The most sublime report of the Minister of Public Education on the doubts of the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee regarding the expediency of publishing one passage from Captain Kruzenshtern's Journey of the Fleet, concerning the plight of industrialists going on the ships of the Russian-American Company to Russian villages. On the note is the king's resolution on permission to print the Journey in full.

Department of Public Education of the Ministry of Public Education.
The case against the Minister of Public Education to the author of "Journey Around the World" Navy Captain Yu. F. Lisyansky with a request to send maps and drawings belonging to his book to the library of the Department. Immediately, according to the letter of Mr. Lisyansky about acceptance from him in educational establishments published by him essay "Journey around the world." Immediately about the distribution of this essay to different provinces for gymnasiums and schools and about collecting money for it.

The case on the satisfaction of the petition of G. I. Langsdorf, Adjunct of the Academy of Sciences, for the admission without duties of his work "Bemerkungen auf einer Reise um die Welt in den Jahren 1803-1807" detained at the St. Petersburg Customs

Department of Public Education of the Ministry of Public Education.
The case on the satisfaction of the petition of G. I. Langsdorf, adjunct of the Academy of Sciences, for the admission without duties of his work "Bemerkungen auf einer Reise um die Welt in den Jahren 1803-1807" detained at the St. Petersburg customs.

We are told about an expedition around the world at school in geography or history lessons. But only in passing, and this is a rather complicated and lengthy journey, especially if it took place more than two centuries ago, at the very beginning of the 19th century.

Who was the first Russian to decide on circumnavigation across the oceans and organized the first official expedition?

Two frigates arrived in the northern port of Kronstadt in 1803: the Neva and the Nadezhda. They were brought from England, where these ships, originally named Thames and Leander, were bought by Alexander I. It was the All-Russian holder who initiated the expedition. The purpose of the trip was to study the little-known points of the globe, their natural conditions and folk traditions, as well as the possibility of laying sea routes between Russia and Russian Alaska. In addition, it was supposed to establish diplomatic relations with distant and mysterious Japan.

Experienced sailors who had been trained in England and had experience in naval battles were appointed captains of two ships. "Neva" was headed by Yuri Lisyansky, and "Nadezhda" - by Ivan Kruzenshtern. If relative order and calm reigned on the first sloop, then on the Nadezhda the situation periodically got out of control. The fault of everything that happened was two individuals who were part of the expedition: Count Nikolai Rezanov and Fyodor Tolstoy.

The conflict between Captain Kruzenshtern and the future Russian ambassador to Japan, Rezanov, was expressed in constant disputes for superiority on the ship. At first, quarrels manifested themselves in the form of screams and swearing, then communication went through notes, but by the end of the joint trip, it completely stopped. Who was right and who was wrong is difficult to establish: in personal diaries one blames the other.

Things were worse with Fyodor Tolstoy. This young man had a reputation for brawler, duellist and eccentric. He went with a team of sailors instead of his brother, also Fyodor Tolstoy, who did not want to be a participant in a round-the-world voyage. The secular razbyshaka, on the contrary, dreamed of leaving the capital as soon as possible, where he was awaited by a penalty for another brawl. Fyodor Tolstoy's entertainment during the voyage caused great displeasure of the captain. He repeatedly locked the "sailor" in the hold. His antics continued even after serving his sentence: either he incited and quarreled with the members of the team, or he arranged cruel jokes for the sailors. Once Tolstoy bought an orangutan on one of the Pacific islands and taught him tricks. After the monkey, taught to mischief, spoiled Kruzenshtern's personal travel notes, the captain landed the "hooligans" in the nearest Russian port in Kamchatka.

One of the tasks of "Nadezhda" was the delivery of Rezanov to Japan, which was successfully done. Further circumnavigation took place without him. The Neva, having gone to Alaska, helped the Russian settlers recapture the island of Sitka, which was occupied by the Indians. Having completed parallel missions, the ships met again off the coast of Japan and set off further together, sometimes going side by side, sometimes lagging behind each other.

The frigates returned home with a difference of 1.5-2 weeks in the summer of 1806. The return was triumphant, all the participants of the circumnavigation received awards and prizes. By the way, Thaddeus Bellingshausen, who soon led the expedition to Antarctica, took part in this expedition.



First Russian circumnavigation

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky

The first half of the voyage (from Kronstadt to Petropavlovsk) was marked by the eccentric behavior of Tolstoy the American (who had to be landed in Kamchatka) and conflicts between Kruzenshtern and N.P. Rezanov, who was sent by Emperor Alexander I as the first Russian envoy to Japan to establish trade between countries and was officially approved as the head of the expedition.

Having hardly avoided trouble here, on May 20, Kruzenshtern passed through the strait between the islands of Onnekotan and Haramukotan, and on May 24 he again arrived at the Peter and Paul port. On June 23 he went to Sakhalin to complete the description of its shores; July 3 arrived at Cape Patience. Exploring the shores of Sakhalin, he went around the northern tip of the island, went down between it and the coast of the mainland to a latitude of 53 ° 30 "and in this place on August 1 found fresh water, according to which he concluded that the mouth of the Amur River was not far, but due to the rapidly decreasing depth, he did not dare to go forward.

The next day he anchored in the bay, which he called the Bay of Hope; On August 4, he went back to Kamchatka, where the repair of the ship and replenishment of supplies delayed him until September 23. When leaving the Avacha Bay due to fog and snow, the ship almost ran aground. On the way to China, he searched in vain for the islands shown on old Spanish maps, weathered several storms, and on November 15 came to Macau. On November 21, when the Nadezhda was already quite ready to go to sea, the ship Neva arrived with a rich cargo of fur goods and stopped in Whampoa, where the ship Nadezhda also moved. At the beginning of January 1806, the expedition ended its trading business, but was detained by the Chinese port authorities for no particular reason, and only on January 28 did the Russian ships leave the Chinese shores.

2006 marked the 200th anniversary of the end of the first Russian circumnavigation. By this date, the Russian Geographical Society planned to republish the descriptions of the travels of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, Kruzenshtern's Atlas of the South Sea, for the first time to publish in translation into Russian the work of Grigory Langsdorf, an unknown version of the notes of the merchant Fyodor Shemelin, an unpublished diary - Lieutenant Yermolai Levenstern, unpublished or forgotten diaries and letters from Nikolai Rezanov, Makar Ratmanov, Fyodor Romberg and other participants in the voyage. It was also planned to publish a collection of scientific articles on the main aspects of the preparation, conduct and results of swimming.

Several fiction and non-fiction books are devoted to the voyages of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky. In particular, Nikolai Chukovsky speaks in detail about the expedition in the third part of the popular book about the great navigators Frigate Drivers (1941). The novel by V. P. Krapivin "Islands and Captains" (1984-87) is also dedicated to the first Russian circumnavigation of the world.

According to the story by E. Fedorovsky "The Fresh Wind of the Ocean", the feature film "The Wanderer" was shot, one of the storylines of which is the expedition.

Notes

Sources

• I. F. Krusenstern. "Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva"
• Yu. F. Lisyansky. "Journey around the world on the ship "Neva" in 1803-1806"

Literature

• Lupach. V. S., I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky, State publishing house of geographical literature, Moscow, 1953, 46 p.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what the "First Russian circumnavigation of the world" is in other dictionaries:

Russian map of the world in 1707. Antarctica is missing completely, Canada is mostly. A round-the-world trip ("circumnavigation") is a journey whose route crosses all meridians (less often all parallels) and at the same time passes through some two ... Wikipedia

24.05.2017 22523

The story of the first round-the-world expedition of I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky. About how two captains rounded Earth for the first time under the flag of the Russian navy, despite the cruel circumstances that prevented their dream.

Background and purpose of the expedition

The petitions of Captain Ivan Kruzenshtern were collecting dust on the tables of the Admiralty officials. The clerks considered Russia a land power and did not understand why it was necessary to go to the ends of the world at all - to draw up herbariums and maps ?! Desperate, Krusenstern surrenders. Now his choice is marriage and a quiet life ... And the project of Captain Kruzenshtern would certainly have been lost in the back drawers of the Admiralty officials, if not for private capital - the Russian-American Company. Its main business is trade with Alaska. At that time, the business was extremely profitable: a sable skin bought in Alaska for a ruble could be sold in St. Petersburg for 600. But the trouble is: the journey from the capital to Alaska and back took ... 5 years. What a trade!

On July 29, 1802, the company turned to Emperor Alexander I - also, by the way, its shareholder - with a request to allow a round-the-world expedition under the Kruzenshtern project. The goals are to deliver the necessary supplies to Alaska, pick up the goods, and at the same time establish trade with China and Japan. Nikolai Rezanov, a member of the board of the company, filed a petition.

On August 7, 1802, just a week after the petition was submitted, the project was approved. It was also decided to send an embassy to Japan with an expedition, headed by Nikolai Rezanov. Captain-Lieutenant Kruzenshtern was appointed head of the expedition.

Left - Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, right - Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky

The composition of the expedition, preparation for sailing

In the summer of 1803, two sailing sloops left the harbor of Kronstadt - the Nadezhda and the Neva. The captain of Nadezhda was Ivan Kruzenshtern, the captain of the Neva was his friend and classmate Yuri Lisyansky. The sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva" are three-masted ships of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, capable of carrying up to 24 guns. They were bought in England for 230,000 rubles, originally called Leander and Thames. The length of the "Hope" is 117 feet, i.e. about 35 meters with a width of 8.5 meters, a displacement of 450 tons. The length of the Neva is 108 feet, the displacement is 370 tons.

On board the Nadezhda were:

midshipmen Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Otto Kotzebue, who later glorified the Russian fleet with their expeditions

Ambassador Rezanov Nikolai Petrovich (to establish diplomatic relations with Japan) and his retinue

scientists Horner, Tilesius and Langsdorf, artist Kurlyantsev

in a mysterious way, the famous brawler and duellist Count Fyodor Tolstoy, who went down in history as Tolstoy the American, also got on the expedition.

Ivan Krusenstern. 32 years. A descendant of a Russified German noble family. He was released from the Naval Corps ahead of schedule in connection with the Russian-Swedish war. Participated many times in naval battles. Cavalier of the Order of St. George IV degree. He served as a volunteer on the ships of the English fleet, visited the shores of North America, South Africa, East Indies and China.

Yermolai Levenstern. 26 years. Lieutenant of Hope. He was distinguished by poor health, but he carried out his service diligently and accurately. In his diary, he described in detail all the incidents of the expedition, including curious and obscene ones. He gave unflattering characteristics to all his comrades, with the exception of Kruzenshtern, to whom he was sincerely devoted.

Makar Ratmanov. 31 years. First Lieutenant of the sloop Nadezhda. Kruzenshtern's classmate in the Naval Corps. The most senior officer of the expedition. participated in the Russian-Swedish war, then, as part of the squadron of Fyodor Ushakov, in the capture of the fortress of Corfu and the Ionian Islands. He was distinguished by rare courage, as well as directness in his statements.

Nikolay Rezanov. 38 years. From an impoverished noble family. He served in the Izmailovsky Life Guards Regiment, then as a secretary of various offices. Arousing the jealousy of the favorite of the Empress Platon Zubov, he was sent to Irkutsk to inspect the activities of the entrepreneur Grigory Shelikhov. He married the daughter of Shelikhov and became a co-owner of a huge capital. He obtained permission from Emperor Paul to establish the Russian-American Company and became one of its leaders.

Count Fyodor Tolstoy, 21 years old. Guard lieutenant, member of Rezanov's retinue. He became famous in St. Petersburg as an intriguer, adventurer and sharpie. He got on the expedition by accident: he challenged his regiment commander to a duel, and in order to avoid trouble, by decision of the family, he ended up on the voyage instead of his cousin.

Wilhelm Theophilus Tilesius von Tilenau. 35 years. German physician, botanist, zoologist and naturalist. An excellent draftsman who compiled a drawn chronicle of the expedition. Subsequently, he will make a name for himself in science. There is a version that many of his drawings were copied from the works of his colleague and rival Langsdorf.

Baron Georg-Heinrich von Langsdorf, 29 years old. M.D. Worked as a doctor in Portugal, spent his free time naturally Scientific research collected collections. Active member of the Physical Society of the University of Göttingen. St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Johann-Kaspar Horner, 31 years old. Swiss astronomer. Called from Zurich to participate in the expedition as a staff astronomer. He was distinguished by a rare calmness and endurance.

Sloop "Hope"

Sloop "Neva": Commander - Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich.

The total number of the ship's crew is 54 people.

Yuri Lisyansky. 29 years. Since childhood, I dreamed of the sea. At the age of 13, he was prematurely released from the St. Petersburg Naval Corps in connection with the Russian-Swedish War. Participated in several battles. At the age of 16 he was promoted to midshipman. Cavalier of the Order of St. George 4th degree. He was distinguished by exceptional demands on himself and his subordinates.

Preparing for the expedition

At the beginning of the 19th century, spots were whitening on the maps of the Atlantic and, most importantly, the Pacific Oceans. Russian sailors had to cross the Great Ocean almost blindly. The ships were supposed to go through Copenhagen and Falmouth to the Canary Islands, then to Brazil, then to Easter Island, the Marquesas Islands, Honolulu and Kamchatka, where the ships would separate: the Neva would go to the shores of Alaska, and the Nadezhda to Japan. In Canton (China), the ships should meet and return together to Kronstadt. The ships sailed according to the regulations of the Russian navy. Twice a day - in the morning and in the late afternoon - exercises were held: setting and cleaning sails, as well as alarms in case of a fire or a hole. For lunch, the teams in the cockpits went down hanging tables attached to the ceiling. For lunch and dinner, they gave one dish - cabbage soup with meat or corned beef or porridge with butter. Before meals, the team received a glass of vodka or rum, and those who did not drink were paid nine kopecks a month for each glass they did not drink. At the end of the work, it was heard: “To the team to sing and have fun!”

The sloops "Neva" and "Nadezhda" during a round-the-world voyage. Artist S.V.Pen.

Expedition route of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky

The expedition left Kronstadt on July 26, old style (August 7, new style), heading for Copenhagen. Then the route followed the scheme Falmouth (Great Britain) - Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands) - Florianopolis (Brazil) - Easter Island - Nukuhiwa (Marquesas Islands) - Honolulu (Hawaiian Islands) - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky - Nagasaki (Japan) - Hokkaido Island (Japan) - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - Sitka (Alaska) - Kodiak (Alaska) - Guangzhou (China) - Macau (Portugal) - Saint Helena - Corvo and Flores Islands (Azores) - Portsmouth (Great Britain). On August 5 (17), 1806, the expedition returned to Kronstadt, having completed the entire journey in 3 years and 12 days.

Sailing Description

Equator

On November 26, 1803, ships under the Russian flag "Nadezhda" and "Neva" crossed the equator for the first time and entered the Southern Hemisphere. According to the maritime tradition, the feast of Neptune was arranged.

Cape Horn and Nuka Hiva

The Neva and Nadezhda entered the Pacific Ocean separately, but the captains foresaw this option and agreed in advance on the meeting place - the Marquesas Archipelago, the island of Nukuhiva. But Lisyansky decided on the way to also go to Easter Island - to check if Nadezhda had been brought here. The Nadezhda safely rounded Cape Horn and entered the Pacific Ocean on March 3, 1804, and in the early morning of Easter Sunday, April 24, 1804, on the 235th day of sailing, the land appeared in a sunny haze. Nuka Hiva today is a small sleepy island. There are only two roads and three villages, one of which is the capital called Taiohae. There are 2,770 souls on the whole island, who are slowly engaged in the production of copra and auxiliary households. In the evenings, when the heat subsides, they sit by the houses or play petanque, an entertainment for adults brought by the French ... The center of life is a tiny pier, the only place where you can see several people at once at once, and even then in the early morning on Saturday, when fishermen bring fresh fish. On the 4th day of the stay at Nuku Hiva, a messenger from the king arrived to the captain with urgent news: at dawn from the mountain they saw a large ship far out to sea. It was the long-awaited "Neva".

Equator

Alaska

Russian America from 1799 to 1867 was called possession Russian Empire in North America - the Alaska Peninsula, the Aleutian Islands, the Alexander Archipelago and some settlements on the coast Pacific Ocean. "Neva" safely reached the goal and crept up to the shores of Alaska on July 10, 1804. Destination - Pavlovskaya Bay on Kodiak Island, the capital of Russian America. After Cape Horn and the island of cannibals, this part of the voyage seemed quiet and boring to sailors ... But they were wrong. In 1804, the crew of the Neva ended up here in the very center of hostilities. The warlike Tlingit tribe rebelled against the Russians, killing the small garrison of the fort.

The Russian-American Trading Company was founded in 1799 by the "Russian Columbus" - merchant Shelikhov, father-in-law of Nikolai Rezanov. The company traded in mined furs, walrus tusks, whalebone, and blubber. But its main task was to strengthen the distant colonies... Alexander Baranov was the manager of the company. The weather in Alaska, even in summer, is changeable - sometimes rain, sometimes sunshine ... It's understandable: the north. The cozy town of Sitka lives today by fishing and tourism. Here, too, much reminds of the times of Russian America. Here, to help Baranov, Lisyansky hurried. The detachment under the command of Baranov, who went to Sitka, consisted of 120 fishermen and about 800 Aleuts and Eskimos. They were opposed by several hundred Indians, fortified in a wooden fortress ... In those cruel times, the tactics of opponents were the same everywhere: no one was left alive. After several attempts at negotiations, Baranov and Lisyansky decide to storm the fortress. A landing force landed on the shore - 150 people - Russians and Aleuts with five guns.

Russian losses after the assault amounted to 8 people killed (including three sailors from the Neva) and 20 wounded, including the head of Alaska, Baranov. The Aleuts also counted their losses... For several more days, the Indians, besieged in the fortress, self-confidently fired at Russian longboats and even at the Neva. And then suddenly a messenger was sent asking for peace.

Sloop "Neva" off the coast of Alaska

Nagasaki

The Russian embassy of Nikolai Rezanov and Ivan Krusenstern was waiting for the answer of the shogun off the coast of Japan. Only two and a half months later, Nadezhda was allowed to enter the port and approach the shore, and Kruzenshtern's ship with Ambassador Rezanov entered the harbor of Nagasaki on October 8, 1804. The Japanese announced that in 30 days a "big man" would arrive from the capital and announce the will of the emperor. But week after week passed, and still there was no “big man” ... After a month and a half of negotiations, the Japanese finally singled out the envoy and his retinue small house. And then they fenced off a garden for exercise near the house - 40 by 10 meters.

The ambassador was told that there was no possibility of receiving him at court. Also, the shogun cannot accept gifts, because he will have to respond in kind, and Japan does not have large ships to send them to the king ... The Japanese government cannot conclude a trade agreement with Russia, because the law prohibits communication with other nations ... And for the same reason, all Russian ships were henceforth forbidden to enter Japanese harbors ... However, the emperor ordered that the sailors be provided with provisions. And he gave out 2000 bags of salt, 2000 silk rugs and 100 bags of millet. Rezanov's diplomatic mission was a failure. For the crew of the Nadezhda, this meant that after many months in the Nagasaki roadstead, they could finally continue sailing.

Sakhalin

"Nadezhda" went around the entire northern tip of Sakhalin. On the way, Kruzenshtern called the open capes the names of his officers. Now Sakhalin has Cape Ratmanov, Cape Levenstern, Mount Espenberga, Cape Golovachev ... One of the bays was named after the ship - Nadezhda Bay. Only 44 years later, Lieutenant Commander Gennady Nevelskoy will be able to prove that Sakhalin is an island by navigating a ship through a narrow strait, which will receive his name. But even without this discovery, Krusenstern's research on Sakhalin was very significant. He mapped a thousand kilometers of Sakhalin coast for the first time.

To Macau

The next meeting point for the Neva and Nadezhda was the nearby port of Macau. Krusenstern arrived in Macau on November 20, 1805. A warship could not stay in Macau for long, even with a load of mechs on board. Then Kruzenshtern announced that he intended to buy so many goods that they would not fit on his ship, and he needed to wait for the arrival of the second ship. But week after week went by, and still there was no Neva. In early December, when the Nadezhda was about to go to sea, the Neva finally appeared. Her holds were filled with furs: 160 thousand skins of a sea beaver and a fur seal. This amount of "soft gold" was quite capable of bringing down the Canton fur market. February 9, 1806 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" left the Chinese coast and headed home. "Neva" and "Nadezhda" went together for quite a long time, but on April 3, at the Cape of Good Hope, in cloudy weather, they lost each other. Kruzenshtern appointed the island of St. Helena as the meeting place for such a case, where he arrived on April 21.

Bypassing the English Channel

Kruzenshtern, in order to avoid meeting with French privateers, chose a detour: around the northern tip of Scotland to the North Sea and further through the Kiel Strait to the Baltic. Lisyansky in the Azores region learned about the beginning of the war, but still went across the English Channel, risking meeting the French. And he became the first captain in world history who made a non-stop passage from China to England in 142 days.

What Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky discovered

New islands, straits, reefs, bays and capes were drawn on the world map

Fixed inaccuracies in Pacific Ocean maps

Russian sailors made a description of the coast of Japan, Sakhalin, the Kuril ridge and many other areas
Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky conducted a comprehensive study of ocean waters Russian navigators managed to study various currents and discover trade wind countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

The expedition collected a wealth of information about transparency, specific gravity, density and temperature of sea water at different depths

The expedition collected rich information about climate, atmospheric pressure, tides in various regions of the oceans and other data that laid the foundation for a new marine science - oceanography, which studies phenomena in the World Ocean and its parts.

The significance of the expedition for the development of geography and other sciences

The first Russian round-the-world expedition made a huge contribution to geographical science: she erased non-existent islands from the world map and specified the coordinates of the real islands. Ivan Kruzenshtern described part of the Kuril Islands, the islands of Japan and the coast of Sakhalin. A new science appeared - oceanology: no one before Kruzenshtern had conducted research into the depths of the sea. The expedition members also collected valuable collections: botanical, zoological, ethnographic. Over the next 30 years, another 36 Russian circumnavigations were made. Including, with the direct participation of the officers of the Neva and Nadezhda.

Records and Awards

Ivan Kruzenshtern was awarded the Order of St. Anna II degree

Emperor Alexander I royally awarded I.F. Kruzenshtern and all members of the expedition. All officers received the following ranks:

commanders of the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree and 3000 rubles each.

lieutenants by 1000

midshipmen for 800 rubles of a life pension

the lower ranks, if desired, were dismissed and awarded a pension of 50 to 75 rubles.

By the highest command, a special medal was knocked out for all participants in this first round-the-world trip.

Yuri Lisyansky became the first captain in world history to make a non-stop passage from China to England in 142 days.

Brief information about the life of the expedition participants after its completion

Participation in this campaign changed the fate of Langsdorf. In 1812, he will be appointed Russian consul in Rio de Janeiro and organize an expedition to the interior of Brazil. The herbariums he collected, descriptions of the languages ​​and traditions of the Indians are still considered a unique, unsurpassed collection.

The first crossing of the equator by Russian sailors

Of the officers who circumnavigated the world, many served with honor in the Russian Navy. Cadet Otto Kotzebue became the commander of the ship and later made a trip around the world in this capacity. Thaddeus Bellingshausen later led a round-the-world expedition on the sloops Vostok and Mirny and discovered Antarctica.

For participation in the round-the-world trip, Yuri Lisyansky was promoted to captain of the second rank, received from the emperor a lifetime pension of 3,000 rubles and a one-time award from the Russian-American Company of 10,000 rubles. After returning from the expedition, Lisyansky continued to serve in the Navy. In 1807 he led a squadron of nine ships in the Baltic and went to Gotland and Bornholm to watch the English warships. In 1808 he was appointed commander of the Emgaten ship.

After Ivan Kruzenshtern circumnavigated the world, he was seconded to the port of St. Petersburg to create a work on circumnavigation. In 1811 he was appointed teacher of the Naval Cadet Corps. At the beginning Patriotic War 1812 Kruzenshtern donated a third of his fortune (1000 rubles) to the people's militia, traveled around England for about a year as a member of the diplomatic mission, and outlined his impressions in the notes that remained in the manuscript.

And I would love to write letters to you,

The first Russian circumnavigation of the world 1803-1806 Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky

The purpose of the expedition

To make the first round-the-world voyage in the history of the Russian fleet. Deliver-pick up goods from Russian America. Establish diplomatic contacts with Japan. Show the profitability of direct trade in furs from Russian America to China. Prove the benefits of the sea route from Russian America to St. Petersburg in comparison with the land route. Conduct various geographical observations and scientific research along the route of the expedition.

The composition of the expedition

Ships:

Three-masted sloop "Nadezhda", with a displacement of 450 tons, a length of 35 meters. Acquired in England specifically for the expedition. The ship was not new, but endured all the difficulties of circumnavigating the world.

Three-masted sloop "Neva", displacement 370 tons. Bought there specifically for the expedition. He endured all the difficulties of circumnavigating the world, after which he was the first Russian ship to visit Australia in 1807.

Emperor Alexander I personally examined both sloops and allowed them to raise the military flags of the Russian Empire. The emperor took over the maintenance of one of the ships at his own expense, and the Russian-American Company and one of the main inspirers of the expedition, Count N.P. Rumyantsev, took over the costs of operating the other. Which ship was taken by whom is not specified.

Personnel

Head of the expedition Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich.

Age at the start - 32 years.

He is also the captain of the flagship of the expedition, the sloop Nadezhda.

On board the Nadezhda were:

midshipmen Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Otto Kotzebue, who later glorified the Russian fleet with their expeditions

Ambassador Rezanov Nikolai Petrovich (to establish diplomatic relations with Japan) and his retinue

scientists Horner, Tilesius and Langsdorf, artist Kurlyantsev

in a mysterious way, the famous brawler and duellist Count Fyodor Tolstoy, who went down in history as Tolstoy the American, also got on the expedition.

The sailors were all Russians to one - such was the condition of Kruzenshtern.

The total team size is 65 people.

Sloop "Neva":

Commander - Yury Fedorovich Lisyansky.

Age at the start is 30 years old.

The total number of the ship's crew is 54 people.

In the holds of both ships there were iron products, alcohol, weapons, gunpowder, and many other things for delivery to Russian America and Kamchatka.

Start of the first Russian round-the-world expedition

The expedition left Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803. On the way we went to Copenhagen, then to the small English port of Falmouth, where the ships were once again caulked.

Canary Islands

The expedition approached the archipelago on October 19, 1803. They stayed in the harbor of Santa Cruz for a week and on October 26 headed south.

Equator

On November 26, 1803, ships under the Russian flag Nadezhda and Neva crossed the equator for the first time and entered the Southern Hemisphere. According to the maritime tradition, the feast of Neptune was arranged.

South America

The shores of Brazil appeared on December 18, 1803. They stopped in the harbor of the city of Destero, where they stood for a month and a half to repair the mainmast of the Neva. Only on February 4, 1804 did both ships move further south along the South American coast.

Cape Horn

Before going around Cape Horn, Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky agreed on a meeting place, since both understood that in this place the ships were easily swept away by bad weather. The first version of the meeting was Easter Island, the spare - Nukagiva Island. The Nadezhda successfully rounded Cape Horn and on March 3, 1804 entered the Pacific Ocean.

Nukagiva

Easter Island slipped at strong winds, so Kruzenshtern went straight to the alternate meeting point, Nukagiva Island, where he arrived on May 7, 1804. On the way, the islands of Fetuga and Uaguga from the Marquesas group were mapped. On May 10, the Neva also approached Nukagiva. A week later, both ships set sail in the direction of the Hawaiian Islands.

Equator

Hawaiian Islands

The ships approached them on June 7, 1804. Here they were to part. "Neva" with a cargo of goods for the Russian-American company went towards Alaska, to the island of Kodiak. "Nadezhda" headed for Kamchatka, from where it was necessary to go with the embassy to Japan and explore the island of Sakhalin. The meeting of both ships was now to be held only in Macau in September 1805, where the Nadezhda would approach upon completion of the diplomatic mission, and the Neva with a load of furs from Russian America.

Journey of Hope

Kamchatka

Nadezhda entered the Avacha Bay on July 14, 1804. The population of Petropavlovsk then was about 200 people. Governor General Koshelev arrived here from Nizhnekamchatsk (then the capital of the peninsula), who in every possible way contributed to the repair of the ship and preparations for a visit to Japan. The expedition was left by a doctor and an artist, and the brawler Tolstoy was forcibly "written ashore". August 30, 1804 "Hope" headed for Japan.

Japan

It is known from the history of Japan that any foreign ships were prohibited from entering Japanese ports. And the inhabitants of the islands of the rising sun were strictly forbidden to contact with foreigners. Such forced self-isolation saved Japan from possible colonization and trade expansion by Europeans, and also contributed to the preservation of its identity. Only merchants of the Dutch East India Company were allowed to trade in the port of Nagasaki, the southernmost point of the country. The Dutch had a monopoly on trade with Japan and did not let competitors into their possessions, hid sea charts with coordinates, etc. Therefore, Kruzenshtern had to drive Nadezhda to Nagasaki almost at random, simultaneously shooting Japanese coasts.

To Nagasaki

Kruzenshtern's ship with Ambassador Rezanov entered the harbor of Nagasaki on October 8, 1804. On board the Russians had several Japanese who had once fallen to the Russians as a result of the crash, and whom the expedition carried with them as translators.

A Japanese representative entered the ship and asked hu-is-hu, they say, where and why they arrived. Then the Japanese pilot helped the Nadezhda enter the harbor, where they dropped anchor. Only Japanese, Chinese and Dutch ships were in the harbor.

Negotiations with the Japanese

This topic deserves a separate story and a separate article. Let's just say that the Japanese "purged" the Russian "diplomatic mission" in the port of Nagasaki until April 18, 1805 - five and a half months! And Kruzenshtern and Rezanov had to go home without salty slurping.

The Japanese emperor “paused” for a long time, then answered through his officials that there would be no agreements with the Russians, and he could not accept the gifts of the Russian emperor - several huge mirrors in an expensive frame. Say, Japan is not able to equally thank the emperor of the Russians because of their poverty. Laughter, and more! Either the Dutch did a good job here, or the Japanese themselves did not want any contacts with Russia.

True, the Japanese administration supplied the ship with food all the time the ship was in the port. And loaded the road with food, water and large quantity salt is completely free. At the same time, Kruzenshtern was categorically forbidden to return along the western coast of Japan.

Return of Nadezhda to Kamchatka

Coming out of the Japanese "captivity", Kruzenshtern decided not to give a damn about the ban on the Japanese and went exactly along the western coast, putting it on the map. At sea, he was his own master and was not afraid of anyone - past combat experience gave him every reason to do so. He landed on the shore several times and got to know this mysterious country as closely as he could. It was possible to establish contacts with the Ainu - the inhabitants of the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido.

Sakhalin

Nadezhda entered the Aniva Bay in the south of Sakhalin on May 14, 1805. The Ainu also lived here and the Japanese administration commanded. Kruzenshtern was determined to explore Sakhalin in more detail, but Rezanov insisted on a speedy return to Kamchatka in order to report to St. Petersburg on the results of his "embassy".

Kamchatka

On June 5, Nadezhda returned to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Rezanov went ashore, sent a report to the capital, and left on a merchant ship for Russian America in Alaska. July 5, 1805 "Nadezhda" again went to sea and headed for Sakhalin. But Kruzenshtern failed to go around Sakhalin "around" and determine whether it was an island or a peninsula. On August 30, the Nadezhda team entered the Avacha Bay of Petropavlovsk for the third time. Kruzenshtern began to prepare for a campaign in Macau.

Macau

This is the name of the Portuguese colony-fortress-port on the Chinese coast. Leaving Petropavlovsk on October 9, 1805, Nadezhda was in Macau on November 20. The Neva was nowhere to be seen.

Travel "Neva"

Russian America

On July 10, 1804, the Neva sloop, under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Lisyansky, approached Kodiak Island on the southern coast of Alaska. The island was one of the first places of capital justification of Russians in America. Lisyansky brought the ship to the harbor of St. Paul - a kind of administrative center of this Russian province. Here he learned that the second center of the Russians - the Arkhangelsk fortress in Sitka Bay, much south and east of Kodiak, had been attacked by the local Indians. The fortress was burned, the inhabitants were killed. The conflict flared up not without the help and instigation of the Americans, by that time they began to actively penetrate into these places.

Alexander Andreevich Baranov, the legendary ruler of Russian America, left "for war" to recapture the Arkhangelsk fortress with the help of Russian-friendly Indians and Aleuts. Baranov left a message for Lisyansky asking him to urgently arrive in Sitka to provide armed assistance. However, the crew of the Neva spent almost a month unloading the ship's holds and repairing the equipment. On August 15, the Neva headed towards Sitka.

Novoarkhangelsk - Sitka

On August 20, Lisyansky was already in Sitka Bay. Here he met Alexander Baranov, who made a strong impression on him. Together they worked out a plan for a military operation. The guns and sailors of the Neva played a decisive role in restoring the "status quo" in relations with the Tinklit Indians. Not far from the burnt old fortress, a new settlement, Novoarkhangelsk, was founded. On November 10, the Neva left Sitka and headed for Kodiak.

Back in Kodiak

"Neva" appeared in five days. Since winter was approaching, it was decided to spend the winter here, repair, rest and fill the holds with precious junk - furs of the Russian-American Company. At the beginning of the next summer, on June 13, 1805, Lisyansky's ship left the harbor of St. Paul and headed for Sitka to pick up the furs prepared by Baranov, and after that go to Macau.

Back in Sitka - Novoarkhangelsk

The Neva turned out to be June 22, 1805. During the winter, Baranov managed to rebuild the settlement, restore peace with the local Indians, and procure a large number of furs. Having loaded soft gold into the holds, Lisyansky on September 2, 1805 headed for Macau.

To Macau

Krusenstern arrived in Macau on November 20, 1805. Lisyansky reached the Chinese coast only on December 3rd. Here I had to stay for more than two months, "getting used" to local conditions, the economic and political situation, to maneuver, to bargain. In this, both military sailors Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky showed remarkable abilities. And they emerged victorious in the trade war with local merchants. Instead of furs, the holds of the ships were filled with tea, porcelain and other liquid goods in Europe. February 9, 1806 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" left the Chinese coast and headed for their homeland.

Across two oceans

The ships were swept away on the way to the Cape of Good Hope. The captains had previously agreed to meet at St. Helena. Krusenstern arrived at St. Helena on May 3, 1806. Here he learned that Russia was at war with Napoleon and France. Without waiting for the Neva, Nadezhda went north to her native land, deciding for safety to go around England from the north so as not to collide with the French in the English Channel.

Meanwhile, Lisyansky decided to set a kind of record - to go from China to Europe without calling at intermediate ports. The ship no longer had heavy loads, took enough supplies of food and water, and went with full sail. Therefore, Lisyansky did not appear on St. Helena and, accordingly, did not know about the war with France. He calmly entered the English Channel, and there he decided to go to the British port of Portsmouth. Having rested in Portsmouth for a couple of weeks, on July 13, 1806, the Neva again went to sea and on August 5, 1806 was already at home. And on August 19, 1806, the sails of the Nadezhda appeared in view of their native shores.

Thus ended the first round-the-world voyage of Russian sailors, an unprecedented campaign filled with dangers and adventures, interesting and significant events for history.

It should be said that from the point of view of profit, the expedition fully justified itself, bringing considerable profit to the merchants, glory to the Fatherland and forever inscribing the names of Russian navigators Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky in the history of navigation.

Emperor Alexander I royally awarded I.F. Kruzenshtern and all members of the expedition.

all officers received the following ranks,

commanders of the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree and 3000 rubles each.

lieutenants by 1000

midshipmen for 800 rubles of a life pension

the lower ranks, if desired, were dismissed and awarded a pension of 50 to 75 rubles.

By the highest order, a special medal was knocked out for all participants in this first round-the-world trip.

"Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Kruzenshtern" in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings. This was the name of the work written personally by Kruzenshtern and published at the expense of the imperial cabinet., St. Petersburg, 1809. Subsequently, it was translated into many European languages.

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