Dynasty of Romanov main events. Direct descendants of the Romanovs, their photos and biographies

The sage avoids all extremes.

Lao Tzu

The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia for 304 years, from 1613 to 1917. She replaced the Rurik dynasty on the throne, which ceased after the death of Ivan the Terrible (the tsar did not leave behind an heir). During the reign of the Romanovs on the Russian throne, 17 rulers were replaced (the average duration of the reign of 1 king is 17.8 years), and the state itself with light hand Peter 1 changed its shape. In 1771, Russia from the Kingdom becomes an Empire.

Table - Romanov Dynasty

In the table, people who ruled (with the date of reign) are highlighted in color, and people who were not in power are indicated with a white background. Double line - conjugal ties.

All the rulers of the dynasty (who were each other):

• Mikhail 1613-1645. The ancestor of the Romanov dynasty. Got power largely thanks to his father - Filaret.
• Alexey 1645-1676. Son and heir to Michael.
• Sophia (regent under Ivan 5 and Peter 1) 1682-1696. Daughter of Alexei and Maria Miloslavskaya. Native sister Fedor and Ivan 5.
• Peter 1 (independent reign from 1696 to 1725). A man who is for the majority a symbol of the dynasty and the personification of the power of Russia.
• Catherine 1 1725-1727. Real name - Marta Skavronska. Peter's wife 1
• Peter 2 1727-1730. Grandson of Peter 1, son of the murdered Tsarevich Alexei.
• Anna Ioannovna 1730-1740. Ivan's daughter 5.
• Ivan 6 Antonovich 1740-1741. The baby ruled under the regent - his mother Anna Leopoldovna. Grandson of Anna Ioannovna.
• Elizabeth 1741-1762. Daughter of Peter 1.
• Peter 3 1762. Grandson of Peter 1, son of Anna Petrovna.
• Catherine 2 1762-1796. Peter's wife 3.
• Paul 1 1796-1801. Son of Catherine 2 and Peter 3.
• Alexander 1 1801-1825. Son of Paul 1.
• Nicholas 1 1825-1855. Son of Paul 1, brother of Alexander 1.
• Alexander 2 1855-1881. Son of Nicholas 1.
• Alexander 3 1881-1896. Son of Alexander 2.
• Nikolay 2 1896-1917. Son of Alexander 3.

Chart - rulers of dynasties by year

An amazing thing - if you look at the diagram of the duration of the reign of each king from the Romanov dynasty, then 3 things become clear:

1. The greatest role in the history of Russia was played by those rulers who have been in power for more than 15 years.
2. The number of years in power is directly proportional to the importance of the ruler in the history of Russia. The greatest number of years in power were Peter 1 and Catherine 2. It is these rulers that most historians associate with as the best rulers who laid the foundation of modern statehood.
3. All who ruled for less than 4 years are outright traitors, and people unworthy of power: Ivan 6, Catherine 1, Peter 2 and Peter 3.

Also interesting fact is that each ruler of the Romanovs left to his successor a territory larger than he received himself. Thanks to this, the territory of Russia expanded significantly, because Mikhail Romanov took control of a territory slightly larger than the Moscow kingdom, and in the hands of Nicholas II, the last emperor, the entire territory was modern Russia, other former republics of the USSR, Finland and Poland. The only major territorial loss is the sale of Alaska. This is a rather dark story, in which there are many ambiguities.

Noteworthy is the fact of a tight connection between ruling house Russia and Prussia (Germany). Almost all generations have had family ties with this country, and some of the rulers associated themselves not with Russia, but with Prussia (the clearest example is Peter 3).

The vicissitudes of fate

Today it is customary to say that the Romanov dynasty was interrupted after the Bolsheviks shot the children of Nicholas 2. This is indeed a fact that cannot be disputed. But something else is interesting - the dynasty also began with the murder of a child. It is about the murder of Tsarevich Dmitry, the so-called Uglich case. Therefore, it is quite symbolic that the dynasty began with the blood of a child and ended with the blood of a child.

Name: Mikhail Romanov (Mikhail Fedorovich)

Age: 49 years old

Activity: the first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty

Family status: was married

Mikhail Romanov: biography

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov is one of the rulers of Russia, who ascended the throne in 1613. Mikhail Romanov is the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty, which later gave the country many sovereigns, including the opener of a window to Europe, her husband who stopped the seven-year war, abolished serfdom, and many others. Although it is fair to say that not all of the reigning family tree of the Romanovs were descendants of Mikhail Fedorovich by blood.

Carnation

The future Tsar Mikhail Romanov, whose biography dates back to 1596, was born into the family of the boyar Fyodor Nikitich and his wife Ksenia Ivanovna. It was the father who was a relatively close relative of the last tsar from the Rurik dynasty, Fyodor Ioannovich. But since Romanov Sr., by coincidence, stood on spiritual path and turned into Patriarch Filaret, then there was no longer a question of the succession of the Romanov branch through him.

Russian Historical Library

This was facilitated by the following circumstances. During the reign of Boris Godunov, a denunciation was written against the Romanov family, which "denounced" Nikita Romanov, the grandfather of the future Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, of witchcraft and a desire to kill Godunov and his family. This was followed by the immediate arrest of all males, universal forced monastic tonsure and exile to Siberia, where almost all family members perished. When he ascended the throne, he ordered to pardon the exiled boyars, including the Romanovs. By that time, only Patriarch Filaret with his wife and son, as well as his brother Ivan Nikitich, were able to return.

Painting "Anointing to the Kingdom of Mikhail Fyodorovich" by Philip Moskvitin | Russian folk line

The further biography of Mikhail Romanov was briefly associated with the town of Klin, which now belongs to Vladimir region... When the Semboyarshchyna came to power in Russia, the family lived in Moscow for a couple of years, and later, during the Russian-Polish War of the Time of Troubles, hid from the persecution of Polish-Lithuanian detachments in the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma.

The kingdom of Mikhail Romanov

The election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom became possible thanks to the unification of the Moscow common people with the Great Russian Cossacks. The nobility was going to give the throne to King James I of England and Scotland, but this did not suit the Cossacks. The fact is that they, not without reason, feared that foreign rulers would take their territories away from them, and, in addition, reduce the amount of grain allowance. As a result, the Zemsky Sobor chose the next of kin of the last Russian tsar as heir to the throne, who turned out to be 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov.

Election of Mikhail Romanov to the Kingdom | Historical blog

It should be noted that neither he nor his mother were initially delighted with the idea of ​​Moscow reign, realizing what a heavy burden it was. But the ambassadors, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, briefly explained why his consent was so important, and the young man left for the capital. On the way, he stopped at all large cities, for example, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Rostov. In Moscow, he went straight through Red Square to the Kremlin and was solemnly greeted by the delighted people at the Spassky Gate. After the coronation, or as they said at the time, the wedding to the kingdom, the royal dynasty of Mikhail Romanov began, which ruled Russia for the next three hundred years and brought it to the ranks of the great powers of the world.

Since the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov began when he was only 16 years old, there is no need to talk about any experience of the tsar. Moreover, he was not brought up with an eye to government and, according to rumors, the young tsar barely knew how to read. Therefore, in the early years of Mikhail Romanov, politics depended more on the decisions of the Zemsky Sobor. When his father, Patriarch Filaret, returned to Moscow, he became a de facto, albeit not explicit, co-ruler, prompting, directing and influencing the policy of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. State letters of that time were written on behalf of the tsar and the patriarch.

Painting "The election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the kingdom", A.D. Kivshenko | World Travel Encyclopedia

Mikhail Romanov's foreign policy was aimed at ending ruinous wars with Western countries. He stopped the bloodshed with the Swedish and Polish troops, albeit at the expense of the loss of some part of the territory, including access to Baltic Sea... Actually, because of these territories, after many years, Peter I will participate in the Northern War. Domestic policy Mikhail Romanov was also aimed at stabilizing life and centralizing power. He managed to bring harmony to secular and spiritual society, restore Agriculture and trade, destroyed in the Time of Troubles, to establish the country's first factories, to transform the tax system depending on the size of the land.

Painting "Boyar Duma under Mikhail Romanov", A.P. Ryabushkin | Terra incognita

It is also worth noting such innovations of the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, such as the country's first census of the population and their property, which made it possible to stabilize the tax system, as well as the state's encouragement of the development of creative talents. Tsar Mikhail Romanov ordered to hire the artist John Deters and instructed him to teach painting to talented Russian students.

In general, the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov is characterized by an improvement in the position of Russia. By the end of his reign, the consequences of the Time of Troubles were eliminated and conditions were created for the future prosperity of Russia. By the way, it was under Mikhail Fedorovich that a German settlement appeared in Moscow, which will play such important role in the reforms of Peter I the Great.

Personal life

When Tsar Mikhail Romanov turned 20, they arranged a bride show, because if he had not given the state an heir, troubles and unrest could have begun again. It is interesting that these brides were originally a fiction - the mother had already chosen a future wife from the noble Saltykov family for the autocrat. But Mikhail Fedorovich confused her plans - he chose his bride on his own. She turned out to be the hawthorn Maria Khlopova, but the girl was not destined to become a queen. The angry Saltykovs began to secretly poison the girl's food, and because of the symptoms of the disease, she was recognized as an unsuitable candidate. However, the king of the boyars' intrigue exposed and exiled the Saltykov family.

Engraving "Maria Khlopova, the future bride of Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich" | Culturology

But the character of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was too soft to insist on a wedding with Maria Khlopova. He wooed foreign brides. Although they agreed to marry, but only on condition of preserving the Catholic faith, which turned out to be unacceptable for Russia. As a result, the noble princess Maria Dolgorukaya became the wife of Mikhail Romanov. However, literally a few days after the wedding, she fell ill and died soon after. The people called this death a punishment for insulting Maria Khlopova, and historians do not exclude a new poisoning.

Wedding ceremony of Mikhail Romanov | Wikipedia

By the age of 30, Tsar Mikhail Romanov was not only single, but most importantly, childless. They again organized the bride, again behind the scenes they chose the future queen in advance, and again Romanov showed self-will. He chose the daughter of a nobleman, Evdokia Streshneva, who was not even listed as a candidate and did not participate in the bride, but came as a servant of one of the girls. The wedding was played very modest, the bride was guarded from assassination by all possible forces, and when she showed that she was not interested in the politics of Mikhail Romanov, all the intriguers from the king's wife fell behind.

Evdokia Streshneva, wife of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov | Wikipedia

Family life Mikhail Fedorovich and Evdokia Lukyanovna was relatively happy. The couple became the founders of the Romanov dynasty and gave birth to ten children, although six of them died in infancy. The future Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was the third child and the first son of the ruling parents. In addition to him, three daughters of Mikhail Romanov survived - Irina, Tatiana and Anna. Evdokia Streshneva herself, in addition to the main duty of the queen - the birth of heirs, was engaged in charity, helping churches and poor people, building temples and leading a pious life. She outlived the royal consort by only one month.

Death

Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was a sickly person from birth. Moreover, he had both physical and psychological ailments, for example, he was often in a state of depression, as they said then - "suffered from melancholy." In addition, he moved very little, due to which he had problems with his legs. By the age of 30, the tsar could only barely walk, and often servants carried him out of the chambers in their arms.

Monument to the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty in Kostroma | For Faith, Tsar and Fatherland

However, he lived for quite a long time and died the day after his 49th birthday. The official cause of death, the doctors named water sickness, formed from constant sitting and copious cold drinks. Mikhail Romanov was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

The 17th century brought many trials to the Russian state. In 1598, the Rurik dynasty, which ruled the country for more than seven hundred years, was interrupted. A period began in the life of Russia, which is called the Troubles or Time of Troubles when the very existence of Russian statehood was in question. Attempts to establish a new dynasty on the throne (from the Godunovs and Shuisky boyars) were hampered by endless conspiracies, uprisings, even natural disasters. The matter was also complicated by the intervention of neighboring countries: the Commonwealth and Sweden, which at first tried to get the adjacent territories, wishing in the long term to deprive Russia of state independence altogether.
There were patriotic forces in the country that united in the struggle for the independence of the homeland. The people's militia, led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and the merchant Kuzma Minin, with the participation of people from all classes, managed to expel the invaders from the central regions of the Moscow state and liberate the capital.
The Zemsky Sobor, convened in 1613, after long disputes, approved Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov on the throne, marking the beginning of a new dynasty.

ROMANOV- boyar family, in 1613-1721. royal, from 1721 imperial dynasty.
The ancestor of the Romanovs is usually considered Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla - the boyar of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan I Kalita. According to the genealogical lists, Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla had five sons, and the Kobylins, Kolychevs, Konovnitsins, Lodynins, Neplyuevs, Sheremetevs, etc. originate from him.
Until the XV century. the ancestors of the Romanovs were called Koshkins (from the nickname of Andrei Ivanovich's fifth son - Fedor Koshka), then Zakharyins (from Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin) and Zakharyins-Yurievs (from Yuri Zakharievich Koshkin-Zakharyin).
The daughter of Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin-Yuriev (? -1543) Anastasia Romanovna (c. 1530-1560) in 1547 became the first wife of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. Her brother Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev (? -1586) became the ancestor of the Romanovs. This surname was borne by his son, Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (c. 1554-1633), who became patriarch (Filaret).
In 1613, at the Zemsky Cathedral, Filaret's son Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1596-1645) was elected tsar and became the founder of the Romanov dynasty. The Romanov dynasty also included Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676, Tsar from 1645), Fedor Alekseevich (1661-1682, Tsar from 1676), Ivan V Alekseevich (1666-1696, Tsar from 1682 g.), Peter I Alekseevich (1672-1725, tsar from 1682, emperor from 1721); In 1682-1689, under the young Ivan and Peter, the state was ruled by Princess Sofia Alekseevna (1657-1704). The Romanov dynasty ruled in Russia until the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne in 1917.

Zakhariny- a Moscow boyar family descended from Andrei Kobyla (died in the middle of the 14th century), the boyar of the Grand Duke Semyon the Gordy, and his son - Fyodor Koshka (died in the 1390s), the boyar of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy.
The ancestor of the Zakharyins - the grandson of Fyodor Koshka - Zakhary Ivanovich Koshkin (? - c. 1461), boyar of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark. His sons Yakov and Yuri, boyars of the Grand Duke Ivan III, gave rise to two branches of the family - Zakharyin-Yakovlya (Yakovlev) and Zakharyin-Yuriev.
Yakov Zakharievich (? - c. 1510) since 1485 was the governor of Novgorod; in 1487, together with his brother Yuri, he conducted a search for the followers of the Novgorod-Moscow heresy; in 1494 he participated in negotiations on the matchmaking of the daughter of Ivan III Elena with the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander Kazimirovich, participated in campaigns against Lithuania.
Yuri Zakharievich (? - c. 1503) in 1479 participated in the Novgorod campaign of Ivan III, in 1487 he replaced his brother at the post of the Novgorod governor, carried out the confiscation of the estates of the Novgorod boyars, participated in campaigns against Lithuania. The most famous representatives of the Zakhariev-Yuryev family: Mikhail Yuryevich (? -1539) - okolnichy (1520), boyar (1525), voivode, diplomat in charge of relations with Poland and Lithuania; in 1533-1534 was a member of the boyar group, which actually ruled the Russian state under the young Tsar Ivan IV, retired after his relative I.V. Lyatsky-Zakharyin. Roman Yurievich (? -1543) - the founder of the Romanov family. Vasily Mikhailovich (? -15b7) - okolnichny, then (1549) boyar, was a member of the Central Duma of Ivan IV, one of the initiators of the oprichnina policy.

	MIKHAIL FEDOROVICH reign: 1613-1645	(12.07.1596-13.07.1645) - the founder of the royal-imperial dynasty of the Romanovs, the first Russian tsar from the boyar family of the Romanovs.
	ALEXEY MIKHAILOVICH reign: 1645-1676	(03.19.1629-29.01.1676) - Tsar from 1645, from the Romanov dynasty.
	FEDOR ALEKSEEVICH reign: 1676-1682	(05/30/1661 - 04/27/1682) - tsar from 1676
	IVAN V ALEKSEEVICH reign: 1682-1696	(06/27/1666 - 01/29/1696) - tsar from 1682
	PETER I ALEKSEEVICH reign: 1682-1725	(05/30/1672-28.01.1725) - tsar from 1682, the first Russian emperor since 1721
	EKATERINA I ALEKSEEVNA reign: 1725-1727	(05.04.1683-06.05.1727) - Russian empress in 1725-1727, wife of Peter I.
	PETER II ALEKSEEVICH reign: 1727-1730	(13.10.1715-19.01.1730) - Russian emperor in 1727-1730
	ANNA IVANOVNA reign: 1730-1740	(28.01.1693-17.10.1740) - Russian Empress from 1730, Duchess of Courland from 1710.
	IVAN VI ANTONOVICH reign: 1740-1741	(12.08.1740-05.07.1764) - Russian emperor from 17.10.1740 to 25.12.1741.
	ELIZAVETA PETROVNA reign: 1741-1761	(18.12.1709-25.12.1761) - Russian Empress from 25.11.1741, youngest daughter Peter I and Catherine I.
	PETER III(Karl Peter Ulrich) reign: 1761-1762	(10.02.1728-06.07.1762) - the Russian emperor in the period from 25.12.1761 to 28.06.1762.
	EKATERINA II ALEKSEEVNA reign: 1762-1796	(04.21.1729-06.11.1796) - Russian empress from 06.28.1762

In Russia in the 17th - early 20th centuries, monarchs from the Romanov clan (family) who succeeded each other on the throne by right of inheritance, as well as members of their families.

A synonym is the concept House of the Romanovs- the corresponding Russian equivalent, which has also been used and continues to be used in the historical and socio-political tradition. Both terms became widespread only since 1913, when the 300th anniversary of the dynasty was celebrated. Formally, the Russian tsars and emperors who belonged to this family did not have a surname and never officially indicated it.

The generic naming of the ancestors of this dynasty, known in history since the XIV century and leading the genealogy from Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, who served the Moscow Grand Duke Simeon the Proud, changed several times in accordance with the nicknames and names of famous representatives of this boyar family. At various times they were called the Koshkins, Zakharyins, Yurievs. At the end of the 16th century, the nickname of the Romanovs by the name of Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin-Koshkin (d. 1543), the great-grandfather of the first tsar from this dynasty, was established behind them. Mikhail Fedorovich, who was elected to the kingdom by the Zemsky Sobor on February 21 (March 3), 1613 and accepted the royal crown on July 11 (21), 1613. Until the beginning of the 18th century, representatives of the dynasty were titled tsars, then emperors. In the conditions of the outbreak of the revolution, the last representative of the dynasty NikolayII On March 2 (15), 1917, he abdicated the throne for himself and the heir son of Tsarevich Alexei in favor of his brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. He, in turn, on March 3 (16), refused to take the throne until the decision of the future Constituent Assembly... The question of the fate of the throne, who will occupy it, was no longer raised on a practical plane.

The Romanov dynasty fell along with the Russian monarchy, going between the two largest upheavals in Russian history... If its beginning marked the end of the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century, then its end was associated with the Great Russian Revolution of 1917. For 304 years, the Romanovs were the bearers of the supreme power in Russia. It was a whole era, the main content of which was the modernization of the country, the transformation of the Moscow state into an empire and a great world power, the evolution of a representative monarchy into an absolute, and then into a constitutional one. For the main part of this path, the supreme power in the person of the monarchs from the House of Romanov remained the leader of the modernization processes and the initiator of the corresponding transformations, enjoying the wide support of various social groups... However, at the end of its history, the Romanov monarchy lost not only the initiative in the processes taking place in the country, but also control over them. None of opposing forces disputed different options further development Russia, did not consider it necessary to save the dynasty or rely on it. It can be said that the Romanov dynasty fulfilled its historical mission in the past of our country, and that it has exhausted its capabilities, has outlived its usefulness. Both statements will be correct depending on their meaningful context.

Nineteen representatives of the House of Romanov replaced each other on the Russian throne, and three rulers also came from it, who were not formally monarchs, but regents and co-rulers. They were not always related to each other by blood, but always family ties, self-identification and awareness of belonging to a royal family. A dynasty is not an ethnic or genetic concept, except, of course, for special cases of medical and forensic expertise to identify specific individuals from their remains. Attempts to determine belonging to it by the degree of biological relationship and national origin, which are often done by some amateurs and professional historians, are senseless from the point of view of social and humanitarian knowledge. A dynasty is like a relay team, the members of which, replacing each other, transfer the burden of power and the reins of government for certain complex rules... Born into a royal family, marital fidelity mothers, etc. are the most important, but not the only and mandatory conditions. There was no change of the Romanov dynasty to a certain Holstein-Gottorp, Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov or other dynasty in the second half of the 18th century. Even the indirect degree of kinship of individual rulers (Catherine I, Ivan VI, Peter III, Catherine II) and their predecessors did not interfere with considering them the successors of the family of Mikhail Fedorovich, and only in this capacity could they ascend to the Russian throne. Also, rumors about "true" non-royal parents (even if they were faithful) to those who were sure of their origin from the "royal seed", who were perceived as such by the bulk of the subjects (Peter I, Paul I), could not prevent from occupying the throne.

From the standpoint of religion, the royal family is endowed with a special sacredness. In any case, even without adopting a providential approach, the dynasty should be understood as an ideological structure, whatever the emotional attitude towards it, however much it correlates with the political preferences of the historian. The dynasty also has a legal basis, which in Russia was finally formed at the end of the 18th century in the form of legislation on the imperial house. However, with the change of the state system as a result of the abolition of the monarchy, the legal norms related to the imperial house lost their force and meaning. The ongoing disputes about the dynastic rights and dynastic affiliation of certain descendants of the royal family of the Romanovs, their "rights" to the throne or the order of "succession" at the present time have no real content and are, perhaps, a game of personal ambitions in genealogical incidents. If it is possible to extend the history of the Romanov dynasty after abdication, then only until the martyrdom of the former Emperor Nicholas II and his family in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg on the night of July 16-17, 1918, or, in extreme cases, until the death of October 13 1928, the last reigning person - the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, wife of Emperor Alexander III and mother of Nicholas II.

The history of the dynasty is far from an ordinary family chronicle and not even just a family saga. Mysterious coincidences may not be given mystical significance, but it is difficult to pass them by. Mikhail Fedorovich received the news of his election to the throne in the Ipatiev Monastery, and the execution of Nikolai Alexandrovich took place in the Ipatiev House. The beginning of the dynasty and its collapse fall on the month of March with a difference of several days. On March 14 (24), 1613, a still completely inexperienced teenager Mikhail Romanov fearlessly agreed to accept the royal title, and 2-3 (March 15-16), 1917, it would seem, wise and adult men who were trained from childhood for the highest positions in the state, relieved themselves of responsibility for the fate of the country by signing a death warrant for themselves and their loved ones. The names of the first of the Romanovs called to the kingdom, who accepted this challenge, are the same, and the last, who, without hesitation, renounced it.

The list of kings and emperors from the Romanov Dynasty and their reigning spouses (morganatic marriages are not counted), as well as the actual rulers of the country from among the members of this family who did not formally occupy the throne, is given below. The controversy of some dating and discrepancies in names are omitted, if necessary, this is discussed in articles dedicated to specific individuals.

1. Mikhail Fedorovich(1596-1645), king in 1613-1645. The Queen's Spouses: Maria Vladimirovna, nee Dolgorukova (died 1625) in 1624-1625, Evdokia Lukyanovna, nee. Streshnev (1608-1645) in 1626-1645.

2. Filaret(1554 or 1555 - 1633, in the world Fedor Nikitich Romanov), patriarch and "great sovereign", father and co-ruler of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich in 1619-1633. The wife (from 1585 until the tonsure in 1601) and mother of the tsar - Ksenia Ivanovna (in monasticism - nun Martha), nee. Shestov (1560-1631).

3. Alexey Mikhailovich(1629-1676), king in 1645-1676. The Queen's Spouses: Maria Ilyinichna, nee Miloslavskaya (1624-1669) in 1648-1669, Natalia Kirillovna, nee. Naryshkin (1651-1694) in 1671-1676.

4. Fedor Alekseevich(1661-1682), king in 1676-1682. The Queen's Spouses: Agafya Semyonovna, nee. Grushetskaya (1663-1681) in 1680-1681, Marfa Matveevna, nee. Apraksin (1664-1715) in 1682.

5. Sofya Alekseevna(1657-1704), princess, regent-regent under the young brothers Ivan and Peter Alekseevich in 1682-1689.

6. IvanVAlexeyevich(1666-1696), king in 1682-1696. Spouse-Queen: Praskovya Fyodorovna, nee. Grushetskaya (1664-1723) in 1684-1696.

7. PeterIAlexeyevich(1672-1725), king from 1682, emperor from 1721. Spouses: Tsarina Evdokia Fedorovna (in monasticism - nun Elena), nee. Lopukhina (1669-1731) in 1689-1698 (before tonsure into a monastery), Empress Ekaterina Alekseevna, nee. Martha Skavronskaya (1684-1727) in 1712-1725.

8. CatherineIAlekseevna, nee Marta Skavronskaya (1684-1727), widow of Peter I Alekseevich, empress in 1725-1727.

9. PeterIIAlexeyevich(1715-1730), grandson of Peter I Alekseevich, son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich (1690-1718), emperor in 1727-1730.

10. Anna Ivanovna(1684-1727), daughter of Ivan V Alekseevich, empress in 1730-1740. Spouse: Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Courland (1692-1711) in 1710-1711.

12. IvanVIAntonovich(1740-1764), great-grandson of Ivan V Alekseevich, emperor in 1740-1741.

13. Anna Leopoldovna(1718-1746), granddaughter of Ivan V Alekseevich and ruler-regent with her young son - Emperor Ivan VI Antonovich in 1740-1741. Spouse: Anton-Ulrich Braunschweig-Bevern-Luneburg (1714-1776) in 1739-1746.

14. Elizaveta Petrovna(1709-1761), daughter of Peter I Alekseevich, empress in 1741-1761.

15. Peter III Fedorovich(1728-1762), before converting to Orthodoxy - Karl-Peter-Ulrich, grandson of Peter I Alekseevich, son of Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (1700-1739), emperor in 1761-1762. Wife: Empress Ekaterina Alekseevna, nee Sophia-Frederica-Augusta Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg (1729-1796) in 1745-1762.

16. CatherineIIAlekseevna(1729-1796), nee. Sophia-Frederica-Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, Empress 1762-1796. Spouse: Emperor Peter III Fedorovich (1728-1762) in 1745-1762.

17. Pavel I Petrovich ( 1754-1801), son of Emperor Peter III Fedorovich and Empress Catherine II Alekseevna, emperor in 1796-1801. Spouses: Tsarevna Natalya Alekseevna (1755-1776), nee. Augusta-Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1773-1776; Empress Maria Feodorovna (1759-1828), nee. Sophia-Dorothea-Augusta-Louise of Württemberg in 1776-1801.

18.Alexander I Pavlovich ( 1777-1825), emperor in 1801-1825. Wife: Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna, nee Louise-Maria-Augusta of Baden-Durlach (1779-1826) in 1793-1825.

19. Nikolay I Pavlovich ( 1796-1855), emperor in 1825-1855. Wife: Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, nee Frederica-Louise-Charlotte-Wilhelmina of Prussia (1798-1860) in 1817-1855.

20. Alexander II Nikolaevich(1818-1881), emperor in 1855-1881. Wife: Empress Maria Alexandrovna, nee Maximilian-Wilhelmina-Augusta-Sophia-Maria of Hesse-Darmstadt (1824-1880) in 1841-1880.

21. Alexander III Alexandrovich(1845-1894), emperor in 1881-1894. Wife: Empress Maria Feodorovna, nee Maria Sophia Frederica Dagmara Danish (1847-1928) in 1866-1894.

22.Nikolay II Alexandrovich ( 1868-1918), emperor in 1894-1917. Wife: Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, nee Alice-Victoria-Helena-Louise-Beatrice of Hesse-Darmstadt (1872-1918) in 1894-1918.

All the tsars descended from the Romanov family, as well as Emperor Peter II, were buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. All the emperors of this dynasty, starting with Peter I, were buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. An exception is the aforementioned Peter II, and the burial place of Nicholas II is also in question. Based on the conclusion of the government commission, the remains of the last Tsar from the Romanov dynasty and his family were discovered near Yekaterinburg and were reburied in 1998 in the Catherine Chapel of the Peter and Paul Cathedral in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Orthodox Church casts doubt on these conclusions, believing that all the remains of the executed members of the imperial family were completely destroyed in the Ganina Yama tract in the vicinity of Yekaterinburg. The funeral service for the reburied in the Catherine's side-altar was performed according to the church order provided for the deceased, whose names remained unknown.

For more than 300 years, the Romanov dynasty was in power in Russia. There are several versions of the origin of the Romanov family. According to one of them, the Romanovs are from Novgorod. The clan tradition says that the origins of the clan should be sought in Prussia, from where the ancestors of the Romanovs moved to Russia at the beginning of the XIV century. The first reliably established ancestor of the family is the Moscow boyar Ivan Kobyla.

The beginning of the ruling dynasty of the Romanovs was laid by the grand-nephew of the wife of Ivan the Terrible, Mikhail Fedorovich. He was elected to reign by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, after the suppression of the Moscow branch of the Rurikovich.

Since the 18th century, the Romanovs stopped calling themselves tsars. On November 2, 1721, Peter I was declared the All-Russian Emperor. He became the first emperor in the dynasty.

The reign of the dynasty ended in 1917, when Emperor Nicholas II abdicated as a result of the February revolution. In July 1918, he was shot by the Bolsheviks along with his family (including five children) and those close to him in Tobolsk.

Numerous descendants of the Romanovs now live abroad. However, none of them, from the point of view of the Russian law on succession to the throne, has no right to the Russian throne.

Below is the chronology of the reign of the Romanov family with the dating of the reign.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Reign: 1613-1645

He laid the foundation for a new dynasty, being elected at the age of 16 to reign by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613. Belonged to an ancient boyar family. He restored the functioning of the economy and trade in the country, which he inherited in a depressing state after the Time of Troubles. Concluded "eternal peace" with Sweden (1617). At the same time, he lost access to the Baltic Sea, but returned the vast Russian territories previously conquered by Sweden. He concluded an "eternal peace" with Poland (1618), losing Smolensk and the Seversk land. He added the lands along Yaik, Baikal, Yakutia, access to the Pacific Ocean.

Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov (Quietest). Reign: 1645-1676

He ascended the throne at the age of 16. He was a gentle, good-natured and very religious person. He continued the army reform begun by his father. At the same time, he attracted a large number of foreign military specialists who were left idle after the end of the Thirty Years War. Under him, church reform Nikon, who touched upon the main church rites and books. He returned Smolensk and the Seversk land. Joined Ukraine to Russia (1654). Suppressed the uprising of Stepan Razin (1667-1671)

Fedor Alekseevich Romanov. Reign: 1676-1682

The short reign of the extremely painful king was marked by a war with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate and the further conclusion of the Bakhchisarai Peace Treaty (1681), according to which Turkey recognized the Left Bank Ukraine and Kiev for Russia. A general population census was carried out (1678). The struggle against the Old Believers received a new round - Archpriest Avvakum was burned. He died at the age of twenty.

Peter I Alekseevich Romanov (the Great). Reign: 1682-1725 (independently ruled from 1689)

The previous tsar (Fedor Alekseevich) died without making an order regarding the succession to the throne. As a result, two tsars were crowned to the throne at the same time - Fyodor Alekseevich's juvenile brothers Ivan and Peter under the regency of their elder sister Sofia Alekseevna (until 1689 - the regency of Sophia, until 1696 - formal association with Ivan V). Since 1721, the first All-Russian Emperor.

He was an ardent adherent of the Western way of life. For all its ambiguity, it is recognized by both adherents and critics as the "Great Sovereign".

His bright reign was marked by the Azov campaigns (1695 and 1696) against the Turks, the result of which was the capture of the Azov fortress. The result of the campaigns was, among other things, the tsar's awareness of the need to reform the army. The old army was disbanded - the army began to be created according to a new model. From 1700 to 1721 - participation in the hardest with Sweden, the result of which was the defeat of the hitherto invincible Charles XII and Russia's access to the Baltic Sea.

In 1722-1724, the largest foreign policy event of Peter the Great after Northern War- The Caspian (Persian) campaign, which ended with the capture of Derbent, Baku and other cities by Russia.

During his reign, Peter founded St. Petersburg (1703), established the Senate (1711) and the Collegium (1718), introduced the "Table of Ranks" (1722).

Catherine I. Reign: 1725-1727

The second wife of Peter I. A former maid named Martha Kruse, taken in full during the Northern War. Nationality is unknown. She was the mistress of Field Marshal Sheremetev. Later, Prince Menshikov took her to him. In 1703 she fell in love with Peter, who made her his mistress, and later his wife. She was baptized into Orthodoxy, changing her name to Ekaterina Alekseevna Mikhailova.

Under her, the Supreme Privy Council was created (1726) and an alliance was concluded with Austria (1726).

Peter II Alekseevich Romanov. Reign: 1727-1730

Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei. The last representative of the Romanov family in a straight male line. He ascended the throne at the age of 11. He died at the age of 14 from smallpox. In fact, the state was governed by the Supreme Privy Council. According to the recollections of his contemporaries, the young emperor was distinguished by his willfulness and adored entertainment. The young emperor devoted all his time to entertainments, amusements and hunts. Under him, Menshikov was overthrown (1727), and the capital was returned to Moscow (1728).

Anna Ioannovna Romanova. Reign: 1730-1740

Daughter of Ivan V, granddaughter of Alexei Mikhailovich. She was invited in 1730 to the Russian throne by the Supreme Privy Council, which she later successfully dissolved. Instead of the Supreme Council, a cabinet of ministers was created (1730). The capital was returned to St. Petersburg (1732). 1735-1739 were marked by the Russian-Turkish war, which ended with a peace treaty in Belgrade. Under the terms of the treaty of Russia, Azov withdrew to Russia, but it was forbidden to have a fleet in the Black Sea. The years of her reign are characterized in literature as "the era of the dominance of the Germans at court", or as "Bironovism" (by the name of her favorite).

Ivan VI Antonovich Romanov. Reign: 1740-1741

Great-grandson of Ivan V. He was proclaimed emperor at the age of two months. The baby was proclaimed emperor during the regency of the Duke of Courland Biron, but two weeks later the guards removed the duke from power. The new regent was the mother of the emperor, Anna Leopoldovna. At the age of two he was overthrown. His short reign was subject to a law condemning the name - all his portraits were removed from circulation, all his portraits were destroyed, all documents containing the name of the emperor were removed (or destroyed). He spent up to 23 years in solitary confinement, where (already half-insane) he was stabbed to death by the guards.

Elizabeth I Petrovna Romanova. Reign: 1741-1761

Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. Under her, for the first time in Russia, they canceled death penalty... A university was opened in Moscow (1755). In 1756-1762 Russia took part in the largest military conflict of the 18th century - the Seven Years War. As a result of the hostilities, Russian troops captured all of East Prussia and even took Berlin for a short time. However, the fleeting death of the empress and the coming to power of the pro-Russian Peter III brought to naught all military achievements - the conquered lands were returned to Prussia, peace was concluded.

Peter III Fedorovich Romanov. Reign: 1761-1762

The nephew of Elizabeth Petrovna, the grandson of Peter I - the son of his daughter Anna. He reigned for 186 days. A lover of everything Prussian, he ended the war with Sweden immediately after coming to power on conditions extremely unfavorable for Russia. I could hardly speak Russian. During his reign, a manifesto "On the freedom of the nobility", the union of Prussia and Russia, a decree on freedom of religion (all -1762) were issued. He stopped persecuting the Old Believers. He was overthrown by his wife and died a week later (according to the official version, from fever).

Already during the reign of Catherine II, the head of the peasant war, Emelyan Pugachev in 1773, pretended to be the "miraculously escaped" Peter III.

Catherine II Alekseevna Romanova (Great). Reign: 1762-1796

Peter III's wife. The maximum enslavement of the peasants, expanding the powers of the nobility. Significantly expanded the territory of the Empire during the Russian-Turkish wars (1768-1774 and 1787-1791) and the partition of Poland (1772, 1793 and 1795). The reign was marked by the largest peasant uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev, posing as Peter III (1773-1775). The provincial reform was carried out (1775).

Paul I Petrovich Romanov: 1796-1801

Son of Catherine II and Peter III, 72nd Grand Master of the Order of Malta. He ascended the throne at the age of 42. Introduced a mandatory succession to the throne only in the male line (1797). Significantly eased the position of the peasants (decree on the three-day corvee, the prohibition to sell serfs without land (1797)). From foreign policy noteworthy are the war with France (1798-1799) and the Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov (1799). Killed by the guards (not without the knowledge of his son Alexander) in his own bedroom (strangled). The official version is a stroke.

Alexander I Pavlovich Romanov. Reign: 1801-1825

Son of Paul I. During the reign of Paul I, Russia defeated French troops during Patriotic War 1812 The result of the war was a new European order, enshrined at the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. In the course of numerous wars, he significantly expanded the territory of Russia - annexed Eastern and Western Georgia, Mingrelia, Imeretia, Guria, Finland, Bessarabia, most of Poland. He died suddenly in 1825 in Taganrog from a fever. Among the people long time there was a legend that the emperor, tormented by his conscience for the death of his father, did not die, but continued his life under the name of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich.

Nicholas I Pavlovich Romanov. Reign: 1825-1855

The third son of Paul I. The beginning of the reign was marked by the uprising of the Decembrists in 1825. The Code of Laws was created Russian Empire"(1833), carried out a monetary reform, reform in the state village. The Crimean War (1853-1856) was started, until the devastating end of which the emperor did not live. In addition, Russia took part in the Caucasian War (1817-1864), the Russian-Persian War (1826-1828), the Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829), and the Crimean War (1853-1856).

Alexander II Nikolaevich Romanov (Liberator). Reign: 1855-1881

Son of Nicholas I. During his reign, the Crimean War was ended by the Paris Peace Treaty (1856), humiliating for Russia. Serfdom was abolished in 1861. In 1864, the zemstvo and judicial reforms were carried out. Alaska was sold to the USA (1867). Reforms were financial system, education, city government, army. In 1870, the restrictive clauses of the Paris Peace were abolished. As a result Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878 returned to Russia Bessarabia, lost during Crimean War... He died as a result of a terrorist act committed by the People's Will.

Alexander III Alexandrovich Romanov (Tsar-Peacemaker). Reign: 1881-1894

Son of Alexander II. During his reign, Russia did not wage a single war. His rule is characterized as conservative and counter-reformist. A manifesto was adopted on the inviolability of the autocracy, the Regulation on the strengthening of emergency protection (1881). He pursued an active policy of Russification of the outskirts of the empire. A military-political Franco-Russian alliance with France was concluded, which laid the foundation for the foreign policy of the two states until 1917. This alliance preceded the creation of the tripartite Entente.

Nicholas II Alexandrovich Romanov. Reign: 1894-1917

Son of Alexander III. The last Emperor All-Russian. A difficult and controversial period for Russia, accompanied by serious upheavals for the empire. Russo-Japanese war(1904-1905) turned into a heavy defeat for the country and almost complete destruction of the Russian fleet. The defeat in the war was followed by the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. In 1914, Russia entered the First world war(1914-1918). The emperor was not destined to live until the end of the war - in 1917 he abdicated the throne as a result and, and in 1918 he was shot with his entire family by the Bolsheviks.