The first round-the-world voyage of the Russians. The first Russian round the world trip
When Russia went to sea, found its own fleet and overseas colonies - Russian America - she could only go forward. It was hard to believe that until quite recently the Russian fleet, created by the will of Peter I, did not exist at all. And so the idea of a round-the-world trip arises, which would have been accomplished under the Russian naval flag.
Predecessors
Under the phrase of the famous diplomat and traveler N.P. Rezanov "Let the fate of Russia fly with sails!" would be signed by many people - both commanders and ordinary sailors, and those who, without going to sea themselves, did everything possible to carry out such expeditions. The great Transformer himself dreamed of long sea voyages, Peter's plans included a trip to the West Indies, crossing the equator and establishing trade relations with the “great Mughals”.
These plans were not destined to come true. Nevertheless, in 1725-1726, a Russian oceanic expedition to Spain took place under the command of Captain I. Koshelev, who later proposed the idea of a round-the-world voyage from St. Petersburg.
In 1776, Catherine II signed a decree on the dispatch of ships from the Baltic Sea to the first Russian round-the-world expedition. The young captain G.I.Mulovsky, an experienced and skillful sailor, was to lead the campaign. The expedition had to solve several tasks at once: to deliver serf implements to the Peter and Paul harbor, to establish trade relations with Japan, to take cattle and sowing grain, as well as other necessary goods to settlers in Russian America, and in addition - to discover new lands and strengthen the prestige of Russia.
Preparations for the large-scale expedition were in full swing, the factories had already cast cast-iron coats of arms and medals with images of Catherine, which were to be installed in the newly discovered territories. But it began Russian-Turkish war, and all supplies were ordered to be distributed to ships sailing to the Mediterranean. Mulovsky himself died in a naval battle. During the reign of Catherine the Russian circumnavigation never came to fruition, but the idea has already firmly captured the minds.
The first Russian round-the-world expedition
Sometimes life is so strange that in any book such a plot would look like a stretch. On the ship "Mstislav" was a very young midshipman, yesterday's midshipman. Ivan Kruzenshtern was only 17 years old when he entered under the command of Captain Mulovsky. It is difficult to say whether they were talking about a failed expedition, but it was Kruzenstern who had to do what fate had denied his brave predecessor.
I.F.Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and his brother in the Marine Corps Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, as young sailors showing significant success, were sent for an internship in the English fleet. Kruzenshtern became extremely interested in trade with China, visited Chinese ports - and upon returning to Russia, in detail, with figures and calculations, expressed his opinion that the organization of sea communication of the Russian colonies with China is an extremely profitable and useful business for Russia. Of course, the opinion of the young lieutenant was ignored - the proposal was too bold. But suddenly Kruzenshtern was supported by prominent and authoritative nobles - State Chancellor Rumyantsev and Admiral Mordvinov, and soon the Russian-American Company (RAC) made a similar proposal - and so the fate of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was decided.
The generous sponsorship of the RAC made it possible not to wait until ships capable of withstanding the hardships of the journey were built. Two suitable vessels were purchased from England, improved, named "Nadezhda" and "Neva". The RAC was an influential and wealthy organization enough that the expedition was supplied with all the best in record time.
Only volunteers were recruited for the long and dangerous journey - nevertheless, there were so many that it would be just right to complete three expeditions. The team included scientists, artists (to sketch landscapes, plants and animals unknown to science), an astronomer. The goal was to deliver the necessary goods to our Russian settlements in America, to take furs from them, to sell or exchange goods in Chinese ports, to prove the advantage of the sea route to Russian America in comparison with the land route through Siberia. And besides - to deliver the embassy to the shores of Japan under the leadership of chamberlain N.P. Rezanov.
Despite the "commercial" nature of the expedition, the ships sailed under the naval flag. Kamerger Rezanov was far from the last person in the RAC, after all, the son-in-law of the head and founder of the company, G. Shelikhov, the heir to the capital of the “Russian Columbus”. It was assumed that he was responsible for the scientific and economic part, and Kruzenshtern - for the sea. In August 1803 "Neva" and "Nadezhda" sailed from Kronstadt. After the Hawaiian Islands, the ships parted, as agreed. The Neva, led by Lisyansky, sailed north to the Kodiak and Sitka Islands in the Gulf of Alaska, with a cargo of goods for the RAC, to meet the Nadezhda in Macau in September 1805. "Nadezhda" went to Kamchatka - and then to Japan to carry out Rezanov's diplomatic mission. On the way, "Nadezhda" got into a severe storm - and, as it turned out later, into the tsunami zone.
Alas, the mission turned out to be a failure - after almost six months of waiting in Nagasaki, the Russians were refused. The Japanese emperor returned the gifts (huge framed mirrors), refused to accept the embassy and ordered to leave Japan immediately, however, supplied the ship with water, food and firewood. In Macau, the captains met, profitably exchanged furs for tea, porcelain and other rare and liquid goods in Europe, and set off for Russia. After the storm, having lost sight of each other, "Nadezhda" and "Neva" safely returned to Russia, first "Neva", then, a couple of weeks later - "Nadezhda".
The swim was not as serene as we would have liked. Problems began almost immediately after sailing. Chamberlain Rezanov had a rescript signed by Alexander I, according to which he, Rezanov, was appointed head of the expedition, but with the proviso that all decisions could be made jointly with Captain Kruzenshtern.
For the sake of accommodating Rezanov's retinue on a relatively small "Nadezhda", a number of people who really needed to sail had to be refused. In addition, Rezanov's retinue included, for example, Count Fyodor Tolstoy, later nicknamed the American, - an absolutely uncontrollable, cruel manipulator and intriguer. He managed to quarrel the whole team, more than once annoyed Kruzenstern with his antics - and in the end was forcibly landed on the island of Sitka.
N.P. Rezanov
On a warship, according to the charter, there could be only one leader, whose orders are carried out without question. Rezanov, as a non-military man, did not accept discipline at all, and gradually the relationship between him and Kruzenshtern heated up to the limit. Forced to share one tiny cabin for a couple of years, Rezanov and Kruzenshtern communicated through notes.
Rezanov tried to force Kruzenshtern to change the route of the expedition in order to immediately go to Kamchatka - in fact, interrupting his trip around the world. Finally, Rezanov allowed himself to be rude towards the captain in the presence of the crew - and this, from the point of view of the charter, was completely unforgivable. After a loud scandal, making sure that there was no one on his side, the offended Rezanov practically did not leave the cabin until the "Nadezhda" reached Petropavlovsk.
Fortunately, the experienced and cold-blooded commandant P. Koshelev sorted out the case, regardless of faces, trying to prevent the quarrel of two private individuals from interfering with the fulfillment of the state debt. Kruzenshtern fully agreed with this, and Rezanov had to back down. At the end of the Japanese mission, Rezanov left Nadezhda - and he and Kruzenshtern never met again, to mutual pleasure.
Further history N.P. Rezanov, who went to California and met there the 14-year-old beauty Maria Concepcion Arguello, the daughter of the commandant of San Francisco, is known as one of the most romantic pages not only in Russian, but also, probably, in world history. The famous rock opera Juno and Avos tells about their tragic love, but this is a different, albeit very interesting, story.
Travel Kotzebue
Among the volunteers who went with Krusenstern on the "Nadezhda" was a 15-year-old cabin boy, German Otto Kotzebue. The boy's stepmother was the lieutenant captain's own sister, Christina Kruzenshtern. When "Nadezhda" returned to the port, Kotzebue was promoted to warrant officer, and a year later - to lieutenant, and although he was not a graduate of the naval school, Otto Evstafievich received the best of the naval schools - the school of circumnavigation, and since then has not thought of life without the sea and serving the Fatherland.
Brig "Rurik" on the Marshall Islands mark
At the end of the circumnavigation, Kruzenshtern worked tirelessly on the results of the expedition, prepared reports, issued and commented on maps and the Atlas of the South Seas, and in particular, together with Count Rumyantsev, developed a new round-the-world expedition. The task was set before her: to find the Northeast Sea Passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. The expedition was supposed to go on the Rurik brig. The command of the brig, on the recommendation of Krusenstern, was offered to Kotzebue.
This expedition returned after 3 years, losing only one person and enriching geography with a mass of discoveries. Little-explored or generally unknown islands, archipelagos and Pacific coastlines were mapped and described in detail. Meteorological observations, studies of sea currents, ocean depth, temperature, salinity and transparency of water, terrestrial magnetism and various living organisms were invaluable contributions to science - and had considerable practical benefits.
In the voyage on the "Rurik", among other things, the German scientist and romantic poet A. von Chamisso, Pushkin's translator into German... His novel "A Journey Around the World" in Germany became a classic of adventure literature, and he was published in Russia.
O. E. Kotsebue made his third trip around the world in 1823–1826. Prior to that, he guarded the shores of Russian America from pirates and smugglers for a year with his 24-gun sloop "Enterprise". The scientific results of the expedition on the "Enterprise" were almost more significant than the results of the voyage on the "Rurik". The physicist E. Lenz, the future academician who went with Kotzebue, together with a colleague, Professor Parrot, designed a device called a bathometer for taking water samples from different depths, and a device for measuring depths. Lenz studied the vertical distribution of salinity, meticulously noted the temperature of the Pacific waters and daily changes in air temperature at different latitudes.
By the 20s of the XIX century, travel around the world ceased to be something unimaginable and out of the ordinary. Whole line glorious Russian captains circled the globe, leaving Kronstadt and heading towards the horizon.
Vasily Golovnin - unstoppable and undaunted
Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin, a captain and an excellent writer-seascape painter, even among his fellow captains was considered a man of the world. More than enough adventures fell to his lot. At fourteen, as a midshipman, he participated in naval battles - and was awarded a medal, and then returned to complete his studies, since he was still too young to become an officer.
He made his first independent voyage around the world, being only a lieutenant. The Admiralty changed its own rules and handed over the sloop "Diana" to the command of the lieutenant, because everyone understood what kind of person he was - Lieutenant Golovnin. Indeed, their expectations were justified - an excellent captain, Golovnin fully possessed calmness, courage, and unbending character. When, due to the outbreak of war, the Russian sailors were detained by the British in South Africa, Golovnin managed to escape from captivity and nevertheless completed the mission entrusted to the expedition. Travel around the world on the sloop "Diana" in 1808-1809. completed successfully.
"Gentleman's" captivity by the British was not too painful for our sailors, but the conclusion during the second voyage was not at all funny. This time Golovnin and a number of his comrades ended up in a real prison - to the Japanese. Those did not like the fact that the Russian ship carried out a cartographic survey of the Kuril Islands - in 1811 Golovnin was instructed to describe the Kuril, Shantar Islands and the coast of the Tatar Strait. Japan decided that impudent cartographers violate the principle of isolation of their state - and if so, then the place for criminals in prison. The captivity lasted two years, because of this incident, Russia and Japan were balancing on a dangerous brink - a war between them was quite possible.
Japanese scroll depicting the capture of Golovnin
Titanic efforts were made to save Golovnin and his people. But only thanks to the actions of Golovnin's friend, officer P.I. On the territory of the natural park "Nalychevo" in Kamchatka there are the so-called "peaks of Russian-Japanese friendship" - Kakheya rock, Rikorda mountain and Golovnin mountain. Now the "Golovnin incident" is one of the textbook cases from the history of world diplomacy.
Golovnin's notes about his adventures were translated into many languages, and in Russia they became a bestseller. Returning home, Vasily Golovnin continued to work tirelessly for the benefit of Russian navigation, his knowledge, experience, energy were invaluable, and Golovnin's books on distant wanderings were read by many young men who later chose the career of a naval officer.
Baron Wrangel - Chief of Alaska
In 1816, midshipman Ferdinand Wrangel, who served in Revel, applied for participation in the expedition of Captain Golovnin on the sloop Kamchatka. The youngster was refused. Then, having told the authorities that he was sick, he got to Petersburg and practically fell at the feet of Golovnin, asking him to take him with him. The latter strictly observed that unauthorized flight from the ship was desertion and was worthy of trial. The midshipman agreed, but asked to be put on trial after sailing, on which he was ready to become at least a simple sailor. Golovnin waved his hand and surrendered.
This was the first round the world trip of Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, after whom the now famous reserve was later named - Wrangel Island. On board Kamchatka, the desperate youth went through not only a naval school, but also diligently filled in the gaps in his education, and also made loyal friends - future explorers and tireless travelers Fyodor Litke and yesterday's lyceum student, Pushkin's friend Fyodor Matyushkin.
The trip to Kamchatka turned out to be an invaluable source of personnel for the Russian fleet. Wrangel returned from the voyage as an excellent sailor - and a scientist explorer. It was Wrangel and Matyushkin who were ordered to go on an expedition to explore the northeastern coast of Siberia.
Map showing Wrangel's travel routes
Few people devoted so much effort and energy to the study of Alaska and Kamchatka, as Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel. He explored North-Eastern Siberia from sea and from land, went on a round-the-world voyage, commanding the military transport "Meek", was awarded orders, and in 1829 he was appointed general manager of Russian America, and, among other things, built a magnetic meteorological observatory in Alaska ... Under his leadership, Russian America flourished, new settlements were created. The island is named after him, his works for the good of Russia were highly appreciated by the state and history. Less than fifty years have passed since the end of the first round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, and the Russian fleet flourished and developed rapidly - there were so many enthusiasts, truly dedicated to their work, there were in its ranks.
Unknown land
“I went around the ocean of the Southern Hemisphere at high latitudes and did it in such a way that I undeniably rejected the possibility of the existence of a continent, which, if it can be discovered, it would be only near the pole, in places inaccessible for navigation ... The risk associated with swimming in these the unexplored and ice-covered seas in search of the southern continent is so great that I can safely say that no one will ever dare to penetrate south further than I have succeeded. ", - these words of James Cook, the seafaring star of the 18th century, closed Antarctic exploration for almost 50 years. There was simply no one willing to finance projects that were deliberately doomed to failure, and if they were successful, they would still be commercially disastrous.
It was the Russians who went against common sense and everyday logic. Kruzenshtern, Kotzebue and the captain-polar explorer G. Sarychev developed an expedition and presented it to Emperor Alexander. He unexpectedly agreed.
The main task of the expedition was defined as purely scientific: "Discoveries in the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole" with the aim of "The acquisition of the fullest knowledge about our Globe"... Expeditions were charged with duties and instructed by instructions to mark and study everything deserving attention, "Not only related to the art of the sea, but in general serving to spread human knowledge in all parts".
V. Volkov. Discovery of Antarctica by sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny", 2008
In the summer of the same year, the sloop "Mirny" and the transport, converted into a sloop, "Vostok", sailed towards the South Pole. They were led by two captains who were considered among the best in the Russian fleet - the commander of the expedition Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen, a participant in the Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky round-the-world voyage, and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, a young but very promising captain. Subsequently, Lazarev will make three trips around the world, but these feats will not overshadow his glory as a polar explorer.
The voyage lasted 751 days, of which 535 days in the Southern Hemisphere, with 100 days in ice. The sailors entered the Arctic Circle six times. No one has approached the mysterious Antarctica so close and for so long. In February 1820 Bellingshausen wrote: “Here behind the ice fields fine ice and the islands show a continent of ice, whose edges are broken off perpendicularly, and which continued as far as our view, rising to the south, like a coast. The flat ice islands located near this continent clearly show that they are fragments of this continent, for they have edges and an upper surface similar to the mainland. "... For the first time in the history of mankind, people have seen Antarctica. And these people were ours, Russian sailors.
The first Russian circumnavigation
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Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky |
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The first half of the voyage (from Kronstadt to Petropavlovsk) was marked by the eccentric behavior of the American Tolstoy (who had to be landed in Kamchatka) and the conflicts between Kruzenshtern and N.P. Rezanov, who was sent by Emperor Alexander I as the first Russian envoy to Japan to establish trade between countries and was officially approved as the head of the expedition.
Escaping trouble here with difficulty, Kruzenshtern crossed the strait between the islands of Onnekotan and Kharamukotan on May 20, and on May 24 he again arrived at the Port of Peter and Paul. On June 23, he went to Sakhalin to complete the description of its shores, on the 29th passed the Kuril Islands, the strait between Raukoke and Mataua, which he named Nadezhda. July 3 arrived at Cape Terpeniya. Exploring the shores of Sakhalin, he walked around the northern tip of the island, descended between it and the coast of the mainland to latitude 53 ° 30 "and in this place on August 1 he found fresh water, on which he concluded that the Amur River is near the mouth, but because of the rapidly decreasing depth to go did not dare forward.
The next day I anchored in the bay, which he called the Bay of Hope; On August 4, I went back to Kamchatka, where the repair of the ship and resupply delayed it until September 23. When leaving Avacha Bay due to fog and snow, the ship almost ran aground. On the way to China, he searched in vain for the islands shown on old Spanish maps, withstood several storms and came to Macau on November 15. On November 21, when the "Nadezhda" was already quite ready to go to sea, the ship "Neva" came with a rich cargo of fur goods and stopped in Wampoa, where the ship "Nadezhda" also crossed. At the beginning of January 1806, the expedition ended its commercial affairs, but was detained by the Chinese port authorities for no particular reason, and only on January 28 did the Russian ships leave the Chinese coast.
2006 marked the 200th anniversary of the end of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world. By this date, the Russian Geographical Society planned to republish descriptions of the travels of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, Kruzenshtern's Atlas of the South Sea, for the first time to publish in Russian translation the work of Grigory Langsdorf, an unknown version of the notes of the merchant Fyodor Shemelin, an unpublished diary - Lieutenant Yermolai, unpublished diaries of Levensh and letters from Nikolai Rezanov, Makar Ratmanov, Fyodor Romberg and other participants in the voyage. It was also planned to publish a collection of scientific articles on the main aspects of the preparation, conduct and results of swimming.
Several fiction and non-fiction books are devoted to the voyages of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky. In particular, Nikolai Chukovsky tells about the expedition in detail in the third part of the popular book about great sailors "Frigate Drivers" (1941). The novel "Islands and Captains" by V. P. Krapivin (1984-87) is also dedicated to the first Russian circumnavigation.
Based on the novel by E. Fedorovsky "Fresh Wind of the Ocean", a feature film "The Wanderer" was shot, one of the plot lines of which is the expedition.
Notes (edit)
Sources of
- I.F.Kruzenshtern. "Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships" Nadezhda "and" Neva ""
- Yu. F. Lisyansky. "Travel around the world on the ship" Neva "in 1803-1806"
Literature
- Lupach. V. S, I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky, State Publishing House of Geographical Literature, Moscow, 1953, 46 p.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what the "First Russian circumnavigation" is in other dictionaries:
Russian world map of 1707. Antarctica is completely absent, Canada for the most part. A round-the-world trip ("circumnavigation") is a trip, the route of which crosses all meridians (less often all parallels) and at the same time passes through some two ... Wikipedia
On August 7, 1803, two sloops left the port in Kronstadt. On their sides the names "Nadezhda" and "Neva" flaunted, although not long ago they bore other names - "Leander" and "Thames". It was under the new names that these ships, bought by Emperor Alexander I in England, were to go down in history as the first Russian ships circling the entire globe. The idea of the round-the-world expedition belonged to Alexander I and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count Nikolai Rumyantsev. It was assumed that its participants will collect as much information as possible about the countries that will be on their way - about their nature and about the life of their peoples. And besides, it was planned to establish diplomatic relations with Japan, through which the travelers' route also passed. 
Yuri Lisyansky, captain of the sloop "Neva"
Conflicts on board
Ivan Kruzenshtern was appointed captain of the "Nadezhda", and Yuri Lisyansky became the captain of the "Neva" - both at that time were already quite famous sailors who had been trained in England and participated in sea battles. However, another co-leader was "hooked" to Kruzenshtern on the ship - Count Nikolai Rezanov, appointed ambassador to Japan and endowed with great power, which, of course, the captain did not like. And after the sloops left Kronstadt, it turned out that Rezanov was not Krusenstern's only problem. As it turned out, among the members of the "Nadezhda" team there was a well-known brawler, duelist and lover of eccentric antics Fyodor Tolstoy in those years. He never served in the navy and did not have the necessary education for this, but got on the ship illegally, replacing his cousin, who bore the same name and surname and did not want to go on a long journey. And the brawler Tolstoy, on the contrary, was eager to sail - he was interested in seeing the world, and even more wanted to escape from the capital, where he was threatened with punishment for another drunken brawl.
Fyodor Tolstoy, the most restless member of the expedition During the trip, Fyodor Tolstoy had fun as best he could: he quarreled with other crew members and pit them against each other, joked, sometimes very cruelly, over the sailors and even over the priest who was accompanying them. Kruzenshtern several times put him in the hold under arrest, but as soon as Fyodor's imprisonment ended, he was taken to the old. During one of his stops on an island in the Pacific Ocean, Tolstoy bought a tame orangutan and taught him various pranks. In the end, he launched the monkey into the cabin of Krusenstern himself and gave her ink, with which she ruined the captain's travel notes. This was the last straw, and in the next port, in Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern dropped Tolstoy ashore. 
Sloop "Nadezhda" By that time he had finally quarreled with Count Rezanov, who refused to recognize his captaincy. The rivalry between them began from the very first days of the voyage, and now it is already impossible to say who was the initiator of the conflict. In the surviving letters and diaries of these two, directly opposite versions are expressed: each of them blames the other for everything. Only one thing is known for sure - Nikolai Rezanov and Ivan Kruzenshtern first argued about which of them was in charge on the ship, then they stopped talking to each other and communicated with the help of notes transmitted by the sailors, and then Rezanov completely locked himself in his cabin and stopped answering to the captain even for notes. 
Nikolai Rezanov, who never made peace with Kruzenshtern Reinforcements for the colonists
Autumn 1804 "Neva" and "Nadezhda" were divided. Kruzenshtern's ship went to Japan, and Lisyansky's ship went to Alaska. Rezanov's mission in the Japanese city of Nagasaki was unsuccessful, and this was the end of his participation in the round-the-world expedition. "Neva" at this time arrived in Russian America - the settlement of Russian colonists in Alaska - and her team took part in the battle with the Tlingit Indians. Two years earlier, the Indians ousted the Russians from the island of Sitka, and now the governor of Russian America, Alexander Baranov, was trying to return this island. Yuri Lisyansky and his team provided them with very important assistance in this.
Alexander Baranov, founder of Russian America in Alaska Later, the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" met off the coast of Japan and moved on. "Neva" went ahead along the east coast of China, and "Nadezhda" explored the islands in the Sea of Japan in more detail, and then set off to catch up with the second ship. Later, the ships met again in the port of Macau in southern China, for some time they sailed together along the shores of Asia and Africa, and then the "Nadezhda" fell behind again. 
Sloop "Neva", drawing by Yuri Lisyansky Triumphant return
The ships returned to Russia at different times: "Neva" - on July 22, 1806, and "Nadezhda" - on August 5. The members of the expedition collected a huge amount of information about the many islands, created maps and atlases of these lands, and even discovered new island, named Lisyansky Island. The previously unexplored Aniva Bay in the Sea of Okhotsk was described in detail and the exact coordinates of Ascension Island were established, about which it was only known that it was "somewhere between Africa and South America."
Thaddeus Bellingshausen All participants in this round the world, from captains to rank-and-file sailors, were generously rewarded, and most of them continued to pursue their naval careers. Among them was midshipman Faddey Bellingshausen, who traveled on the "Nadezhda", who, 13 years later, headed the first Russian Antarctic expedition. Science and Life No. 5 for 1940
On August 7, 1803, two ships set sail from Kronstadt. These were the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", on which Russian sailors were to make a round-the-world voyage. The head of the expedition was Lieutenant-Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - the commander of the "Nadezhda". The Neva was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Both were experienced sailors who had previously had to take part in distant voyages. Kruzenshtern improved in naval affairs in England, took part in the Anglo-French war, was in America, India, China.
Captain Lisyansky (1773-1837) at the end of the Marine Corps sailed in the Baltic Sea, participated in the war with the Swedes in 1793-1800), he served as a volunteer in the English flog. In 1803-1806. in the rank of lieutenant commander, in command of the ship "Neva", made a round-the-world voyage with Kruaenstern and founded the Novo-Arkhangelsk port in Alaska. translated by him into English.
Kruzenshtern project
During his travels, Kruzenshtern had a bold project, the implementation of which was aimed at promoting the expansion of trade relations between the Russians and China. Tireless energy was needed to interest the tsarist government in the project, and Kruzenshtern achieved this.
During the Great Northern Expedition (1733-1743), conceived by Peter I and carried out under the command of Bering, huge regions in North America, called Russian America, were visited and annexed to Russia.
Russian industrialists began to visit the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands, and the fame of the fur riches of these places penetrated to St. Petersburg. However, communication with "Russian America" at that time was extremely difficult. We drove through Siberia, the way kept to Irkutsk, then to Yakutsk and to Okhotsk. From Okhotsk they sailed to Kamchatka and, after waiting for summer, across the Bering Sea - to America. Especially expensive was the delivery of supplies and ship gear necessary for fishing. Had to allow long married parts and ate deliveries to the place again to fasten them; they did the same with anchor racks and sails.
In 1799, the Kuppa teamed up to create a large fishery under the supervision of trusted clerks who constantly lived in the fishery. The so-called Russian-American Company emerged. However, the profits from the sale of furs went to a large extent to cover travel costs.
Kruzenshtern's project was that. so that instead of the difficult and long way by land, to establish communication with the American possessions of the Russians by sea. On the other hand, Kruzenshtern offered a closer point of sale for furs, namely China, where furs were in great demand and were very expensive. To implement the project, it was necessary to undertake a long journey and explore this new path for the Russians.
After reading Kruzenshtern's draft, Paul I muttered: "What nonsense!" - and that was enough for a bold undertaking to be buried for several years in the affairs of the Naval Department, under Alexander I, Kruzenshtern again began to achieve his goal. He was helped by the fact that Alexander himself had shares in the Russian American company... The travel project has been approved.
Preparation
It was necessary to purchase ships, since there were ships suitable for long-distance navigation in Russia, but the ships were bought in London. Kruzenshtern knew that the trip would give a lot of new things for science, so he invited several scientists and painter Kurlyantsev to participate in the expedition.
The expedition was comparatively well equipped with precise instruments for conducting various observations, and had a large collection of books, nautical charts and other aids necessary for long voyages.
Krusenstern was advised to take the English sailors on the voyage, but he vigorously protested, and the Russian team was recruited.
Kruzenshtern drew Special attention silt preparation and equipment of the expedition. Both equipment for sailors and individual, mainly anti-scything, food products were purchased by Lisyansky in England,
Having approved the expedition, the king decided to use it to send an ambassador to Japan. The embassy had to repeat the attempt to establish relations with Japan, which at that time the Russians were almost completely unaware of: Japan traded only with Holland, for other countries all ports remained closed. In addition to gifts to the Japanese emperor, the embassy mission was supposed to take to their homeland several Japanese who accidentally ended up in Russia after the shipwreck, I lived in it for quite a long time.
After lengthy preparations, the ships went to sea.
Swimming to Cape Horn
The first parking lot was in Copenhagen. Instruments were checked at the Copenhagen Observatory, and supplies were also examined.
Departing from the coast of Denmark, the ships headed for the English port of Falmouth. While staying in England, the expedition acquired additional astronomical instruments.
From England, ships headed south along the east coast of the Atlantic Ocean. October 20 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" were on the roadstead of the small Spanish town of Santa Cruz, located on the island of Tenerife.
The expedition stocked up on food, fresh water, wine. Sailors, walking around the city, saw the poverty of the population and witnessed the arbitrariness of the Inquisition. In his notes, Kruzenshtern noted:
"For a free-thinking human being, it is terrible to live in such a world where the anger of the Inquisition and the unlimited autocracy of the governor act in full force, breaking my life with the death of every citizen."
After leaving Tenerife, the expedition headed for the shores of South America. During the swim, scientists conducted a study of the temperature of different layers of the water. It was noticed interesting phenomenon, the so-called "sea glow".
A member of the expedition, the naturalist Tilesius found that the light was given by the smallest organisms, which were in the water in abundance. Thoroughly filtered water ceased to glow.
On November 23, 1803, the ships crossed the equator, and on December 21, they entered the Portuguese possessions, which at that time belonged to Brazil, and anchored off the island of Catherine. The mast had to be repaired. The stop made it possible to carry out astronomical observations at the observatory installed on the shore.
natural resources of the region, in particular wood species. It contains up to 80 samples of valuable timber species that could be traded.
Off the coast of Brazil, observations were made of the ebb and flow, the direction of sea currents, water temperatures at various depths.
4 week sailing lasted from Catherine Island to Cape Horn. The expedition had to see many whales.
To the shores of Kamchatka and Japan
Near Cape Horn, the ships were forced to split up due to stormy weather. The meeting point was established at Easter Island or at Nukagiwa Island.
Having safely rounded Cape Horn, Kruzenshtern headed for Nukagiva Island and anchored in the port of Anna-Maria. The sailors met on the island two Europeans - an Englishman and a Frenchman, who lived with the islanders for several lots. The islanders brought coconuts, breadfruit and bananas in exchange for old metal hoops. Russian sailors visited the island. Kruzenshtern gives a description appearance of the islanders, their tattoos, jewelry, dwellings, dwells on the characteristics of life and social relations.
"Neva" came to Nukagiva Island with a delay, as Lisyansky was looking for "Nadezhda" near Easter Island. Lisyansky also reports a number of interesting information about the population of the Easter prison, the clothes of the inhabitants, dwellings, gives a description of the wonderful monuments erected on the shore, which La Perouet mentioned in his notes.
After sailing off the coast of Nukagiva, the expedition headed to the Hawaiian Islands. There, Kruzenshtern intended to stock up on food, especially fresh meat, which the sailors had not had for a long time. However, what Kruzenshtern offered to the islanders in exchange did not satisfy them, since the ships mooring the Hawaiian Islands often brought European goods here.
The Hawaiian Islands were where the ships were to split up. From here the route of the "Nadezhda" went to Kamchatka and then to Japan, and the "Neva" was to follow to the north-western shores of America. The meeting took place in China, in the small Portuguese port of Macau, where the purchased furs were to be sold. The ships parted.
On July 14, 1804, the "Nadezhda" entered Avacha Bay and dropped anchor near the city of Petropavlovsk. The goods brought for Kamchatka were unloaded in Petropavlovsk. they also repaired the ship's salvages, which were badly worn out during the long journey. In Kamchatka, the main food of the expedition was fresh fish, which, however, could not be stocked up for further sailing due to the high cost and lack of the required amount of salt.
On August 30 "Nadezhda" left Petropavlovsk and headed for Japan. Almost a month passed in the voyage. On September 28, the sailors saw the coast of the island of Kiu-Siu (Kyu-Syu). Heading towards the port of Nagasaki. Kruzenshtern investigated Japanese shores having many bays to the islands. He was able to establish that on the nautical charts of that time, in a number of cases, the shores of Japan were plotted incorrectly.
Anchored in Nagasaki, Kruzenshtern notified the local governor of the arrival of the Russian ambassador. However, the sailors did not receive permission to go ashore. The question of receiving the ambassador was to be decided by the emperor himself, who lived in Ieddo, so we had to wait. Only 1.5 months later, the governor took a certain place on the shore, surrounded by a fence, where the sailors could walk. Even later, after Kruzenshtern's repeated appeals, the governor took a house on the shore for the ambassador.
The weeks passed. Only on March 30 did the emperor's representative arrive in Nagasaki, who was entrusted with negotiating with the ambassador. At the second meeting, the commissioner said that the Japanese emperor had refused to sign a trade agreement with Russia and that Russian ships were not allowed to enter Japanese ports. The Japanese, brought home, finally got the opportunity to leave Nadezhda.
Back to Petropavlovsk
After spending more than six months in Japan, but almost never leaving the ship, Kruzenshtern still managed to collect some information about the population of this country, almost unknown to Europeans at that time.
From Japan "Nadezhda" headed back to Kamchatka. Kruzenshtern decided to return in a different way - along the western shores of Japan, which were hardly explored at that time by the Europeans. "Hope" went along the shores of the island of Nipon (Hopsu). explored the Sangar Strait, passed the western shores of the island of Yeeso (Hokkaido). Reaching the northern tip
Yeeso. Kruzenshtern saw the Ainu also living in the southern part of Sakhalin. In his notes, he gives a description of the physical appearance of the Ainu, their clothes, dwellings, occupations.
Following further. Kruzenshtern carefully explored the shores of Sakhalin. However, ice accumulation prevented him from continuing his journey to the northern tip of Sakhalin. Kruzenshtern decided to go to Petropavlovsk. In Petropavlovsk, the ambassador with the naturalist Langsdorf left the "Nadezhda", and after a while Kruzenshtern sent him to continue exploring the shores of Sakhalin. Having reached the northern tip of the island, "Nadezhda" rounded Sakhalin and went along its western coast. In view of the fact that the date of departure was approaching I am China. Kruzenshtern decided to return to Petropavlovsk in order to better prepare for this second part of the voyage.
From Petropavlovsk, Kruzenshtern sent to Petersburg maps and drawings drawn up during the voyage so that they would not disappear in the event of an accident that could happen during the return voyage. During his stay in Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern compiled a description of this country, supplementing the works of Krasheninnikov and Staller.
The shores of Petropavlovsk, - writes Kruzenshtern among other things, - are covered with scattered stinking fish, over which hungry dogs gnaw at rotting remains, which is an extremely disgusting view. Upon reaching the shore, you will look in vain for the roads that have been made or even for some convenient path leading to the city, about which the eye of not a single well-built house can be found ... vegetable gardens, which would show traces of land tenure. We saw only 10 cows grazing between the houses. "
Such was then Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Kruzenshtern points out that the supply of bread and salt almost did not provide the population. Kruzenshtern left the salt and cereals received as a gift in Japan for the population of Kamchatka.
The population of Kamchatka also suffered from scurvy. There was almost no medical assistance, and there was not enough medicine. Describing the plight of the inhabitants of Kamchatka. Kruzenshtern pointed out the need to improve supplies and the possibility of developing agriculture there. He especially noted the extremely difficult situation of the native population - the Kamchadals, who were robbed and drunk with vodka by Russian fur buyers.
Swimming to China
Having finished necessary work to repair the rigging and renew the food supply, Kruzenshtern went to China. The weather interfered with routine surveys to locate the island. In addition, Kruzenshtern was in a hurry to arrive in China.
On a stormy night, the "Nadezhda" passed the strait off Formosa Island and on 20 November anchored in the port of Macau.
At the time when Kruzenshtern traveled with the ambassador to Japan and explored the shores of Japan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka. The Neva visited the islands of Kodiak and Sitku, where the possessions of the Russian-American Company were located. Lisyansky brought the necessary supplies there and then set off on a voyage along the coast of the northwestern part of America.
Lisyansky recorded a large amount of information about the Indians and collected a whole collection of their everyday objects. For almost a year and a half she sang "Neva" off the coast of America. Lisyansky was late for the meeting date set by Kruzenshtern, but the Neva was loaded with valuable furs, which had to be transported to China.
Upon arrival in Macau, Kruzenshtern learned that the Neva had not yet arrived. He informed the governor of the purpose of his arrival, but before the arrival of the Neva, Nadezhda was asked to leave Macau, where the military courts were forbidden to stand. However, Kruzenshtern managed to persuade the local authorities, assuring them that the Neva would soon come with a valuable cargo that would be of interest to Chinese trade.
The Neva arrived on December 3 with a large load of furs. However, it was not immediately possible to ask permission for the entry of both ships into the harbor near Canton, and Kruzenshtern went there together with Lisyansky on the Neva. Only after intensified efforts, Kruzenshtern received this permission, promising to cook a large amount of Chinese goods.
Significant difficulties were encountered in the sale of furs, since the Chinese buyers did not dare to enter into trade relations with the Russians, not knowing how the Chinese government would look at it. However, Krusenshern, through the local English trading office, managed to find a Chinese merchant who bought the brought cargo. Having shipped the furs, the Russians began loading tea and other purchased Chinese goods, but at this time they were prohibited from exporting them pending permission from Beijing. Again, it took a lot of trouble to get this permission.
Homecoming.
Expedition results
The Kruzenshtern expedition made the first attempt to establish sea trade relations with China - before that, Russian trade with China was conducted by dry route through Kyakhta. Kruzenshtern, in his notes, described the state of the then Chinese trade and indicated the ways along which trade with the Russians could develop.
February 9, 1806 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" left Canton and headed back to their homeland. This route lay across the Indian Ocean, past the Cape of Good Hope and further along the route well known to Europeans.
On August 19, 1806, the "Nadezhda" approached Kronstadt. The Neva, which had arrived a little earlier, was already there. The journey, which had lasted three years, was over.
The journey of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky gave a lot of new things for the knowledge of a number of areas of the globe. The research carried out enriched science, valuable material was collected, necessary for the development of navigation. During the voyage, astronomical and meteorological observations were systematically made, the temperature of different layers of water was determined, and depths were measured. During the long stay in Nagasaki, observations were made of the ebb and flow.
The expedition carried out work on drawing up new maps and checking old ones. Dr. Tilesius compiled a large atlas illustrating the nature and people of the countries visited.
The observations of the expedition over the life of the inhabitants of the countries visited are extremely interesting.
The Chukchi and Ainu dictionaries were attached to Kruzenshtern's travel notes, given to him by Lieutenant Koshelev and Lieutenant Davydov.
Unusually interesting household items brought by the expedition from the islands of the Pacific Ocean and from North America. These things were transferred to the Museum of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences. The notes of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were published.
The round-the-world voyage on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" inscribed a glorious page in the history of Russian navigation.
Science and Life No. 5 for 1940
By the beginning of the 19th century. Russian possessions in the northwest of America occupied vast areas of Alaska. Russian settlements on the western coast of the mainland reached the place where the city of San Francisco is now located.
The way overland from the center of Russia to its Far Eastern outskirts and especially to Russian America was far and difficult. All the necessary cargo was then sent along the rivers and by tug on horseback through the vast expanses of Siberia to Okhotsk, and then by sea on ships. The transportation of goods was very expensive. Suffice it to say that a pood of rye flour, which cost 40-50 kopecks in the European part of Russia, brought to Alaska, was estimated at 8 rubles.
The difficulty of communication also complicated the management of these territories. It happened that the order of the government reached Kamchatka or Alaska when it had already lost its force and was canceled in the center as outdated.
There was an urgent need to establish regular voyages of Russian ships from the Baltic ports to Russian ports in the Pacific Ocean. And so in 1802 the naval ministry accepted the proposal of Lieutenant-Commander of the Russian Fleet Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern to organize the first Russian round-the-world expedition.
The whole life of Kruzenshtern was associated with the sea and sea service. He studied at the Naval Cadet Corps. During the Russian-Swedish war, the young man was appointed "for the midshipman" on the ship "Mstislav". Soon, Kruzenshtern was promoted to midshipman, and then for his courage in capturing an enemy ship - to lieutenant. In 1793, a capable officer among the "excellent young officers" was sent to England.
During his long voyages on British ships, Ivan Fedorovich visited the coast of North America, India and China.
Appointed as the head of the round-the-world expedition, Kruzenshtern took an old friend, with whom he studied together in the Marine Corps, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky as an assistant.
He was also an experienced and educated officer of the navy. He began to study in early childhood at the Naval Cadet Corps. Lisyansky took part in all the main battles with the Swedish fleet and was promoted to lieutenant. Just like Kruzenshtern, Lisyansky was sent to England to serve in the navy. On British ships, he sailed off the coast of Africa, Asia and America. Lisyansky returned to his homeland four years later.
Two small ships with a displacement of 450 and 370 tons were bought for the round-the-world expedition. The larger of them, which was led by Kruzenshtern himself, was named "Nadezhda", and the smaller, commanded by Lisyansky, "Neva".
In the naval ministry, Kruzenshtern was advised to recruit a team for such a long and responsible voyage from experienced foreign sailors. But Ivan Fedorovich, highly appreciating the Russian sailors, rejected this proposal.
The youngest participants in the voyage were Warrant Officer F. F. Bellingshausen, who later became famous for the discovery of Antarctica, and O. E. Kotsebue, the future navigator around the world.
The Russian ambassador NP Rezanov went to Japan on the "Nadezhda" to establish diplomatic ties with this country.
The expedition had important scientific tasks: to explore the Far East coast of Russia, check and update nautical charts, and conduct oceanographic observations on the way (measuring sea depths, water temperature, etc.).
In August 1803 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" left Kronstadt. The expedition was seen off by all the inhabitants of the city and the teams of Russian and foreign ships that were in the roadstead. Such a solemn farewell was not accidental: Russian sailors for the first time set off on a journey around the world.
Ten days later, the ships reached Copenhagen. Here, foreign scientists were admitted to the expedition: an astronomer, two naturalists and a doctor of medicine.
On the way to England, the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" were caught in a violent storm, during which several foreign ships were killed. But Russian sailors endured this baptism of fire with honor.
Russian ships, having visited England, entered the vast Atlantic Ocean.
The transition to the Southern Hemisphere was celebrated with a flag raising and a cannon salute. The entire crew put on full dress uniforms. The sailors staged a performance: the mythical sea king Neptune greeted the sailors who arrived in his domain. Sailor Pavel Kurganov, having tied his beard made of tow, with a crown on his head and a trident in his hands, portrayed the king of the sea. He ordered to subject to sea "baptism" those who first crossed the equator. With cheerful laughter and jokes, the sailors bathed all the participants in the voyage, except for the chiefs - Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, who had previously sailed in the Southern Hemisphere.
Since the voyage of the "Nadezhda" and the "Neva", this maritime holiday has become a tradition in the Russian fleet.
Approaching the shores of Brazil, Russian navigators refined the map.
At the end of December 1803 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" entered the harbor of St. Catherine Island. This small island is separated from the mainland of South America by a narrow strait.
Russian sailors saw a lot of unusual things. The island was covered with luxurious tropical vegetation. Here, January is the hottest month.
In the forest, sailors caught unprecedented motley parrots, monkeys, and once even brought an alligator onto the Neva ship. Naturalists have amassed rich zoological and botanical collections in tropical forests.
The ships stayed in the harbor for six weeks: two damaged masts were replaced on the Neva.
Then the expedition headed to the tip of South America, circled Cape Horn and entered the waters of the Pacific Ocean.
The weather was overcast. A strong wind blew. A light rain was falling. There were often thick fogs over the sea. Soon the ships lost sight of each other.
"Neva", as agreed earlier, went to Easter Island, and "Nadezhda", having changed the route, went to the group of the Marquesas Islands.
In mid-May, the "Nadezhda" approached Nukuhiva Island. It was a blessed corner of the earth, covered with coconut palms; a breadfruit grew in the woods.
Three days later, the Neva also arrived at the island. Lisyansky told Kruzenshtern that during a three-day stay at Easter Island, he clarified the coordinates of this island and made a map of it.
The expedition stayed at Nukuhiva Island for ten days. The most friendly relations were established with local residents. The islanders helped the Russian sailors to store fresh water and various products. Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky made the first geographical description islands.
Lisyansky made short dictionary language of the islanders. He was assisted in this by the Englishman Roberts and the Frenchman Carbi - the shipwrecked sailors; having lived on the island for many years, they perfectly knew the customs, life and language of the local residents.
Naturalists have amassed rich collections, which contained many new plants unknown to European scientists. The members of the expedition made sketches of the area, and one of them recorded the songs of the inhabitants of the island.
At the end of May, the ships crossed the equator for the second time - now from south to north.
"Nadezhda" went from the Hawaiian Islands to the shores of Kamchatka, and "Neva" - to Alaska.
In mid-July, "Nadezhda" anchored at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The ship stayed in this harbor for six weeks. During this time, the goods were unloaded, the provisions were replenished and the ship was put in order.
Fulfilling the task of the Russian government to visit Japan, the ship headed south. The voyage took place in difficult conditions: there were fogs and torrential rains. Not far from Japan, "Nadezhda" was caught in a terrible typhoon.
“One must have the gift of poetry in order to vividly describe its rage,” Kruzenshtern wrote later.
And in the hour of great danger, when, according to the head of the expedition, “the ship was left without sails at the mercy of the fierce waves, which, as it seemed, were threatening to absorb it every minute,” the whole crew courageously helped to take the ship out of the area where the hurricane was raging.
In October, the Nadezhda arrived at the Japanese port of Nagasaki. Local authorities greeted the Russian sailors unfriendly. First of all, they offered the sailors to hand over the guns and, in general, all firearms and gunpowder. Only when this condition was met was the ship allowed to enter the harbor. I had to stand here for more than six months. The Japanese forbade sailors not only to go ashore, but even to travel around the bay. The Russian ship was surrounded by patrol boats.
During this period, Japan lived in isolation, isolated from the whole world and did not want to have any relations with other states. She traded only with China and with a group of Dutch merchants. The Russian envoy did not manage to agree with the Japanese government on the establishment of diplomatic relations.
From the Japanese emperor, the Russian envoy Rezanov was given a letter stating that Russian ships were forbidden even to approach the shores of Japan.
Returning from Nagasaki to Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern led the ship along Sea of Japan, then little known to Europeans. On the way, he explored and described Tsushima Island, as well as the strait between this island and Japan. In addition, the mariners explored the entire coastline of Hokkaido, which was dashed on the maps of that time.
The determination of astronomical points and the cartographic work of Russian sailors off the western coast of Japan made it possible to create a map of these unknown places.
In the group of Kuril Islands, Kruzenshtern discovered four rocks, near which the ship almost died. He called them "Stone Traps".
From the Kuril Islands "Nadezhda" went to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Having replenished the supply of water and provisions, Kruzenshtern also made a scientific voyage to the shores of Sakhalin. He described the eastern coast of Sakhalin and for the first time accurately mapped it.
While trying to pass between Sakhalin and the mainland, Kruzenshtern met a vast shoal on the way. Then he came to the erroneous conclusion that Sakhalin is a peninsula and is connected to the mainland by an isthmus.
Only 44 years later this mistake was corrected by another Russian traveler - G. I. Nevelskoy.
In late autumn, the Hope arrived in Macau, a Portuguese colony near Canton (Guangzhou). The Neva also arrived there at the beginning of December, which for almost a year and a half - about seventeen months - made its independent voyage.
During this time, Lisyansky explored the nature of the Havana Islands, got acquainted with the life and life of the islanders, visited the coast of Alaska and Kodiak Bay. With great joy and triumph, the Russian people in Alaska greeted the first ship from their homeland, which passed such a distant sea route from Kronstadt.
Just these days, on the Sitha Island (Baranov Island), the Indians, incited by the Americans and the British, attacked a Russian settlement. Lisyansky, along with the entire crew, had to defend his compatriots.
For more than a year "Neva" was located off the coast of Alaska and carried a security service. Lisyansky wasted no time exploring the Sitkha Islands, Kodiak and the American coast. He made a map of these bridge.
In September 1805, the "Neva", loaded with valuable furs, departed from the shores of Russian America and headed for China.
To the west of the Hawaiian Islands, sailors began to notice floating algae, fish and birds appeared here - signs of a nearby land that was not listed on the map at these latitudes.
Lisyansky carefully guided the ship, and yet the Neva unexpectedly ran aground near an unknown island. It turned out to be uninhabited. There were many seals and birds on it, who were not at all afraid of people. At the insistence of the crew of the "Neva", the island was named after the commander of the ship Lisyansky, and the shallow, on which the ship landed, - Nevskaya. The ship safely floated and arrived in China.
In February 1806 "Nadezhda" and "Neva", loaded with various Chinese goods - tea, silk fabrics, porcelain, etc. - left Canton (Guangzhou) on their way back.
The ships went together to the coast of South Africa. At the Cape of Good Hope, during the fog, they lost sight of each other.
Kruzenshtern rounded the Cape of Good Hope and arrived at St. Helena. Here he learned that Russia, in alliance with England and Austria, was at war with France. Fearing a meeting with French military vessels, Kruzenshtern led the ship away from the shores of Europe.
In August 1806, the "Nadezhda" dropped anchor in the port of Kronstadt. The Russian voyage around the world, which lasted three years and twelve days, ended safely. Lisyansky was the first to greet the sailors on the Nadezhda ship: he had brought the Neva to Kronstadt two weeks earlier.
The first round the world voyage of Russian sailors was new page in history geographical science... Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky clarified the map of the world, replenished it with new islands and removed from the old maps the lands marked there, but non-existent. The collections collected by the expedition were of great scientific value.
During the voyage, observations were made over the temperature and density of water at different depths (up to 400 m), over sea currents, etc. As a result of the trip, the sea route from Kronstadt to the shores of Russian America was mastered.
In honor of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world, a medal was struck with the inscription: “For a trip around the world. 1803-1806 ".
Kruzenshtern wrote a book about the expedition - "Traveling around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships" Nadezhda "and" Neva ", with an atlas on 104 sheets. In addition, IF Kruzenshtern compiled an atlas of maps of the southern seas, which was the most accurate and complete at that time; it was used by sailors and geographers all over the world.
Lisyansky also described his voyage - in the book "Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ship" Neva ". Both books have been translated into foreign languages and published abroad. They are read with interest even now.
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