Causes and course of the revolution of 1905. Causes, stages, course of the revolution

The first Russian revolution became a new round in the transformation of the Russian autocracy. So who was the organizer of this revolutionary struggle? Let's see it below.

Participants of the first Russian revolution 1905-1907

The beginning of the revolution was the procession of tens of thousands of people to the Winter Palace, led by priest Gapon, who drew up a petition to the sovereign, which in no way called for a revolution. As a result, the tsarist troops opened fire on the demonstrators, staging “bloody Sunday.

Rice. 1. Bloody Sunday.

Practically from the first months, the national composition of the Russian revolution manifested itself. The problems that have been accumulating in Russia for decades have affected all sectors of society.

Even among the army, there were representatives of the revolutionary movement. So, on the battleship "Prince Potemkin Tavrichesky" the team went over to the side of the revolutionaries. Having sentenced the commander to death, the battleship fled to Romania and the team there surrendered to the local authorities.

Rice. 2. The uprising on the battleship Potemkin.

The revolutionary movement was not spontaneous. At the head of the driving force, consisting of the proletariat, peasants, intelligentsia and individual army units, were practically all parties in opposition. Already by the beginning of the all-Russian strike, the organization of the revolutionary struggle was given by the Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, the RSDLP and SDKPiL.

It is important to mention that at the time of the first Russian revolution, V.I.Lenin did not direct the activities of the RSDLP (b) directly, since he was abroad. The combat technical group at the Central Committee of the party in St. Petersburg was headed by L.B. Krasin, and in Moscow, P.K.Sternberg. However, at the beginning of November 1905, under a false name and illegally, he managed to get into the capital and lead the work on the preparation of an armed uprising. It was in 1905 that he first met JV Stalin. It did not work to overthrow the emperor in this revolution, which Lenin noted that he had exhausted all available revolutionary resources at the moment.

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Rice. 3. V. I. Lenin.

During the years of the revolution, the "Social Revolutionaries", consisting of 10 to 30 militants, carried out the assassinations of the Minister of Internal Affairs Sipyagin and Plehve, as well as the governors of some provinces. The plans included attempts on the life of the emperor himself, as well as the minister of foreign affairs, the governor-general of Moscow and even priest Gapon.

After the uprising in Lodz, the Polish Socialist Party and the General Jewish Workers' Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia launched an active struggle.

In addition to well-known political parties in their regions, parties from Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, and Finland acted on a nationalist basis. In central Russia, the anarchist organizations "Bread and Freedom" and "Black Banner" also tried to take the leading role.

What have we learned?

Despite the diversity and number of the strata represented who took part in the First Russian Revolution, it should be noted that almost immediately it was taken up by organized parties or other organizations that set their goals to fight the autocracy. Thanks to their organization and discipline, they managed to direct the revolutionary activity in the right direction and get the tsar to sign the "manifesto of October 17".

The Russian Revolution of 1905, or the First Russian Revolution, is the name of the events that took place from January 1905 to June 1907 in the Russian Empire.

The impetus for the beginning of mass protests under political slogans was "Bloody Sunday" - the shooting by the imperial troops in St. unrest and uprisings took place in the navy, which resulted in massive protests against the monarchy.

The result of the speeches was the closed constitution - the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, which granted civil liberties on the basis of personal inviolability, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and unions. The Parliament was established, consisting of the State Council and the State Duma. The revolution was followed by a reaction: the so-called "Third June coup" of June 3 (16), 1907. The rules for elections to the State Duma were changed to increase the number of deputies loyal to the monarchy; the local authorities did not observe the freedom declared in the Manifesto of October 17, 1905; the agrarian issue, most significant for the majority of the country's population, was not resolved.

Thus, the social tension that caused the First Russian Revolution was not fully resolved, which determined the prerequisites for the subsequent revolutionary uprising of 1917.

Causes and results of the revolution

Industrial recession, disruption of monetary circulation, crop failure and a huge national debt that has grown since the Russo-Turkish war, led to the aggravation of the need to reform the activities and authorities. The end of the period of significant importance of the subsistence economy, the intensive form of the progress of industrial methods, already for the 19th century demanded radical innovations in administration and law. Following the abolition of serfdom and the transformation of farms into industrial enterprises, a new institution of legislative power was required.

Causes:

There was an increase in contradictions in the country associated with the preservation of survivals of serfdom in the economic and political life of the country. These contradictions determined the character of the revolution as bourgeois in its aims.

But at the same time another "social war" arose, connected with the development of capitalist relations. This is the struggle of the working class and the poor peasantry against exploitation, for the reorganization of society on new principles. Their situation was very bad.

The national question, the requirements of political and cultural autonomy of the nat. minorities.

The Russian intelligentsia had a sharply negative attitude towards autocracy, bureaucracy, and a backward system.

Dissatisfaction with tsarism in the army, where, due to the peasant composition of the soldier mass, the relations between soldiers and officers were tense

Peculiarities:

Antifeudal, because it demanded the destruction of feudal remnants

democratic, because it had as its goal the introduction of democratic rights and freedoms, the constitution

Questions of the revolution: 1. agrarian (peasant) question; 2. the political system in Russia (the fight against autocracy); 3. the national question.

Opposing forces:

workers and peasants, the army, the intelligentsia; wanted to improve their position, social. right. They acted by methods of strikes, strikes, uprisings

the tsar's government, landlords; did not want to give up their power, did not make any concessions

The conflict "power - society".

MAIN EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTION

Main events: Bloody Sunday January 9 (Gapon, petition from the documentary book) - shooting of a workers' demonstration in St. Petersburg; January-February - a wave of the strike movement in the country, intensification of the Socialist-Revolutionary terror; May - the formation of the first workers' council in Ivanovo-Voznesensk; spring-summer - activation of the peasant movement, "fire epidemic", 1st congress of the All-Russian Peasant Union, the beginning of performances in the army and navy (June - the uprising on the battleship Potemkin); autumn is the peak of the revolution: the All-Russian October political strike, the adoption of the tsarist Manifesto on October 17 (democratic rights and freedoms are proclaimed in Russia, elections to the State Duma are guaranteed), liberals who form their own political parties (Cadets and Octobrists) are beginning to openly criticize the authorities. After October 17, the liberals abandon the revolution and enter into dialogue with the authorities. Left-wing radical forces, dissatisfied with the Manifesto, are trying to ensure the further development of the revolution. But the balance of power in the country is already taking shape in favor of the authorities. The December armed uprising in Moscow was defeated, led to bloodshed and was considered premature by many revolutionaries.

The descending line of the revolution (1906 - June 3, 1907) - the authorities take the initiative into their own hands. In the spring, the "Basic State Laws" are adopted, securing the change in the political system (Russia is being transformed into a "Duma" monarchy), elections to the I and II State Dumas are held. But the dialogue between the authorities and society turned out to be unproductive. The Duma did not actually receive legislative powers.

On June 3, 1907, with the dissolution of the Duma and the publication of a new electoral law, the revolution ends.

The revolution forced Nicholas II to sign on October 17 the Manifesto "On the improvement of state order", which proclaimed:

granting freedom of speech, conscience, assembly and association

involvement of broad strata of the population in elections

mandatory procedure for approval by the State Duma of all laws issued

Numerous political parties emerge and legalize in the country, formulating the requirements and ways of political transformation of the existing system in their programs and participating in the elections to the Duma, the Manifesto laid the foundation for the formation of parliamentarism in Russia. This was a new step towards the transformation of the feudal monarchy into a bourgeois one. According to the Manifesto, the State Duma was characterized by certain features of parliament. This is evidenced by the possibility of open discussion of state issues, the need to send various inquiries to the Council of Ministers, to make attempts to declare no confidence in the government. The next step was to change the electoral law. According to the new law of December 1905, four electoral curiae were approved: from the landlords, the urban population, the peasants and the workers. Women, soldiers, sailors, students, landless peasants, farm laborers and some "foreigners" were deprived of the right to choose. The government, which continued to hope that the peasantry would be the mainstay of the autocracy, secured 45% of all seats in the Duma. Members of the State Duma were elected for a term of 5 years. According to the Manifesto of October 17, the State Duma was established as a legislative body, although tsarism tried to evade this principle. The competence of the Duma should have included issues requiring legislative decisions: state list of income and expenses; state control report on the use of state registration; property alienation cases; cases of the construction of railways by the state; company founding cases on shares. The State Duma had the right to ask the government about illegal actions committed by ministers or general managers. The Duma could not start a session on its own initiative, but was convened by decrees of the tsar.

On October 19, 1905, a decree was published on measures aimed at strengthening the unity in the activities of ministries and main departments. In accordance with the decree, the Council of Ministers was reorganized, which was now entrusted with the leadership and consolidation of the actions of the chief chiefs of departments on management and legislation.

The meaning of the revolution

the revolution changed the political situation in Russia: constitutional documents appeared (the Manifesto of October 17 and "Basic State Laws", the first parliament, the State Duma, was formed, the composition and functions of the State Council changed, legal political parties and trade unions were formed, the democratic press developed)

some limitation of the autocracy (temporary) was achieved, although there was still the possibility of making legislative decisions and the entire completeness of the executive power

the socio-political situation of Russian citizens has changed: democratic freedoms have been introduced, censorship has been abolished, and it is allowed to organize trade unions and political parties (temporarily)

the bourgeoisie received a wide opportunity to participate in the political life of the country

the material and legal situation of workers has improved: in a number of industries, wages have increased and the length of the working day has decreased

peasants achieved the abolition of redemption payments

during the revolution, the prerequisites were created for the agrarian reform, which contributed to the further development of bourgeois relations in the countryside

the revolution changed the moral and psychological situation in the country: tsarist illusions in the countryside subsided, unrest engulfed part of the army and navy, the masses felt themselves subjects of history, the revolutionary forces accumulated significant experience in the struggle, including realizing the effective role of violence

Outcome

The end of the revolution led to the establishment of a temporary internal political stabilization in the country. The authorities managed this time to take control of the situation and suppress the revolutionary wave. At the same time, the agrarian question remained unresolved, and many feudal vestiges and privileges remained. As a bourgeois revolution, the revolution of 1905 did not fulfill all its tasks, it remained incomplete.

Similar information.

They are a violation of the balance between the ideological aspirations of the Russian thinking society and the current formats of its life. Russia has outgrown the form of the existing system. It strives for a new system based on a legal society based on civil liberties.
S.Yu. Witte

The Russian bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1905-1907, which we will briefly talk about today, was one of the first stages indicating that the people no longer wanted to live in the old way. The 1905 revolution is very important because it preceded the 1917 revolution, it personified the problems in Russian society, as well as unresolved conflicts in the foreign policy structure of the world.

Causes of the revolution

The main reasons for the revolution of 1905-1907 are as follows:

Lack of political freedoms for the majority of the population of the Russian Empire.
Unresolved agrarian question. Despite the abolition of serfdom in 1861, there were no significant changes for the peasants.
Difficult working conditions in factories and factories.
Failures of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War.
National question. Russia was a multinational country, but the rights of many small nations were.

In fact, the revolution came out in favor of limiting the autocracy. There was no question of overthrowing the monarchy in Russia, therefore the events of 1905-1907 should be viewed exclusively as preparations for the February and October revolutions of 1917. An important point, which is unlikely to be discouraged in most history textbooks, is the financing of the revolution. In order for the people to rise to active actions, those must appear, then the people will lead. These people need money and influence accordingly. As stated in the famous film, any crime has a financial footprint. And this trail really needs to be looked for, since Pop Gapon is not suitable for the role of the person who created the revolution and raised it from zero to active action.

I propose to look for the origins of the first Russian revolution and the second Russian revolution in the reforms of Witte. The monetary reform of 1897, after which the gold standard was introduced in the Russian Empire, actually sentenced the country. The Russian ruble became more controlled by the world financial institutions, and in order to finally fix the string, the system needed a revolution. The same scenario was tested not only in Russia, but also, for example, in Germany.

Main goals

During the revolution, the following tasks were set:

Limitation or elimination of autocracy.
Creation of democratic foundations: political parties, freedom of speech, press, free choice of occupations, and so on.
Reducing the working day to 8 hours.
Allotment of land to peasants.
Establishment of the equality of peoples in Russia.

Understanding these tasks is very important, since they cover not one segment of the population, but practically the entire population of the Russian Empire. The tasks covered all strata of the population, therefore it was possible to cover the broad masses who took part in the revolution.

The revolution of 1905-1907 was essentially bourgeois-democratic. Bourgeois, since the tasks of the revolution included the final destruction of serfdom, and democratic, since the broad masses of the population took part in it: workers, peasants, soldiers of the intelligentsia, and so on.

The course of the revolution and its stages

The 1905 revolution of 1907 can be divided into three main stages: January-September 1905, October-December 1905, January 1906 - June 3, 1907. Let's consider each of these stages more specific, but before that I want to focus on 3 main indicators that allowed start a revolution and accelerate its progress:

Defeat of Russia during the Russo-Japanese War. Many historians say that Japanese intelligence actively financed the revolution in Russia. This was necessary to weaken the enemy from within. Of course, there are no traces proving this theory, but an interesting fact is that as soon as the Russian-Japanese war ended, the first Russian revolution of 1905 began to decline.
The crisis of 1900-1903. It was an economic crisis that hit the main strata of the population very hard, especially the poor.
Bloody Sunday January 9, 1905. It was after that day that the revolution began to gain momentum as blood was shed.

The first stage of the revolution: January-September 1905

On January 3, a strike began at the Putilov factory, which was supported by most of the large factories in St. Petersburg. The reason is the layoffs of several workers. At the head of the strike was the organization "Meeting of Russian factory workers of the city of St. Petersburg", which was headed by priest Gapon. During the strike, they began to write a petition to the tsar, which they decided to refer to the Winter Palace on January 9th. The petition consisted of five main points:

The release of all those who suffered during the strikes, for their political and religious convictions in the country.
Declarations of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of conscience, freedom of religion and personal integrity.
Compulsory free education for all citizens.
Responsibility of ministers and ministries to the people.
Equality of all before the law.

Please note that the petition itself is not a call to start a revolution. Therefore, the events of January 3-8 can be viewed as preparation for the revolution of 1905-1907. But the question is who prepared and who organized the first Russian revolution, if the protesters wanted to change the country, but did not call to take up arms? Therefore, it is very important to study the issues of January 9, 1905, which went down in history as Bloody Sunday, since it was a provocation that came both from the priest Gapon and from the tsarist army.

Main events

Table 2. Dates and events of the first stage of the revolution: January-September 1905

date	Event
January 3 - 8	Strikes of workers in St. Petersburg. Preparing a petition to the king.
January 9	Bloody Sunday. The shooting of a 140,000-strong workers' demonstration on its way to the Winter Palace.
January February	Mass strikes of workers who opposed the events of January 9.
January 19	Nikolai 2 speaks to the workers. In his speech, the emperor notes that he forgives all the protesters, that the protesters themselves are to blame for the execution, and that when such petitions and demonstrations are repeated, the executions will be repeated.
February March	The beginning of the peasant riots. Approximately 1/6 of the county in Russia was captured. The beginning of the boycott by the workers. The demonstrations are attended by workers, peasants and intellectuals.
18th of Febuary	Acts on the convocation of the State Duma, the so-called "Bulygin Duma", are published.
The 1 of May	Uprising of the weavers in Lodz. Demonstrations in Warsaw, Reval and Riga. The army used weapons to suppress it.
May 12 - July 23	A strike of workers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk.
June 14-25	The uprising on the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky".
July	By order of the government, all factories raised workers' wages.
July 31 - August 1	Congress of the Peasant Union.
July August	The active stage of repression by the state, expressed in the mass arrests of protesters.

Strikes during the Revolution

Change in the number of strikes in Russia from 1905 to 1916.

Second stage of the revolution: October-December 1905

All-Russian strike

On September 19, Moscow newspapers came out demanding economic changes. Later, these demands were supported by the workers of Moscow enterprises, as well as by railroad workers. As a result, the largest strike of the revolution of 1905-1907 began. Today this strike is called an all-Russian one. More than 2 million people from more than 50 cities took part in it. As a result, the protesters began to spontaneously form Soviets of Workers' Deputies in the cities. For example, on October 13, the Soviet of Workers' Deputies appeared in St. Petersburg.

To understand the significance of those events, it should be noted once again that 2 million people took part in them, and during the event, classes in all educational institutions were canceled, banks, pharmacies, and shops stopped working. It was during the October strike that the slogans "Down with autocracy" and "Long live the democratic republic" were first heard. The situation began to get out of control and the tsar was forced to sign the manifesto "On the improvement of state order" dated October 17, 1905. This manifesto contained 3 main points:

All people receive civil liberties and personal immunity. It also proclaims freedom of speech, conscience, assembly and association. Freedom of conscience is understood as freedom of religion.
Even those strata of the population that were deprived of civil and electoral rights before 1905 are involved in the work of the State Duma.
Not a single law of the Russian Empire could be passed without the approval of the State Duma.

The first two points are very important for the population, but not critical for the country. But the last point is very important for the history of Russia. The recognition that the monarch cannot issue independent laws without the approval of the State Duma is the end of autocracy. In fact, after 1905, the autocracy in Russia ended. An emperor who cannot pass all the laws he sees fit cannot be considered an autocrat. Therefore, from 1905 to 1917 in Russia there was a form of power that resembled a constitutional monarchy.

December events in Moscow

It would seem that the manifesto of October 17, 1905 was supposed to extinguish the hotbed of the revolution, but the fact is that political parties regarded the signing of this document as a diplomatic move by the tsarist government, which thereby tried to suppress the revolution, but was not going to execute the manifesto. As a result, preparations began for a new stage of the revolution. Moreover, this stage was supposed to result in an armed conflict, because for the first time the revolutionaries began to purchase weapons on a large scale. On December 7, 1905, the Moscow Council of Workers' Deputies, which was formed only in November, appealed to all citizens with a demand to stop work and start a strike. All Moscow workers heeded this demand, and they were supported by all and the workers of St. Petersburg. The government decided to suppress the rebellion with the help of the army, as a result of which an active armed conflict began. It happened on December 10.

The fighting in Moscow went on for 7 days. About 6,000 people were on the side of the revolutionaries. The workers began to form their own quarters, blocking them with barricades. On December 15, the Semyonovsky Guards regiment arrived in Moscow, which immediately began shelling the workers' positions. The main events took place at Presnya. But the forces were unequal, so on December 19 the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies decided that the uprising would stop. There are no specific data on the victims; official sources only say that more than 1,000 people were killed and arrested in these events. This was the culmination of the 1905-1907 revolution, after which its intensity began to decline.

Key dates and events

Table 3. Dates and events of the second stage of the revolution: October-December 1905

date	Event	The reaction of the authorities
October 7-15	General Russian political strike. The workers acted in an organized way, stopping the work of almost all large factories, post office, telegraph, transport, educational institutions, and so on.	In response, Nikolai 2 on October 12 signed an order on the use of weapons to suppress strikes, on October 17, the manifesto "On the improvement of state order."
October November	Political parties are being created. The peasant movement is gaining momentum. In the European part of Russia, about 1/2 of all county lands were captured. New "peasant republics" with their own power were formed there. At the same time there was an uprising in the fleet of Kronstadt and Sevastopol.	Manifesto of November 3 "On the reduction of redemption payments" by half in 1906, and on the complete abolition of redemption payments from January 1, 1907. The active stages of the uprising, primarily in the navy, were suppressed.
November December	Spontaneous uprisings in large cities, including Moscow and St. Petersburg, where Soviets of Workers' Deputies were formed.	The army arrested all the leaders of the Soviets of Workers' Deputies.
December 7-9	The beginning and preparation of the big strike in Moscow
December 10-19	Armed uprising in Moscow.	On December 11, a new electoral law of the Russian Empire is adopted. On December 17-19, a new execution of the rebels. The armed uprising was suppressed.
December	Armed uprisings in Nizhny Novgorod, the Urals, Vladivostok, Kharkov, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnoyarsk, Georgia, the Caucasus.	Armed suppression of uprisings.

Third stage of the revolution: January 1906 - June 3, 1907

The third stage of the revolution is characterized by a significant decrease in the number of strikes. That is, as soon as the war with Japan ended, the number of uprisings immediately decreased. This is an amazing fact, which once again proves that the revolutionaries have Japanese funding.

One of the first major events of 1906 was February 2, when the act on the creation of the State Duma was signed. The Duma was created for 5 years, and the tsar retained the right to dissolve it and announce new elections. From March 26 to April 20, elections to the first State Duma of the Russian Empire were held. From April 27 to July 8, the activities of the first State Duma in Russia continued, but these meetings did not create any significant documents. On July 10, 1906, the so-called "Vyborg views" were signed in protest of the deputies against the dispersal of the Duma. In February 1907, elections to the second State Duma began, which began on February 20 and lasted until June 2, 1907. The chairman of the Duma was Kadet Golovin, the main issue for discussion was the agrarian question.

Among the important events of the third stage are the following:

On April 23, 1906, the main body of laws of the Russian Empire was published, with amendments due to the revolution.
November 9, 1906 - a decree allowing peasants to receive allotments for personal use after leaving the community.
July 3, 1907 - signed a manifesto on the dissolution of the Duma and the adoption of a new electoral law. This was the end of the revolution.

Results of the revolution

Table 4. Results of the revolution 1905-1907

	Before the revolution	After the revolution
Autocracy	Not limited by anyone or anything	Limited by the State Council and the State Duma
Major populations	Deprived of political freedoms	Possess political freedoms, including personal inviolability
Working conditions	High degree of exploitation of workers	Increasing wages and reducing the working day to 9-10 hours
Land issue	The land belonged to the landowners, the peasant question was not resolved	Granting land rights to peasants. Agrarian reform

The results of the revolution of 1905-1907 can be called intermediate. Globally, nothing has changed in the country. The only major change concerned the fact that the tsar had to pass all laws through the State Duma. For the rest: the peasant question was not resolved, the working day was cut slightly, wages were not increased. It turns out that 2.5 years of revolution were aimed at insignificantly limiting the power of the monarch, and at asserting the right to form trade unions and hold strikes? The answer is paradoxical - this is exactly what was required of the first Russian revolution. She did not solve problems within the country, but prepared Russia for a future, more powerful revolution.

Trade unions, strikes and the State Duma played a large role in the 1917 revolution. Therefore, these two revolutions must be considered together. The second would not exist without the first. After all, the 1905 revolution did not solve any serious problems: the tsar remained in power, the ruling classes did not change, the bureaucracy did not disappear, corruption increased, the standard of living fell, and so on. At first glance, it seems illogical that under such conditions the revolution calmed down. After all, it was against this that people spoke out. But if we understand that the revolutions in Russia were connected, then the results of the first revolution should ultimately become the reasons for the second revolution. And so it happened.

45. The first Russian revolution, prerequisites, stages, results. Formation of a new political system.

The reasons for the revolution were rooted in the economic and socio-political system of Russia:

The preconditions for the revolution were formed mainly at the end of the 19th century.

The main one was the contradiction between the country's development (especially economic) and remnants in the political, social, economic and other spheres - the preservation of autocracy, the estate system, unresolved agrarian and labor issues.

The unsuccessful Russo-Japanese War played an important role.

The nationwide socio-political crisis... It was expressed in the struggle of the working people against the autocratic-police system, in the creation of left-wing radical political parties and liberal opposition unions, in disputes within the ruling elite and fluctuations in the government course. The workers' movement acquired a large scale. All large industrial regions were affected by strikes: Moscow, Petersburg, Donbass, Baku, Ural. The workers demanded the convocation of a Constituent Assembly, an end to the Russo-Japanese war, an 8-hour working day and an improvement in their situation.

The peasantry also reached considerable proportions. However, during these years, the peasants did not demand the division of the landowners' land, the reduction of taxes and duties. The highest rise was noted in 1902, when, due to the famine caused by the poor harvest in 1901, unrest began in the Ukraine, the Volga region, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the course of the struggle, her character gradually changed. Increasingly, political demands were made. Now the peasants opposed both individual landlords and the government's agrarian policy.

An important evidence of the growing socio-political crisis in the country was the movement of the democratic intelligentsia. She spoke out against police arbitrariness, demanded political freedoms. Her participation in the social movement was expressed in the creation of legal societies (scientists, doctors, etc.), at whose meetings acute political issues were discussed. The students were the most active. At the beginning of the XX century. a significant part of the radical student body went on to open political struggle, declaring their solidarity with the working class.

The stages of the revolution... The first reason was: The revolution lasted 2.5 years (from January 9, 1905 to June 3, 1907, the events in St. Petersburg - the general strike and Bloody Sunday - were the prologue of the revolution. On January 9, workers who were going to the tsar with a petition were shot. participants in the "Meeting of Russian factory workers" under the leadership of GA Gapon. The petition contained a request from the workers to improve their material situation and political demands - the convocation of the Constituent Assembly on the basis of universal, equal and secret ballot, the introduction of democratic freedoms. In response, the workers began to take up arms and build barricades. The authorities knew about it in advance, a military garrison was brought up to the winter palace.

The following stages are distinguished: First stage. From January 9 to the end of September 1905 2nd - October - December 1905 - the highest rise of the revolution, 3rd floor - From January 1906 to June 3, 1907 - the decline and retreat of the revolution.

First step. From January 9 to the end of September 1905, it gradually covered all regions of Russia.

Main events: January-February strikes and protest demonstrations in response to Bloody Sunday - a strike in the textile industry in Ivanovo-Voznesensky became a major strike in this movement, and the neighboring towns of Shuya and Kokhma joined it. During the strike, a "council of workers 'commissioners" was elected; it formed a workers' militia, closed taverns, forbade raising prices, and raised salaries by 10%. Their social base expanded at the expense of peasants from the black earth provinces in 1905. -February. In the summer, the "All-Russian Peasant Union" was formed. Cat. In aug. 1905 his illegal congress was held in Moscow.

The uprising also engulfed the sailors on the battleship Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky, which was part of the Black Sea Fleet. After 11 days of the voyage, he arrived at the Romanian Constanta and surrendered to the local authorities. spring-summer performances of workers in Moscow, Odessa, Warsaw, Lodz, Riga and Baku.

Under the pressure of the revolution, the government made its first concession in February 1905. Minister Bulygin was instructed to develop a law on the creation of an elected representative institution. According to his project to the State Duma. Elections were held in 3 curiae: landowning, urban, rural, and workers and peasants were excluded. Acceptance of the Draft was thwarted.

Second phase. October - December 1905 - the highest upsurge of the revolution. Main events: the general All-Russian October political strike (more than 2 million participants) in Moscow, this strike was led by the Soviet of Workers' People's Deputies, created following the example of Ivano-Voznesensky. Their requirements: 8th slave. Day, democratic. Freedom, convening a constituent assembly. Under the influence of this. Strikes the government issued a Manifesto on October 17 "On the improvement of state order", in which the tsar promised to introduce certain political freedoms and convene a legislative State Duma on the basis of a new electoral law; and providing the State Duma legislativeright. In contrast to the Duma, the State Council was vested with legislative rights, becoming the "upper" legislative chamber: bills adopted by the Duma then had to receive its approval. The introduction of a representative legislative body in the person of the State Duma did not undermine the prerogatives of the autocratic power of the emperor. The laws adopted by the Duma and approved by the State Council received force only upon their approval by the emperor. the emperor appointed and removed ministers responsible only to him, and not to the Duma. He had the exclusive right to conclude treaties with other states. He could dissolve the Duma and appoint new elections to it. Published on April 23, 1906 "Basic state laws" it was said that "the supreme autocratic power belongs to the Emperor of All Russia."

Autumn 1905 the scope of peasant riots, cat. They were accompanied by the destruction of the landowners 'estates and the seizure of the landowners' lands. At that time, peasant revolts engulfed more than half of the counties in the country. At the beginning of November 1905, the II All-Russian Congress of the Peasant Union was held, cat. He announced the transfer of all land to public ownership, and the introduction of universal suffrage and the democratization of local government. On November 3, 1905, under the influence of a broad peasant movement, a manifesto was issued announcing a halving of redemption payments for allotment land, and redemption payments were completely canceled from January 1, 1907.

In October - December 1905, performances in the army and navy. The largest of these was the uprising of sailors and soldiers of the Black Sea Fleet under the leadership of Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt in the env. The uprising began on the cruiser Ochakov. It was joined by 12 ships of the Black Sea Fleet. the uprising was defensive in nature. The military command suppressed him. Lieutenant Schmidt, along with other leaders of the uprising, was captured - shot. Ordinary participants in the uprising were sentenced to hard labor and imprisonment. December strikes and uprisings in Moscow, Kharkov, Chita, Krasnoyarsk and other cities were suppressed by the state.

Stage three. From January 1906 to June 3, 1907 - the decline and retreat of the revolution. It was marked by new forms of social struggle. A major uprising took place in Presnya, a large workers' district, where the insurgents held the barricades for about a week, until December 19. With the help of the Semyonovsky regiment, it was suppressed. Armed demonstrations in December 1905 - January 1906 took place in Nizhny Novgorod, Kharkov, Krasnoyarsk, Chita, Vladivostok and in a number of working centers in Ukraine and Georgia. Everywhere, with the help of regular troops, they were easily suppressed. After the events of December 1905, the "retreat of the revolution" began. First of all, it was expressed in the decline of the workers' strike movement: in 1906 - 1.1 million, and in 1907 - 740 thousand.

Spring - summer 1906 a new wave of the peasant agrarian movement arose, which acquired an even greater scope than in 1905 d. It extended to 240 counties of the country, but it was a series of local cat riots. Easily suppressed. uprisings in the army and navy, which took on an even more threatening character than in 1905 in July 1906 In Kronstadt, Sveaborg and Revel The uprisings were well prepared and led by the Social Revolutionaries, who developed a plan to surround the capital with a ring of military uprisings and force the government to surrender. However, the uprisings were suppressed by troops loyal to the government. In 1906, the national liberation movement under the leadership of local nationalist parties in Finland, the Baltic States, Poland, Ukraine, and the Transcaucasia assumed impressive dimensions.

Reasons for the failure of the rebels: 1. There was no pre-developed plan, the uprising was spontaneous 2. There is no organizing and leading center 3. The uprising arose locally, as a result of which it was easy to suppress them 4. Poor weapons were limited mainly by barricades and defense.

The main result of the revolution was the change in polit. Systems in the mill. During the revolution, a law was passed on the creation and convocation of the State. Duma, the autocracy has been preserved. New political forces entered the political arena - polit. Party cat. Took part in the elections to the state. Duma: 1) revolutionary democratic (social democratic and neo-people); 2) liberal opposition; 3) conservative

1:Russian Social Democratic Party (RSDLP) took shape at the II Congress (1903), at the same time it was split into Bolsheviks(leader V.I.Lenin) and Mensheviks(Yu. O. Martov (Tsederbaum). The congress adopted a program of 2 parts: 1st - overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic republic, the introduction of broad local self-government, the granting of the right of self-government to all nations that are part of Russia, the establishment of 8 hours. Workday. According to the peasant? From 1906 - in the program, the Bolsheviks put forward the complete confiscation of all landlord, state, appanage, church and monastic lands, as well as their nationalization - transfer to the ownership of the state (the peasants wanted the public property - the people were the owner of the land, and the community was responsible for the distribution of plots). Menshiviks - municipalization land. Those. confiscated state, landlord, appanage, monastic and church lands were given at the disposal of self-government bodies (municipalities), which then distributed it among the peasants.

2nd part: socialist reorganization of society after the revolution. But in their tactics, the Bolsheviks foresaw the possibility of an immediate "development of the bourgeois-democratic revolution into a socialist one." The Mensheviks believed that in Russia, it was necessary to go through a certain period of bourgeois-democratic development of the country in order to begin socialist transformations.

Essers: announced its appearance in 1902, but organizationally took shape at its founding congress at the end of 1905, at which its program and charter were adopted. The leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionaries - V.M. Chernov, A.R. Gots. Program: democratic freedoms, overthrow of the autocracy and the establishment of a democratic republic, autonomy of regions and communities on a federal basis, widespread use of federal relations between individual nations, free education. The Social Revolutionaries demanded that all the land be withdrawn from private property. But they advocated "socialization", that is, the transfer of land not to the state, but to the "public property". they saw terror as a "last resort." It was dealt with by the "Combat Organization of the Social Revolutionaries".

Constitutional Democratic party (cadets), in October 1905, it consisted of teachers of higher and secondary educational institutions, doctors, engineers, lawyers, but partly artisans. The leader of the influential party of the liberal bourgeoisie was the historian P. N. Milyukov. The most important goal of the Cadets proclaimed the introduction of a democratic constitution in the country (hence the name of their party). An unlimited monarchy must be replaced by a parliamentary democratic system (the Cadets avoided the question of whether it would be a constitutional monarchy or a republic). They advocated the separation of powers - legislative, executive and judicial, for a radical reform of local government and the court, a democrat. Freedom Po agrarian. Question: partial "alienation" of the landlord's land in favor of the peasants "at a fair assessment" (that is, at market prices), advocated private land ownership and were decisive opponents of its socialization

Union on October 17, 1905 was established. He chose the Tsar's Manifesto on October 17, 1905 as his banner (hence its name). It was the party of big business - the upper circles of the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie and landlord entrepreneurs. It was headed by A.I. Guchkov. The Octobrists represented the state system as a constitutional monarchy, with "people's representation" - the State Duma and the State Council, formed on the basis of qualifying elections - direct in cities and two-stage in rural areas. Democratic freedoms - freedom of speech, association, religion, the legitimacy of strikes was recognized as a means of protecting the interests of workers, insurance of workers was provided. reduction of taxes on the population, equalization of peasants in rights with other estates. The agrarian question: they stood for the destruction of the community, the return of the cuts to the peasants, allowed the alienation of part of the landlord's land for rewarding its owners at the expense of the treasury.

3. Conservative parties (landlord-monarchist and clerical) were represented "Union of the Russian people"- arose in 1905 - attracted small shopkeepers, petty bourgeois. The leaders of the "Union" were the official for special assignments under the Ministry of Internal Affairs V. M. Purishkevich, the Kursk landowner N. Ye. Markov. The slogan of this party: "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality." The Black Hundreds advocated the unrestricted power of the tsar and the dominant position of the Russian Orthodox Church.

The first elections were held in the state. Duma In March - April 1906, basically it had the main two forces: the Cadets, and the Trudoviks and Social Democrats. The main discussion was about the agrarian thread. There are 2 positions - 1. Cadets to create a state. The land fund for the allotment of land and landless peasants from appanages, monasteries when they were redeemed from their owners, and leasing, the Trudoviks put forward a demand to take away., The Duma was dissolved, then in February 1907. The elections to the 2nd State Duma, into the cat. Democrats had 43% of the votes. Parties (Social Democrat, Trudoviks). They discussed the agrarian question, and it was dismissed under the pretext (fabricated by the secret police) of the organization of a conspiracy by the Social Democrats to overthrow the state. The existing system. On June 3, 1905, a law was promulgated that changed the procedure for elections to the Duma. Its publication was a direct violation of the Manifesto of October 17, 1905. Thus, an act of a coup d'etat was accomplished.

In general, during the revolution, the peasants achieved the abolition of redemption payments. In the course of the revolution, the preconditions were created for carrying out the agrarian reform, which contributed to the further development of bourgeois relations in the countryside. The end of the revolution led to the establishment of a temporary internal political stabilization in Russia. There have been changes in the political. System –Gos. Thought.

Grigoriev and Orlov: The main result was that the supreme power was forced to change the socio-political system of Russia. New state structures were formed in it, which testified to the beginning of the development of parliamentarism. Some limitation of the autocracy was achieved, although the tsar was left with the opportunity to make legislative decisions and all the completeness of executive power. The socio-political position of the citizens of Russia has changed: democratic freedoms have been introduced, censorship has been abolished, and it is allowed to organize trade unions and legal political parties. The bourgeoisie received a broad opportunity to participate in the political life of the country. The material and legal position of the working people has improved. In a number of industries, wages have increased and the length of the working day has decreased. The peasants achieved the abolition of redemption payments. In the course of the revolution, the preconditions were created for carrying out the agrarian reform, which contributed to the further development of bourgeois relations in the countryside. The end of the revolution led to the establishment of temporary internal political stabilization in Russia.

Mironov, Sakharov. Tyukavkin.

		Event value
	"Bloody Sunday"	The beginning of the revolution. On this day, faith in the king was shot.
	Strike of 70 thousand workers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk	The first Soviet of Workers' Deputies in Russia was created, which lasted 65 days
April 1905	III Congress of the RSDLP in London	The congress decided to prepare for an armed uprising.
spring-summer 1905	A wave of peasant uprisings swept across the country	All-Russian Peasant Union created
	Uprising on the battleship Potemkin	For the first time, a large warship went over to the side of the rebels, which testified to the fact that the last support of the autocracy - the army - was shaken.
October 1905	All-Russian October political strike	The tsar was forced to make concessions, as the people's dissatisfaction with the autocracy resulted in the All-Russian strike
	Nicholas II signed the "Manifesto of Freedoms"	The Manifesto was the first step towards parliamentarism, constitutionality, democracy and created the opportunity for peaceful, post-reform development
October 1905	Formation of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadets)	Adoption of a program that contained provisions in favor of workers and peasants
		The Octobrists' program took into account the interests of the working people to a lesser extent, since its core was made up of large industrialists and wealthy landowners.
	Formation of the party "Union of the Russian people"	This party was the largest Black Hundred organization. It was a nationalist, chauvinist, pro-fascist organization (chauvinism is the propaganda of hatred towards other nations and peoples and the upbringing of the superiority of one's own nation).
late autumn 1905	Uprising of soldiers and sailors in Sevastopol, Kronstadt, Moscow, Kiev, Kharkov, Tashkent, Irkutsk	The revolutionary movement in the army testified that the last support of the autocracy was no longer as reliable as before.
	Armed uprising in Moscow	The highest point of the first Russian revolution
December 1905		The beginning of Russian parliamentarism
	Nicholas II inaugurates the 1st State Duma - the first Russian parliament
	The II State Duma began its work
	The II State Duma was dissolved. At the same time, a new electoral law is being adopted.	A coup d'etat was carried out in the country from above. The political regime established in the country was called the "June third monarchy". It was a regime of police brutality and persecution. Defeat of the 1st Russian Revolution.

Lecture 47

Russia in 1907-1914 Stolypin agrarian reform

In the summer of 1906, the youngest governor of Russia, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, was appointed by Nicholas II as Minister of Internal Affairs, and then as Prime Minister.

Agrarian reform was the main and favorite brainchild of Stolypin.

Objectives of the reform.

1. Social and political. To create in the countryside a solid support for the autocracy in the person of strong peasant farms (well-to-do peasant owners).

2. Social and economic. To destroy the community, giving the peasants the opportunity to freely leave it: to determine their own place of residence and the type of their activity.

3. Economic. To ensure the advancement of agriculture, to accelerate the industrial development of the country.

4. Relocate land-poor peasants beyond the Urals, contributing to a more intensive development of the eastern regions of Russia.

The essence of the reform.

Solve the agrarian question at the expense of the peasants themselves, leaving the landlords' lands intact, at the same time eliminating the basis for possible social conflicts.

Results of the Stolypin agrarian reform

Positive:

Up to 1/4 of the farms were separated from the community, the stratification of the countryside increased, the rural elite gave up to half of the market grain,

3 million farms have moved from European Russia,

4 million dess. communal lands were included in the market turnover,

Fertilizer consumption increased from 8 to 20 million poods,

The per capita income of the rural population increased from 23 to 33 rubles. in year.

Negative:

From 70 to 90% of the peasants who left the community retained ties with the community,

0.5 million migrants returned back to Central Russia,

There were 2-4 dessiatines per peasant household, while the norm was 7-8 dessiatines. arable land,

The main agricultural equipment is a plow (8 million pieces), 52% of farms did not have plows.

Wheat yield 55 poods. from dess. in Germany - 157 poods.

OUTPUT.

Thanks to the successful course of the agrarian reform, Russia by 1914 had made great strides in economic and financial development, which allowed it to play a noticeable role in world politics. However, Russia's entry into the war and the subsequent defeat threw the country back again, increasing its lag behind the leading European powers.

Lecture 48

Formation of political parties in Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries.

The workers and the growing strike movement with economic demands exerted a significant influence on the political life of the country. The peasant movement also grew. It was caused by the agrarian crisis, the political powerlessness of the peasantry and the famine of 1901. From 1900 to 1904 there were 670 peasant uprisings.

Oppositional sentiments at the beginning of the twentieth century. covered broad layers of the intelligentsia, the petty and middle bourgeoisie and students. The lack of freedom of social activity in Russia made it difficult to form legal political parties.

The consignment - is the organization of the most active part of the class, which sets as its task the conduct of a political struggle for the interests of this class and most fully and consistently expresses and defends them. The main thing that interests a political party is state power.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. in Russia there were up to 50 parties, and in 1907 - more than 70. The largest and most influential among them were the following:

Illegal parties

Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) in 1901 - 1902 - completed the unification of revolutionary organizations into a party. Its number is several thousand (by 1907 - up to 40 thousand). The newspaper "Revolutionary Russia". Party leader, program author, newspaper editor, leading theoretician - Viktor Chernov.

The party's goal is to build a socialist society through revolution, but society is not a state, but a self-governing union of productive associations, whose members receive the same income.

The tactics are a combination of political terror in the "centers" and agrarian terror (violent actions against property or against the personality of "economic oppressors") in the countryside.

RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labor Party) formed in 1903. at the II Congress.

The main task is to build socialism through a social revolution and to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. At the III Congress, the party split into two parts: the Bolsheviks (leader V. Ulyanov (Lenin) and the Mensheviks (Yu. Martov)). Martov opposed the Leninist idea of the dictatorship of the proletariat, believing that the proletariat would not be able to play the leading role, since capitalism in Russia was in its initial stage of development. He believed that "the bourgeoisie will still take its rightful place - the leader of the bourgeois revolution." Martov shared Herzen's fears that "communism could become the Russian autocracy on the contrary." At the party conference in Prague (1912), the final split took shape organizationally.

Legal parties

Union of the Russian people It was founded in 1905. The publishing organ is the Russian Banner. (100 thousand people) Leaders - A. Dubrovin and V. Purishkevich.

Main ideas : Orthodoxy, autocracy, Russian nationality.

Major trends : acute nationalism, hatred of all "foreigners" and the intelligentsia. The bulk of the party members: small shopkeepers, janitors, cabbies, lumpen (people of the "bottom"). They created fighting squads - "black hundreds" for pogroms and murders of progressive public figures and revolutionaries. This was the first Russian version of fascism.

Constitutional Democratic Party of People's Freedom (Cadets). Created in 1905 (100 thousand people). Edition "Speech". Leader P. Milyukov. Bourgeois Party of Reforms: Evolutionary Path to Revolution.

Union October 17 (Octobrists). 30 thousand people Edition "Word". Leaders: Guchkov and Rodzianko. The party of the big bourgeoisie. With the help of reforms to come to a constitutional monarchy, coexisting with the Duma.

Output: The creation of socialist and bourgeois parties is an indicator of a significant shift in the socio-political development of the country. The active part of the population realized the need to fight for democratic rights of freedom.

Lecture 49

Russia at the turnXIX- XXcenturies (90s.XIXcentury - 1905). Russo-Japanese war

Causes and nature of the war

The Russo-Japanese War was one of the first wars of the imperialist era. Its main reason is the clash of interests between Japanese and Russian imperialism. Japan's ruling classes have plundered China for many years. They wanted to seize Korea, Manchuria, and gain a foothold in Asia. Tsarism also pursued an aggressive policy in the Far East; the Russian bourgeoisie needed new sales markets.

Aggravation of contradictions between Japan, Russia, England and the United States due to influence in China.

The construction of the Siberian railway by Russia (Chelyabinsk - Vladivostok) - 7 thousand km in 1891-1901, which caused discontent in Japan.

An attempt by Russia to reduce the aggressive plans of Japan as a result of the Japanese-Chinese war of 1894-1895. Russia demanded an ultimatum (supported by Germany and France) that Japan should abandon the Liaodong Peninsula.

The conclusion of a defensive alliance between Russia and China against Japan, according to which:

a) construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway Chita - Vladivostok began (via China)

b) China leased the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur to Russia for 25 years

The interest of European countries and the United States in a clash between Japan and Russia

II ... Preparing Japan for War

The conclusion of the Anglo-Japanese treaty against Russia

Japan's construction of a modern navy in England

Britain and the United States helped Japan with strategic raw materials, weapons, and loans. France took a neutral position and did not support its ally - Russia.

Conducting trial mobilizations, maneuvers, creating arsenals, training landings. The Japanese fleet spent the entire winter of 1903 at sea, preparing for sea battles.

The indoctrination of the Japanese population. Imposing the idea of the need to seize the "northern territories due to the overpopulation of the Japanese islands."

Conducting extensive intelligence and espionage activities in the future theater of operations.

III ... Russia's unpreparedness for war

Diplomatic isolation of Russia

In terms of the total number of troops, Russia surpassed Japan (1 million people against the 150 thousandth army), but reserves from Russia were not brought up, and at the beginning of the war, it fielded only 96 thousand people.

Difficulties in transferring troops and equipment over 10 thousand km (The Siberian railway was not completed near Lake Baikal. The goods were transported by horse-drawn vehicles). Only 2 divisions could be transferred from central Russia to the Far East per month.

The navy was dispersed, there were half the cruisers, and the destroyers three times less than those of Japan.

Technical lag in armament, clumsiness of the bureaucratic apparatus, embezzlement and theft of officials, underestimation of the enemy's forces, the unpopularity of war among the masses.

I V ... The beginning and course of hostilities

Using the superiority of forces and the factor of surprise on the night of January 27, 1904, without declaring war, 10 Japanese destroyers suddenly attacked the Russian squadron on the outer roadstead of Port Arthur and disabled 2 battleships and 1 cruiser. On the morning of January 27, 6 Japanese cruisers and 8 destroyers attacked the cruiser Varyag and the gunboat Koreets in the Korean port of Chemulpo. In an unequal 45-minute battle, the Russian sailors showed miracles of courage: on both ships there were four times less guns than the Japanese, but the Japanese squadron was seriously damaged, and one cruiser was sunk. Damage prevented the Varyag from breaking through to Port Arthur, Command both ships were transferred to French and American ships, after which the "Korean" was blown up, and the "Varyag" was flooded so that they would not get to the enemy.

The commander of the Pacific Fleet, Vice Admiral S.O. Makarov, began intensive preparations for active operations at sea. On March 31, he led his squadron to an outer raid in order to engage the enemy and lure him under the fire of coastal batteries. However, at the very beginning of the battle, the flagship Petropavlovsk was blown up by a mine and sank within 2 minutes. Most of the crew perished: S.O. Makarov, his entire headquarters, as well as the artist V.V. Vereshchagin, who was on the ship. sea.

On land, military operations were also unsuccessful. In February-April 1904, Japanese troops landed in Korea and on the Liaodong Peninsula. The commander of the land army, General A.N. Kuropatkin, did not organize a proper rebuff, as a result the Japanese army cut off Port Arthur from the main forces in March 1904.

In August 1904, the first assault on Port Arthur took place. 5 days of fighting showed that the fortress could not be taken by storm, the Japanese army lost a third of its composition and was forced to go over to a long siege. At the same time, the stubborn resistance of Russian soldiers thwarted the Japanese offensive near Liaoyang. However, Kuropatkin did not use this success and gave the order to retreat, which made it easier for the enemy to launch a new offensive on Port Arthur.

The second assault on Port Arthur in September 1904 was again repulsed. The defenders of the fortress, led by the talented general R.I. Kondratenko, fettered almost half of the Japanese forces. The counter-offensive of Russian troops on the Shahe River at the end of September was unsuccessful. The third assault in October, the fourth in November of Port Arthur did not bring victory to the Japanese, although the defenders of the fortress were 3 times less than the enemy forces. The constant bombardment destroyed most of the fortifications. On December 3, 1904, General Kondratenko was killed. Contrary to the decision of the Defense Council, on December 20, 1904, General Stoessel surrendered Port Arthur. The fortress withstood 6 assaults within 157 days. 50 thousand Russian soldiers pinned down about 200 thousand enemy troops.

In 1905, Russia suffered two more major defeats: land (in February near Mukden) and sea (in May near the Tsushima Islands). The further conduct of the war was senseless. The Russian army was losing its combat capability, hatred of incompetent generals grew among the soldiers and officers, and revolutionary ferment intensified. In Japan, the situation was also difficult. There was a lack of raw materials and finance. The United States offered Russia and Japan its mediation for the negotiations.

Under the peace treaty, Russia recognized Korea as a Japanese sphere of influence

Russia transferred to Japan the right to lease part of the Liaodong Peninsula with Port Arthur and the southern part of Sakhalin Island

The ridge of the Kuril Islands passed to Japan

Russia made concessions to Japan in fishing

V I ... Results of the Russo-Japanese War

Russia spent 3 billion rubles on the war
Killed, wounded, captured about 400 thousand people (In Japan - 135 thousand killed, 554 thousand wounded and sick)
Death of the Pacific Fleet
A blow to Russia's international prestige
The defeat in the war hastened the beginning of the revolution of 1905-1907.

OUTPUT:

The adventure of the tsarist government in the Far East revealed the rottenness of the autocracy, its weakening. The autocracy has come to a shameful defeat.

Lecture 50

Russia in World War I: Major Military Operations,

internal political development, economy

The causes of World War I were the transition of the leading European countries to imperialism, the formation of monopolies, the pursuit of monopoly high profits, which pushed the capitalist states to fight for the redivision of the world, for new sources of raw materials and new markets.

On June 28, 1914, in Sarajevo, the Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed by a member of the national-patriotic organization "Young Bosnia" G. Principle. The monarchical circles of Austria-Hungary and Germany decided to use the assassination of the Archduke as a direct pretext for world war.

This war was the result of inter-imperialist contradictions between two military-political blocs that formed in Europe at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries:

1882 - the Triple Alliance, which united Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.

1907 - the Entente, which united Russia, England and France.

Each of these countries had its own predatory goals, except for Serbia and Belgium, which defended the territories of their states.

It should be noted the following: wars are different - large and small, just and conquest, liberation and colonial, popular and anti-national, cold and hot, long and fleeting. There are also absurd ones. Such a bloody and cruel massacre, which claimed millions of lives, was the one that began on August 1, 1914, when the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on little Serbia. All participants expected to carry out their military plans within 3-4 months. However, from the very first days of the war, the calculations of the leading military strategists on the lightning-fast nature of the war collapsed.