Ağustos-Eylul, p. 2.

A.S. Talanov

UN MISSION AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN WESTERN SUGAR

14 years have passed since the beginning of the activities of the UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), the foundation of which put an end to fifteen years of armed confrontation between the Moroccan troops and the fighters of the Polisario Front. The mission, the main goal of which was to prepare and conduct a referendum for the realization of the right of the Saharan people to self-determination, faced many problems at the very first stages of its work. The source of these problems was the diametrically opposite position of the Kingdom and the Front on the composition of the electoral base. POLISARIO insisted that the Spanish census of 1974 be the basis of this base, while Morocco felt it necessary to include an additional 120,000 Moroccans who moved to Western Sahara in the following years. This disagreement is explained by the desire of both sides to secure an advantage over the referendum: with an electoral base of 74,000 people, Western Sahara would most likely become an independent state, and if the Moroccan approach was adopted, it would most likely become part of the Kingdom of Morocco. As a result, the activities of MINURSO were blocked, and its staff in 1996 was reduced by 20%.

Intensification of the settlement process took place in 1997 and was associated with the appointment of former US Secretary of State James A. Baker III to the post of Personal Envoy of the UN Secretary General in Western Sahara. Kofi Annan posed three questions to his Personal Envoy regarding the peace situation 1:

- whether the peace plan can be implemented in the existing form;

- if not, are there any adjustments, acceptable by both parties, with which this plan can be implemented;

- if not, are there any alternative ways, by choosing which the international community could assist the parties in resolving the conflict.

In the same year, in search of answers to these questions and with the aim of achieving a fundamental change in the protracted process of preparing a referendum in Western Sahara, James A. Baker initiated a series of meetings between the conflicting parties, in which representatives of Algeria and Mauritania also participated as observers. The outcome of these meetings was the signing of the Houston Accords. They contained agreements between the parties on the following issues: a code of conduct; identification of persons entitled to vote in a referendum; reduction of troops on the territory of Western Sahara; release of prisoners of war and political prisoners; repatriation of Saharan refugees.

Soon after the meeting in Houston, first the Moroccan and then the Saharan sides for the first time declared their readiness to recognize the results of the referendum, whatever they may be. This can be considered the first real success of the Baker mission, because from the very beginning of MINURSO Morocco avoided such statements. Vice versa, political elite countries have repeatedly expressed the idea that Western Sahara is an integral part of the Kingdom, that this situation will not change after the referendum, regardless of its results. In particular, King Hassan II of Morocco, in his television speech on November 6, 1995, on the 20th anniversary of the Green March, said that “the Sahara is a part of Morocco and will forever remain it, whether anyone likes it or not” 2. Front POLISARIO, in turn, reacting to the position of Morocco, also did not give any guarantees regarding the development of the situation after the referendum.

However, already at the beginning of 1998 the situation became aggravated again. The Moroccan side, faced with the denial of registration for participation in the referendum of a significant number of tribal members from the border regions, accused Frente POLISARIO and MINURSO of ignoring some identification criteria, and then of conspiracy. Frente POLISARIO, in turn, accused Morocco of trying to sabotage the identification process.

On September 2, 1998, the identification committee identified 147,000 candidates 3. However, the question of the identification of the three southern Moroccan tribal groups H41, H61 and J51 / 52 remained unresolved. Then Secretary General The UN has made a number of proposals for further identification 4. In particular, he suggested starting the identification of representatives of the "disputable" tribes, publishing the lists of those identified and starting to receive appeals. The POLISARIO Front almost immediately accepted these proposals, while Morocco took six months longer to respond. The identification of the representatives of the "disputable" tribes began only in June 1999. In July, the MINURSO press service published a list of 84 thousand people allowed to vote 5.

Immediately after that, the process of accepting appeals from persons who did not agree with the refusal to include them on the lists began. By the end of 1999, 43 out of 65 thousand representatives of the “disputed” tribes had been identified, and a “relatively small” percentage of them were recognized as eligible to participate in the referendum 6. One could say that the identification process as a whole was completed, if not for the huge number of appeals on the results of identification (about 79 thousand, the vast majority of which came and continued to come from the Moroccan side). As a result, the Security Council adopted a resolution expressing regret at the likely postponement of the referendum to 2002 or even later due to the huge number of appeals and due to “opposing positions of the parties on the issue of admissibility” 7.

In mid-January 2000, MINURSO published the results of the identification of representatives of the "disputed" tribes. Out of 51 thousand applicants, only 2,130 were recognized as eligible to participate in the referendum. Thus, a total of about 86 thousand people received the right to vote in the referendum 8. Commenting on the results of the work of the identification commission, the SADR Foreign Minister said that the UN would either hold a referendum in the near future based on the existing electoral base, and all attempts by Morocco to block the process would be suppressed, or, succumbing to pressure from Rabat, would force the Saharan people to return to armed struggle. In a press release, the Moroccan government expressed "shock and disappointment" with the published results. In particular, doubts were expressed about the "neutrality, objectivity and fairness" of the identification methods used. Immediately after the announcement of the results, Morocco launched an active campaign of appeals from unregistered applicants.

The reaction of the opposing sides shows that the electoral base of 86 thousand people was acceptable for the Polisario Front. It follows from this that if the referendum were held on the basis of these results, then the result of this referendum would be the formation of a new state. This assumption is confirmed by the actions of Morocco aimed at expanding the electoral base through the filing of a huge number of appeals.

In this situation, the Secretary General in his next report to the Security Council expressed "serious doubts about the possibility of applying the peace plan in its present form" and suggested that the UN should abandon the idea of ​​a referendum and try to find another solution to the problem.

J. Baker nevertheless tried to untie the knot for the sake of the implementation of the Houston agreements. Between May and September 2000, three rounds of negotiations took place: in London on May 14 and June 29, in Geneva on July 21 and in Berlin on September 29. However, these negotiations did not lead to desired results... According to Baker, none of the conflicting parties showed the necessary political will to implement the settlement plan.

In the summer of 2001, JA Baker proposed a new draft "Framework Agreement on the Status of Western Sahara." It provided for the autonomy of Western Sahara within the Kingdom of Morocco. The executive, legislative and judicial bodies of Western Sahara were charged with exercising control over such areas as: local government; territorial budget and taxes; maintenance of law and order; social Security; culture; education; commerce; transport; Agriculture; mining; fishing and industry; environment protection; housing construction and urban development; energy; roads and other infrastructure. The Kingdom of Morocco gained control over such areas as: foreign relations (including international agreements and conventions); national security (including the definition of borders and their protection by all necessary means); national symbols and currency; customs duties; postal and telecommunication systems.

The executive power was ordered to be exercised by the elected head of the autonomy (term of office is 4 years). He was supposed to be elected by 86 thousand people who were on the preliminary lists of the MINURSO Identification Commission. For the second term, the head would be elected by a majority vote of the members of the legislative body, in whose hands the legislative power is concentrated. The members of this body were to be elected by universal suffrage, in which everyone who lived in Western Sahara since October 1998 could participate. All laws adopted by this body and approved by the head of the autonomy must comply with the provisions of the constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco.

Further, the status of Western Sahara was supposed to be put to a referendum, which was planned to be held no later than 5 years after the parties accepted this agreement. The right to participate in the referendum was granted to everyone who lived in the territory of Western Sahara during the year preceding the date of its holding.

This project was fully supported by the Kingdom of Morocco, while the Frente POLISARIO refused to even consider it. The reason for this polarizing approach to the project was twofold. Firstly, if even the first head of the autonomy, who had the right to elect only 86 thousand people, would have been inclined to the idea of ​​independence of Western Sahara, then the election of the next head would be the responsibility of the legislative body, whose members could be elected by a much larger circle of voters (most of which are Moroccans). Thus, by the time the referendum was held, it was very likely that both the head of the autonomy and the legislature would take a pro-Moroccan position. The main reason was the fact that all residents of Western Sahara who had lived in it for only a year prior to the referendum were allowed to take part in the referendum. This scenario made it possible for the Moroccan government to secure for itself an overwhelming advantage in the referendum in 4 years, and, therefore, to legitimize the integration of Western Sahara into the Kingdom.

In the course of further consultations of J. Baker with interested parties, he came to the conclusion that Algeria and the Frente Polisario are ready to start discussing the issue of dividing the territory for a political settlement of the dispute over Western Sahara. But this time the Moroccan side showed a categorical reluctance to discuss such an approach to resolving the conflict, proceeding from the fact that it violates the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity, which Rabat cannot compromise. Obviously, the most interested party in such a resolution of the conflict is Algeria, from which, apparently, this initiative originated. With this approach, Algeria would get the desired outlet to the Atlantic Ocean through SADR. This assumption was confirmed a little later, when the Frente Polisario also refused to consider this option, referring to the fact that the sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara belongs to the Saharan people.

This is how four main options for resolving the conflict emerged:

- search for a compromise solution within the original peace plan;

- Adoption of a "framework" agreement and granting Western Sahara broad autonomy within Morocco;

- division of the territory along the border, enshrined in the 1976 agreement between Morocco and Mauritania;

- termination of MINURSO activities and forcing the conflicting parties to find a way out of the current situation.

In the course of lengthy discussions in the Security Council and largely thanks to the efforts of Algeria and Russia, resolution 1429 (2002) was adopted on 30 July 2002, giving preference to the initial peace project providing for the self-determination of the Saharan people through a referendum.

It is worth noting that this time, as well as after the promulgation of the “framework agreements” in 2001, the Friends of the Saharan people solidarity movements all over the world showed themselves very actively. In the week preceding the adoption of Resolution 1429, dozens of letters from Australia, Canada, USA, Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Slovenia and many other countries have been sent to the head of the Security Council. The branches of the movement in these countries maintain close ties with various Saharan organizations. Among them are the Saharan Bureau for Human Rights, the Sahara Youth Union, the Sahara Women, the Saharan Journalists and Writers Union, the Saharan Lawyers Union, the Association of the Relatives of the Saharan Prisoners of War and Missing Persons, etc. In turn, these organizations are in constant contact with the main international legal and humanitarian organizations. The “Sahara Lobby” 9 is successfully coping with its main task - the formation of international public opinion. Thanks to the activities of these movements and organizations, Western Sahara will “never be forgotten”, which is what Morocco hopes for.

In addition, one cannot fail to note the successes achieved at various levels by Saharan diplomacy in its confrontation with Moroccan. SADR managed to repel the main attack of the Kingdom, which was being prepared for 5 years. Between 1996 and 2001, Morocco succeeded in getting 10 African Union (AU) member states to withdraw or freeze their recognition of SADR. At the 2001 AU summit, a group of states submitted for consideration a proposal to return the Kingdom's membership in the organization. At the same time, the exclusion of SADR was put forward as a prerequisite. However, the reference made by the Saharan delegation to the Charter of the African Union, according to which withdrawal from its membership is possible only on a voluntary basis, made all efforts of Morocco in vain. The success of SADR diplomacy on the African continent has consolidated the establishment of relations with South Africa. The policy of the Saharan representatives to the EU and the UN is also a serious irritant for the Kingdom. The main achievement of Morocco can be considered the isolation of the SADR from the Arab world - both in the AMU and in the LAS, the topic of Western Sahara is forbidden.

In early 2003, J. Baker made another attempt to get the situation off the ground. From 14 to 17 January, he visited the region, where he conveyed to the King of Morocco, the Presidents of Algeria and Mauritania and the Chairman of the Polisario Front, his new plan for a peaceful settlement of the conflict in Western Sahara.

In the new draft peace settlement, the division of spheres of responsibility between the Kingdom of Morocco and the Western Sahara autonomy was carried out on the same principle as in the "framework agreement". The main changes affected the procedure for electing the head of the autonomy and members of the legislative body. Their election should take place within a year after the adoption of the plan. At the same time, unlike the “framework agreement,” a second term was not envisaged, since the elected head of the autonomy and the composition of the legislative body were to remain unchanged until the day of the referendum. The criteria for the admission of voters to the vote were also unified. Persons who have reached the age of 18, whose names are mentioned either in the preliminary lists of the Identification Commission dated December 30, 1999, or in the lists for repatriation of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, dated October 31, 2000, were eligible to participate in it.

The second main difference between the new plan of J. Baker from the first was the criterion for admitting persons to participate in the referendum, which should take place no earlier than 4 years later, and no later than 5 years from the date of signing the plan. Persons who have reached the age of 18 were allowed to participate in the referendum,

- whose names appear in the preliminary lists of the Identification Commission dated December 30, 1999;

- whose names appear on the repatriation lists of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees dated October 31, 2000;

An electoral base was formed from persons meeting any of the criteria.

Eventually new project the peaceful settlement was accepted by Mauritania, Algeria and the Polisario Front (after some hesitation). Morocco, however, gave a negative response to Baker's new proposal, while declaring its support for the first draft - "framework agreements". In the summer of 2004, J.A. Baker, desperate to find a solution acceptable to both sides, resigned.

Thus, after seven years of J. Baker's activity as Personal Envoy of the UN Secretary General in Western Sahara, the situation around the last African colony again turned out to be stagnant. During this period, the conflicting parties were offered several quite reasonable options for the final solution of the Western Sahara problem. However, none of them have been implemented.

This is largely due to the position of Morocco. Every time, when the possibility of holding a referendum became real, the authorities of the Kingdom, having serious doubts about its positive outcome for themselves, in every possible way obstructed its holding. As a result, Mohammed VI, who replaced Hassan II, completely abandoned the possibility of holding a referendum on the territory of the “southern provinces”. The country's political leaders in Lately are increasingly pointing out in their statements that the idea of ​​a referendum has outlived its usefulness. At the same time, Morocco constantly expresses its support for the UN in the process of searching for an "optimal political solution to the problem" that would "not threaten the territorial integrity of the Kingdom and its sovereignty." Thus, Morocco abandons its earlier obligations.

The position of the Kingdom, in principle, is not surprising, because it controls most of Western Sahara, continues the economic development of the territory, primarily rich in phosphate deposits, and strengthens local administrative institutions by appointing individuals from among its supporters. In other words, with all the economic and political costs incurred by the kingdom in the current situation, time is more likely to work for it.

Having discarded the possibility of holding a referendum, Morocco is still trying to legally formalize its claims to the occupied territories and achieve international recognition of the legitimacy of its presence in Western Sahara. This desire is attributed to many factors. First, it is pressure from various international organizations (UN, African Union, EU, etc.). Secondly, the belonging of the territory of Western Sahara to the Kingdom of Morocco is not recognized by any state in the world, while the self-proclaimed SADR is recognized by about 50 states of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Thirdly, there are numerous international associations and societies in support of the Saharan people, whose activities are causing trouble for Morocco. For example, due to a powerful protest campaign, most foreign companies licensed by the Moroccan government to explore for oil fields in Western Sahara and its coastal waters were forced to cease their activities.

At the end of 2004, Morocco, with the support of France and Spain, tried to present the Western Sahara problem not as related to decolonization, but as a problem in relations between the Kingdom and Algeria. Rabat hoped to take advantage of the improvement in his relations with Algeria in order to resolve the conflict on a bilateral basis in his favor. However, the Algerian leadership did not agree with this initiative, reminding Morocco that the main point in the settlement of the conflict is the realization of the Saharan people of the right to self-determination. This case demonstrated, on the one hand, that Morocco is ready to seek a solution to the thirty-year conflict that is beneficial for itself without the participation of the UN, and on the other hand, that such a solution is extremely unlikely at the moment.

According to Baker, the UN lacks decisiveness in its approach to the problem of Western Sahara. The fact is that the member states of the UN Security Council are not ready to spoil relations with either Morocco or Algeria, imposing on them the implementation of the agreements reached within the framework of one or another plan for a peaceful settlement in Western Sahara. The same applies to another force capable of enforcing the implementation of these agreements - the United States. As you know, the United States has long-standing economic and political ties with the Kingdom of Morocco. Last year, President George W. Bush named Morocco as the main US ally among non-NATO countries. As for Algeria, it is of great economic interest as an oil and gas producing state with considerable influence in Africa. In addition, both states are US allies in the war on terrorism. Therefore, the United States is also interested in resolving the conflict while respecting the interests of both conflicting parties.

In other words, the main result of the fourteen-year operation of MINURSO is the ceasefire agreement, which can hardly be regarded as a success of the Mission's activities. However, the fact that on April 28, 2005, its mandate was extended for another six months, testifies that the UN has not yet despaired of finding a compromise solution to the Western Sahara conflict.

In the meantime, while the UN is looking for this solution, in Western Sahara itself, tendencies have begun to appear that can take the situation out of MINURSO's control. For a month now, demonstrations of the Saharans, dispersed by the Moroccan police, have continued in Al-Aayun, Smara, Bujdur and other cities. Journalists are not allowed on the territory of the “southern provinces”. In Saharan sources, the word "intifada" is increasingly heard and much is said about the punitive operations of the Moroccan police. If the situation develops in this direction, there will be a threat of renewed armed confrontation between the troops of the Kingdom and the Polisario Front.

Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest industries, it has great value on the farm. Mechanical engineering provides all sectors of the economy with various equipment and machines, produces many consumer goods (watches, refrigerators and other household appliances). Today, mechanical engineering takes the first place among all branches of the world industry, both in the number of employees and in the cost of production. The level of development of mechanical engineering is used to judge the level of development of any country.

The sectoral composition of mechanical engineering is very complex. It consists of over 70 industries. Its main industries are electronics, electrical engineering, computer technology, robotics, instrument making, precision engineering, agricultural and tractor engineering, transport, machine tool building, automotive, locomotive, carriage, aircraft, and shipbuilding.

The production of many types of modern engineering products requires large labor costs, high qualifications of workers. Instrument making, computer production, and other advanced industries are especially labor-intensive. These industries also require constant implementation of the latest scientific achievements, that is, they are science-intensive. Such production facilities are located in large cities or near them, where there are many skilled workers and engineers, scientific research centers are located, and there is a developed infrastructure. On the other hand, the orientation of machine building towards metal sources in the era of scientific and technological revolution has significantly decreased. Mechanical engineering is increasingly becoming a ubiquitous industry.

Main regions of mechanical engineering

On the economic map of the world, 4 main machine-building regions can be distinguished. The first region is North America, where almost all types of engineering products are produced. Second region - overseas Europe, which produces mainly mass engineering products, but also occupies an important place in the production of products of some of the latest industries. The third region, East and Southeast Asia, is dominated by Japan, combining mass production with a leading position in many of the latest industries, delivering high-tech products. Relatively high level mechanical engineering reached in the newly industrialized countries.

The first region of mechanical engineering is North America, where almost all types of mechanical engineering products are produced, from the highest to medium and low complexity.
Among the branches of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, radio-electronic, aircraft and rocketry are growing faster than others. Thus, the production of electronic computing machines has increased several times over the past 10-15 years, and now the United States produces two-thirds of all computers in the world. Electrical and electronic businesses are located in large metropolitan areas with a large skilled workforce.

Machine tool and plant equipment manufacturing continues to be concentrated in the cities of the Lakeside region and the northeastern coast of the United States. Factories in the South and West receive machines and equipment from the North.
Among the branches of transport engineering, the automobile and aircraft construction have received especially great development. The automotive industry is the national industry in the United States. It was here that mass production of automobiles first began, and now every working American produces or services automobiles. This industry is highly concentrated in terms of production and territory, with most of its factories being built in the state of California. The same state ranks first in the country in aircraft and rocketry.

The second region is overseas Europe.
Western Europe is a historical and geographical region that is part of the Foreign Europe region. In world trade, it accounts for about half of the total turnover.

"Face" Western Europe in the international geographical division of labor is industry, and primarily its leading industry - mechanical engineering. This industry accounts for about one third of the value of all industrial products. Mechanical engineering in Western Europe is represented by many subsectors. Practically all types of machine-building products are produced here, the production of machine tools, optics, electronics and radio electronics, and automobiles stands out.
The economic and political weather in Western Europe is done in the leading countries of the "big seven": Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy; Germany has the leading position among them.

V international division Labor the face of Germany is determined, first of all, by the developed mechanical engineering. The country's monopoly elite is the concern of new industries - not only the automotive industry, but also aerospace technology, Volkswagen, Siemens (electronics), Deutsche Telecom (information technology), etc.

Great Britain. Britain's largest industry, mechanical engineering, employs one fourth of all manufacturing workers. Transport engineering prevails. About one third of the capital spent on the production of vehicles belongs to American companies that established themselves in the British Isles after World War II. Enterprises in this industry are available in almost all areas and in most cities in the UK. The first major areas of the automotive industry were the West Midlands, centered in Birmingham. This was facilitated by its central position, which facilitated not only the receipt of parts and auxiliary materials from the numerous enterprises located around, but also the sale of finished products in the domestic and foreign markets - through Liverpool and London. The second region of the automotive industry was the southeast of England (with centers in Oxford, Luton and Danemeg), where there was an abundance of workers.
One of the fastest growing branches of mechanical engineering is aircraft construction. One large state-owned firm, British Airspace, dominates here.

In terms of aircraft production, Great Britain is second only to the United States in the foreign world. It produces about 22 types of vehicles: military, passenger, cargo and several types of aircraft. small size for special purposes.
Growing and developing industries include electrical engineering, which ranks second among manufacturing industries in terms of the number of employees. Several large companies dominate electrical engineering. "Heavy" electrical engineering products are electric motors, powerful generators, transformers and turbines. They are produced by virtually one of the largest monopoly, General Electronics, with which two other electrical engineering firms, English Electric and Associated Electrical Industries, have merged.

Electronics is developing especially rapidly. However, the number of jobs in the electronics industry is growing rather slowly. American electronics corporations are firmly established in the UK.

France. Along with Germany and Great Britain, France plays an important role in the world economy and international relations. The highly developed industry of this country occupies a leading position in the world in nuclear energy, in some types of transport engineering, and in the chemical industry. It is noticeably inferior to the industries of the USA, Japan, Germany. The largest industrial centers are Paris, Marseille, Le Havre, Dunkirk, Lille, Strasbourg, Nantes, Toulouse.

The so-called small countries occupy a special position in Western Europe. There are only 13 of them (not counting the dwarf states of Liechtenstein, Monaco, etc.): Australia, Belgium, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Finland, Switzerland and Sweden. Sometimes they include Spain.

Though specific gravity each of these countries in the world economy is relatively small, taken together, they represent a powerful force. Their share in the industrial production of Western Europe is about 30%, and in foreign trade - 40%. Most of them are of highly intensive agriculture.

Particularly impressive are the positions of small European countries in equipment manufacturing, machine tool building, shipbuilding, and electrical engineering.

Eastern Europe includes Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Albania, as well as Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.
Poland is the largest of these countries in terms of economic potential. Mechanical engineering here has reached a high level, however, it is distinguished by increased metal consumption. It produces machinery and equipment for industry, construction and agriculture, as well as transport and tractor construction. For most types of products produced in this industry, Poland occupies a leading position in Europe. A special place in the engineering industry in Poland belongs to shipbuilding - an industry of international specialization. Poland produces ships different types and destination.

The electrical engineering industry is developing rapidly, including the production of household appliances. The main centers of mechanical engineering are Warsaw, Lodz, Wroclaw, Poznan, Gdansk, Bydgoszcz.

In the Czech Republic (Prague, Plzen, Brno, etc.), mechanical engineering is the most developed. It supplies to the foreign market machine tools, complete equipment for enterprises, computers, Appliances etc.

The third region is East and Southeast Asia, in which Japan is in the lead. It also includes the "Asian Tigers", specializing primarily in the production of consumer electronics, and China.
Japan (capital - Tokyo) is an island state in Pacific off the eastern shores of Eurasia. It occupies the archipelago of the Japanese islands, the largest of them being Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and Hokkaido. Japan is one of the "economic pillars" of the modern world.

Evidence of the explosive growth, versatility and high technical development of Japanese mechanical engineering can be found in almost every corner of the world. Ships built in Japanese shipyards ply the waters of all oceans. Japanese cameras, transistor receivers, and sewing machines have earned a reputation for making high class, and the demand for them in the world market is very high.

Japanese cars, buses, trucks and railway rolling stock carry out transportation on the roads of 5 continents of the planet. Electric generators made in Japan provide light and energy to homes and industrial enterprises in Asia, Africa, Australia, North and South America. Japanese spinning and weaving equipment is the basis for the development of the textile industry in many countries of Asia and other continents.

The manufacture of electrical apparatus is the fastest growing branch of mechanical engineering. Fantastically fast growth This industry is determined by the fact that a developing country needed powerful electrical units, as well as the fact that the demand for household electrical appliances was growing very quickly. Electrical apparatus, including electronic products, are exported mainly to North America, Asia and Europe. One of the main achievements of Japanese mechanical engineering in recent years has been the phenomenally rapid growth in the production of electronic products. Electronic products such as televisions, tape recorders, radio receivers, stereophonic radios account for 46.7% of the total production.

China is a great ancient state. Modern China - the People's Republic of China (capital - Beijing) - ranks third in the world in terms of territory (9.6 million square kilometers) after Russia and Canada.
Mechanical engineering is distinguished by a variety of products, and not specialized, but universal enterprises prevail, which are located near large cities, a metallurgical base and seaports. The level of equipment and technology used by the PRC is not yet very high, there is a lot of worn-out equipment, and labor productivity is still low. However, in recent years, as a result of the ongoing economic reform, the PRC has achieved noticeable success in the manufacture of household electrical equipment, appliances, computers, the latest communication facilities, etc. Enterprises with the involvement of foreign capital have become widespread.

The main centers of mechanical engineering are Shanghai, Shenyang, Tan-jin, Harbin, Beijing, Luoyang, Changchun, etc.
The group of newly industrialized countries in Asia consists of two "echelons". The first of them was customary to include the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong, which, due to their rapid economic leap, began to be called the four "Asian tigers" (or "dragons"). Then three more ASEAN member countries followed their example, forming a kind of "second echelon" of the NIS of Asia - Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.

In the 70s and 80s. there was a restructuring of the economies of these countries along the lines of the Japanese model. There arose a large automobile, oil refining, petrochemical, shipbuilding, and especially electrical and electronic industries; annually tens of millions of radios, televisions, tape recorders, video recorders are produced here.
The "economic miracle" of these countries is explained both by the activity of local businessmen and by the fact that TNCs have chosen them as an important sphere for the application of their capital, focusing primarily on the benefits of their EGP and exceptionally hardy, disciplined and at the same time relatively cheap labor. ... But almost all science-intensive, and other products are intended for sale in the markets of Western countries.

Taiwan has become one of the first places in the world for the export of monitors, movie cameras, sewing machines; Republic of Korea - ships, televisions, magnetic disks; Malaysia - air conditioners, electronic components, etc. In the foreign market, the industrial products of these countries are highly competitive.

The fourth region is the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). For Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, which are part of this region, mechanical engineering is one of the main branches of international specialization.

In the mechanical engineering of Belarus, the leading place is occupied by auto and tractor engineering (Minsk, Zhodino, Mogilev) and machine tool engineering (Minsk, Vitebsk, Gomel). Developed - instrumentation and electronics.

The main branches of machine building in Ukraine: heavy machine building, automobile, carriage, shipbuilding, agricultural machine building, machine tool building, instrument making (Kiev, Donetsk, Zaporozhye, Dnepropetrovsk).

Today in Russia there are about 48 thousand factories in the machine-building industry. Russian enterprises mainly produce individual details and units of machines and mechanisms that go to the head plants, where they are used to assemble finished products. Many machine-building plants manufacture spare parts or assemblies for the repair of already operating machines, the breakdown of which is not at all uncommon. This frees from the need to manufacture at the head plant absolutely all the parts and assemblies that are needed for the production of finished products.

Mechanical engineering produces a wide variety of products: a walking excavator weighing thousands of tons, and almost weightless, in comparison with it, a wrist watch. The volume of production of finished products is also different: cars, for example, are produced in hundreds of thousands, and ballistic missiles - only a few pieces per year.

Russian mechanical engineering is subdivided into energy, aviation, transport, and agricultural.
Power engineering produces various equipment for power plants, as well as engines for sea and river vessels, etc. Such gigantic and complex products as steam boilers, weighing thousands of tons and with a height of 10 storey house produce Belgorodsky, Taganrog and Biysk boiler plants. Turbines and generators, requiring the labor of highly qualified workers and engineers, and unique equipment are produced in St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk. Plants for the manufacture of reactors for nuclear power plants are located in St. Petersburg and Volgodonsk.

Aviation engineering produces equipment of the highest class. Aviation equipment is equipped with various devices, has electronic devices that help the pilot to control the aircraft, navigate in space, and use the weapon system. The Russian firms "Sukhoi", "Mig", "Beriev", "Tupolev", "Kamov", "Mil", "Ilyushin" are widely known in the world. Aircraft manufacturing centers in Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Saratov, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Taganrog.

Transport engineering is of strategic importance for our country. The production of cars in the domestic transport engineering takes the first place. Two factories are located in the capital - "Moskvich" and "ZIL". In the Volga region there are giant factories in the cities of Togliatti, Ulyanovsk, Naberezhnye-Chelny, Gorkov. Industrial buses are produced in Pavlov (on the Oka), all-terrain vehicles - in the Volga and Arzamas, dump trucks - in Saransk. The largest centers of marine shipbuilding are St. Petersburg, Vyborg, Severodvinsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amure, Astrakhan. Sea and river vessels are produced in Rybinsk, Zelenodolsk, Volgograd, Navashin, Gorodets.

Agricultural engineering is focused on the production of equipment for large collective farms (collective farms). There are many tractor factories in Russia that produce almost all known types of tractors. The most powerful wheeled tractors "Kirovets" are made at the Kirov plant in St. Petersburg, and the smallest - in Vladimir.
The leading place in electronic engineering belongs to Moscow and the Moscow region, Zelenograd, St. Petersburg, Pskov, Novgorod, Saratov, Ufa, Perm, Izhevsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Vladivostok.



Date Added: 17 May 2012 at 17:21
The author of the work: a*****************@mail.ru
Type: abstract

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7.Main export (import) areas

Almost all engineering products are redistributed between developed countries... This is due to the fact that developing countries cannot afford large spending on science. The developed capitalist and newly industrialized countries are distinguished by the scale of their mechanical engineering products intended for export, and hence their increased attention to improving the quality of their products.

The main freight flows of engineering products are distributed

in the following way:

Japan à USA

USA à Western Europe

The machine-building complex of Russia, Ukraine and other CIS countries, China, India, Brazil works mainly for the domestic market, and this often leads to the production of low quality products.

8, Prospects for the development of mechanical engineering.

The main perspective is environmental engineering. Now scientists are working on creating a waste-free production, installation of special treatment facilities etc. Also, the introduction of scientific knowledge can increase the productivity of enterprises and computerize them, making manual labor easier. In the near future, new branches of mechanical engineering will appear, and microelectronics and environmental engineering will receive tremendous development and support. Asia will be an important region for the engineering industries, for the development of which there is everything you need.

Short description

Progressive shifts have taken place in recent decades in the structure of the manufacturing industry, where the machine-building industry has gradually come to the fore, which previously held leading positions in the structure of the world economic complex.

The content of the work

The importance of the industry in the world economy. Its industry composition. The influence of scientific and technological revolution on its development.
Raw materials and fuel resources of the industry and their placement.
The size of the production of products with distribution by major geographic areas.
Major producer countries.
Main regions and production centers; factors that determined the location of the industry in these regions.
Environmental and ecological problems arising in connection with the development of the industry.
Main areas of export (import)
Development prospects