book words. Book vocabulary and its varieties

§ 88. According to the linguistic tradition, against the background of neutral vocabulary, vocabulary stands out: 1) book-written and 2) oral-colloquial speech. In dictionaries, the first is marked with the label "bookish", the second - "colloquial".

Book vocabulary refers to such words that are used exclusively or mainly in the written and bookish sphere; their introduction into colloquial speech gives it a touch of bookishness. Actually, all categories of words with functional-stylistic coloring, given in the previous section, are included in the book vocabulary, although the latter is not limited to the marked rows of words. In the book vocabulary there is a layer of words with the coloring "bookish" and layers of words with a double coloring: "bookish and official-business", "bookish and scientific", "bookish and journalistic", "bookish and poetic". At the same time, book vocabulary may have various types expressive and emotional coloring.

Examples of book vocabulary: analogy, abnormal, antipode, apologist, apotheosis, a priori, aspect, association, vandalism, vassal, variation, vote, persecution, statehood, disorientation, dequalification, declarative, unanimity, for, isolation, impulse, quintessence and others. In part, this category of words is close to the vocabulary of general scientific, in part - to common use.

Colloquial vocabulary - these are words that, being literary, give speech a colloquial character. Being introduced into book-written speech, they violate the unity of style. Examples: to gasp, to joke, to stir up, after, to smithereens, fidgety, grumble, waddle, cry, dress up, bungler, reveler, cheap, malicious, greedy, hitch, sucker, mischief, like hot cakes, tenderness, slobber, get sick, push through and etc.

The difference in stylistic coloring between book and colloquial vocabulary is more noticeable when comparing synonyms (where they are available) and against the background of neutral vocabulary. Wed:

The lexicon of colloquial style coloring (characteristic at the same time mainly of the oral form of the everyday sphere of communication) is correlated with the colloquial and everyday functional style and has its coloring.

§ 89. At the same time, the vocabulary of oral-colloquial everyday speech can be differentiated according to the “degree of literaryness”. As the name implies, this aspect is normative, not stylistic. However, the layers of the dictionary that make up the colloquial vocabulary are stylistically colored in different ways and differ in their areas of application. Therefore, this aspect can also be considered as a functional-stylistic one (in the broadest sense of the word).

According to the “degree of literacy” and the stylistic coloring that accompanies this or that “degree”, the vocabulary of spoken language is represented by the following varieties:

1) the vocabulary itself is colloquial (which has already been discussed), often with a touch of familiarity;

2) colloquial vocabulary.

Actually, colloquial words do not violate the norms of the literary language and are limited only by the sphere of use (oral and household), while colloquial words, as it were, stand on the verge of literary use and even usually go beyond the limits of the literary language. (Colloquialism is usually defined in comparison with dialect vocabulary. Vernacular is the vocabulary of an uncultured urban environment, known and used, unlike dialectal everywhere.) Vernacular is usually divided into rough (non-literary) and rough (permissible in everyday speech).

Examples of non-rude vernacular: rubbish, feeding, sly, idler, miser.; huge, stupefied, cowardly, flimsy", get into a rage, lie, bawl, pinch, catch a cold, reproach, blurt out, yell, strum, spit and etc.

Rubo-colloquial vocabulary (vulgarisms): bullshit, brandakhlyst, pentyukh, belly, snout, bitch, mug, boyfriend, trash, punks; gnaw, rattle, crack(there is), sew up (change.), ride up(with anyone), to bark, to lick(kiss), etc. As you can see, swear words also belong here.

There are also such vernacular words that, violating the norms literary language, do not possess evaluativeness and stylistic coloring (except for the signs that determine given word as colloquial-non-literary). Therefore, they are not considered here. Examples of similar words: Vish, vostro, ahead of time, theirs, click, kid, here, go(introductory word), dress up(bargain) call, passion(very), frighten, sickness, helluva lot(very). They are used in fiction for the speech characterization of characters.

Colloquial vocabulary, although undesirable, is possible in the field of written and book communication and violates only stylistic norms (and even then not always: the use of colloquial words is quite justified in journalism, even in scientific controversy, not to mention fiction). It is known that the modern Russian literary language is characterized by a tendency to spread the means of colloquial speech in various areas of communication. Vernacular, especially coarse, is unacceptable in any area of ​​literary speech, with very rare exceptions and with a distinct stylistic motivation. It is used, for example, in journalism - to express indignation or in fiction - as a means of speech characterization of a character from a certain social environment. However, in these cases, even in the oral and everyday sphere of communication, the use of colloquial vocabulary should be limited and stylistically motivated. In any case, the speaker should be aware that in such and such a case he uses a colloquial word.

Among the non-literary vocabulary of oral speech, dialectisms should also be mentioned. However, these words, unlike the vast majority of colloquial ones, do not have a stylistic coloring in themselves. They act in a nominative function, they name objects, phenomena. Of course, among dialectisms there are also expressively colored words, but they act as such in the system of dialectal, and not literary speech. So, dialectisms are not a stylistic (or, at least, not specifically stylistic) layer of the vocabulary of a national language, moreover, a non-literary language. Although they are known to be used and are used for stylistic purposes, especially in fiction, most often as a means of creating local color and speech characteristics of the characters. Dialectisms will not be specifically considered in this book.

However, in connection with the process of interaction between the literary language and dialects, the gradual involvement of some dialectisms in the literary dictionary, and also in connection with the tradition of using dialectisms in fiction, there is a basis for considering this layer of non-literary vocabulary in our classification. From a functional point of view (i.e., in terms of functionality and usage traditions), dialect vocabulary has stylistic potential and can, with a certain reservation, act as one of the stylistic reserves of the dictionary.

In the lexical system, it is not uncommon for the same word to have several stylistic colors at the same time (from the point of view of different stylistic aspects). For example: drink(bookish, rhetorical), builder(bookish, rhetorical), whoopee(book, publ., contempt.), painted(colloquial, derogatory) dunce(colloquial, contempt.), etc.

In addition, there are cases when one or another expressive-emotionally colored word, depending on the context, can modify the shade of its stylistic meaning, i.e. has a kind of ambiguity of shades. For example, in different contextual conditions, the following words can acquire different, sometimes even opposite, stylistic shades - from disapproving or ironic to affectionate (however, they are unable to neutralize): liar, darling, news, brother, fool, respirator, bigwig, take a look etc. Stylistic coloring of vocabulary is a phenomenon and is torical, changing. The changes cover the range of both emotional and expressive and functional and stylistic colors. Among the latter, terms (especially scientific and business) are more stable in terms of color.

Examples of changes in emotional and expressive coloring: battle, battle(from previously neutral and even high they turn into playful and ironic), please(previously respectful - now playful), question(book, solemn - ironic), recline(same), etc.

An example of a change in functional and stylistic coloring: the most humble(previously book-official - now ironic). Wed also the change in the emotional coloring of words in the post-revolutionary period: master, mistress, bureaucrat, official, owner and in post-perestroika: opposition, business, entrepreneur, repentance.

Section 90. All marked offgens of stylistically colored vocabulary are revealed, as mentioned, against the background of stylistically neutral vocabulary and in connection with contextual conditions and stylistic devices. Neutral in this regard is vocabulary that, being used in all areas of communication and genres, does not introduce stylistic shades into them and does not have emotionally expressive appraisal, for example: house, table, father, mother, mountain, strong, blue, read, sew, do, through, right, seventh etc. Neutral vocabulary, which makes up a huge fund of the dictionary, is comprehended, however, as such, usually in its basic meanings and typical (generally accepted and commonly used) conditions of use.

It is neutral in vocabulary and in its most common functioning. At the same time, in live use, especially in spoken, artistic and journalistic speech, the so-called neutral words are capable of acquiring the most diverse and unexpected emotionally expressive and even functional stylistic colors. Thus, in these cases, words turn from neutral into stylistically colored (contextually).

As applied to artistic speech, the term neutral vocabulary turns out to be conditional and even simply untenable. After all, this vocabulary makes up the vast majority of words in prose works of art (especially in the author's speech). Moreover, with the help of these means (although not only these, that is, not only lexical ones), the true artist of the word achieves an unusually vivid, impressive imagery. The task of the stylist researcher is precisely to determine the stylistic significance of vocabulary that is neutral in the general language sense.

Book words (vocabulary of book styles) are words that are found in scientific literature (in articles, monographs, textbooks), and in journalism (including newspapers), and in business documents, and in fiction*, why and it is difficult to assign them to any particular style. These include: native, hypothesis, hyperbolize, view, disharmony, given("this"), disorient, declarative, buffoonery, introduction, emergence, innate, lofty, hegemony, illusion, illusory, intuition, eradication, dry out, for, origins, be calculated, indifferent, proper, transformation, touch, illumination("image, display"), colleague, motive("cause"), punctual, original, surreal, find, sudden, prevail, in view of, due to the fact that, loss and etc.

* For example, the word transformation can be found in the author's language of the fiction writer, in journalistic and scientific works(below it is in italics): "At this time I was very busy transformation Konstantinovsky Survey School to the Konstantinovsky Survey Institute" (S. Aksakov); "Methods were demonstrated transformations phone into a microphone that transmits perceived speech over a distance of hundreds of kilometers" ( New world. 1971. No. 11. S. 176), etc.

In addition, book words are words that you can hardly say that they are used in different styles written speech, but which are clearly uncharacteristic of casual conversation. These are, for example, memorable, exaggerate, subdue, earn etc.

Some book words stand out for their "scientific" character, gravitate (but do not belong!) to scientific terminology ( impulsive, intense, hypothesis, exaggerate, prevail, illusory etc.), which gives reason to some linguists to call them "general scientific words". Others make up a category that can be conditionally called book-literary ( to plunge, loss, mortal, to trust, to crave, lofty, sweet-tongued, memorable, scourge, winnowing, great, inaccessible, visit, pet, win etc.). At the same time (it is worth emphasizing once again) neither one nor the other belongs to any one style. So, hypothesis, intense, identical, isolate, interpretation, ignore, transform, characterize and others are used not only in scientific papers, but also in journalism (and some of them, such as intense, transformation, characterized, and in official business documents); the words implementation, entrust, implementation and others are peculiar not only to the language of journalism, but also to the language official business documents; book and literary plunge, crave, memorable, scourge, ferment, inaccessible and others are inherent not only in the language fiction, but also the language of journalism, etc.

"Bookiness" of book vocabulary can be different. In some cases it is not very noticeable, not very distinct; words with such a dull bookishness are called moderately bookish *. These include many verbal nouns in -nie, -enie, -tie, formed from stylistically neutral and moderate bookish verbs: arising, taking, touching, weighing, receiving, touching, considering, walking etc., as well as nouns such as significance, exile, incident, origins, measure, enemy, innovation, appearance, inhabitant, object(meaning "phenomenon, object, person to which someone's activity is directed, someone's attention"), carnage etc. Moderately bookish are the words congenital, eminent(and loftiness), significant(and significant, significance), visible(visibly), perverted(perverted, perversity), sophisticated(sophistication, sophistication), sudden(suddenly, suddenness), unattainable(unattainable), immemorial;inexhaustible, repeated(repeatedly, repetition), charming(charming, charming), seductive(seductively), erect, lay, arise, renew, instill(hope, faith) choose, survive("to eradicate"), isolate, dry up, resent, decapitate, carry out, characterize;quite, outwardly, must;something, several(meaning "to some extent": " several tired"), some, as a result of and etc.**

* The authors of the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, in which bookish vocabulary is in principle singled out (marked "knizhn."), do not give marks to moderately bookish words, considering them to be stylistically neutral. More or less consistently, how bookish this vocabulary is qualified in " explanatory dictionary Russian language" by d ed. D.N. Ushakov.

** You can specify that some, i.e. moderate, bookishness distinguishes gerunds and participles, formed not only from moderately bookish, but also from stylistically neutral verbs.

In other words, "bookishness" is felt much more clearly. Therefore, they are called purely bookish. This: altruism, hypothesis, doctrinaire, hypothetical, hyperbole, hyperbolize, hypertrophied, for, illusory, indifferent, colleague, lapidary, nuance, unshakable, neophyte, carrier, nostalgia, promised, clothe, foreseeable, acquire, odious, burden, prerogative, pet, piety, precedent, zealous, truism and etc.

A significant part of book words (moderately and purely bookish) do not express any emotional assessment, but only name any phenomena, objects, properties, actions (usually of an abstract nature). In many cases, they have a cross-style synonym that completely matches them in meaning: given - this;exaggerate - exaggerate;someone - someone;significant - large;a few - a few;because, since - because;lapidary - short;sometime - once upon a time etc.

But there are such words among the book vocabulary that, in addition to designating the corresponding phenomena, properties, actions, also contain their assessment - positive or negative, disapproving. This evaluativeness of words is usually indicated in explanatory dictionaries by the corresponding mark ("iron." - ironic, "joking." - playful, "with a touch of disapproval", "with a touch of disdain", etc.) or by the interpretation of the meaning itself. Litter "joke." stands, for example, with the words great, green, habitation, clothe (and vestment) and some others; litter "iron." find in words mortal, lofty all-lowest, panacea, notorious, persona(in the meaning of "person", "personality"), etc. And the evaluation of such words as doctrinaire, vandalism, insinuation, obscurantist, projector etc. shown in dictionaries by an appropriate explanation of the meaning of the word. For instance:

Vandalism–merciless destruction and destruction of monuments of culture and art*.

Doctrinaire- a person who blindly and pedantically follows any particular doctrine; scholastic, scholastic.

* In this and other interpretations given below, words expressing an assessment of the phenomenon or person they call are highlighted.

Book vocabulary is a significant layer of the dictionary. Examples of book words: similar (cf. stylistically neutral similar, similar), hypothesis (cf. assumption), argue (cf. prove), differentiate (cf.

Distinguish, distinguish), silence (cf. silence), absolutely (cf. completely, completely: absolutely healthy - completely, completely healthy), etc.

The main areas of use of book vocabulary are various genres of book and written speech: scientific article, law, business correspondence, newspaper, radio and television correspondence, etc.

By the nature and degree of expressive-stylistic coloring, book words are not the same. Words stand out especially, which, in addition to the general coloring of bookishness, have a tinge of solemnity; they constitute a group of sublime, or high, vocabulary. These are words such as, for example, good, announce, listen, inspired, sing, eyes, lips, fatherland, accomplishments, coming, for, so that, etc. (as we see, among the exalted vocabulary there are many obsolete words). The area of ​​​​use of high vocabulary is some genres of poetry, as well as prose texts created on the occasion of any solemn events (cf., for example, anniversary articles and speeches).

High language can be used in fiction or journalistic text to create a comic effect. For example: “And this faithful guard, unexpectedly for everyone around him, was inflamed with an unbridled passion for the good that he was called to guard” (from a newspaper feuilleton).

In addition to high, book vocabulary includes groups of scientific and official business vocabulary. Scientific, in addition to special terms (see § 82), includes many words that accurately name certain phenomena, properties, actions and do not contain evaluations: analyze, relevant, conclusion, identity, visual, identical, relatively, monograph, dissertation, structure and etc. 10-

Official business vocabulary includes words used primarily in the field of business relations between people and institutions and having a “clerical” coloring: such, in the absence of, in view of, the above, the undersigned, the plaintiff, the defendant, record, authorize, etc.

More on the topic § 85. BOOK VOCABULARY:

1. Book vocabulary. Groups of book vocabulary. Word-building signs of book words. Stylistic marks in explanatory dictionaries characterizing the book form of the modern language.
2. Functional-style stratification of vocabulary. Colloquial and book vocabulary (varieties). Expressive-colored vocabulary. The use of functionally fixed and express-colored vocabulary in various styles of speech. Stationery and stamps.
3. RESTRUCTURING OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE VARIETIES OF THE BOOK LANGUAGE AS A RESULT OF REPULSING THE BOOK LANGUAGE FROM THE SPOKEN LANGUAGE. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GRAMMATICAL APPROACH TO THE BOOK LANGUAGE (XIV-XVI centuries)

Vocabulary of book styles (it is also called "vocabulary of written speech" *) - these are words that are characteristic of book presentation, are used mainly in written speech and are not typical for ordinary, relaxed conversation.
* See, for example: Modern Russian / Ed. D.E. Rosenthal. 4th ed. M., 1984. S. 82 and others.
As can be seen from the definition, for a correct understanding of what kind of vocabulary we are talking about, one must remember about two parts of this definition: the one that asserts a feature characteristic of this vocabulary ("... such words and phrases that are characteristic of a book presentation are used predominantly in written speech ... ") and one where another sign is denied ("... uncharacteristic of ordinary casual conversation").
If we forget about the second part of the definition, then we can, firstly, erroneously attribute to the vocabulary of book styles all the words that are found in books, in written speech, and secondly, do not consider book words that are sometimes used in casual conversation ( although they are uncharacteristic for him).
From what has been said, it is clear that the term "vocabulary of book styles" is to some extent conditional: after all, we are talking not only about words that are typical for books, but also about words that are typical for newspapers, and for the speaker’s speech, and for business papers*.
* The term "lexicon of written speech" is also conditional to a certain extent. It also cannot be taken literally, since many words in the speech of the speaker, the speaker are also not characteristic of ordinary, relaxed conversation. They resemble the language of books and therefore also belong to the vocabulary of written (bookish) styles.
So, the words used in written speech, in books, which are uncharacteristic for the conversation of people connected by informal relations, informal conversation, belong to those that make up the vocabulary of book styles.
In the vocabulary of book styles, several categories of words are distinguished: scientific vocabulary (medical, biological, chemical, etc.), industrial and technical *, official business, public and journalistic, poetic, and, finally, words that are difficult to assign to any or a certain style of writing (they could be called "general book"). In the future, they will be referred to as "book words"** (for more details about them, see the "Book words" section).
* The words scientific and industrial-technical, which are non-national vocabulary, are not considered in detail in this section for the following reasons. With their direct use, i.e. when used in specialized literature, in the trade press, they act as devoid of any expressive, expressive properties, since they are officially accepted names for the corresponding special objects and phenomena.
In the same case, when they are used outside of special contexts, their properties coincide with those of "bookish" or neutral words. The question of the functions and methods of introducing them into a non-special text that arises with such use is of independent interest for the problem of using non-popular words, which is not directly related to the problem of using stylistically colored vocabulary.
** From what has been said, it is clear that the term "bookish" is used (as part of the term "Vocabulary of book styles") both in relation to all words uncharacteristic of casual conversation, and in relation to a certain part of these words.
Vocabulary official business is given in dictionaries marked "officer." - official.
Newspaper-journalistic vocabulary does not have a single mark in dictionaries. In Ushakov's Dictionary, the words of this group are labeled "newspapers." - newspaper, "public." - journalistic or "rhetor." - rhetorical (sometimes "book" and less often "poet."). In the "Dictionary of the Russian language" S.I. Ozhegov and in the 4-volume "Dictionary of the Russian Language" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the words of newspaper and journalistic vocabulary are marked "high." - high (or are given without any marks). The 17-volume Dictionary of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR does not distinguish this vocabulary in any way.
Poetic vocabulary is usually given with the mark "poet.", and sometimes with the mark "high."
Finally, the last category of words in the vocabulary of book styles, which we agreed to call "bookish", is usually accompanied by the label "bookish." (and sometimes marked "high.", i.e. in the same way as the words of newspaper-journalistic and poetic vocabulary).
And now in more detail about the named groups of vocabulary of book styles.
book words
Book words (vocabulary of book styles) are words that are found in scientific literature (in articles, monographs, textbooks), and in journalism (including newspapers), and in business documents, and in fiction*, why and it is difficult to assign them to any particular style. These include: native, hypothesis, hyperbolize, view, disharmony, given ("this"), disorientate, declarative, buffoonery, introduction, emergence, innate, lofty, hegemony, illusion, illusory, intuition, eradication, dry out, for, origins , calculated, indifferent, proper, transformation, touch, illumination ("image, display"), colleague, motive ("reason"), punctual, original, surreal, find, sudden, prevail, in view of, due to the fact that, loss, etc. .
* So, for example, the word transformation can be found in the author's language of a fiction writer, in journalistic and scientific works (below it is in italics): "At that time I was very busy transforming the Konstantinovsky Survey School into the Konstantinovsky Survey Institute" (S. Aksakov); "Methods have been demonstrated for converting a telephone into a microphone that transmits perceived speech over a distance of hundreds of kilometers" (Noviy Mir. 1971. No. 11. P. 176), etc.
In addition, book words are words that you can hardly say that they are used in different styles of written speech, but which are clearly uncharacteristic of a casual conversation. Such, for example, are memorable, exaggerate, overthrow, win, etc.
Some book words stand out for their "scientific" character, gravitate (but do not belong!) to scientific terminology (impulsive, intense, hypothesis, hyperbolize, prevail, illusory, etc.), which gives some linguists reason to call them "general scientific words" . Others make up such a category, which can be conditionally called bookish and literary (to overthrow, loss, mortal, hope, thirst, lofty, sweet-spoken, memorable, scourge, trend, great, inaccessible, visit, pet, win, etc.). At the same time (it is worth emphasizing once again) neither one nor the other belongs to any one style. So, hypothesis, intensive, identical, isolate, interpretation, ignore, transformation, characterize, etc. are used not only in scientific works, but also in journalism (and some of them, such as intensive, transformation, characterize, and in officially - business documents); the words introduction, assign, implementation, etc. are peculiar not only to the language of journalism, but also to the language of official business documents; book-literary overthrow, thirst, memorable, scourge, fermentation, inaccessible, etc. are inherent not only in the language of fiction, but also in the language of journalism, etc.
"Bookiness" of book vocabulary can be different. In some cases it is not very noticeable, not very distinct; words with such a dull bookishness are called moderately bookish *. These include many verbal nouns in -ing, -ing, -tie, formed from stylistically neutral and moderately bookish verbs: arising, taking, touching, weighing, receiving, touching, considering, walking, etc., as well as such nouns as significance, exile, incident, origins, measure, enemy, innovation, appearance, inhabitant, object (meaning "a phenomenon, an object, a person who is directed by someone's activity, someone's attention"), massacre, etc. The words congenital, lofty (and loftiness), significant (and significantly, significance), visible (visibly), perverted (perversely, perversity), sophisticated (sophisticated, sophistication), sudden (suddenly, suddenness), unattainable are also moderately bookish. (unattainable), immemorial; inexhaustible, repeated (repeatedly, repetition), charming (charming, charming), seductive (seductive), erect, lay, arise, renew, inspire (hope, faith), choose, get rid of ("eradicate"), isolate, dry out, resent , decapitate, exercise, characterize; quite, from the outside, must; something, somewhat (meaning "to some extent": "somewhat tired"), some, as a result, as etc.**
* The authors of the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, in which bookish vocabulary is in principle singled out (marked "knizhn."), do not give marks to moderately bookish words, considering them to be stylistically neutral. More or less consistently, this vocabulary is qualified as a book vocabulary in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. D.N. Ushakov.
** You can specify that some, i.e. moderate, bookishness distinguishes gerunds and participles, formed not only from moderately bookish, but also from stylistically neutral verbs.
In other words, "bookishness" is felt much more clearly. Therefore, they are called purely bookish. These are: altruism, hypothesis, doctrinaire, hypothetical, hyperbole, hyperbolize, hypertrophied, for, illusory, indifferent, colleague, lapidary, nuance, unshakable, neophyte, carrier, nostalgia, promised, clothe, foreseeable, gain, odious, burden, prerogative, pet, piety, precedent, zealous, truism, etc.
A significant part of book words (moderately and purely bookish) do not express any emotional assessment, but only name any phenomena, objects, properties, actions (usually of an abstract nature). In many cases, they have an interstyle synonym that completely coincides with them in meaning: given - this; hyperbolize - exaggerate; someone - someone; significant - large; a few - a little; for, since - because; lapidary - short; once - once, etc.
But there are such words among the book vocabulary that, in addition to designating the corresponding phenomena, properties, actions, also contain their assessment - positive or negative, disapproving. This evaluativeness of words is usually indicated in explanatory dictionaries by the corresponding mark ("iron." - ironic, "joking." - playful, "with a touch of disapproval", "with a touch of disdain", etc.) or by the interpretation of the meaning itself. Litter "joke." stands, for example, with the words great, green, dwelling, put on (and vestment) and some. others; litter "iron." we find with the words mortal, lofty, all-lowest, panacea, notorious, persona (in the meaning of "person", "personality"), etc. shown in dictionaries by an appropriate explanation of the meaning of the word. For instance:
Vandalism is the merciless destruction and destruction of monuments of culture and art*.
Doctrinaire - a person who blindly and meticulously follows any particular doctrine; scholastic, scout.
* In this and other interpretations given below, words expressing an assessment of the phenomenon or person they call are highlighted.
official words
Official words are words characteristic of the language of business papers, official documents - orders, decrees, instructions, certificates, reports, resolutions, official letters, etc.: incoming (outgoing) (about documents), collection, above-mentioned, above, aforementioned, capable, premarital, home ownership, subsidy, testator, tenant, memorandum, residence, landlord, presence, due, tenant, not leaving, non-identification, non-provision, non-payment, non-appearance, following, legal capacity, transmitting, reside, complicity, party (about a person or institution entering into business contact), notify, notification, loss, theft; prepositions for the account, along the line, in the case, henceforth to, in part, for the purposes, in execution, etc. All this vocabulary is non-judgmental, which is predetermined by the scope of its application, which excludes the possibility of expressing emotions, subjective assessments.
Newspaper and journalistic words
Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary - vocabulary typical for articles on political topics, works of a socio-economic and political nature, for oratory, newspapers.
A significant layer of it is made up of words that give the statement a solemn, pathetic character, which is why they are usually called "high". These include: selfless, announce, crucible, herald, banner, messenger, listen ("carefully follow something"), inscribe, daughter, son ("about people as carriers of the best features of their people, their country"), irresistible (irresistible, irresistible), indissoluble (indissoluble, indissoluble), tread, create (creation), toast, champion, life-giving, daring (daringly, daring), selfless (selflessly), accomplish, accomplishment, now, commandment, chosen one, leadership, herald, godina, yes (in the particle function: "Long live the First of May!"), etc.
There are words among the high newspaper and journalistic vocabulary that express a positive assessment of the phenomenon, object, person, etc. called with their help. In explanatory dictionaries, the evaluation of these words is reflected in the interpretation. For instance:
Daughter is about a woman who is closely, vitally connected with her people, country.
A citizen is a conscious member of society.
A chosen one is one who is chosen to perform some high duty.
Such lofty words as future, now, leadership, toast, accomplish, crucible, host, etc. do not contain evaluation. Indicative in this respect in dictionaries are those interpretations of the above words in which only interstyle synonyms are used. For instance:
Accomplish - accomplish.
Now - now.
Leadership - leadership, leadership.
Part of the words of the newspaper-journalistic vocabulary (they are not high) expresses irony or contempt: a clique, a scribbler, a pygmy, a skimmer, a puppet, a puppet, a mercenary, etc.
Newspaper-journalistic vocabulary also includes emotionally non-colored words, which are characteristic of the language of modern newspaper, radio and television practice (they also do not belong to the high ones). hallmark such words is in most cases the figurative nature of their "newspaper" use. These are: service ("household service", "service service", etc.), kaleidoscope ("news kaleidoscope"), formula ("success formula", "speed formula"), orbit ("in football orbit"), news, pulse ("pulse of the planet"), country ("country of philately", "travel to the country of health"), mosaic ("foreign mosaic"), ticket ("get a ticket to life", " ticket to great art"), contact, dialogue ("dialogue of filmmakers different countries") etc.
Some of the words (as well as phrases) figuratively used in the newspaper, typical for the newspaper, radio words (as well as phrases) are used to express a positive attitude towards the named object, phenomenon: dynasty ("sports dynasty", "miner's dynasty"), green outfit, labor landing, etc.
Poetic words
In the vocabulary of book styles there are words that are called poetic. At first glance, the recognition of some words as specifically poetic may seem strange: after all, contemporary poets actively use a variety of categories of vocabulary - both bookish, and (very widely) colloquial, and colloquial (for the content of these terms, see pp. 126 and 128) and even special. Nevertheless, in modern poetic texts there are words that are characteristic of the language of poetry. It is significant that the authors of the modern "Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language" ed. A.P. Evgenieva supply poetic words with the mark "trad.-poet." (traditional-poetic), thus emphasizing that the tradition of using in poetry special, inherent only to it (or most characteristic of it) words is alive. Poetic words include: lot ("fate, fate"), muse, sovereign, fatherly, oak forest ("forest in general"), eyes, azure, azure, inexpressible, dear, scarlet, crimson, sweet, crown ("decorate with a wreath" ), sing, pearl, blush, red, click, prophetic, coming *, silent, send down, after, boat, bosom, crystal ("clear, clean, transparent"), luminary, down, shelter ("protection, cover") , to stain, oh!, flame, etc. Some of them have an archaic connotation (in explanatory dictionaries they are labeled "outdated", in addition to the label "poet."). These are such words as dolu, lot, muse, after, bosom, send down, boat, flame, brow and some. others**
* Used in the language of newspapers.
** Here are some examples from modern poetic texts that contain archaic poeticisms:
In the village, grateful to the house
And grateful to the roof, grateful to the stove,
Especially when the trees bend down
And the wind extinguishes the stars like candles.
(D.Sam.)
Not a house on a high rampart,
I am the memory of your house.
Not your friend, a friend sent down by fate,
I am a distant sound.
(A.Tark.)
Thanks to these powerful monuments,
The lights of theaters, the purple of banners
And thanks to the midnight gatherings,
Where everyone is called and everyone is replaced
A mighty crest of a new surf, -
The wave washes away the wave, and again
The blue bosom sparkles with life.
(P. Ant.)
It is these words for the most part that are used mainly in poetry, while others are azure, inexpressible, coming, sweet, crimson, blush, etc. - can be found both in fiction and in journalism. Strictly speaking, these latter lose their primary attachment to poetry and lyrical prose, merge with other solemn lofty words (therefore, in the section on the use of the vocabulary of book styles, they are considered without a special indication that they are also poeticisms).

Vocabulary from a stylistic point of view. The concept of functional style and stylistic stratification of vocabulary. Interstyle (neutral) and stylistically colored vocabulary. Vocabulary of book styles (book). Official business vocabulary (clericalisms). High, poetic and folk-poetic vocabulary.

Speaking about the varieties of the Russian language: the literary language and dialects, we noted that the literary language also exists in several varieties that have lexical, orthoepic, derivational and grammatical features. These features are due to the specifics and conditions of communication: for example, a letter to a friend will differ from a scientific article in the same way as a casual conversation of friends from a prosecutor’s speech in court (although both are brought together by the form of speech: oral or written). Such varieties of literary language are called functional styles. He also wrote about the specifics of the functional styles of the literary language L.V. Shcherba (see * Appendix 1. Reader. Text No. 6).

Traditionally allocate book styles(scientific, journalistic, official business) and colloquial speech(or conversational style). Separate place takes art style, language of fiction. There is no consensus regarding the selection of the latter: some generally take it beyond the limits of functional styles, because it often goes beyond the limits of the literary language, others refer it to book styles. You will get acquainted with functional styles in detail in the special course "Fundamentals of Speech Culture and Functional Stylistics". Now we are only interested in the fact that the stylistic stratification of vocabulary is closely connected with the understanding of functional styles.

In connection with the specifics of the functioning of vocabulary in a particular style (i.e., projecting the vocabulary of the Russian language onto its use in a certain functional style), the following lexical layers are distinguished in the vocabulary of the Russian literary language: vocabulary stylistically colored and neutral, or interstyle vocabulary(i.e. stylistically uncolored). When we talked about synonyms, we noted that words in a synonymic row can differ in stylistic coloring: cf. - head, head, head or sleep, rest, sleep. It is here that the words of two different lexical layers are presented: neutral, interstyle ( head; sleep) and stylistically colored synonyms ( head, head; rest, sleep), the meaning of which is revealed through a neutral, stylistically uncolored synonym. In dictionaries, such synonyms are marked with the corresponding labels. For example: HOUSE, HOUSING, HOUSING (colloquial), KROV (high), ROOF (colloquial), HOUSE (obsolete), HOUSE (obsolete and high), BERLOGA (colloquial and jocular), KANNERY (colloquial .), Angle (colloquial).

Thus, stylistic coloring is belonging to a certain style, a sign that a given word can only be used in certain (specified) styles. Stylistically colored words seem to gravitate towards their neutral synonym, denoting the same thing, but differ from it in other terms of use - in high, poetic speech ( Would you like to rest?) or, conversely, in reduced, colloquial speech or vernacular ( Stop snoring!). Interstyle vocabulary can be used in any style, this is its peculiarity ( Time to sleep. Would you like to sleep? Stop sleeping!).

What is neutral (interstyle) vocabulary? These are the words that form the basis of the literary language, its vocabulary - they are used in speech, regardless of the conditions of communication in all functional styles, book and colloquial. Yes, the word head we can use both in a scientific style, and in colloquial speech, and in artistic text. the word is head you can’t use in book styles, just as they don’t use the word in colloquial speech chapter: don't tell me my head hurts, but my head is cracking- quite appropriate. Those. neutral vocabulary - these are words without special stylistic signs and attachments to a particular style. Against their background, other words are perceived as stylistically fixed. Thus, interstyle vocabulary is the background against which stylistically colored vocabulary is revealed. In dictionaries, such vocabulary is not accompanied by any stylistic marks. The very absence of a mark at the word is significant: it, as it were, marks a neutral, inter-style, stylistically uncolored vocabulary.

To denote vocabulary that "rises" above neutral, the term " bookstore", or vocabulary of book styles (as the term " colloquial» denote all reduced vocabulary). It turns out that these lexical layers can be schematically represented as being one above the other:

Book vocabulary

Interstyle vocabulary

colloquial vocabulary

In explanatory dictionaries for marking the vocabulary of book styles, the stylistic label " bookstore." (book), which is placed before or after the dictionary definition. For instance:

Replenish (bookstore.) Add what was missing, replenish;

Dithyramb. 2. Exaggerated enthusiastic praise ( bookstore.).

Significance (bookstore.) Same as value.

Canonical (bookstore.) 1. Corresponding to the canon. 2. Accepted as a sample.

favor (bookstore.) Contribute, help smth.

This litter indicates that the word (or meaning) is characteristic mainly of written, especially scientific or journalistic speech.

Words that are common for book styles gravitate toward scientific terminology, but do not treat it as highly specialized, which is marked with the mark “special.”, but is, as it were, general scientific vocabulary, i.e. sciences studied by everyone, for example, at school ( hypothesis, impulse, theorem, hegemony). These are the words used in scientific reports and articles, regardless of the branch of knowledge ( prevail, interpretation), or in journalism - social and journalistic vocabulary (frontier, report, puppet, mercenary, hard worker etc.).

However, in dictionaries, other labels are also used to highlight “sublime” (bookish) vocabulary: “ high." (high). " poet." (poetic), " official." (official), etc. Consequently, the book vocabulary is heterogeneous. This is explained both by the multitude of book styles (scientific and popular science, journalistic, official business, artistic and even epistolary) and by the diversity of their functioning.

Therefore, the litter " bookstore." (with the stylistic differentiation of "sublime" vocabulary) is placed with words and meanings that are used mainly in scientific and journalistic styles:

Autocrat. book. A person with unlimited supreme power, an autocrat.

adept. book. An ardent follower, a follower of some teachings.

Adequate. book. Quite appropriate, matching.

Litter " official." (official) or " official-del. "(official business) indicates that these words are typical for official texts, documents, for example:

Outgoing. 2. Official-case. Document, paper sent from an institution..

notify. Official. The same as notifying.

Litter " high." (high) indicates that words are used mainly in solemnly elevated speech: oratorical, journalistic, artistic, and give it a touch of solemnity, sublimity, importance. For instance:

Retribution. high. Retribution, punishment for the inflicted, perfect evil.

to taste. high. Learn by experience.

the future. high. Future. The coming years lurk in the mist, but I see your lot on a bright forehead.

At the words used exclusively in poetic speech or in folklore, marks are put " poet.», « trad.-poet.”(traditional poetic), " people-poet.»(folk poetic):

Vezhda. Poet. eyelids. All night the sleep did not touch his weary eyelids.

White stone. Nar.-poet. From white stone. Moscow white stone.

crown. Trad.-poet. Decorate the head with a wreath or something. like a wreath. And I came crowned with ivy.

In some dictionaries, these marks are even more divided: for example, in D.N. Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, along with the mark " bookstore." clarifying stylistic marks are also used " public.», « newspaper.», « scientific.», « tech.», « rhetorician.», « poet.", and along with the litter " official." - litter " kants." (stationery, clericalism). Only it distinguishes between poetic and folk-poetic use. Here are examples from the specified dictionary:

fittings. 2. Minor devices and accessories of some apparatus or machine ( tech.).

Armada. Book., poet., outdated. Large navy.

allocate. Include in the estimate ( official, Finnish).

Abyss. 1. // Infinite depth ( poet.)

wake up. 2. Excite ( book, poet)

Here. Book., outdated. In vain, in vain.

Thus, sublime vocabulary is the words of book styles: book vocabulary - general scientific, journalistic, official business, etc. ( notify, anticipate, minor, procession, meal, giant, find, renounce, doom, suffering, anxiety etc.), as well as high, poetic, including folk poetic and traditional poetic ( cheeks, radiant, azure, lot, right hand, hand, morning star, maiden, golden-domed, sweet-voiced, uproot, descend, kiss etc.). High, poetic words are called poeticisms: they are limited to use mainly in poetic genres of fiction of the 18th-19th centuries. ( cheeks, eyes, percy, lyre, crown, chamber, inspirational, daring, silent, fragrant, golden-haired, drag, blush, think and many others. etc.). Many words of this type have long passed into the category of archaisms, but to this day they retain the flavor of poetry and are not used in any other style. For example, about housing: habitation (outdated.), monastery (old and tall), shelter (high.).

Vocabulary of book styles (“sublime”) is opposed to vocabulary with the opposite stylistic coloring - reduced (colloquial and colloquial), which will be discussed below.