Space development today. The history of the development of domestic cosmonautics

On April 12, our country celebrated the 50th anniversary of the development of space - the day of cosmonautics. This is a nationwide holiday. For us, it seems the usual, that space ships start from the ground. In high celestial dams, the docks of spacecraft occur. For months, astronauts live in space stations, automatic stations are leaving for other planets. Can you say "what is special here?"

But most recently about cosmic flights were told about fantastics. And on October 4, 1957 began new era - Era of space development.

Designers

Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich -

russian scientist who one of the first wonders about flight into space.

The fate and life of scientists are unusual and interesting. The first half of childhood in the bone of Tsiolkovsky was the usual, like all children. Already being in old age, Konstantin Eduardovich recalled how he liked to climb trees, climb on the roofs of houses, jump from a high height to experience a feeling of free fall. The second childhood began when sick scarletina, almost completely lost his hearing. Deafness caused a boy not only household inconveniences and moral suffering. She threatened to slow his physical and mental development.

Suost comprehended one more grief: his mother died. Father, the younger brother and an illiterate aunt remained in the family. The boy remained granted himself.

Due to many joys and impressions due to illness, Kostya reads a lot, constantly understanding read. It invents what was invented for a long time. But - invents himself. For instance, lathe. In the courtyard of the houses are spinning in the wind built by the windmills they are running against the wind sailing carts self-propelled.

He dreams of space travel. Pop company reads books on physics, chemistry, astronomy, mathematics. Realizing that his capable, but a deaf son will not be taken in one educational institutionFather decides to send a sixteen-year-old in Moscow costume for self-education. Kostya in Moscow removes the corner and in the morning to the evening sits in free libraries. The father sending him a monthly 15 - 20 rubles to him, bone, eating black bread and drinking it in tea, spends a month for food 90 kopecks! The rest of the money buys retorts, books, reagents. Subsequent years were also not easy. He suffered a lot from the official indifference to his works and projects. I was sick, fell in spirit, but I was going again, I made calculations, wrote books.

Now we already know that Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky is the pride of Russia, one of the fathers of cosmonautics, a great scientist. And with surprise, many of us find out that the great scientist did not study at school, did not have any scientific degrees, last years lived in Kaluga in ordinary wooden house And no longer hearing, but all over the world is now recognized by the one who first drawn the path to other worlds and stars for humanity:

The ideas of Tsiolkovsky were developed by Friedrich Arturovich Zander and Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk.

All the most cherished dreams of cosmonautics founders embodied Sergey Pavlovich Korolev.

Friedrich Arturovich Zander (1887-1933)

Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk

Sergey Pavlovich Korolev

The ideas of Tsiolkovsky were developed by Friedrich Arturovich Zander and Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk. All the most cherished dreams of cosmonautics founders embodied Sergey Pavlovich Korolev.

On this day, the first artificial satellite of the Earth was launched. Space era began. The first satellite of the Earth was a shiny ball from aluminum alloys And it was small - a diameter of 58 cm, weighing - 83.6 kg. The device had two-meter mustache-antennas, and two radio transmitters were placed inside. The speed of the satellite was 28,800 km / h. For an hour and a half, the satellite was shielded all earthAnd during the day the flight performed 15 revolutions. Now there are many satellites on earthly orbit. Some are used for television and radio communications, others are scientific laboratories.

Before scientists there was a task - to bring to orbit creature.

And the road to the space for a person was laid dogs. Animal tests began in 1949. The first "cosmonauts" was recruited in: Meadows - the first detachment of dogs. Total caught 32 dogs.

Dogs in experimental decided to take, because Scientists knew how they behave, understood the characteristics of the structure of the body. In addition, dogs are not capricious, they are easy to train. And the courtyards were chosen because the doctors considered: they have been forced to fight for survival from the first day, besides unpretentious and very quickly get used to the staff. Dogs were required to meet the specified standards: no less than 6 kilograms and growth no higher than 35 cm. Remembering that dogs will have to "turn" on the pages of the newspapers, selected "objects" paint, more than and smart faces. They were trained on the vibrationande, centrifuge, in the barocamera: a hermetic cabin was made for space travel, which was attached to the rocket nose.

The first dog start took place on July 22, 1951 - Desik and Gypsy kyansus kept him successfully! Gypsy and Dezk rose 110 km, then the cabin with them freely fell to a height of 7 km.

Since 1952, they began to work out the flights of animals in the skaters. The spacecraft made from rubberized tissue in the form of a bag with two deaf sleeves for the front paws. A removable helmet made of transparent plexiglass was mounted. In addition, they developed a catapult trolley, on which a tray with a dog was placed, as well as equipment. This design at a high height shot out of the falling cabin and descended on the parachute.

On August 20, it was announced that the descent apparatus was made a soft landing and a protein and arrow dogs safely returned to Earth. But not only, 21 gray and 19 white mice flew 21.

Protein and arrow were already real cosmonauts. What were the cosmonauts trained?

Dogs have passed all types of tests. They can be pretty long in the cabin without movement, can carry large overloads, vibrations. Animals are not afraid of rumors, they can sit in their experimental equipment, giving the opportunity to record heart biotoks, muscles, brain, blood pressure, breathing nature, etc.

On television showed the footage of the flight of proteins and arrows. It was clearly visible as they tumbled in weightlessness. And, if the arrow referred to everything wary, then the squirrel joyfully silently and even Beaya.

Protein and arrow became universal favorites. They were taken in kindergartens, schools, orphanages.

Until the flight of a person in space remained 18 days.

Male makeup

In the Soviet Union, only January 5, 1959. It was decided to selection of people and prepare them for a flight to space. The controversial was the question of whom to prepare for flight. Doctors argued that only they, engineers believed that a person from their medium should fly into space. But the choice fell on the fighter pilots, because they really are from all professions closer to space: flying at large altitudes in special costumes, carry overloads, have a parachute, keep contact with command items. Reliable, disciplined, well know jet aircraft. Of 3000 fighter pilots chose 20 people.

A special medical commission was created, mainly from military doctors. Requirements for cosmonauts are: first, excellent health with a double-triple margin of strength; Secondly, sincere desire to do a new and dangerous business, the ability to develop the beginning of creative research activities; Thirdly, to meet the requirements for individual parameters: age 25-30 years, height 165-170 cm, weight 70-72 kg and no more! Coulded ruthlessly. The slightest violation in the body, removed immediately.

The leadership decided from 20 astronauts to allocate several people for the first flight. On January 17 and 18, 1961, astronauts staged an exam. As a result, the admission commission allocated a six to prepare for flights. The portraits of astronauts in it were included in the order of priority: Yu.A. Gagarin, G.S. Titov, G.G. Nelyubov, A.N. Nikolaev, V.F. Bykovsky, P.R. Popovich. On April 5, 1961, all six cosmonauts flew to a cosmodrome. Choose the first of the astronauts of equal in health, preparation, courage was not easy. This task was solved by specialists and the head of the group of cosmonauts N.P. Kamanan. I was Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. On April 9, the decision of the State Commission was declared cosmonauts.

Baikonur veterans argue that on the night of April 12, no one slept on the cosmodrome, except for astronauts. At 3 o'clock in the morning, on April 12, the final checks of all East ship systems began. The rocket was covered by powerful spotlights. At 5.30 in the morning, Evgeny Anatolyevich Karpov raised astronauts. The view of them is cheerful. We started a freezing, then breakfast and medical examination. At 6.00 meeting of the State Commission, the decision was confirmed: Yu.A. is flying first to space Gagarin. Sign the flight task. Stood solar, warm day, around in the steppes bloomed tulips. The rocket glittered dazzlingly in the sun. For a farewell, 2-3 minutes was assigned, and ten passed. Gagarina put in the ship 2 hours before the start. At this time, the rocket fuel is refueling, and as the tanks are filling, it "dresses" exactly in a snow coat and soars. Then they give power, check the equipment. One of the sensors indicates that there is no reliable contact in the lid. Found ... did ... closed the lid again. The platform is empty. And the famous Gagarinskoye "went!". The rocket slowly, as if reluctant, sparkling the avalanche of fire, rises from the start and rapidly goes into the sky. Soon the rocket disappeared from the view. There was a volatile wait.

Female makeup

Valentina Tereshkova Born in the village of Big Maslennikovo Yaroslavl region In the peasant family of immigrants from Belarus (father from Mogilev, a mother from the village of Eremeevshchina Dubrovansky district). As Valentina Vladimirovna himself told, she spoke in his childhood with native Belarusian. Father - tractor driver, mother - a worker of a textile factory. Called to the Red Army in 1939, Valentina's father died in the Soviet-Finnish war.

In 1945, the girl went to High School No. 32 of Yaroslavl, the seven classes of which graduated in 1953. To help the family, in 1954, Valentine went to work on the Yaroslavl tire plant by a braceletman, while at the same time enrolling in the evening classes of the school of working young people. Since 1959, he was engaged in parachute sports in Yaroslavl Aerosluba (fulfilled 90 jumps). Continuing the work on the Red Perepop textile plant, from 1955 to 1960, Valentine has passed correspondence training in the technical school of light industry. From August 11, 1960, the liberated secretary of the Committee of the Volksm Combine "Red Perekop".
In the cosmonaut detachment

After the first successful flights of Soviet cosmonauts, Sergey Korolev had an idea to launch a woman into space-astronaut. In early 1962, the search for contenders began on the following criteria: a parachute, age up to 30 years, heights up to 170 centimeters and weighing up to 70 kilograms. From hundreds of candidates, five were chosen: Zhanna Yorkina, Tatiana Kuznetsova, Valentina Ponomareva, Irina Solovyova and Valentina Tereshkova.

Immediately after adopting a cosmonauts, Valentina Tereshkov, together with the rest of the girls, called for an urgent military service in the rank of ordinary.
Preparation

Valentina Tereshkova, Valentina Tereshkova, was enrolled on March 12, 1962 and began to be trained as a speaker-astronaut of the 2nd squad. On November 29, 1962, she passed the final exams in the OKP to "excellent". From December 1, 1962, Tereshkova - Cosmonaut of the 1st Detachment of the 1st Department. From June 16, 1963, then immediately after the flight, she became an instructor-astronaut of the 1st squad and was in this position until March 14, 1966.

During training, she passed training on the body's stability to space flight factors. Training included thermocamera, where it was necessary to be in a flying overalls at a temperature of +70 ° C and a humidity of 30%, the ward room is an isolated room, where each candidate had to spend 10 days.

Training in weightless passed on MiG-15. When performing a special shape of the highest pilot - a parabolic slide - weightlessness was installed inside the aircraft, and there were 3-4 flights such sessions. During each session, it was necessary to fulfill the next task: to write a name and surname, try to eat, talk on the radio.

Particular attention was paid to parachute preparation, since the astronaut before the landing itself catapulted and landed separately on the parachute. Since there always existed the risk of a descent of the descent apparatus, training on parachute jumps in the sea was carried out, in the technological, that is, not fitted in size, scaffle.

Savitskaya Svetlana Evgenievna- cosmonaut of Russia. Born on August 8, 1948 in Moscow. Daughter Twice Hero of the Soviet Union Marshal Aviation Evgenia Yakovlevich Savitsky. After graduating from high school, he entered the institute and simultaneously sits at the steering wheel of the aircraft. The following types of aircraft mastered: MiG-15, MiG-17, E-33, E-66B. Engaged in parachuting. I installed 3 world records in group jumps with a parachute from the stratosphere and 15 world records on jet aircraft. Absolute world champion in the highest pilot on piston aircraft (1970). For his sporting achievements in 1970, the title of Honored Master of Sport of the USSR was awarded. In 1971 he graduated from the Central Field Technical School under the Central Committee DOSAAF USSR, and in 1972 - the Moscow Aviation Institute named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze. After study, worked as a pilot instructor. Since 1976, after passing a course in the school of test pilots, the pilot testing of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR. During operation, the test pilot mastered more than 20 types of aircraft, has the qualifications of the 2nd class pilot. Since 1980, in the cosmonaut detachment (1980, a group of women-astronauts No. 2). Passed a full course of preparation for flights into space on the ships of the Union T and orbital Station Salute. From 19 to 27 August 1982, he made his first flight into space as a cosmonaut-researcher of the ship Union T-7. He worked on board the orbital station Salute-7. The duration of the flight was 7 days 21 hours 52 minutes 24 seconds. From July 17 to 25, 1984, he made his second flight into space as a farther engineer Soyuz T-12. While working on board the Salyut-7 orbital station on July 25, 1984, the first of the women made a way out open space. The stay in the open space was 3 hours and 35 minutes. The duration of the space flight was 11 days 19 hours 14 minutes 36 seconds. For 2 flights, the 19th day of 17 hours of 7 minutes flew in space. After the second space flight, worked in the NGO "Energy" (deputy head of the chief designer department). Has the qualification of the 2nd class test instructor-cosmonaut. In the late 1980s, she was engaged in public operation, was the first deputy chairman of the Soviet Foundation of the world. Since 1989, more and more actively begun to engage in political activities. In 1989-1991 he was a People's Deputy of the USSR. In 1990 - 1993 he was the People's Deputy of the Russian Federation. In 1993, he left the cosmonaut detachment, and in 1994 he left NGO "Energy" and fully focused on political activity. Deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the first and second conveners (since 1993; the Communist Party Faction). Member of the Defense Committee. From January 16 to January 31, 1996 he headed the Temporary Commission for Control over the electronic voting system. Member of the Central Council of the All-Russian socio-political movement "Spiritual Heritage".

Elena Vladimirovna Kondakova (Born 1957 in Mytishchi) was the third Russian woman-astronaut and the first woman who had committed a long flight into space. Her first flight into space took place on October 4, 1994 as part of the expedition Union TM-20, return to Earth - March 22, 1995 after a 5-month flight on the orbital station "Peace". The second flight Kondakova - as a specialist in the American ship Atlantis (Shuttle) (English Space Shuttle Atlantis) as part of the Atlantis Sts-84 expedition in May 1997. In a detachment of cosmonauts, it was included in 1989.

Since 1999 - Deputy State Duma RF from the party "United Russia".

Studying cosmos It began from the most ancient times, when a person just learned to consider the stars, highlighting the constellation. And only four hundred years ago, after the invention of the telescope, astronomy began rapidly develop all new discoveries to science.

The XVII century became a transitioned century for astronomy, then the scientific method began to apply in the study of space, thanks to which it was opened Milky Way, other star clusters and nebulae. And with the creation of a spectroscope, which is able to decompose the light emitted by the celestial object through the prism, scientists learned to measure the data of the celestial bodies, such as temperature, chemical composition, Mass and other measurements.

Since the end of the 19th century, astronomy joined the phase of numerous discoveries and achievements, the main breakthrough of science in the 20th century was the launch of the first satellite into space, the first flight of a person into space, exit to the open outer space, landing on the moon and space missions to the planets of the solar system. The inventions of heavy duty quantum computers in the XIX century also promise many new studies, both already known planets and stars and the opening of new distant corners of the universe.

Space exploration.

Yu.A.Gagarin.

In 1957, under the leadership of Korolev, the first intercontinental ballistic missile R-7 was created, which in the same year was used to launch the world's first artificial satellite.

November 3, 1957 - The second artificial satellite of the Earth satellite-2 was launched for the first time the living being for the first time - a dog husky. (THE USSR).

January 4, 1959 - the station "Luna-1" was held at a distance of 6,000 kilometers from the surface of the Moon and reached the heliocentric orbit. She became the world's first artificial satellite of the sun. (THE USSR).

September 14, 1959 - The station "Luna-2" for the first time in the world reached the surface of the moon in the area of \u200b\u200bthe sea of \u200b\u200bclarity near the crater Aristide, Archimedes and Avtolik, delivering a pennant with the coat of arms of the USSR. (THE USSR).

October 4, 1959 - Moon-3 is launched, which for the first time in the world photographed the side of the moon invisible from the ground. Also during the flight for the first time in the world, a gravitational maneuver was carried out in practice. (THE USSR).

August 19, 1960 - the first orbital flight in the history of living beings with a successful return to Earth was committed. On the ship "Satellite-5" orbital flight made protein and arrow dogs. (THE USSR).

April 12, 1961 - the first flight of a person was committed into space (Y. Gagarin) on the ship Vostok-1. (THE USSR).

August 12, 1962 - the world's first group space flight on the ships of East-3 and East-4 was committed. The maximum rapprochement of ships was about 6.5 km. (THE USSR).

June 16, 1963 - the world's first flight in space in space of Women-Cosmonaut (Valentina Tereshkova) on the East-6 spacecraft. (THE USSR).

October 12, 1964 - Multi-sided spacecraft Voskhod-1 was flying the first in the world. (THE USSR).

March 18, 1965 - the first person in the history of a person in open space was committed. Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov made an exit to open space from the Voskhod-2 ship. (THE USSR).

February 3, 1966 - AMS Moon-9 made the world's first soft landing on the surface of the moon, panoramic shots of the moon were transferred. (THE USSR).

March 1, 1966 - Venen-3 station for the first time reached the surface of Venus, delivering the Vympel of the USSR. It was the world's first pilot of the spacecraft from the ground to another planet. (THE USSR).

October 30, 1967 - the first docking of two unmanned spacecraft "Cosmos-186" and "Cosmos-188" was performed. (CCR).

September 15, 1968 - the first return of the spacecraft (Zond-5) to Earth after the location of the moon. There were live creatures on board: turtles, fruit flies, worms, plants, seeds, bacteria. (THE USSR).

January 16, 1969 - the first docking of two aerobatic Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 spacecraft was performed. (THE USSR).

September 24, 1970 - the station "Luna-16" made a fence and subsequent delivery to the ground (station "Luna-16") samples of the lunar soil. (THE USSR). It is the first unmanned spacecraft that caused the samples of rocks from another cosmic body to the land (that is, in this case, from the moon).

November 17, 1970 - a soft landing and the beginning of the world's first semi-automatic remote controlled self-propelled apparatus, managed from the Earth: Lunohod-1. (THE USSR).

october 1975 - Soft landing of two spacecraft "Venus-9" and "Venus-10" and the world's first photographs of the surface of Venus. (THE USSR).

February 20, 1986 - Conclusion to the orbit of the basic module of the orbital station [[Mir_ (orbital_station)] World]

November 20, 1998 - launch of the first block of international space station. Production and launch (Russia). Owner (USA).

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50 years of the first man's output in open space.

Today, March 18, 1965, at 11 am 30 minutes Moscow time, at the flight of the spacecraft "Voskhod-2", for the first time, a person's yield was carried out in outer space. On the second round of the flight of the second pilot pilot-cosmonaut Lieutenant Colonel Leonov Alexey Arkhipovich in a special scaffron with autonomous system Life support made an exit to outer space, retired from the ship at a distance of five meters, successfully conducted a range of outlined research and observations and safely returned to the ship. With the help of the on-board television system, the comrade of Leonov's comrade into outer space, his work outside the ship and return to the ship was transferred to the ground and the network of ground items were observed. The well-being of Comrade Leonov Alexey Archupovich during his stay outside the ship and after returning to the ship is good. The commander of the ship Comrade Belyaev Pavel Ivanovich feels good.

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Today is characterized by new projects and plans for the development of outer space. Space tourism is actively developing. The piloted cosmonautics is going to return to the moon again and turned his eyes to other planets of the solar system (first of all to MARS).

In 2009, $ 68 billion was spent in the world for space programs, including $ 48.8 billion, the EU - $ 7.9 billion, Japan - $ 3 billion, Russia - $ 2.8 billion, China - $ 2 billion.

February 12, 1961, the spins of Venus automatic interplanetary station "Venus-1"; 19-20 May 1961 (USSR).

On April 12, 1961, the first flight around the land of the cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin on the satellite ship "Vostok" (USSR).

August 6, 1961 daily flight around the land of astronaut G. S. Titova on the ship-satellite "East-2" (USSR).

April 23, 1962 photographing and achievement April 26, 1962 The surface of the moon was the first automatic station of the Ranger series (USA).

On August 11 and 12, 1962, the first group flight of the cosmonauts A. G. Nikolaev and P. R. Popovich on the ships of Satellites "East-3" and "East-4" (USSR).

On August 27, 1962, the spins of Venus and its study of the first automatic interplanetary station "Mariner" on December 14, 1962 (USA).

On November 1, 1962, the automatic interplanetary station "Mars-1" June 19, 1963 (USSR).

June 16, 1963 flight around the Earth of the First Women-Cosmonaut V. V. Tereshkova on the ship "Vostok-6" (USSR).

October 12, 1964 Flight around the land of the cosmonauts V. M. Komarova, K. P. Feoktistov and B. B. Egorova on a triple ship "Sunrise" (USSR).

November 28, 1964, the span of Mars on July 15, 1965 and its study by the automatic interplanetary station "Mariner-4" (USA).

March 18, 1965 The yield of cosmonaut A. A. Leonov from the Skhodog-2 satellite ship, piloted by P. I. Belyaev, in open space (USSR).

March 23, 1965, the first maneuver in the orbit of the Uzes of the ship "Gemini 3" with cosmonauts V. Grysom and J. Yang (USA).

On April 23, 1965, the first automatic connection of the USS on the synchronous orbit of the Zipper-1 series (USSR).

July 16, 1965, the first automatic heavy research test of the Proton series (USSR).

July 18, 1965 re-photographing the reverse side of the moon and the transfer of the image to the Earth by the automatic interplanetary station "Zond-3" (USSR).

November 16, 1965 reaching the surface of Venus on March 1, 1966 by the venera-3 automatic station (USSR).

December 4 and 15, 1965-group flight with close convergence of satellite ships "Gemini-7" and "Gemini-6", with cosmonauts F. Borman, J. Lovellol and W. Shirroy, T. Stafford (USA).

January 31, 1966-first soft landing on the moon February 3, 1966 automatic station "Luna-9" and the transfer to the land of the lunar photopanorama (USSR).

March 16, 1966-hand docking of the ship "Gemini-8" satellite, piloted by astronauts N. Armstrong and D. Scott, with Ajen's rocket (USA).

August 10, 1966 - the conclusion into the orbit of the artificial satellite of the moon of the first automatic station of the Lunar Orbiiter series.

January 27, 1967 - During the tests of the spacecraft "Apollo" at the start in the cabin of the ship there was a fire. Cosmonauts killed by V. Grissom, E. White and R. Chafth (USA).

On April 23, 1967-flight of the Soyuz-1 satellite ship with a cosmonaut V. M. Komarov. Upon descending to the land due to the refusal of the parachute system, the cosmonaut was killed (USSR).

June 12, 1967-descent and research in the atmosphere of Venus October 18, 1967 automatic station "Vena-4" (USSR).

June 14, 1967, the span of Venus on October 19, 1967 and its study by the automatic station "Mariner-5" (USA).

September 15, November 10, 1968, the lunar and return to the land of the ships "Zond-5" and "Zond-6" using ballistic and managed descent (USSR).

On December 21, 1968, the lunar of the Moon with exit on December 24, 1968 in the orbit of the Satellite of the Moon and the return to Earth "Apollo-8" with astronauts F. Borman, J. Lovell, W. Anders (USA).

5, January 10, 1969 - continuation of the immediate study of the atmosphere of Venus by automatic stations "Venus-5" (May 16, 1969) and "Venus-6" (May 17, 1969) (USSR).

14, January 15, 1969 - The first dock in the orbit of the Earth's satellite of the piloted ships "Soyuz-4" and "Soyuz-5" with the cosmonauts V. A. Shatalov and B. V. Volynov, A. S. Eliseev, E. V. Khrunov . The last two astronauts went out into space and switched to another ship (USSR).

February 24, March 27, 1969 - continuation of the study of Mars when it is pasted by the automatic stations "Mariner-6" on July 31, 1969 and Mariner-7 August 5, 1969 (USA).

On May 18, 1969, the Luna ship "Apollo-10" with cosmonauts T. Stafford, J. Yangov and Y. Sulnan with exit on May 21, 1969 on a village-centric orbit, maneuvering on it and return to Earth (USA).

July 16, 1969-first landing on the Moon of the Pilotable Ship "Apollo-11". Kosmonauts N. Armstrong and E. Oldrin stayed on the moon in a sea of \u200b\u200bcalm 21 h 36 min (July 20-21, 1969). M. Collins was in the command compartment of the ship in a village-centric orbit. By fulfilling the flight program, the astronauts returned to Earth (USA).

On August 8, 1969, the lunas and return to the land of the Zond-7 ship using a managed descent (USSR).

11, 12, October 13, 1969 group flight with maneuvering of Soyuz-6 shields, Soyuz-7 and Soyuz-8 with cosmonauts G. S. Shonin, V. N. Kubasov; A. V. Filipchenko, V. N. Volkov, V. V. Gorbatko; V. A. Shatalov, A. S. Eliseev (USSR).

October 14, 1969 Intercosmos Research Satellite with Scientific Equipment of Socialist Countries (USSR).

November 14, 1969-landing on the moon in the ocean of the storms of the piloted ship "Apollo-12". Cosmonauts C. Konrad and A. Bean stayed on the moon 31 h 31 min (November 19-20, 1969). R. Gordon was located on a village-centric orbit (USA).

On April 11, 1970, the Luna returns to the land of the Apollo-13 ship with the cosmonauts of J. Lovell, J. Sudger, F. Hase. The planned flight on the moon is canceled due to an accident on the ship (USA).

June 1, 1970-flight with a duration of 425 hours of the Soyuz-9 satellite ship with Azmonauts A. G. Nikolaev and V. I. Sevastyanov (USSR).

August 17, a 1970-soft landing on the surface of Venus of the automatic station "Venus-7" with scientific equipment (USSR).

On September 12, the 1970-Automatic Station "Luna-16" performed on September 20, 1970 a soft landing on the moon in a sea of \u200b\u200babundance, made drilling, took the samples of the lunar breed and delivered them to the ground (USSR).

October 20, 1970, the lunar, with returning to Earth by the Northern Hemisphere of the Zond-8 ship (USSR).

On November 10, 1970-Automatic Station "Luna-17" delivered a self-apparatus apparatus "Lunohod-1" to the moon with a radiofuel with scientific instruments. For 11. lunar days Lunohod passed 10.5 km, exploring the area of \u200b\u200bthe sea of \u200b\u200bthe rains (USSR).

January 31, 1971-landing on the moon in the region of Crater Fra-Mauro of the Pilotous Ship "Apollo-14". Cosmonauts A. Shepard and E. Mitchell stayed on the moon 33 h 30 min (February 5-6, 1971). S. Rus was located on a village-centric orbit (USA).

On May 19, 1971, the achievement of the first surface of Mars the desired apparatus of the automatic station "Mars-2" and its output to the orbit of the first artificial satellite of Mars on November 27, 1971 (USSR).

On May 28, 1971 The first soft landing on the surface of Mars of the descent apparatus of the automatic station "Mars-3" and the output of it into the orbit of the artificial satellite of Mars on December 2, 1971 (USSR).

On May 30, 1971, the first artificial satellite of Mars - the automatic station "Mariner-9". In orbit, the satellite was removed November 13, 1971 (USA).

On June 6, 1971 flights with a duration of 570 hours of astronauts G. T. Dobrovolsky, V. N. Volkova and V. I. Patsayev on the ship South-11 Satellite and the Salute orbital station. When descending to the ground, due to the depressurization of the cab cabin, the astronauts died (USSR).

July 26, 1971 landing on the moon of the ship "Apollo-15". Cosmonauts D. Scott and J. Irwin stayed on the moon 66 h 55 min (July 30 - August 2, 1971). A. Warden was located in a village-centric orbit (USA).

On October 28, 1971, the first English ISS "Prospero" brought into orbit an English carrier rocket.

February 14, 1972 Automatic station "Luna-20" delivered to Earth moon sad From the mainland portion adjacent to the sea of \u200b\u200babundance (USSR).

On March 3, 1972, an automatic station "Pioneer-10" belt of asteroids (July 1972 - February 1973) and Jupiter (December 4, 1973), followed by way out of the solar system (USA).

March 27, 1972-soft landing on the surface of Venus automatic station "Venus-8" July 22, 1972. Study of the atmosphere and surface of the planet (USSR).

April 16, 1972 landing on the moon of the ship "Apollo-16". Cosmonauts J. Young and Ch. Dyuk stayed on the moon 71 h 02 min (April 21-24, 1972). T. Mattingly was in a village-centric orbit (USA).

December 7, 1972 landing on the Moon of the Ship "Apollo-17". Cosmonauts Y. Sernan and H. Schmitt stayed on the moon 75 h 00 min (December 11-15, 1972). R. Evans was located in a village-centric orbit (USA).

January 8, 1973, the automatic station "Luna-21" delivered January 16, 1973 to the Lunohod-2 moon. For 5 lunar days, the lunohod passed 37 km (USSR).

May 14, 1973 Long-term piloted orbital station Skylab. Cosmonauts Ch. Konrad, P. Vayiz and J. Kervin from May 25 he stayed at the station 28 days. On July 28, the crew arrived at the station: A. BIN, O. Garryot, J. Lusma for two-month work (USA).

Introduction:

In the second half of the XX century. Humanity stepped on the threshold of the Universe - entered the outer space. Our homeland opened the road to space. The first artificial satellite of the Earth, who opened the Space Era, was launched by the former Soviet Union, the first cosmonaut of the world is a citizen of the former USSR.

Cosmonautics is a huge catalyst modern science Both technicians who have become an unprecedented short term one of the main levers of the modern world process. It stimulates the development of electronics, mechanical engineering, materials science, computing equipment, energy and many other areas of the national economy.

In scientific terms, humanity seeks to find the answer to such fundamental issues as the structure and evolution of the universe, the formation of the solar system, the origin and the path of development of life. From the hypotheses about the nature of the planets and the structure of space, people moved to a comprehensive and direct study of celestial bodies and interplanetary space with rocket and space technology.

In the development of space, humanity will have to explore various areas of outer space: the moon, other planets and interplanetary space.

Modern level of space technology and its development forecast show that the main purpose scientific research With the help of space agents, apparently, our near future will be our solar system. The main tasks of studying solar-terrestrial ties and space land - Moon, as well as Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn and other planets, astronomical studies, medical and biological research to assess the effect of the duration of flights to the human body and its performance.

In principle, development space Technology There must be ahead of "demand" associated with the solution of current national economic problems. The main tasks here are launch vehicles, motor installations, spacecraft, as well as providing funds (command and measuring and starting complexes, equipment, etc.), providing progress in related industries, directly or indirectly related to the development of cosmonautics.

To fly to world space, it was necessary to understand and use the principle of reactive movement in practice, learn to make rockets, create the theory of interplanetary messages, etc.

Rocket appliances - not a new concept. To create powerful modern carrier rockets, a person went through the millennium of dreams, fantasies, mistakes, searches in various fields of science and technology, accumulation of experience and knowledge.

The principle of action of the rocket is its movement under the action of the rate of return, the reaction of the flow of particles discarded from the rocket. In rocket. those. The device equipped with a rocket engine, expiring gases are formed due to the reaction of the oxidizing agent and fuel stored in the rocket itself. This circumstance makes the work of the rocket engine independent of the presence or absence of a gas environment. Thus, the rocket is an amazing structure capable of moving in an airless space, i.e. Not a reference, outer space.

The project N. I. Kibalchic, a famous Russian revolutionary, who left despite the short life (1853-1881), a deep mark in the history of science and technology, is occupied by a special place among Russian projects of applying the reactive principle of flight. Having extensive and deep knowledge of mathematics, physics and especially chemistry, Kibalchich manufactured homemade shells and mines for the People's Republic. "The airlock project" was the result of a long research work Kibalchic over explosives. He, in essence, for the first time, suggested a non-rocket engine adapted to any existing aircraft, as other inventors did, and a completely new (rocket) apparatus, a prototype of modern manned space products, which have a rocket engines for direct creation of lifting Forces supporting the device in flight. Kibalchich's aircraft was supposed to function on the principle of the rocket!

But because Kibalchich was put in prison for the attempt on Tsar Alexander II, then the project aircraft It was discovered only in 1917 in the archive of the Police Department.

So, by the end of the last century, the idea of \u200b\u200bapplying for flights of jet devices has received large scales in Russia. And the first one who decided to continue the research was our great compatriot Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935). The reactive principle of movement, he began to be interested in very early. Already in 1883, he gave a ship description with jet engine. Already in 1903, Tsiolkovsky for the first time in the world gave the opportunity to design a liquid rocket scheme. The ideas of Tsiolkovsky received universal recognition in the 1920s. And the brilliant successor of his business S. P. Korolev a month before the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth said that the ideas and works of Konstantin Eduardovich will increasingly attract attention as the rocket technology develops, in which it turned out absolutely right!

The beginning of the cosmic era

And so 40 years after the project of the aircraft, created by Kibalchich, was found, October 4, 1957 former USSR It was launched the first artificial satellite of the earth. The first Soviet satellite allowed for the first time to measure the density of the upper atmosphere, to obtain data on the proliferation of radio signals in the ionosphere, to work out the issues of removal into orbit, thermal regime, etc. The satellite was an aluminum sphere with a diameter of 58 cm and weighing 83.6 kg with four tights long 2. 4-2.9 m. In hermetic satellite case, equipment and power supply sources were placed. The initial parameters of the orbit were: the height of the perigaus 228 km, the height of the appaude 947 km, the inclination of 65.1 grams. the 3rd of November Soviet Union announced the removal of the second Soviet satellite into orbit. In a separate hermetic cabin there were a dog husky and a telemetry system to register its behavior in weightlessness. The satellite was also provided with scientific devices for the study of the radiation of the Sun and the cosmic rays.

On December 6, 1957, an attempt was made to launch the Avangard-1 satellite using a carrier missile, developed by the Navy's research laboratory. After the ignition of the rocket rose above the starting table, but after a second, the engines turned off and the rocket fell to the table .

On January 31, 1958, Explorer-1 satellite was launched, an American response to the launch of Soviet satellites. In size I.

he was not a candidate for recordsmen. Being a long less than 1 m and a diameter of only ~ 15.2 cm, he had a mass of only 4.8 kg.

However, its useful cargo was joined to the fourth, the last stage of the Naunon-1 carrier rocket. The satellite together with the rocket in orbit had a length of 205 cm and a mass of 14 kg. It has installed sensors of outer and internal temperatures, erosion and shock sensors to determine the flow of micrometeorites and the Geiger Muller counter to register penetrating cosmic rays.

An important scientific result of the flight of the satellite was to open the surrounding land of radiation belts. The Geiger Muller Counter has stopped the account when the device was located in an apartment at an altitude of 2530 km, the height of the perigeus was 360 km.

On February 5, 1958, the second attempt was undertaken to launch the Avangard-1 satellite, but she also ended with an accident as the first attempt. Finally, on March 17, the satellite was led into orbit. In the period from December 1957 to September 1959, eleven attempts were undertaken to launch Avangard-1 into orbit only three of them were successful.

In the period from December 1957 to September 1959, eleven attempts were undertaken to bring in orbit "Avangard

Both satellites have made a lot new to space science and technique ( solar panels, new density data of the upper atmosphere, accurate mapping of the islands in Pacific Ocean Etc.) On August 17, 1958, the first attempt was made to send from Cape Canaveral in the vicinity of the Luna probe with scientific instruments. She was unsuccessful. The rocket rose and flew just 16 km. The first stage of the rocket exploded at 77 from the flight. On October 11, 1958, the second attempt was made to launch the lunar probe "Pioneer-1", was also unsuccessful. The next few launches were also unsuccessful, only on March 3, 1959, "Pioneer-4", weighing 6.1 kg partially fulfilled the task: flew past the moon at a distance of 60000 km (instead of the planned 24,000 km).

As well as when launching the Earth's satellite, the priority in the launch of the first probe belongs to the USSR, on January 2, 1959, the first object created by the hands was launched, which was launched on the trajectory, passing enough close to the moon, to the orbit of the Sun satellite. Thus, the "Luna-1" first reached the second cosmic speed. Luna-1 had a lot of 361.3 kg and flew past the moon at a distance of 5,500 km. At a distance of 113,000 km from the Earth with a rocket stage dashed to "Moon-1", a cloud of sodium vapors was released, which formed an artificial comet. Solar radiation caused a bright glow of sodium vapor and optical systems on the ground photographed the cloud against the background of the constellation Aquarius.

Luna-2 launched on September 12, 1959 made the world's first flight to another heavenly body. In the 390,2-kilogram sphere, the devices were placed, which showed that the moon does not have magnetic field and radiation belt.

The automatic interplanetary station (AMS) "Luna-3" was launched on October 4, 1959. The station's weight was 435 kg. The main purpose of the launch was the flight of the moon and photographing it inverse, invisible from the Earth, the parties. Photographing was produced on October 7 for 40 minutes from a height of 6200 km above the moon.

Man in space

April 12, 1961 at 9 am 07 min in Moscow time a few dozen kilometers north of the village of Tyurats in Kazakhstan at the Soviet cosmodrome Baikonur took place the launch of the intercontinental ballistic missile R-7, in the nose compartment of which was located a piloted spacecraft "Vostok" with Major of the Air Force Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin on board. The launch was successful. The spacecraft was withdrawn into orbit with an inclination of 65 grams, the height of the perigue 181 km and the height of the 257 km of 327 km and made one turn around the Earth for 89 min. On the 108th Min after the launch, he returned to the ground, landed in the area of \u200b\u200bthe village of Breelovka Saratov region. Thus, after 4 years after the removal of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, the Soviet Union for the first time in the world carried a flight of a person into outer space.