Construction educational program: we study the basic concepts - the end of the building is the side facade. The end wall is made of a frame, external metal (4) and internal wooden (5) cladding, framed on the floor with a corner (6), and in the corners - with a corner (8) Prices for brick

The end wall is inspected for defects. Cracks in welded seams are cut and welded regardless of the length in accordance with GOST 14771-76.

A fracture of the upper harness or lower harness is welded, overlays are installed, which must cover the defect site at least 30 mm and are scalded with a continuous seam along the entire perimeter.

It is allowed to repair no more than two kinks or cracks along the entire length of the strapping. It is allowed to overlap adjacent fractures with one overlay reinforced with electric rivets of at least 2 with a diameter of 20 ± 1 mm.

It is allowed to repair the fracture of the upper strapping with inserts at least 500 mm long.

Cracks in the upper and lower straps, belts, racks, channels are cut, welded, cleaned to the base metal. The cracks are covered with an overlay and welded around the perimeter with a continuous seam.

Holes in the skin are cut out, sharp edges are processed and repaired by welding with a lining with inside, which should cover the hole at least 50 mm, welding is performed on both sides with a continuous seam.

The deflection of the upper harness without reinforcement is eliminated by straightening. It is allowed to leave without repair a deflection of no more than 10 mm over the entire length of the upper harness. With the simultaneous bending of the upper and lower wall straps no more than 10 mm per 1 m of length, metal cladding on the racks to the height of the deflection, cut, straighten the strapping and install a new insert of the metal sheathing, followed by welding it with leg 5.

The lower piping, which has corrosion damage of more than 1/3 of the element thickness, is repaired by welding, followed by reinforcement of the places with one-sided linings that overlap the damage sites by 50 mm per side. When repairing the lower trim at the place of installation and welding of the lining.

Figure End wall: 1 - upper strapping; 2 - belt; 3,4,5 - rack; 6 - lower strapping; 7.8 - sheathing sheet; 9 - forest rack bracket; 10 - handrail - step; 11 - stairs

Radiation cracks are cut out and a patch is installed on the inside, overlapping the defective spot at least 30 mm and welded around the perimeter with a continuous seam.

Corrosion damage with a depth of more than 30% of the sheet thickness and in an area of more than 30% is repaired by cutting out the defective place and placing an insert with its welding to the belts or to the belts and to the upper or lower strapping. Welding should be done on both sides of the insert.

Complete replacement of the end wall cladding is performed:

· In the presence of more than two cracks, with a total length of more than 1000 mm;
· In the presence of holes, the total area is more than 0.5 m ";
· Corrosion damage to a sheet with a thickness of more than 1 mm on an area of more than 30% of the sheet;
· In the presence of dents with a depth of more than 30 mm on an area of more than 30% of the sheet.

MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT

I. Signs and inscriptions on wagons

In the center of the carriage, the coat of arms of Russia or the symbols of the Russian Railways

Home road code 061

The five-digit serial number of the car is 25171

The 1st digit can be used to determine the type of carriage

0- soft CB 16 or 18 seats

1- docked 36 seats

2- reserved seat 54 seats

3- interregional with aircraft type seats

4- Postal

5- Luggage

6- Restaurant car

7- Spec. Railway carriage

Side wall lettering

Wagon container, a plate with the number of seats

End wall

Place of registration of the car DOP-2 or LVChD-15

Planned types of repairs:

TO-1 is carried out after each flight

TO-2 is carried out before summer and winter transportation

TO-3 (unified technical revision) is carried out 1 time in half a year or for a mileage of 150,000 km

DR depot repair once every 2 years or 300,000 km mileage

KR overhaul

В / А-1080 automatic coupling height

On the end wall there is a ladder for climbing to the roof. Must be locked and sealed.

II. Wheelset (KP)

KP is essential element of the car, she directs its movement along the track, rigidly perceives all the shocks from the unevenness of the track and rigidly affects the track.

KP- consists of 2 solid-rolled wheels mounted on an axle

1-hub 2-rim 3-rolling surface 4-comb 5-disc

The axle consists of a neck, a hub section and a middle section. There are 2 types of axes RU-1 and RU-2

Wheelset malfunctions

The distance between the inner edges of the gearbox is 1440 mm deviations are allowed at speeds over 120 km / h +3 -1 to 120 km / h +3 -3

1. Crawler - this is a flat place on the rolling surface of the wheel, formed as a result of the gearbox jamming and its skidding on the rail without turning. Allowed up to 1 mm deep.

From 1 to 2 mm, it is allowed to bring such a car to the nearest service station where the gearbox can be replaced at a speed of no more than 100 km / h

2 to 6 mm no more than 15 km / h

From 6 to 12 mm no more than 10 km / h

Above 12 mm, no more than 10 km / h with the exception of gearbox rotation (twisted into the handbrake, shoes are placed)

2. Navar - arises in case of short-term skidding, allowed with a height of 0.5 mm, if detected along the route, the actions are the same as with the slider.

3. Rent - natural wear of the rolling surface of the wheel arising from its interaction with the rail head and brake pads. Hire is uniform and uneven. Uniform rolling is allowed at speeds over 120 km / h no more than 5 mm up to 120 km / h no more than 8 mm, gearbox gearbox no more than 4 mm. On trains following to the turnover point over 5000 km, no more than 6 mm.

Uneven rolling - idle gearbox no more than 2 mm, gearbox no more than 1 mm.

4. Chipping - crumbling metal from the rolling surface of the wheel. Allowed not more than 10 mm deep, no more than 25 mm long delamination going deep into the metal is not allowed. Chips up to 1mm deep, regardless of their length, are not rejected.

Ridge thickness over 120 km / h 28-33 to 120 km / h 25-33.

The outer chipping of the wheel rim is rejected if less than 120 mm remains in the healthy part of the tread surface.

5. Pointed ridge roll - This is the formation of a sharp edge at the top of the ridge. An extremely dangerous defect.

Page 2

The end wall is made of a frame, external metal (4) and internal wooden (5) cladding, framed on the floor with a corner (6), and in the corners - with a corner (8).

The frame consists of two corner posts (2) and two intermediate posts (3), connected by an upper strapping (1). The outer metal (4) sheathing is made of corrugated sheets with a thickness of 3 mm at the bottom and 2.5 mm at the top, and the inner one (5) is made of moisture-resistant plywood with a thickness of 10 mm. Corner posts(2) are made of a bent corner 80x60x6 mm, intermediate posts (3) are made of U-shaped elements 230x135x6 mm, and the upper strapping (1) is made of a special profile with a thickness of 6 mm. The bottom rail of the wall is the end beam (7) of the frame.

The body roof is all-welded with four loading hatches (6) with a diameter of 400 mm and two typical furnace cuts (4).

The roof is attached to the side and end walls of the body with rivets with a diameter of 10 mm and can be removed from the body during repairs. Stove sections are provided for the installation of heating stove pipes in case of human traffic. On the roof to the loading hatches (6) and furnace sections (4), you can climb the end ladder and scaffold (5). The roof has metal carcass, sheathed on the outside with corrugated sheets (3) with a thickness of 1.5 mm, and two transoms (11), with which the roof is attached to the end walls. The transoms are made of 2 mm thick metal sheets with stamped for rigidity and wood-fiber filing. The roof frame is formed by a set of arches (1), longitudinal elements (2) located in the middle part, and two lateral longitudinal straps. The arches (1) are made of bent channels 60x50x3 mm, the middle longitudinal elements (2) are made of a bent corner 32x32x3 mm, and the side straps are made of two corners 56x56x5 mm. Sheets outer cladding welded to the arches, longitudinal elements and the upper rail of the side walls. The sheets and roofs are welded together with an overlap and, for greater rigidity, are made with transverse corrugations with a height of 22 mm. From the inside (Fig. 3 a), the roof is lined with moisture-resistant plywood 4 mm thick in two layers, which adheres tightly to the roofing sheets from below, forming a ceiling. The plywood is attached to the sheathing with a corner (9) and brackets (10). Previously, the binder (8) was attached to wooden blocks(7) s air gap, which led to frequent damage to the filing (Fig. 5 b).

The hatch covers (4) of the roof are attached to the sheet (6) with two hinges (5) and, in the closed position, are fixed with special locks (1) that open from the inside of the car. The covers (2) of the furnace grooves installed on the hatch covers (4) are held in the closed position by screws (3).

Table 1. Characteristics of materials

Name	Material
	Low-alloy steel 09G2D
Side walls	Outer sheathing - low-alloy steel 09G2D	bottom 3 mm top 2.5 mm
End walls	inner lining - moisture resistant plywood	bottom 3 mm top 2.5 mm
	Outer sheathing - low-alloy steel 10KhNDP inner lining - moisture resistant plywood
	metal sheets
	metal sheets
Side hatch covers	Stamped Steel Sheets

When faced with unknown terms, especially in such a specific industry as construction, people often want to understand and find out for themselves what they mean. This article will help answer the question; Is the end of the building?

In contact with

The end of a building is the side of each structure:

residential building;
warehouse;
shed where firewood is;
production workshop;
trade pavilion;
tire workshop.

Important! Most of the buildings are rectangular in shape. Two long sides are considered front, two side, short sides are end. Every literate person, even a schoolboy, knows perfectly well what a butt is. It is necessary to understand that the entrance from the end means: the entrance is located not from the front, long side, but from the side - short.

What is also called the butt

The side elements of many pieces of furniture are referred to by this word:

nightstands, pencil cases;
chairs, tables;
wardrobes, dressers;
kitchen sets.

Sharp, protruding edges, long ends of many instruments have the same name:

hammer;
hacksaw;
plane;
chisel;
drill;
tap;
broach.

This is the name of the sidewall for the following household appliances:

fridge;
Dishwasher;
pull out drobe;
freezer;
electric stove, gas stove.

All office supplies have them: pencils, rubber bands, ballpoint pens, filler pens. They have mobile phones, computer keyboard, monitor, system unit, speakers, many other items.

End views

All structures have side elements that are different in their configuration, purpose, and appearance. Each end of the house is original in its own way, unique and can be:

Deaf. A wall without windows, doors, no columns, ledges, pilasters. Solid brickwork or a log cabin.
Input. There is an entrance on the side, an entrance door is installed.
Residential. The end section of the house has balconies and windows.
Decorative. There is a multi-colored panel on it.

Brick prices

What is a facade

Attention! This is the name of the front, outer section of the structure. It is usually located on the long side where the main front door is located. Lush columns are arranged around it, decorated with stucco molding, gilding, flowerpots are planted, sculptures are installed. A park is laid out in front of him, a fountain and a pool are set up. There is a central and side facade.

Facade types

There are several typical designs... The most common ones are:

Main. It is located in a central place - in the middle of the long, front side of the house. Paths are paved to it from paving slabs, an entrance for cars is made.
Side. The end wall serves as the entrance to the structure.
Rear. Settles on back side, from the backyard. Cars drive up here, the front entrance is decorated. The back of the house embodies the entire architectural composition.
Street. The residential building is located along the carriageway, leaving directly to the street. The main entrance is made with a porch surrounded by stucco columns.
Yard. The central entrance is located from the courtyard. There is also a place for cars.
Garden. Made in the garden that surrounds the long central side of the structure.

The end of the building as art

Many buildings in Russia and around the world are majestic architectural ensembles that are made as works of art.

At the ends of two ten-story residential buildings, adjoining each other at the corners, like an open book, in the middle of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, the artists created a picture. Now here is a life-size depiction of a warship sailing on the open sea.

The front side is a source of inspiration for many creators of the world of art. Pictures of gigantic sizes are called maral art. They can be created in graffiti or street art style. First, a sketch is created, entered into the computer. Electronics projects a painting onto a building. The artist from the aerial platform traces the contours of the picture, putting marks where the color is.

Important! There are many renovated buildings. The most popular portraits on the houses of Moscow: director Sergei Eisenstein in Vatin lane, composer Alexander Scriabin near Paveletsky railway station, Anna Akhmatova, Gilyarovsky street, Mikhail Bulgakov, house number 33 Bolshoy Afanasyevsky lane on Arbat.

Differences between the end and the facade of buildings

There are the following differences between the facade and the end of the building:

The first is the main wall of the building, the second is the secondary one.
One is long, the other is short.
The first is usually decorated, the second has a more modest decoration.
One, as a rule, has an entrance, porch, windows, doors, the other, in many cases, is deaf.
Sometimes there are exceptions to these rules.

After reading the article, the readers learned what it means “from the end of the building”. Many people ask questions from the end of the building - it's like. Now we have an idea of what it is, where it is located, why it is called that, what other elements of houses are there. To speak correctly, you need to know where the stress is in the word butt. The stressed second syllable, that is, the stress must be put on the letter E.

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Cases of partial collapse of residential buildings in Russia in 2005-2011- Cases of partial collapse of residential buildings in Russia in 2005 2011. Residents of the house reported that during the renovation in one of the apartments on the second floor it was demolished bearing wall, and due to violation of the rules of the renovation works there was a collapse ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Cases of partial collapse of residential buildings in Russia in 2005-2010- Cases of partial collapse of residential buildings in Russia in 2005 2010. 2010 September 1 in the center St. Petersburg on Ligovsky Prospect fell floor slabs from the first to the eighth floors of a non-residential settlement building. On the lower floors ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

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