What does the LTE network mean. Why are LTE frequencies different in different countries? What is the difference between the gadgets supporting LTE
Currently, the LTE networks refer to the fourth generation wireless communication (4G). The main advantages in comparison with the previous generation are high data transfer rate. This is an obvious plus for users. In turn, providers can use LTE technology to increase without installing new equipment.
The optimal radius of the LTE base station coating is 5 km. If necessary, the specified range can be expanded to 100 km. Naturally, such a large coverage area is ensured by installing antenna at sufficient height and does not imply its use in urban conditions.
The world's first commercial LTE network was launched in Sweden in 2009. In Russia, the development of this standard has not yet received active support. This is due to the fact that to work with LTE networks, the operators should receive at the disposal of the frequency of a certain range.
In May 2012, the Yota operator activated the work of the LTE network in Moscow. Until that time, most of the services were provided using the WiMAX channel. The active users of Yota were able to exchange "old" modems to the equipment operating with the LTE channel in advance. It is worth noting that before launching the LTE network in the capital, such channels have already worked in Novosibirsk and Krasnodar.
Slow integration of LTE technologies negatively affects the development computer equipment. This applies mainly to all sorts of tablet computers and communicators. A certain part of these devices supports the ability to connect to LTE networks.
The work of LTE networks in Russia is ensured in such a way that when the coating zone, the corresponding antennas exhibits instant switching to relatively old channels. Naturally, this feature is supported only by those devices that can work with LTE, WiMAX and GPRS channels.
Sources:
- how LTE works
Mobile technology is constantly developing. To be able to provide customers with competitive services, cellular operators seek to use the latest achievements in this area. The most promising direction today is the commissioning of networks of class 4G.
The 4G class today includes mobile networks created on the basis of fourth-generation technologies. They are characterized by high information exchange, as well as improved voice quality. Unlike 3G, this class network uses only packet data transmission protocols (IPv4, IPv6). The exchange rate is more than 100 Mbps for movable and more than 1 Gb / s for stationary subscribers. Transmission of voices in 4G networks is carried out by VoIP. Currently, there are two technologies recognized by the meetings of the 4G class networks. This is LTE-Advanced and WiMAX (WirelessmanAdvanced).
The development of LTE technology, which is the prototype LTE-Advanced, was launched in 2000 by Hewlett-Packard and NTT Docomo. This direction was promising, since even the third generation networks only started to gain popularity. Answer the requirements of 4G technology has become only for the tenth release. However, since this standard could be applied in existing mobile networks, it began to enjoy the support of cellular operators. The first LTE-Advanced network was officially launched in December 2009 in the cities of Stockholm and Oslo.
WiMAX technology is the development of Wi-Fi wireless data standard. Its development is engaged in organizing WiMax Forum, established in 2001. The WiMAX feature is the existence of various information exchange protocols for static and mobile subscribers. The first network of cellular communication using WiMAX technology was opened in December 2005 in Canada.
Today 4G networks begin to gain increasing popularity worldwide. However, their implementation is associated with certain difficulties. One of them lies in the fact that the radio waves of high frequencies used in these networks are extremely poorly penetrated through urban structures. Therefore (compared to 3G), much more base stations are required to provide high-quality coverage.
We are accustomed that mobile devices surround us. All of them, as a rule, are connected to the Internet, which provides us with opportunities for unlimited communication, study, work, entertainment. Today, without access to the network, we cannot even submit our lives!
Since the usual, wired Internet (as, however, the use of points access Wi-Fi) does not give the freedom of action that can be provided mobile Internet, accordingly, on portable devices (smartphones, tablets) we use exactly the last. Services of such an Internet are provided by mobile operators using a SIM card. About how such a network works and what is needed in order to be able to use the mobile Internet constantly, we will tell in this article.
What is mobile Internet?
So, from the very phrase presented above, it becomes clear that this is a communication format of the device with a worldwide network, which involves the absence of any wires or restrictions associated with the movement of the device (within reasonable limits). This means that you should not be located near the Wi-Fi transmitter in order to have access to the Internet. The user has the opportunity to sit in social networks On the road, in the country and even outside the city, check mail, read news and perform other similar tasks at your discretion. The only restriction, of course, is the need to stay in the coverage area of \u200b\u200byour operator. Let's say, go to Taiga, where "doesn't catch" even mobile network, And wait until your page "Vkontakte" is loaded, meaningless.
Communication formats
Such an Internet that does not require connecting to wires and is transmitted over long distances, functions in different formats and on certain frequency bands. Depending on this, there are 3 communication formats: 2G, 3G and 4G (LTE). In fact, it is simply different generations of the compound, which are indicated in the order of increasing their "innovativeness".
We are most of all, of course, interests the newest format - what LTE is (in a smartphone or tablet this marking, which indicates the ability to work in 4G format). It is considered the most advanced in the world, since it was enacted relatively recently. Today, both in Russia and around the world, operators build a network for data transmission using LTE technology. Accordingly, the subscriber base of users is increasing every day.
LTE (4G) is ...
Thus, the links of the 4th generation is the format of the provision of mobile Internet services, which is already available to users from the Russian Federation. From previous generations, actually, such a connection is characterized by a transmission mechanism and other technology. Thus, LTE has some features. Their number includes, for example, a higher download speed.
For comparison in practice: 2G format can download a film for 6-7 hours, the Internet third generation is approximately an hour; While the Internet LTE is able to do it in 10-15 minutes.
To understand what LTE is in a smartphone from which movies, as a rule, do not download, give such an example: the speed of loading songs on the Internet of the 4th generation internet exceeds a similar parameter in 3G networks at 10-15, and 2G - almost 40 time! Impressive, isn't it?
Devices that support 4G
Another feature of the LTE network is devices that are able to support this type of communication. The fact is that not every device accepting a SIM card can function in the ranges of this type of communication. To find out if 4G (LTE) smartphones have support, you need to refer to the characteristics of models. Some manufacturers also indicate the support of work with 4G also in the name of the phone or tablet. Here short example.
On the website of the online store you can see that the Asus Zenfone 5 smartphone (LTE) is sold. Obviously, it is the last console and indicates that this device will be able to work with a high-speed mobile Internet. If the title is noted simply "3G", then, most likely, the device does not support the fourth generation.
Smartphones with LTE on Android
If you want to use a high-speed mobile Internet in the future, we offer an overview of LTE smartphones - the most popular devices operating on the "Android" OS, which will be able to work on the 4th generation network.
To begin with, it should be noted that such a predominantly newest flagship models are. This is due, first of all, a small period of the presence of the Internet LTE in the domestic market.
As for the models of devices, the best Huawei LTE smartphone is, according to reviews, Ascend G6. Externally he is strict and laconic, has attractive designHaving hinting on the fact that the phone refers to the "business" -regment. In this case, the device functions on a powerful quad-core processor, equipped with a display with excellent color reproduction. Of course, the smartphone is called Huawei Ascend G6 (LTE), which indicates its ability to work with a high-speed mobile Internet.
Another example is the best Lenovo LTE-smartphone VIBE Z2 PRO. The device also has a full name containing the LTE console. It refers to premium segment and, by the way, is not inferior in technical specifications. best models Samsung and Apple. True, the cost of the device does not lag behind its "technologicality". The manufacturer also supports 2 SIM cards to this model.
You can still remember what is the world-famous Korean manufacturer LTE-smartphone. Samsung offers its "flagship" models (Galaxy S5, S6, Alpha) with a fourth generation mobile Internet support module. This is also possible to learn from the characteristics of devices.
Smartphones with LTE on iOS
Once it was raised the topic of Android devices, would not hurt to mention and Apple's phones. So, according to official information, starting with the iPhone 5th generation, all the following models have support for LTE. Enable or disable this mobile Internet format The user can in the device settings.
It should be noted that this is done in order to save the battery charge. In fact, work on the fourth generation network has one big drawback - this is a fast discharge of the phone. Therefore, it is reasonable to call the progress of the manufacturer who provides the right to include support for 4G the owner of the device in cases where it is necessary. And "VP" -smartphones (telephones running Windows Phone) Such a function does not have - in them the transfer of data can be disabled only on the device as a whole.
Operators that provide 4G
Knowing what LTE is in the smartphone, you may like to connect and your gadget to the Internet of this format. Right, and who would not want to work on a network at high speed? Therefore, most likely, information about the 4G-Internet operators, which lead their activities in Russia, will help you. However, here everything is clear: the same companies that serve subscribers in the field of mobile communications offer and high-speed mobile connection services. In particular, it is MTS, MegaFon, Beeline and Tele2.
Separately, you should mention another "player" of the market, perhaps less well-known than others, - Yota. Special attention This operator deserves at least for the reason that all tariffs are unlimited, and subscription fee Depends on the speed on which the mobile Internet services are provided. Actually, we'll talk about the tariffs in the next part of our article.
Mobile Internet Tariffs 4G
In general, the logic of all companies providing communication services is the same: the presence of several tariff plans (usually 3-4), which differ in the amount of data provided in 4G data packet. The most expensive plan may assume the presence of an unlimited number of megabytes or a large amount of data (36 GB, for example).
The cost of all plans varies in the range of 200-300 rubles of the Russian Federation for the easiest tariff and up to 800-1200 rubles for the one that will give maximum freedom to use the network. It is noteworthy that unlimited packages are not all. Therefore, be careful when choosing a tariff.
Let's say this: for a smartphone, the presence of 5-10 GB gives tremendous opportunities. For a tablet, this indicator, of course, should be 20-30 GB for more or less comfortable use.
How to connect to LTE?
If you learned what LTE is in the smartphone, and decided to connect, so you simple instructionwhich is universal for all operators.
The first is to decide on the tariff and the company, which would like to order services.
Secondly - buy a SIM card (referring to the starting rate) of the operator in any communication salon.
Next, you need to activate the package by performing a combination of simplest action (for example, call a call center or dial a combination * 111 # - it all depends on your operator). After that, you need to replenish the number on the amount specified in the cost of the tariff plan (this rule is valid if you did not provide a free data package as a bonus).
Ready! Your smartphone is working on a 4G network, and if in the area where you are, there is a signal, can receive and transmit high speed data!
Features of use
According to user feedback, working with the LTE network, its use speed is really pleased. This can be traced now, while not so many device owners use this technology. Experts note that over time, as the network is filling, the LTE speed will also fall.
There are reviews that have noted some of the fasteners of the fourth generation. The first we have already mentioned - this high flow Battery charge phone. Using the 4G Internet, you "plant" the battery on the smartphone in a matter of hours. Therefore, you should not forget the house charger if you want to use this data transfer format.
Some users report possible interruptions in the Internet. So, special test programs show that in the process normal work Devices come across moments duration of 5-10 seconds when LTE-Internet disappears. Of course, if you downloaded your favorite movie at this time, the download can be knocked down, which definitely causes inconvenience.
In general, of course, the Internet fourth generation provides high mobility to its users. Try and you - maybe like it!
Technologies do not stand still and this is especially noticeable in the segment of mobile devices and communications. New gadgets set higher standards and navigate the new needs and requirements, first of all, as a mobile communication and information transfer rate. One of the most interesting and promising directions today is the fourth generation of 4G communication, which in the theory should provide increased quality of voice communication and much higher work on the Internet.
How is 4G different from previous generations of communication?
To understand what the differences and advantages of the LTE standard are there any sense in a large-scale transition to 4G, it is necessary to consider the key differences from this format from the predecessors, starting from the very first generation. Such was an analogue connection, which is actively used until the end of the 90s. There are huge means of communication in special suitcase covers with a total weight of up to 5-7 kilograms - they worked on this standard.With the introduction of a second generation connection in the mobile device market there was a real coup. Most ordinary users are known as GSM. There was an opportunity to connect to the Internet. The format remains popular and widely used and currently.
The third generation connection qualitatively changed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe speed on the network on mobile devices. 3G refers to a few wireless technologyThe most popular of which are UMTS, EV-DO and CDMA2000 standards. In theory, the maximum load speed should be 21 Mbps. In practice, these indicators rarely reach even 5 Mbps. Video online Watch, of course, is not particularly comfortable, but for ordinary surfing on the Internet in most cases there is enough. Definitely faster than the same EDGE, and this, in the absence of an alternative, is very pleased.
As for 4G, the officially approved full-fledged network of such a format in the world is not yet. In order for the authorized organization to officially "recognize" this protocol, it is necessary that it provides data transmission with incredible compared with previous communication generation speeds: 100 Mbps for mobile electronics and 1 Gb / s for stationary devices with the possibility of accessing the Internet. The most promising technologies that, with a competent approach, there are all chances to be called full-fledged 4G, these are WiMAX and LTE protocols.
The main features and characteristics of the LTE standard
The principle of LTE technology becomes well understandable from decrypting this abbreviation: "Long Term Evolution". In the literary translation into Russian this expression means "long-term development". Companies engaged in the development of the standard take into account all errors and failures of transition from one communication format to another. As practice shows, the main problem It is providing compatibility of new technologies with old equipment and, of course, the costs required for a full-fledged transition.
The LTE-cell theory will be able to provide the highest quality communication at a distance of up to 100 km. This is especially relevant for hard-to-reach and incomplete locality. For comparison, the maximum for the most common communication format is 30 km away. That is, cellular companies will be much more profitable to install one point 4G, rather than a few 3G or GSM steps.
The new format must provide a higher quality head. GSM and 3G network transmit a voice in a strip to 3.5 kHz, which is a rather modest indicator. The modern technologies will be able to transmit a voice in full-fledged mode, i.e. from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. In practice, this should ensure the most plausible and realistic sound, as if the interlocutor says not by phone, but is near.
Currently experts different countries Active works are underway to improve and develop a communication format, specialists are gradually selected to the data transmission values \u200b\u200bmentioned earlier. At the moment, the maximum that was managed to achieve is 173 Mbit / s on loading information from the network and 58 Mbps to return. In practice, these figures are often reduced to 10 or more times, but even in such conditions, the "defective" 4G confidently surpasses the third generation rate.
Retelling Publication of Dr. Stamatis Georgoulis, Aeroflex Limited "LTE to LTE-Advanced: What You Need to Know Right Now". In principle, nothing fundamentally new.
The transition from LTE to LTE-A promises the advantages of both the operator, in terms of the reduction of OPEX / CAPEX and increase the range of spectrum, and for the subscriber in terms of growth rates and network capacity.
LTE-A promises the possibility of obtaining genuine 4G connectedness, the requirements for IMT-Advanced may be followed. What LTE problems should be allowed to be able to evolve to LTE-A? How to start using the benefits of solving from the first steps?
The article discusses the main drivers that stimulate a quick transition to LTE-A, the advantages that are expected to consider rapid growth Demand for smartphones, as well as those problems for network owners that are connected with it. Also discussed exactly how LTE-A helps the operator to reduce OPEX and CAPEX, and also how it allows operators to better use a road and a fragmented spectrum to improve the quality of the coating and network capacity.
LTE-A also helps operators to cope with the task of improving the energy efficiency of communication technologies, the article shows how this can be achieved. The article pays attention to almost all new technological components that are associated with LTE-A - frequency aggregation, MIMO, self-organizing networks, interference management.
LTE-A. When and what
LTE-A is already with us and now it's time to discuss the benefits of this technology. The main reason is that LTE-A not only promises to accelerate data transfer, but can also cope with the satisfaction of mass demand for the data transfer service that users form. We are obliged to grow the prevalence of mobile devices, including smartphones and tablets, an increase in the popularity of applications, especially social interaction applications that require a permanent connection. As soon as the user acquires a smartphone, its consumption profile begins to change in the direction of increasing the volume of traffic, as the user masters the various features of its device and downloads applications on it. In turn, this process leads to an increase in demand for continuous coverage, including coverage in buildings and communication services in public transport. According to the famous Cisco report, in last years The number of mobile connections exceeded the population of the planet and is now about 7 billion, as shown in Fig. 1.
Benefits LTE-A
So, how can LTE-A help us in solving well-known problems? First of all, this technology allows you to improve the coating and capacity of the network, two key parameters that affect user experience. No less important is that the operator will be able to save on operating and capital expenditures, which will allow the company to maintain profitability. The advantages of technology that are inherent in LTE-A promise to quickly implement and quickly detecting and solving problems. This will provide for subscribers the possibility of a faster connection, will increase the quality of the connection and the possibility of receiving income by the operator.
Currently, the operators are at the disposal of the operators, but a fragmented spectrum. At the same time, it is worth the task of returning an investment, which will not be able to solve without aggregation of fragments of the spectrum and their sharing. We will still talk about aggregation methods, but it is important to understand that frequency aggregation (CA - Carrier Aggregation) is the key component LTE-A, which allows you to effectively use frequencies.
Finally, there is a demand from individual consumers and society as a whole on the fact that cellular communication and mobile broadcasting technologies become more "green." Energy saving, in addition, has both an economic justification. Use of technologies compensating interference in LTE-A in order to improve the signal at the edges of the cell, in combination using self-optimizing networks, as well as big number Small cells in a heterogeneous network provides a significant positive contribution to energy saving in comparison with 3G and LTE.
Besides the listed feathers, there are even more effective technologies, for example, the growing use of tracking tracking or doheti technology in base stations power amplifiers, which also provides additional energy saving. The relay inclusion in LTE-A is also from among energy-saving measures, for example, a relay station may (RN - Relay Node) can remain in the "sleep" mode if it is not in demand.
Benefits LTE-A in front of LTE
1. Frequency aggregation.
- Improved capacity
- Flexibility in the use of the spectrum
- Better coating
2. MIMO higher orders
- High data transfer rate
- spectrum efficiency
3. SON / smart heterogeneous network
- improving the coating
- Improving energy efficiency
- Reduction of Opex and Capex
- Improved quality user experience
- Better total network capacity
- faster development Network
4. Interference management
- below the cost of using data
- Better coating
- Better total network capacity
5. Relay inclusion
- Better coating
- Better quality user experience
- Improved energy efficiency
- faster network development
What is 4G?
Although operators sell LTE as 4G technology, in reality we have a certain delay in the transition to the new generation. Just as the "mobile Internet", which began to offer in 1990 on the basis of E-GPRS, became a reality only after the appearance of 3G WCDMA, the mobile ADF has become a reality only after the appearance of 3.5G HSPA, and not at the time of the appearance of 3G. High capacity and the possibility of continuous connections, which were expected from HSPA, became a reality only with the advent of LTE. Thus, the present functioning 4G will become a reality only with the advent of LTE-A. It can be argued that LTE is the LTE-A prototype.
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) proposed a list of recommendations to which IMT Advanced 4G should answer. The goal is to provide flexible, global, continuous mobile connection Based on the All-IP network with a scalable frequency band and high spectral efficiency, simultaneously with the provision of low delay and fast mobility. Speed \u200b\u200btargets - 100 Mbps in mobile mode and up to 1 Gbit / s in peak mode. 3GPP called the specification with such parameters - LTE-A, which is described as REL.10 3GPP LTE. The table below shows the comparison of ITU recommendations, the parameters that provide LTE REL.9, as well as LTE-A.
Technological Enebabers LTE-A
LTE-A has become possible due to the set of technological ennetiblers, each of which provides an improvement in the characteristics in comparison with LTE. The main Enneabers are as follows:
Frequency aggregation (CA)
Combining frequency blocks that are called component carriers (CC), as shown in the figure, frequency aggregation allows the use of a fragmented spectrum and allows LTE-A to comply with IMT-Advanced requirements, first of all, the requirement to provide the data transfer rate of 1 Gb / s.
The frequency aggregation can be provided by an iron upgrade, as well as when providing compatibility down with 3GPP REL.8. Frequency aggregation ensures the flexibility of using the spectrum, but we are talking Not only about the use of multiple bands of 20 MHz, you can also aggregate small, unless bandwidth. Thus, the frequency band may noticeably change, which meets the needs of individual users.
However, providing support for CA in subscriber devices is a valid problem.
Mimo High Orders (HOM)
Higher orders of MIMO (in Figure 4) allow you to increase spectral efficiency, in terms of bit / s per Hz. But for this again, iron upgrade is required. Mimo higher orders will provide LTE-A with up to 8 simultaneous transmission flows that provide spectral efficiency in aplay and downlink to execute IMT-A specification. It is possible to use several cunning scheme For aplinka and downlink, both in the case of single and multiple users. Mimo requires the use of multiple antennas, both at base stations and on subscriber devices - 8 threads will require 8 separate antennas on the device. In combination with multiple radio, which is also envisaged in LTE-A, this means that mobile devices will eventually become similar to "dickery".
Relay inclusion
Relay inclusions are an effective way to expand the coating in areas where the provision of a fixed ACSP is not economically justified. You can connect a chain of basic stations that act as relay stations in the support network. The relay base acts as a subscriber device in the donor macro. Using this scheme allows you to quickly deploy the network, keeping the low cost of equipment in comparison with the use of a traditional reference network. The use of relay inclusions is an effective exchange of cell capacity on the coating area.
Self-organizing / self-optimizing networks (SON)
SON provides effective use Heterogeneous networks (HETNETS), hybrid networks, which include small honeycombs to improve the coating and capacitance provided by traditional macros. Several small honeycombs can be placed in macro, using the same frequency ranges to fill the GAPPs in the coating and provide an additional container.
Effective use of SON can reduce OPEX, as well as build capacity. However, if the network development is chaotic, problems may arise. Coordination requires to avoid loss of tank. Dynamic adaptation is required to maximize the effect achieved.
Some SON elements, such as CGI messages and automatic neighbors recognition (ANR - Automatic Neighbor Recognition), have already been implemented in REL.8, in REL.9 there are improvements in RLF. But if LTE provides basic indicators, then LTE-A, where the X2 interface appears, which provides the possibility of exchanging information; improved coordination of interference between cells; load balance; Minimizing the need for drive tests (MDT); self-correction; Energy saving. The release 11 also contains Coordinated MultiPoint (COMP).
Fig.3 Three of the sets for LTE-A scripts of frequency aggregation, where the frequency F1 is shown gray, and F2 - blue: (a) F1 is used to build a coating, and F2 is used to increase the data transfer rate (F2\u003e F1)
(b) both frequencies are used to build up bandwidth honeycomb;
(C) F1 provides a macro-coating and F2 to increase bandwidth in hot users.
Interference Management (IM)
The interference management is another feature of LTE-A, which is achieved by the software upgrade, which can ensure an increase in spectral efficiency (measured in bits / s on Hz / sq. Cm). This ensures winnings due to more efficient frequency sharing in a given zone. The feature is dynamic and can operate in the range of up to 100 ms.
Improved suppression of interference interference (EICIC) is increasing the interference management technologies, which was used in LTE REL 8 and REL 9. The difference is that this process is not transparent to subscriber devices and thus it is necessary to test it, for example, using Aeroflex TM500 Test Mobile.
ECIC requires coordination between each of the network nodes that communicate with each other by the X2 interface. In a typical case of macros, whose coating zones overlap with coating zones of one or several small cells, can coordinate transmission with these nodes. This will help reduce the interference caused by subscriber devices in cell data in some subframes, by limiting the transmission of macros to DL Common Reference Signal (CRS), without data transfer, during some sabframes - this mode is called Almost Blank Subframes (ABS) - almost empty Sabframes. This reduces the interference on the edge of the cell, formed by micro-cell or picosity, and also provides the possibility for micro- and picosotes to form "extension of the cell radius", increasing the coating zone during these sabframes.
RESULTS
All improvements that appear in LTE-A - SON, IM, small honeycombs, HETNETS - promise significant winnings for operators and subscribers. All these components, if they are implemented simultaneously, increase spectral efficiency, increase the container and coating, and also allows the network to serve more Devices more efficiently.
These improvements are achieved by a combination of software upgrades and efficient iron replacement costs. The combined effect ensures the winnings in the capacity of 2.2 times (REL.10 HETNET) in comparison with the network, which uses only macros. In addition, the advantages of LTE-A are self-evident and tangible. Users This technology promises a general improvement in the quality of experience and reduce the cost of data transfer. The operator will benefit from the reduction of Opex and Capex through the use of "intelligence" HETNETS, the option that is now implemented. And also due to further improvement of efficiency as iron develops. Manufacturers of network solutions are already able to provide improvements for HETNETS intelligent networks, followed by CA and MIMO high orders.
On various operating systems It began to appear the ability to work with LTE.
Since this is a relatively innovative function, not all users know why it needs which functions and why smartphones equipped with such innovation are a little more expensive.
How networks work in the phone and what it is - about it is told in this material.
Definition
LTE - This is a new data standard for mobile phones, which has become actively implemented in Russian Federation From about 2014.
It has a number of advantages compared to traditional formats as 3G and GPRS. It has a different name - 4G LTE.which is often indicated in the instructions.
Literally this abbreviation is translated as Long-Term Evolution. How did such a new format appear? It was designed on the basis of GSM and HSPA technologies that greatly improved.
It transmits data more effectively due to the fact that it uses a different radio interface. In addition, the network kernel itself is improved.
This standard is fairly easily entered into universal use, including in Russia, as it has become a normal natural update for both operators and CDMA2000..
Coating
The features of the technology are such that multiple different bands and frequencies can be used to transmit data. Thanks to this, the coverage of networks is extensively in all countries.
For example, in South Korea, it turns out to use such a network for 97% of the country's territory, in Japan - by 90%, in Hong Kong and Kuwait - by 86%.
Although in Russia the percentage of coverage is still not large compared even with Kazakhstan - 49% against 81% (according to 2015).
Currently, the situation has improved significantly. According to the data for 2016, the network data is present in 83 regions of Russia, and 70% of the population (but not the territory of the country) fall into the network coverage area. However, an unpleasant feature is the specificity of the work. cellular operators - Various operators provide different degrees of coating and signal quality.
Benefits
What advantages has this standard and is it worth buying a device equipped with them, although it is a little more expensive (although in lately The difference in price almost completely disappeared)?
- The main advantage of this technology - High data transfer rate. In fact, it is capable of providing a very high-speed Internet, the speed of which is sometimes limited. technical capabilities phone The data rate on such networks is much higher than according to traditional third-generation networks - 3G.
- Various bands and frequencies can be used to work with LTEthat allowed her to quickly integrate in the M6 \u200b\u200bSpecies of the Regions. In addition, many coverage areas are achieved. In fact, now LTE can catch and where it does not catch 3G;
- IP Internet network architecture (That is, the data transmission scheme from one server to another and, finally, the user who requested them) is greatly simplified with the standard, which also affects not only at speed, but also on the quality of data. The pages are less likely there are failures and errors, phenomena, when pictures, for example, do not work;
- Not only the download speed is increased, but also the rate of returnAnd also reduced waiting time.
There are several significant advantages of this format. From the point of view of the direct technological device of the network (this is an increased cell size, high flexibility of bands, etc.). For an ordinary user, such changes are expressed in the advantages described above.
disadvantages
Until recently, a significant disadvantage of this format was considered a significant limitation of its action, which appeared because not all tower provided the possibility of connecting in this format.
There was quite a lot of "dead" zones, especially in the distance from major cities.
At the beginning of the implementation of this technology, to buy, equipped with her, often it was pointless precisely for this reason - such a technology was still not everywhere (unlike 3G, which operated properly, is not so very losing in the transmission rate).
But in recent years, such a problem has almost completely disappeared. Network coverage area is very high. In fact, now such networks are present in all the same zones as 3G.
Because from this point of view, there is no shortcomings.
Network data cannot work with second and third generation networks. Because they need. At one time it was affected by the coverage zone, but at the moment such a problem is almost completely solved.
It is believed that such a standard has a slightly large hardware load on the device., Causeing a faster battery discharge, as well as essential overheating of the device.
But to a greater extent it concerned the old devices that were slightly less optimized for a new standard of work.
At the present time, most of the phones at such a work are warm no more than when working in 3G networks.
Specifications
Technical features These networks and their difference from third-generation networks are shown in the table below.
In general, when introducing such networks, partial or complete was recommended.
<Рис. 5 Топ лучших смартфонов>
