Sources of geographic information. Sources of geographic information - Geographic map

Earlier, during my school youth, I thought that only a textbook, a map and a geography teacher were geographical sources. But, with the development of technology and the desire to leave the Earth without "white spots", man has created many quick and easy ways to study the planet. Many sources of information tend to become outdated, and people need to take care of updating them.

Main geographic sources

Geography, as a single science for all mankind, also implies a standard set of sources:

The map is the oldest source of geo-information.
Experienced Research - practical study planets by man through travel and expeditions.
Geoinformatics - the use of high technologies (satellite images, creation of computer models).
Museums and storages are a way to save and replenish the received geo-information and objects.

The trend in the development of computer technology involves a gradual departure from maps on material (paper) media due to their constant obsolescence. For example, a map of the Amazon basin can be safely thrown away after 50 years - it changes the relief of the territories through which it flows so quickly.

The Role of Geographic Sources

Their main role is to preserve and increase geographical knowledge and informing people about them. Science cannot do without the accumulation of sources that will allow people to use the acquired knowledge both economically (construction, mining) and for personal needs (travel organization). Oddly enough, we use sources of geo-information almost daily. by the most simple example can be called a GPS navigator.

It is he who helps us find a street in a large city and build a route to it. Another frequently used source would be space weather satellites. If earlier, to find out the weather, we looked at the thermometer outside the window, but now we get this information from the Internet, where it comes from weather satellites, naturally, after it has been processed at the Hydrometeorological Center.

1. What are the first ways people know the world around them.

Answer:

Travel to new lands, observation.

2. What sources of geographic information do you know?

Answers:

Internet information, encyclopedias, maps, etc.

3. What methods does geography use?

Answer:

Travel, observation, description and characterization, mapping, comparative, static, aerial photography, space.

4. What expeditions, to which regions of the Earth, have Russian geographers organized today?

Answer:

Inspection of the radioactive waste disposal site in the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk.

5. What methods of studying geography did you use in the 6th grade?

Answer:

comparative, description, characteristic.

6. Review the maps of the atlas. Determine which cards are dominant.

a) area coverage.

Answer: Continents and oceans.

Answer: general geographical (physical).

Why?

Answer: They carry more information.

7. Determine on the map of the hemispheres, and then on the globe of the distance:

Answer:

Compare the results and draw a conclusion.

Answer:

The data is different, since there are errors on the map that appear when the surface image is projected onto a plane. Also, the map is glued, as it were, by filling empty spaces with waters, oceans or continental parts. This error increases when moving along the poles, at the equator it is minimal, since only the length of the equator is most accurately preserved when projected onto the plane of the map.

8. Write what is shown on the map with conventional signs.

Answer:

9. Describe one of the atlas maps (of your choice).

The name of the card.

Answer: Physical map of the world.

Type of map by area coverage.

Answer: World.

Answer: General geographic.

What is shown on the map and in what ways?

Answer: Relief, rivers, lakes, large cities (inscription and symbols).

10. What information can be obtained from a physical map?

Answer:

Names of objects, relief, coordinates of objects.

11. How do you understand the words of a famous geographer that, unlike a book and other sources of information, a map “tells” faster, more accurately, more clearly and concisely?

Answer:

The map shows only what is needed.

12. A well-known cartographer of our day claims that soon the knowledge of the map will be as important as the knowledge of grammar and mathematics. Express your attitude to this statement.

Answer:

The cards began to appear frequently in the media. The ability to understand the contents of the map is important for every person.

13. What do you think came first - writing or a map? Justify your answer.

Answer:

A map, since earlier the location of objects was easier to draw, not every person could use writing.

Thematic maps

Vegetation maps, for example, depict the distribution and composition of vegetation in different areas. There are also mineral maps, forest maps, relief maps, synoptic maps, industry maps, which show large cities - industrial centers and their specialization. All these cards represent geographic features and phenomena on a specific topic: vegetation, relief, industry. That is why they are called thematic. For example, a political map will first of all give an idea of the location of countries, their borders.

General geographic maps

General geographic maps display various elements of the earth's surface - relief, vegetation, rivers, settlements, transport networks, etc. For example, a physical map of Russia.

According to the coverage of the territory, maps of the world, individual continents, countries and their parts (regions) are distinguished.

A political map of the World

The political map of the world is one of the most important cartographic sources in the world geography course, as this map shows different countries, their capitals, routes of communication and other helpful information.

Let's look at the political map. In addition to the borders of states on political map you see Largest cities and capitals of countries, communication routes and seaports, the largest hydrographic objects (seas, rivers, lakes, bays, straits). Some other geographic features, such as relief, may also be shown.

On the political map of the world you will find more than 230 countries and territories.

The borders of the state are formed for a long time. They can change for various reasons: historical, political, economic, cultural, natural.

In order to know the political map of the world or individual continents and their parts, it is necessary to constantly refer to it, train in determining the geographical position of certain countries or regions, and follow the changes taking place in the world.

The most difficult is the political map Western Europe. Let's define together geographical position countries of this region (Table 1).

Table 1. Countries of Western Europe

The country	Square	Population (2007)	Capital(s)
Austria	84 thousand km2	8.3 million people	Vein
Andorra	465 km2	70 thousand people	Andorra la Vieja
Belgium	30.5 thousand km2	10.6 million people	Brussels
Vatican	0.44 km2	1 thousand people	Vatican
United Kingdom	244 thousand km2	61 million people	London
Germany	356 thousand km2	82.3 million people	Bonn, Berlin
Greece	132.0 thousand km2	11.2 million people	Athens
Denmark	43 thousand km2	5.5 million people	Copenhagen
Ireland	70 thousand km2	4.4 million people	Dublin
Iceland	103 thousand km2	290 thousand people	Reykjavik
Spain	504 thousand km2	45.3 million people	Madrid
Italy	301 thousand km2	59.3 million people	Rome
Liechtenstein (Principality of Liechtenstein)	157 km2	34 thousand people	Vaduz
Luxembourg (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg)	2.6 thousand km2	463 thousand people	Luxembourg
Malta	316 km2	397 thousand people	Valletta
Monaco	2 km2	33 thousand people	Monaco
Netherlands	41 thousand km2	16.4 million people	Amsterdam
Norway	324 thousand km2	4.7 million people	Oslo
Portugal	92 thousand km2	10.7 million people	Lisbon

A map of time zones is an interesting, and most importantly, useful map (Fig. I).

For the convenience of counting time, the entire surface of the Earth was divided into 24 time zones. The time of each time zone differs from the next one by one hour. The belts are numbered from 0 to 23 from west to east of the Greenwich meridian. In all points located within the same zone, the same standard time is considered. Moscow, for example, is in the second time zone.

However, in Moscow we live not according to standard time, but according to maternity time (from Latin decretum - decree, decree). In addition, you know that in Russia the clock hands move forward (summer time) or backward (winter time) by one hour in order to rational use daylight hours and energy savings. Therefore, Moscow, being in the 2nd time zone, practically lives according to the time of the 3rd time zone. In other words, when it is 13 o'clock in Moscow (Moscow time), then in Paris it is 11 o'clock (Central European time), in London it is 10 o'clock (Greenwich time).

Rice. 1. Map of time zones of the world

Look at the hag of time zones. The boundaries of time zones are not drawn exactly along the meridians. For convenience, the borders of states, regions, states and other administrative-territorial entities within the same country are taken into account. In Russia, for example, the 11th and 12th time zones are combined into one.

Railway and air Transport, telephone and telegraph communication on the territory of the country works, as a rule, on a single time. In Russia, for example, according to Moscow time.

If you take a close look at the map of time zones, you will notice how remarkable the 180th meridian is. Passes through it conditional line date changes. Its zigzag in the area of the Chukotka Peninsula is not accidental. The fact is that on both sides of this line, the hours and minutes are the same, and the calendar dates differ by one day. If the date line crossed Chukotka, its inhabitants would have to maintain their own calendar, one day ahead of the national one.

If you ever decide to make trip around the world and set off from Cape Dezhnev to the east, crossing the international date line, do not forget to count the same day twice. And vice versa, moving from east to west - skip one day.

Statistical materials are one of the main sources of geographic information

Statistics is a science that studies the totality of mass phenomena in order to take into account and identify the patterns of their development using quantitative (statistical) indicators. The population is just such a mass phenomenon. Statistical indicators include absolute and relative values, as well as various coefficients.

Absolute values are informative and show the size of geographical phenomena. For example, Russia has the largest territory in the world - more than 17 million km2, which is almost twice the territory of countries such as China, the United States or Canada. However, in terms of population, Russia is inferior to many countries. In 2007, the total population was 142 million people. - eighth place in the world.

Table 2. Population largest countries world (million people)

The relative value expresses the result of a comparison (comparison) of statistical indicators with each other. They allow you to detect certain changes in geographical phenomena, their trend.

Coefficients - indicators that reflect the characteristic features of individual phenomena, such as the coefficient of specialization or natural population growth.

In order to learn how to work with statistical materials, one must first of all imagine how they are organized and built (ordered).

A statistical table is a system of vertical and horizontal columns (columns and rows) provided with headings and filled in a certain order with digital data. It contains the statistical data necessary to characterize the studied geographical phenomenon and its constituent parts. The headings of the horizontal rows of the statistical table correspond to the statistical "subject", and the top headings of its vertical columns correspond to the statistical "predicate".

Let's look, for example, at the statistical table. 3 "Changes in the share of economic regions in the population of Russia according to the data of the 1926-2002 censuses."

Table 3. Change in the share of economic regions in the population of Russia according to the 1926-2002 census data, %

Districts	1926	1939	1959	1970	1979	1989	1998	2002
Russian Federation, including areas:	100, 0	100, 0	100, 0	100, 0	100, 0	100, 0	100, 0	100, 0
Northern	3, 3	3, 5	3, 9	4.0	4.1	4, 2	3, 9	3, 6
Northwestern	5, 9	6, 8	5, 3	5.4	5, 6	5, 6	5, 4	5, 3
Central	24, 2	24, 5	21, 9	21, 3	21, 0	20, 6	20, 2	20, 9
Volga-Vyatka	8, 2	8, 0	7, 0	6.4	6.1	5, 7	5, 7	5, 4
Central Black Earth	10, 3	8, 5	6, 6	6.1	5, 7	5, 2	5, 3	5, 2
Volga region	13, 3	11, 4	10, 8	11, 2	p, s	11, 1	11, 5	11, 4
North Caucasian	9, 8	9, 5	9, 9	11, 0	11, 2	11, 4	12, 0	13
Ural	11, 7	12, 4	14, 9	14, 6	14.1	13, 8	13, 9	13, 8
West Siberian	8, 0	8, 2	9.6	9.3	9.4	10, 2	10, 3	11.6
East Siberian	3, 6	4, 4	5, 5	5, 7	5, 9	6, 2	6, 2	4, 3
Far Eastern	1, 7	2, 8	4, 1	4.4	5, 0	5, 4	5, 0	4, 6
Kaliningrad region	-	-	0, 5	0, 6	0, 6	0, 6	0, 6	0, 7

In the statistical subject, an enumeration of those parts and groups of the phenomenon under study, which are quantitatively characterized in the predicate, is given. In this case, these are the economic regions of Russia. In the predicate of the table, the values of the phenomenon under study are given - the proportion of the population living in the economic regions of the Russian Federation for a number of years.

Thus, any statistical table includes three mandatory element:

general table header;

statistical subject;

statistical predicate.

Statistical materials can be presented not only in statistical tables, but also in a visual form: in diagrams, graphs, maps, maps.

Statistical maps are primarily cartograms and cartograms. Let's go with you, using the table. 4, we will draw up a cartogram on the contour map showing the population density of the economic regions of Russia:

write down the name of the cartogram (“Population density of the economic regions of Russia”);

write out the name of the source, on the basis of which we will build a cartogram (statistical table "Population density of economic regions of Russia");

we write down the relative statistical indicators that we will depict, having previously rounded their values to integers;

Let's divide the indicators into groups according to the principle equal intervals. The easiest way to break it down is to divide the difference between the largest (63) and smallest value (1) indicator by 5. In our case (63 - 1 = 62 * 60: 5 = 12), the interval will be 12, and the groups of indicators will be as follows: 1 - 12; 12-24; 24-36; 36-48; 48-60 and more than 60 people/km2;

compile a cartogram legend in a notebook, where darker tones of color (or denser shading) depict a greater intensity of the phenomenon; light shades (or rare shading) - smaller. For a color image, it is better to take shades of one paint: from lighter to darker;

we will show on the contour map the boundaries of the economic regions of Russia;

transfer the legend of the cartogram to the contour map in " Conventions»;

Let's make a chart.

The construction of graphs and charts based on statistical indicators has a mathematical basis that is well known to you.

Based on their graphs, we can conclude that up to the 90s. 20th century in the resettlement of the population of Russia, the historical trend of developing new lands and Russian outskirts was preserved.

Since the 1990s there is a reverse trend of population decline in the northern and eastern regions Russia, primarily the Far East and the North.

Diagrams show the volume and structure of geographical phenomena. They can be circular, point, linear, areal, volumetric, etc. (Fig. 2). Recall that when constructing pie charts, the initial radius is considered to be directed upwards on a sheet of paper, i.e., "northern". It is from him, clockwise, that indicators are plotted by eye (based on I% \u003d 3.6 degrees), characterizing a geographical phenomenon, for example, the resettlement of the Earth's population, depending on the proximity of the seas.

Rice. 2. Settlement of the Earth's population depending on the proximity of the coast of the seas and oceans

The scale of the diagram depends on: a) the size of the sheet; b) the value of the initial indicators; c) the difference between the highest and lowest values of indicators; d) the number of diagram signs.

To determine the scale of a bar chart, for example, you must first determine what the largest and smallest bars can be. The basis of the diagram is determined by the formula X = A: M, where X is the basis of the diagram; And - the statistical indicator used by us; M is the scale base, which shows how many units of this indicator fall on 1 square. mm chart area. It is composed like this. First, an axial line is drawn - the base of the diagram, and then the perpendiculars are restored, taking into account the scale.

Drawing up a cartographic diagram on a contour map is reduced to constructing diagrams within the boundaries of a certain territory, for example, within the boundaries of large regions of Russia, economic regions, and subjects of the Russian Federation.

The sex and age pyramid allows you to visually analyze the sex ratio by age groups of the population. It is built as follows. On the vertical axis, age is plotted at regular intervals (in the form of age intervals; for example, 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, etc.), and on the horizontal axis - to the left - the number (or proportion) of men, and to the right - women (in the same scale). For each age group, they build their own linear diagram and, as it were, “string” them one after another from bottom to top - from the base of the pyramid to its top (Fig. 3). According to the shape of such a pyramid, one can determine the features of the age structure of the population, reveal the features of the sex ratio in various age groups Oh. Quantitative data on the ratio of sexes and age groups of the population read from the sex and age pyramids can be used for further calculations of general demographic indicators (for example, demographic load factors of the population), their analysis and comparison.

Rice. 3. Gender and age pyramids

The question arises of how to update statistical materials, because they become outdated pretty soon. To do this, there are statistical collections, reference books, periodicals, Internet resources.

Geographic information systems as a means of obtaining, processing and presenting geographic information

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a computer database that stores geo-information in the form of maps of various content, digital and textual information on objects plotted on these maps. Information can be presented on the monitor screen and in the form of printouts of any scale, tables, graphs, diagrams for any of the information blocks.

By spatial coverage, global, national, regional, local and city GIS are distinguished. By purpose, they are divided into resource-cadastral, land, environmental, geological, marine, educational, etc.

Thus, geographic information systems (GIS) are special systems capable of collecting, systematizing, storing, processing, evaluating, displaying and distributing data on a new technical level and obtaining new geographic information on this basis. Very effective, for example, is the use of educational GIS when comparing thematic maps of different content for the same territory, whether it be a country or a region; when establishing various geographic links.

Let's turn your Special attention on the possibilities and resources of the Internet that can be used by you in the process of studying the course. They include:

educational resources WWW (World Wide Web);

E-mail (electronic mail);

teleconferences.

Educational resources on the World Wide Web can be helpful:

to search for additional and updated (including statistical) information for lessons in the process of preparation;

to search for information in the process of preparing various kinds of creative works (reports, abstracts, business games, training conferences, etc.).

Email can be used:

to exchange educational creative works with their peers from other schools, regions of our country;

for mutual exchange of information in the process of solving problems distance learning and telecommunications projects.

Teleconferencing can be helpful:

with participation in various kinds of educational and informative telecommunication projects.

Thematic maps

Vegetation maps, for example, depict the distribution and composition of vegetation in different areas. There are also maps of minerals, forest maps, relief maps, synoptic maps, industry maps, which show large cities - industrial centers and their specialization. All these maps characterize geographical objects and phenomena on a specific topic: vegetation, relief, industry. That is why they are called thematic. For example, a political map will first of all give an idea of the location of countries, their borders.

General geographic maps

General geographic maps display various elements of the earth's surface - relief, vegetation, rivers, settlements, transport networks, etc. For example, a physical map of Russia.

According to the coverage of the territory, maps of the world, individual continents, countries and their parts (regions) are distinguished.

A political map of the World

Let's look at the political map. In addition to the borders of states, on the political map you see the largest cities and capitals of countries, communication routes and seaports, the largest hydrographic objects (seas, rivers, lakes, bays, straits). Some other geographic features, such as relief, may also be shown.

On the political map of the world you will find more than 230 countries and territories.

The borders of the state are formed for a long time. They can change for various reasons: historical, political, economic, cultural, natural.

The most complex is the political map of Western Europe. Let's determine the geographical position of the countries of this region together (Table 1).

Table 1. Countries of Western Europe

San Marino

A map of time zones is an interesting, and most importantly, useful map (Fig. I).

However, in Moscow we live not according to standard time, but according to maternity time (from Latin decretum - decree, decree). In addition, you know that in Russia the clock hands move forward (summer time) or backward (winter time) by one hour in order to make the most efficient use of the daylight hours and save electricity. Therefore, Moscow, being in the 2nd time zone, practically lives according to the time of the 3rd time zone. In other words, when it is 13 o'clock in Moscow (Moscow time), then in Paris - 11 o'clock (Central European time), in London - 10 o'clock (Greenwich time).

Rice. 1. Map of time zones of the world

Rail and air transport, telephone and telegraph communications on the territory of the country operate, as a rule, on a single time. In Russia, for example, according to Moscow time.

If you take a close look at the map of time zones, you will notice how remarkable the 180th meridian is. A conditional line of change of dates passes along it. Its zigzag in the area of the Chukotka Peninsula is not accidental. The fact is that on both sides of this line, the hours and minutes are the same, and the calendar dates differ by one day. If the date line crossed Chukotka, its inhabitants would have to maintain their own calendar, one day ahead of the national one.

If you ever decide to make a trip around the world and go from Cape Dezhnev to the east, crossing the international date line, do not forget to count the same day twice. And vice versa, moving from east to west - skip one day.

Statistical materials - one of the main sources of geographic information

Table 2. Population of the largest countries of the world (million people)

The relative value expresses the result of a comparison (comparison) of statistical indicators with each other. They allow you to detect certain changes in geographical phenomena, their trend.

Coefficients - indicators that reflect the characteristic features of individual phenomena, for example, the coefficient of specialization or natural population growth.

In order to learn how to work with statistical materials, one must first of all imagine how they are organized and built (ordered).

Let's look, for example, at the statistical table. 3 "Changes in the share of economic regions in the population of Russia according to the data of the 1926-2002 censuses."

Table 3. Change in the share of economic regions in the population of Russia according to the 1926-2002 census data, %

Thus, any statistical table includes three mandatory elements:

general table header;

statistical subject;

statistical predicate.

Statistical materials can be presented not only in statistical tables, but also in a visual form: in diagrams, graphs, maps, maps.

write down the name of the cartogram (“Population density of the economic regions of Russia”);

write out the name of the source, on the basis of which we will build a cartogram (statistical table "Population density of economic regions of Russia");

we write down the relative statistical indicators that we will depict, having previously rounded their values to integers;

Let's divide the indicators into groups according to the principle of equal intervals. The easiest way to break it down is to divide the difference between the largest (63) and smallest value (1) indicator by 5. In our case (63 - 1 \u003d 62 "60: 5 \u003d 12), the interval will be 12, and the groups of indicators will be as follows: 1 - 12; 12-24; 24-36; 36-48; 48-60 and more than 60 people/km2;

we will show on the contour map the boundaries of the economic regions of Russia;

transfer the legend of the cartogram to the contour map in the "Legends";

Let's make a chart.

The construction of graphs and charts based on statistical indicators has a mathematical basis that is well known to you.

Since the 1990s there is a reverse trend of population decline in the northern and eastern regions of Russia, primarily the Far East and North.

Rice. 2. Settlement of the Earth's population depending on the proximity of the coast of the seas and oceans

To determine the scale of a bar chart, for example, you must first determine what the largest and smallest bars can be. The basis of the diagram is determined by the formula X \u003d A: M, where X is the basis of the diagram; A is the statistical indicator we use; M is the scale base, which shows how many units of this indicator fall on 1 square. mm chart area. It is composed like this. First, an axial line is drawn - the base of the diagram, and then the perpendiculars are restored, taking into account the scale.

The sex and age pyramid allows you to visually analyze the sex ratio by age groups of the population. It is built as follows. On the vertical axis, age is plotted at regular intervals (in the form of age intervals; for example, 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, etc.), and on the horizontal axis - to the left - the number (or proportion) of men, and to the right - women (in the same scale). For each age group, they build their own linear diagram and, as it were, “string” them one after another from bottom to top - from the base of the pyramid to its top (Fig. 3). According to the shape of such a pyramid, one can determine the features of the age structure of the population, reveal the features of the sex ratio in different age groups. Quantitative data on the ratio of sexes and age groups of the population read from the sex and age pyramids can be used for further calculations of general demographic indicators (for example, demographic load factors of the population), their analysis and comparison.

Rice. 3. Gender and age pyramids

The question arises of how to update statistical materials, because they become outdated pretty soon. To do this, there are statistical collections, reference books, periodicals, Internet resources.

Geographic information systems as a means of obtaining, processing and presenting geographic information

By spatial coverage, global, national, regional, local and city GIS are distinguished. By purpose, they are divided into resource-cadastral, land, environmental, geological, marine, educational, etc.

Thus, geographic information systems (GIS) are special systems capable of collecting, systematizing, storing, processing, evaluating, displaying and distributing data at a new technical level and obtaining new geographic information on this basis. Very effective, for example, is the use of educational GIS when comparing thematic maps of different content for the same territory, whether it be a country or a region; when establishing various geographic links.

Let us draw your special attention to the possibilities and resources of the Internet, which can be used by you in the process of studying the course. They include:

educational resources WWW (World Wide Web);

E-mail (electronic mail);

teleconferences.

Educational resources on the World Wide Web can be helpful:

to search for additional and updated (including statistical) information for lessons in the process of preparation;

to search for information in the process of preparing various kinds of creative works (reports, abstracts, business games, educational conferences, etc.).

Email can be used:

to exchange educational creative works with their peers from other schools, regions of our country;

for mutual exchange of information in the process of solving problems of distance learning and telecommunication projects.

Teleconferencing can be helpful:

with participation in various kinds of educational and informative telecommunication projects.

Geographic map - special source information

Thematic maps

General geographic maps

General geographic maps display various elements of the earth's surface - relief, vegetation, rivers, settlements, transport networks, etc. For example, a physical map of Russia.

According to the coverage of the territory, maps of the world, individual continents, countries and their parts (regions) are distinguished.

A political map of the World

On the political map of the world you will find more than 230 countries and territories.

The borders of the state are formed for a long time. They can change for various reasons: historical, political, economic, cultural, natural.

The most complex is the political map of Western Europe. Let's determine the geographical position of the countries of this region together (Table 1).

Table 1. Countries of Western Europe

		Population (2007)	Capital(s)
	84 thousand km2	8.3 million people
		70 thousand people	Andorra la Vieja
	30.5 thousand km2	10.6 million people	Brussels
		1 thousand people
United Kingdom	244 thousand km2	61 million people
Germany	356 thousand km2	82.3 million people	Bonn, Berlin
	132.0 thousand km2	11.2 million people
	43 thousand km2	5.5 million people	Copenhagen
Ireland	70 thousand km2	4.4 million people
Iceland	103 thousand km2	290 thousand people	Reykjavik
	504 thousand km2	45.3 million people
	301 thousand km2	59.3 million people
Liechtenstein (Principality of Liechtenstein)		34 thousand people
Luxembourg (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg)	2.6 thousand km2	463 thousand people	Luxembourg
		397 thousand people	Valletta
		33 thousand people
Netherlands	41 thousand km2	16.4 million people	Amsterdam
Norway	324 thousand km2	4.7 million people
Portugal	92 thousand km2	10.7 million people	Lisbon

A map of time zones is an interesting, and most importantly, useful map (Fig. I).

However, we live in Moscow not according to standard time, but according to maternity time (from Latin decretum - decree, decree). In addition, you know that in Russia the clock hands move forward (summer time) or backward (winter time) by one hour in order to make the most efficient use of the daylight hours and save electricity. Therefore, Moscow, being in the 2nd time zone, practically lives according to the time of the 3rd time zone. In other words, when it is 13 o'clock in Moscow (Moscow time), then in Paris it is 11 o'clock (Central European time), in London it is 10 o'clock (Greenwich time).

Rice. 1. Map of time zones of the world

Rail and air transport, telephone and telegraph communications on the territory of the country operate, as a rule, on a single time. In Russia, for example, according to Moscow time.

Statistical materials are one of the main sources of geographic information

Table 2. Population of the largest countries of the world (million people)

The relative value expresses the result of a comparison (comparison) of statistical indicators with each other. They allow you to detect certain changes in geographical phenomena, their trend.

Coefficients - indicators that reflect the characteristic features of individual phenomena, for example, the coefficient of specialization or natural population growth.

In order to learn how to work with statistical materials, one must first of all imagine how they are organized and built (ordered).

A statistical table is a system of vertical and horizontal columns (columns and rows) provided with headings and filled in a certain order with digital data. It contains the statistical data necessary to characterize the studied geographical phenomenon and its constituent parts. The headings of the horizontal rows of the statistical table correspond to the statistical “subject”, and the top headings of its vertical columns correspond to the statistical “predicate”.

Let's look, for example, at the statistical table. 3 “Change in the share of economic regions in the population of Russia according to the data of the 1926-2002 censuses”.

Table 3. Change in the share of economic regions in the population of Russia according to the 1926-2002 census data, %


Russian Federation, including areas:
Northern
Northwestern
Central
Volga-Vyatka
Central Black Earth
Volga region
North Caucasian
Ural
West Siberian
East Siberian
Far Eastern
Kaliningrad region

Thus, any statistical table includes three mandatory elements:

General title of the table;

Statistical subject;

Statistical predicate.

Statistical materials can be presented not only in statistical tables, but also in a visual form: in diagrams, graphs, maps, maps.

Let's write down the name of the cartogram (“Population density of the economic regions of Russia”);

We write out the name of the source, on the basis of which we will build a cartogram (statistical table “Population density of economic regions of Russia”);

Let's write down the relative statistical indicators that we will depict, having previously rounded their values to integers;

Let's divide the indicators into groups according to the principle of equal intervals. The easiest way to break it down is to divide the difference between the largest (63) and smallest value (1) indicator by 5. In our case (63 - 1 = 62 ” 60: 5 = 12), the interval will be 12, and the groups of indicators will be as follows: 1 - 12; 12-24; 24-36; 36-48; 48-60 and more than 60 people/km2;

Let's make a cartogram legend in a notebook, where darker tones of color (or denser shading) depict a greater intensity of the phenomenon; light shades (or rare shading) - smaller. For a color image, it is better to take shades of one paint: from lighter to darker;

We will show on the contour map the boundaries of the economic regions of Russia;

Let's transfer the legend of the cartogram to the contour map in the "Legends";

Let's do a cartogram.

The construction of graphs and charts based on statistical indicators has a mathematical basis that is well known to you.

Since the 1990s there is a reverse trend of population decline in the northern and eastern regions of Russia, primarily the Far East and North.

Diagrams show the volume and structure of geographical phenomena. They can be circular, point, linear, areal, volumetric, etc. (Fig. 2). Recall that when constructing pie charts, the initial radius is considered to be directed upwards on a sheet of paper, i.e., “northern”. It is from him, clockwise, that indicators are plotted by eye (based on I% \u003d 3.6 degrees), characterizing a geographical phenomenon, for example, the resettlement of the Earth's population, depending on the proximity of the seas.

Rice. 2. Settlement of the Earth's population depending on the proximity of the coast of the seas and oceans

To determine the scale of a bar chart, for example, you must first determine what the largest and smallest bars can be. The basis of the diagram is determined by the formula X = A: M, where X is the basis of the diagram; A is the statistical indicator we use; M is the scale base, which shows how many units of this indicator fall on 1 square. mm chart area. It is composed like this. First, an axial line is drawn - the base of the diagram, and then the perpendiculars are restored, taking into account the scale.

The sex and age pyramid allows you to visually analyze the sex ratio by age groups of the population. It is built as follows. On the vertical axis, age is plotted at regular intervals (in the form of age intervals; for example, 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, etc.), and on the horizontal axis - to the left - the number (or proportion) of men, and to the right - women (in the same scale). For each age group, they build their own linear diagram and, as it were, “string” them one after another from bottom to top - from the base of the pyramid to its top (Fig. 3). According to the shape of such a pyramid, one can determine the features of the age structure of the population, reveal the features of the sex ratio in different age groups. Quantitative data on the ratio of sexes and age groups of the population read from the sex and age pyramids can be used for further calculations of general demographic indicators (for example, demographic load factors of the population), their analysis and comparison.

Rice. 3. Gender and age pyramids

The question arises of how to update statistical materials, because they become outdated pretty soon. To do this, there are statistical collections, reference books, periodicals, Internet resources.

Geographic information systems as a means of obtaining, processing and presenting geographic information

Geographic information systems (GIS) is a computer database that stores geo-information in the form of maps of various content, digital and textual information on objects plotted on these maps. Information can be presented on the monitor screen and in the form of printouts of any scale, tables, graphs, diagrams for any of the information blocks.

By spatial coverage, global, national, regional, local and city GIS are distinguished. By purpose, they are divided into resource-cadastral, land, environmental, geological, marine, educational, etc.

Let us draw your special attention to the possibilities and resources of the Internet, which can be used by you in the process of studying the course. They include:

Educational resources WWW (World Wide Web);

E-mail (electronic mail);

Teleconferences.

Educational resources on the World Wide Web can be helpful:

To search for additional and updated (including statistical) information for lessons in the process of preparation;

To search for information in the process of preparing various kinds of creative works (reports, essays, business games, educational conferences, etc.).

Email can be used:

To exchange educational creative works with their peers from other schools, regions of our country;

For the mutual exchange of information in the process of solving problems of distance learning and telecommunications projects.

Teleconferencing can be helpful:

With participation in various kinds of educational and informative telecommunication projects.

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