Official business style in the era of computerization. The history of the formation of the business style of documents

ORGANIZATIONAL FORMS OF DOW AND FACTORS DETERMINING THEIR CHOICE IN A PARTICULAR ORGANIZATION

Organizational forms of the preschool educational institution

Practice has developed three forms of organizing work with documents in any administrative apparatus - centralized, decentralized and mixed.

The centralized form involves the concentration of all technological operations for working with documents under the jurisdiction of one specialized structural unit (office, general department) or one employee (secretary of the institution). This unit (or this employee) performs a full cycle of technological operations for processing documents from the moment they are received or created to being archived: receiving and processing incoming documents, their registration, control over execution, reference and information work, systematization and storage of documents, sending documents, processing documents for their transfer to the archive. The centralization of individual document processing operations is the most rational form of organizing office work, as it allows you to reduce the cost of processing documents, improve the organization of work of workers in the production service due to the specialization and interchangeability of individual workers, effectively use office equipment, achieve unity of organizational and methodological management of documentary support. However, complete centralization of work with documents is possible only in small institutions with a document flow of up to 10 thousand documents per year.

The decentralized form of organization of documentary services is the exact opposite of a centralized service. Each structural unit of one organization creates its own service for working with documents, in which the entire cycle of operations for creating, storing, and organizing documents of this structural unit is autonomously performed. This form is typical for organizations and institutions whose apparatus is territorially dispersed, as well as for those in which the documentation of activities has specific features (for example, based on considerations of information protection or independence of the activities of structural divisions).

A mixed form of organizing work with documents is the most common. At the same time, part of the operations (most often the reception and processing of incoming and outgoing documents, their registration, control over the timing of execution, production, replication, archival storage) is concentrated in the central office management service, and in each structural unit (in departments, offices, departments) operations for the creation (printing) of documents, their systematization, storage of cases, their pre-archive processing.

A variant of the mixed form is such an organization of work with documents in which the same technological operation (for example, registration of documents or control over their execution) is carried out for some arrays of documents centrally (in the office), and for others - decentralized (in structural divisions) . The division of arrays of documents in the case of using traditional (manual) methods of work is carried out according to the criterion of addressing - if the document is addressed to the management of the organization, it is registered in the office, if the management of the structural unit, then in this unit. Most often, internal documents are registered in structural divisions - at the place of their creation. For example, in accounting - accounting documents, in the personnel department - documents on personnel, etc.

The use of the latest computer technologies, the availability of fax machines, fax-modem devices of computers make it possible to organize the reception and registration of incoming documents, control over their execution, information and reference work in structural divisions.

In the creation and organization of office work, the issue of choosing an organizational form is one of the most difficult. The current state regulatory and methodological documents do not regulate the form of work with documents.

In each case, the choice of the organizational form of work with documents remains the prerogative of the clerical service itself and the management of the institution. The solution to this issue is connected with the initial organization of the office work service. Depending on the changes that occur in connection with the transformation of the organization (firm) itself, from the modernization of document processing technology, the degree of centralization and decentralization of work with documents also changes.

The regulation of the chosen form of work with documents is fixed in the instructions for office work.

THE MAIN STAGES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OFFICIAL AND BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

The history of the formation of the official business style.

Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the tenth century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the annals are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument of writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to distinguish the features of word usage and organization of speech, which are among the characteristic features of business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with coordinating conjunctions "and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause (with the conjunction asche - if) are most widely used: In Russkaya Pravda, terms are already used that indicate the development of legal relations in Ancient Russia: head (murdered), golovnik (murderer), posluh ( witness), vira (fine), obtained (property), veno vopi koe (bride price), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.

After "Russkaya Pravda" the most ancient document is the "Charter of Grand Duke Mstislav Volodimirovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130". The initial formula of this letter "Se az" ... ("Here I am") becomes from that time an obligatory element (props) of ancient Russian letters: "Behold, the great prince Vsevolod gave me to St. with people, and with horses, and a forest, and boards, and traps for fishing ... ("from" Letters of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuryev Monastery 1125-1137 "). The letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who affixes the letter with his signature.

And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, an already complete system of documenting norms was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, ballot, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.

In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official forms, included a certain set of details. Since 1811, after the adoption of the General Establishment of Ministries, the characteristic features of the clerical style were actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical monotony (the prevalence of nominative and genitive cases), standardization. As a result of the reform of office work (rules for paperwork), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance.

In the XX century. unification of documents becomes irreversible. New rules for maintaining official documentation were developed: in 1918, a single form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 20s of the twentieth century. work began on the creation of new business writing standards, screen texts appeared

A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work. The choice and consolidation in practice of one language variant out of several possible ones is economically justified, dictated by the requirements of the increasingly complex economic and socio-political life of society, and technological progress. The use of stable formulas, accepted abbreviations, uniform arrangement of material in the preparation of a document is typical for standard and template letters, questionnaires, tables, analogue texts, etc., allows you to encode information, assigning certain language means to a typical situation. For example, the need to take part in an exhibition of goods involves filling out an application made by an exhibition organization in a typographical way in the form of a questionnaire. The so-called analogue texts, forms, forms, in which the stencil has the form of a formalized text, are subjected to special standardization.

5. DOCUMENT IN ELECTRONIC FORM: LEGAL REGIME, FEATURES OF APPROVAL AND SIGNING

An electronic document is a set of data recorded on a tangible medium and / or transmitted via electronic communication channels with details that allow identifying this information and its author. An electronic document can be created on the basis of a paper document, on the basis of another electronic document, or generated in the process of information interaction between the Parties without any prototypes.

The share of electronic documents in the total volume of materials that organizations and citizens work with is steadily growing. In this regard, the most acute question arises of ensuring their legal significance (legal force). The legal significance of a document, both paper and electronic, is its probative force, for example, in arbitration courts.

In order for an electronic document to have legal force, certain rules must be observed when creating, transmitting, processing and storing it. According to GOST R 51141--98 “Office work and archiving. Terms and definitions” the legal force of a document is “the property of an official document, communicated to it by the current legislation, the competence of the body that issued it and the established procedure for registration”.

What gives the document - both paper and electronic - legal force? Firstly, the presence of mandatory details in it and compliance with the rules for displaying these details. Secondly, the competence of the source, that is, the right of the author to create and sign documents of this kind. Thirdly, a guarantee of integrity and authenticity.

The requirement for the design and composition of mandatory details depends on the specific type of document and is established by a number of regulatory and legal acts and regulations. These are federal laws (for example, No. 149-FZ “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection” of July 27, 2006; No. 1-FZ “On Electronic Digital Signature” of January 10, 2002), including “core” ones (for example, such as No. 129-FZ “On Accounting”), and various resolutions (say, the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated January 5, 2004 No. 1 “On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting for labor and its payment”).

Requirements for the execution of certain types of documents can be found in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and in various GOSTs (for example, GOST R 6.30-2003 “Unified documentation systems. Unified system of organizational and administrative documentation. Requirements for paperwork”).

In addition, the requirements for the requisite composition and the rules for its submission may be regulated by the internal documents of organizations, while they should not contradict the current legislation of the country.

For electronic documents, there is currently GOST 6.10.4--84 “Unified Documentation Systems. Giving legal force to documents on a machine carrier and a machinogram created by computer technology. Basic Provisions”. This standard establishes requirements for the composition and content of details that give legal force to an electronic document, and also establishes the procedure for making changes to them.

According to this GOST, an electronic document must contain the following mandatory details:

registration number;
registration date;
signature (code) of the person responsible for the correctness of the preparation of the document or the person who approved the document;
the content of the document;
name of the organization - the creator of the document;
the location of the organization -- the creator of the document or postal address.

It is allowed to enter additional details that reflect the specifics of the creation or use of the document. At the same time, the mandatory details of the electronic document should be placed in a way that allows them to be uniquely identified.

It is important to remember that even a properly executed document, but issued by an incompetent authority (that is, not having the right to issue documents of this kind), as well as anonymous or signed by an unauthorized person, is not accepted in court and cannot serve as confirmation of the information contained in it, certify the facts confirm the rights or obligations arising on its basis.

Requirements for the requisite composition and rules for the submission of legally significant electronic documents may be regulated by internal documents of organizations, while they should not contradict the current legislation of the country.

Legislation requires reliable evidence of the integrity and authenticity of a document from the moment it was formed in its final form.

When evaluating the probative value of an electronic document, the reliability of the method by which it was formed, stored or transmitted is taken into account; the way in which the integrity of the information was ensured; the manner in which its initiator was identified, and any other relevant factors.

At the same time, one should not forget that the degree of reliability is assessed taking into account the purpose for which the electronic document was generated. In other words, a trusted environment for processing an electronic document should be provided, and trusted not only for the direct participants in the document flow, but also for a third party.

A trusted environment can be implemented in the following ways:

use of EDS technology, recognized (according to the law) as equivalent to a handwritten signature;
creation of a trusted system for processing electronic documents / trusted storage.

Work description

The purpose of this course work is to study the formation of the business style of the Russian literary language from the time of the appearance of writing in Russia to the present, as well as an overview of the features of the modern official business style of the Russian language.

Introduction 3
Chapter 1. The history of the formation of the business style of the Russian literary language
1.1. Period from X to XII centuries……………………………………………………..............4
1.2 The period from the XIV to the XVI centuries………………………………………………………………6
1.3 The beginning of the XVIII century - "Peter's era"…………………………………...8
1.4. The end of the XVIII century - "The Golden Age of Catherine"…………………………….10
1.5. The period of the 19th century……………………………………………………………………………12
1.6. The period of the XX century…………………………………………………………….14
Chapter 2
.
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………22
Literature…………………

Files: 1 file

Introduction

Language as a social phenomenon performs various functions associated with a particular area of human activity. An important social function of the language is the message inherent in the official business style.
The official business style stood out earlier than other written styles because it served the most important areas of public life: foreign relations, securing private property, etc. The need to write down laws, contracts, records of debts began to form a special "language", which, having undergone many changes, still retains its main distinctive features.
The purpose of this course work is to study the formation of the business style of the Russian literary language from the time of the appearance of writing in Russia to the present, as well as an overview of the features of the modern official business style of the Russian language.
The relevance of the course work lies in the fact that the history of the development of the business style of the Russian language is traced in detail and in detail, at each historical stage the features of the formation and change of word formation and word usage of the official business style are noted - the style of business correspondence as one of the most important genres of modern workflow.

1. The history of the formation of the business style of the Russian literary language

Period from the 10th to the 12th centuries

The first business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the tenth century. writing. The annals record the first written texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks, dating back to 907-971. In the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus appeared "Russkaya Pravda" - the main legal monument of Kievan Rus, by which one can judge the development of legal and socio-political terminology at that time.
The emergence of the oldest written code of laws is usually attributed to the reign of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, who in 1016, wanting to reconcile with the Novgorodians, unjustly offended by the prince's squad, which consisted of hired Varangians, left his charter as an assurance that he would rule in accordance with his will " the best husbands" of Novgorod. This is the traditional explanation of how the first part of the monument appeared - Yaroslav's Truth.
Subsequently, the collection was supplemented by articles introduced in the second half of the 11th century, the so-called Pravda of the Yaroslavichs, compiled at a meeting of the princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod with the boyars close to them around 1070. And, finally, in the first decades of the 12th century. the lengthy edition of Russkaya Pravda included the articles of Vladimir Monomakh's Rules. Thus, the written fixation of legislation designed to justify and protect the feudal system in the Kievan state took place for a long time, naturally reflecting the stages of linguistic development that were somewhat different from each other.
The language of Russkaya Pravda already contains the characteristic features of a business style: the use of specific terms (vira - fine, posluh - witness, obtained - property, etc.), the presence of complex sentences and non-union chains.
The oldest document is also "The letter of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodymyrovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130". The initial formula of this charter "Se az" ("Here I am") becomes from that time an indispensable element of ancient Russian letters. The letters end with a special construction, which indicates who witnessed the transaction and who signs the letter with his signature.
Consider the language of private correspondence of the time of Kievan Rus, the language of Novgorod letters on birch bark. Birch bark letters are among the most ancient monuments of Russian writing; according to archeology, they date back to the 11th century. Some letters begin with the words: "order from NN to NN". A frequently encountered stencil beginning of a letter can be considered the formula: "Kissing from NN to NN." No less characteristic examples of the application of "literary etiquette" are found in the endings of letters. Typical in the endings of letters are phrases with various forms of the verb to bow, for example: "and we bow to you"; "I bow to you"; "and I bow to you." Also in the letters there is a bright and concise ending: "and on that tobe tsolom." This speaks of the general high cultural level of the inhabitants of ancient Novgorod in the 11th-12th centuries. and at the same time confirms the inseparable connection between the language of Old Russian business writing and book speech.
The given examples prove that such well-established phrases, traditional formulas for the beginning and ending of writing belong to the literary epistolary style that originated in Russia already in the most ancient era, characterize the speech culture of the writers, their ability to master the processed forms of the long-established literary and written language.

Period from the 14th to the 16th century

A new stage in the development of the Russian national and literary-written language begins in the second half of the 14th century. and is associated with the formation of a centralized state around Moscow - the Moscow principality.
Local offices receive the name of orders, and scribes of the grand duke and local offices are called clerk, clerk. Cases in these institutions were managed by clerks, who developed a special "order syllable", close to the colloquial speech of the common people, but keeping in its composition separate traditional formulas and turns.
An integral part of the command syllable was such words and expressions as petition, to beat with a forehead (to ask for something). It has become generally accepted that the petitioner at the beginning of the petition list all the numerous titles and ranks of the high-ranking person to whom he addressed the request, and be sure to give the full name and patronymic of this person. On the contrary, the petitioner had to invariably write about himself only in a pejorative form, without adding a middle name to his name and adding to it such designations of real or imaginary dependence as a slave, slave, serf.
In the indicated historical period, the word literacy in the meaning of business paper, document, is especially widespread. Compound terms appear in which the noun is defined by adjectives: the letter of the soul, the spiritual (testament), the letter of contract, the letter of folding, the letter of ascription, the letter of withdrawal (setting the boundaries of land grants), etc. Not limited to the genre of letters, business writing develops such forms as court records, questioning records.
By the XV-XVI centuries. includes the compilation of new sets of judicial decisions, for example, Ivan III's "Sudebnik" (1497), "Pskov Judicial Charter" (1462-1476), in which, based on the articles of "Russian Truth", the further development of legal norms was recorded. In business writing, terms appear that reflect new social relations (younger brother, elder brother, boyar children), new monetary relations that developed in the Moscow period (bondage, money, etc.). The development of abundant social terminology, brought to life by the complication of socio-economic relations, is associated with a direct impact on the literary and written language of the folk colloquial speech element.
The language of business monuments of the XV-XVII centuries. - despite the relatively great proximity of the language of monuments of this type to colloquial speech, even such of them as interrogative speeches experienced the continuous and powerful influence of the written orthographic tradition, which originates from the ancient Slavic writing of the 10th-11th centuries. Not a single written source of Ancient Russia in all periods of historical development could be free from such a traditional influence.
The enrichment and increase in the number of forms of business writing indirectly influenced all genres of written speech and, ultimately, contributed to the overall progressive development of the literary and written language of Muscovite Russia. This language was more and more imbued with the speech features of business writing.

From the 15th century information about who wrote the text becomes the norm, and from the 17th-18th centuries. - Mandatory details of a business letter. State command language of the 15th–17th centuries. for all the lexical diversity, it is a more normalized, reference language than live colloquial speech. He introduces a number of command formulas into use, which become clichés and clericalism (to bail, this is given in that, to confront, put on trial, inflict reprisals, etc.). There were more and more documents. The extensive office work of pre-Petrine Russia required the development of unified approaches to the design and processing of documents. The process of unifying the language of documents, which began in Kievan Rus, was further developed.
Thus, in the period from the 15th to the 17th centuries, in the era of the formation of the Russian centralized state, a state system was formed with an extensive system of functions serviced through various groups of documents. At this time, a special administrative institution was born - orders, and they included institutions serving written business communication - the office, mail, archive (which determined the era of order clerical work). The activities of these tools had to be based on a certain system of working with documents, and such a need necessitated the development of regulatory and methodological acts containing recommendations on the execution of documents, including those of a linguistic nature. Thus, a system of work with documents, a system of rules for their execution, begins to take shape.

The beginning of the XVIII century - "Peter's era"

The Petrine era in the history of Russia is characterized by significant reforms and transformations that affected statehood, production, military and naval affairs, and the life of the ruling classes of the then Russian society. So, the new administrative structure, the transformation of the Muscovite state into the Russian Empire, brought to life the names of many new ranks and titles included in the "Table of Ranks", speech features of bureaucratic subordination: formulas for addressing lower ranks to higher ranks.
The development of military, and especially naval affairs, which was almost absent in Muscovite Russia, gave rise to many relevant manuals and instructions, military and naval regulations, saturated with new special terminology, new special expressions that completely replaced the words and expressions associated with the old Moscow military order. . Along with this, to meet the needs of the increasingly Europeanized nobility, various manuals were created that regulated the everyday life of the higher social classes.
In connection with the restructuring of public administration, with the development of industry and trade, the language of business correspondence is becoming much more complicated and enriched. It is moving further and further away from the old Moscow norms and traditions and is noticeably moving closer to the lively colloquial speech of the middle strata of the population.
Peter I, recommending that when translating from foreign languages, to refrain from bookish Slavonic sayings, advised translators to take the language of the embassy order as a model: "You don’t need to put high Slavic words; use the words of the embassy order."
The renewal of the vocabulary of the Russian literary language in the Petrine era was especially evident in the sphere of administrative vocabulary. It is replenished at this time mainly with borrowings from German, Latin, and partly French. About a quarter of all borrowings of the Petrine era falls precisely on the "words of the administrative language", which displace the use of the corresponding Old Russian names. An administrator, an actuary, an auditor, an accountant, a king of arms, a governor, an inspector, a chamberlain, a chancellor, a landgewing, a minister, a police master, a president, a prefect, a ratman, and others appear. committees, offices, city halls, senate, synods and other administrative institutions that have replaced recent thoughts and orders, address, accredit, test, arrest, ballot, confiscate, correspond, claim, second-hand, interpret, ex-authorize, fine, etc. incognito, in envelopes, packages, various acts, accidents, amnesties, appeals, leases, bills, bonds, warrants, projects, reports, tariffs, etc. The composition of this administrative vocabulary includes the names of persons by their ranks and positions, the names of institutions, the names of various kinds of business documents.
In the language of business writing of the Petrine era, old, traditional, and new elements coexisted, opposing each other. The former include Church Slavonic words and forms, as well as expressions from the old Moscow language of orders; to the second - foreign borrowings (barbarisms), vernacular, features of dialectal word usage, pronunciation and form formation. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words penetrate into it.
During the administrative reform of Peter 1, the central government system was restructured (orders were replaced by collegiums), which marked the beginning of the era of collegial office work (1720-1802). During this period, a strict system of document management continued to improve, which meant the streamlining of business writing acts, the further officialization of the language. The normalization of documentary texts came from the state authorities and found its expression in numerous legislative acts, primarily in the "General Regulations of Collegia" (1720) - a set of rules containing an integral system of documenting norms, which served as an impetus for the emergence of modern forms of documents. In the course of the reform, the structure and form of traditional documents were improved and samples of new documents placed in "general forms" were developed - all this led to the unification of documents and the gradual elimination of the personal element in the practice of writing them. Also, the new rules introduced new etiquette norms for addressing the addressee, indicating the rank, title, rank.

1.4. The end of the 18th century - "Catherine's Golden Age"

The years of the reign of Empress Catherine II, which fell in the last third of the 18th century, were called by the Russian nobility the "Century of Catherine", the "golden age". (1762-1796). This time is the highest point in the development and flourishing of the economy and culture of the Russian nobility, its political domination. At the same time, this is the beginning of the crisis of the nobility in Russia, which is shaken by peasant uprisings. There were also echoes of the French bourgeois revolution in the late 1780s and 1790s. The social conditions for the functioning of the literary language are noticeably changing in comparison with the beginning and the first half of the century. The network of periodicals is expanding, book printing is developing.
The system of state bodies of power is being developed and strengthened, "Institutions for the management of provinces" are being created. For communication with the supreme power, the governors use Reports and Reports. Decrees of the provincial government are widely used by subordinate institutions, as well as officials (deanery administrations, county and zemstvo courts, governors, police officers).
As a result of the development of interstate relations, the execution of diplomatic documentation becomes more complicated. By this time, international standards were already established for the form and lexical composition of diplomatic documents, the structure of contractual documentation was expanding, treatises, conventions, protocols, and instruments appeared. The Collegiums of Foreign Affairs exchange notes, memoirs, and memorandums with foreign governments. Communication between Russian diplomatic representatives and their government is carried out by means of reports and dispatches.
Document circulation and business correspondence of judicial institutions acquire a pronounced specific design of documentation, a strict procedure for compiling and processing judicial documents is established.
Shifts in the Russian literary language of the last third of the 18th century. reflected in the stylistic system created by the head of Russian conservative sentimentalism N.M. Karamzin and then called the "new style". Karamzin faced the tasks put forward by the era - to ensure that they began to write as they say, and that in a noble society they began to speak as they write. "New style" was designed to meet the needs of society. It is freed from Church Slavonicisms and archaisms, as components that burden the literary language, and a logically transparent and natural word order is spreading.
As a result of the Karamzin reform, the Russian literary language came close to establishing national norms for word usage, and, accordingly, the business style becomes more readable and understandable.

1.5. 19th century period

At the beginning of the XIX century. the formation of the business style of the Russian literary language is associated with the name of M.M. Speransky and his reforms in the field of documentation. The "Manifesto on the Establishment of Ministries" (1802) and the "General Establishment of Ministries" (1811) approved the executive principle, which determined the activities of leaders and executive office work. A hierarchy of "authorities and places" and a corresponding hierarchy of documents were proclaimed. Uniformity was introduced in documentation, strict regulation of the content, structure of documents and the order of business. Researchers of the Russian literary language note that the art in the style of M.M. Speransky introduced the novelty of the presentation into the business style of the Russian language, and served as a model for compiling documents of national importance.
There are significant changes in the form of the document. It clearly shows the desire for formalization, the definition of clear rules for the location and design of details. This is primarily due to the introduction of forms into the process of documenting.
As a result of the reform of office work, the need arose for the reform of the clerical style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance. The characteristic features of the clerical style are actively being formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic bulkiness, the nominal nature of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of nominative and genitive cases), the folding of language clichés. .
In official business and scientific speech of this period, there is a desire to develop a peculiar manner of artificially bookish, syntactically confusing (and therefore difficult for people to understand) presentation of thoughts and feelings. Between the word and the meaning, an artificial barrier of conditionally descriptive pictorial techniques is erected, as it were. Here is an example from the memoirs of a well-known public figure, lawyer A.F. Koni, who portrays a lawyer defining a fight with such words: the integrity of its physical integument by the repeated violation of such rights. If one of these elements is not present, then we have no legal right to see the substance of a fight in a mutual conflict."

Progressive Russian politicians and writers spoke out against such an official official language. LN Tolstoy wrote in 1884: "Let there be the language of Karamzin, Filaret, priest Avvakum, but not our newspaper language." This indicates that in the second half of the XIX century. the process of clashes between different stylistic systems in the national literary Russian language is aggravated, and that the language continues to improve and polish, drawing closer to the colloquial speech of the masses.
In the second half of the XIX century. in Russia, due to the greatly increased volume of documenting and business correspondence processes, the development of documentation technology is taking place, new ways of documenting appear, such as photography, sound recording, telegrams and transcripts. An extremely compressed "telegraphic" style of presentation is being formed, coding and encryption are being distributed.
Thus, by the end of the XIX century. a system of documentation has developed, the national form of the document has been approved, and a system of recommendations for the design of a business text has developed. The characteristic features of the clerical style were formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, the nominal nature of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity, standardization.

HISTORY OF OFFICIAL BUSINESS STYLE AND GENRE OF BUSINESS SPEECH

1. Characteristics of the official business style: history of formation, linguistic and extralinguistic features

In the field of science, office work and lawmaking, in the media and in politics, the language is used in different ways. Each of the listed spheres of public life has its own subtype of the Russian literary language, which has a number of distinctive features at all language levels - lexical, morphological, syntactic and textual. These features form a speech system in which each element is connected with others. This subtype of literary language is called functional style.

The official business style is assigned to the sphere of social and legal relations, which are realized in lawmaking, in the economy, in managerial and diplomatic activities. The periphery of the business style includes informative advertising, patent style and everyday business speech (statements, explanatory notes, receipts, etc.). Organizational and administrative documentation (ORD) is a type of business writing that most fully represents its specifics. Together with various types of legislative speech (license, rules, charter, decree, etc.), the ORD is the center of business writing, the core of the official business style.

A document is a text that controls the actions of people and has legal significance. Hence the increased requirement for accuracy, which does not allow for other interpretations, imposed on the text of documents. Only a written speech, prepared and edited, can meet this requirement. In oral speech, it is almost impossible to achieve such a degree of accuracy due to its unpreparedness, spontaneity, and variability. In addition to the requirement of denotative accuracy (a denotation is an object or phenomenon of the reality around us, with which a given language unit is correlated), the language of documents is subject to the requirement of communicative accuracy - an adequate reflection of reality, reflection of the author's thought in a speech fragment (sentence, text).

In documents, therefore, clichéd standard phrases are used:

The agreement comes into force from the date of signing.

Pursuant to order no.

Standardizing the language of business papers provides the degree of communicative accuracy that gives the document legal force. Any phrase, any sentence should have only one meaning and interpretation. To achieve such a degree of accuracy in the text, one has to repeat the same words, names, terms: In case of advance payment, the Customer is obliged, within three days from the date of payment, to hand over to the Contractor a copy of the payment document certified by the bank or notify him by telegram. If the Customer fails to comply with the requirements of this paragraph, the Contractor shall have the right, after ten days from the date of signing the contract, to sell the goods.

The detail of the presentation in the official business style is combined with the analytic expression of actions, processes in the form of a verbal noun:

Emphasized logic, unemotionality of presentation with a standard arrangement of text material on a sheet also very significantly distinguish written business speech from oral speech. Oral speech is most often emotionally colored, asymmetric according to the principle of text organization. The emphasized logicality of oral speech indicates the formality of the communication environment. Business verbal communication should proceed against the background of positive emotions - trust, sympathy, goodwill, respect.

The information in the document is carried not only by text fragments, but also by all elements of the text design that are mandatory - details. For each type of document, there is a set of details provided for by the state standard - GOST.

A prop is a mandatory information element of a document, strictly assigned to a specific place on a form, sheet. Name, date, registration number, information about the compiler, etc. constantly located in the same place - the first three at the top, and the last one at the bottom of the sheet after the signatures.

The number of details varies and depends on the type and content of documents. The sample key establishes the maximum composition of the details and the order in which they are located. These include:

1. State Emblem of the Russian Federation.

2. The emblem of the organization and enterprise.

3. Image of government awards.

4. Code of the enterprise, institution or organization according to the all-Russian classifier of enterprises and organizations (OKPO).

5. Code of the document form according to the all-Russian classifier of management documentation (OKUD).

6. Name of the ministry or department.

7. Name of the institution, organization or enterprise.

8. Name of the structural unit.

9. Post office index, postal and telegraph address, teletype, telephone, fax number, bank account number.

10. Name of the document type.

14. Place of compilation and publication.

15. Signature of restriction of access to the document.

16. Addressee.

17. Stamp of approval.

18. Resolution.

19. Title to the text.

20. Mark of control.

22. Mark about the presence of the application.

23. Signature.

24. Stamp of approval.

26. Print.

27. A mark on the certification of copies.

28. Surname of the performer and his phone number.

29. A note on the execution of the document and sending it to the case.

30. A mark on the transfer of data to a machine carrier.

31. Mark of admission.

Thus, a high degree of unification, standardization as a leading feature of syntax, a high degree of terminating vocabulary, consistency, unemotionality, the information load of each element of the text, attention to detail are characteristic of the language of documents and distinguish it from oral spontaneous business dialogic speech.

The history of the formation of the official business style.

· Business documents appeared in Russia after the introduction in the tenth century. writing. The first written documents recorded in the annals are the texts of treaties between the Russians and the Greeks in 907, 911, 944 and 971. And in the XI century. the first set of laws of Kievan Rus "Russkaya Pravda" appears - an original monument of writing, which makes it possible to judge the development of the system of legal and socio-political terminology at that time. In the language of "Russkaya Pravda" it is already possible to distinguish the features of word usage and organization of speech, which are among the characteristic features of business style. This is a high terminology, the predominance of composition over subordination in complex sentences, the presence of complex structures with coordinating conjunctions "and", "yes", "same", as well as non-union chains. Of all the types of complex sentences, constructions with a conditional clause (with the conjunction asche - if) are most widely used: In Russkaya Pravda, terms are already used that indicate the development of legal relations in Ancient Russia: head (murdered), golovnik (murderer), posluh ( witness), vira (fine), obtained (property), veno vopi koe (bride price), kuna (money). Legal terms represent the most important lexical layer of the language of ancient documents.

· After "Russkaya Pravda" the most ancient document is "The Diploma of Grand Duke Mstislav Volodymyrovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130". The initial formula of this letter "Se az" ... ("Here I am") becomes from that time an obligatory element (props) of ancient Russian letters: "Behold, the great prince Vsevolod gave me to St. with people, and with horses, and a forest, and boards, and traps for fishing ... ("from" Letters of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Mstislavovich to the Yuryev Monastery 1125-1137 "). The letters ended with a special formula, which indicates who was a witness to the transaction and who affixes the letter with his signature.

· And in the "General Regulations" of the Peter's Collegiums, an already complete system of documenting norms was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words (province, act, ballot, appeal, etc.) and terms penetrate into it.

· In the 19th century, when the formation of a codified literary language was basically completed, its functional varieties - styles - began to actively form. Official correspondence documents were obtained in the 19th century. the widest distribution and quantitatively significantly surpassed other types of business texts. They were written on official forms, included a certain set of details. Since 1811, after the adoption of the General Establishment of Ministries, the characteristic features of the clerical style were actively formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical monotony (the prevalence of nominative and genitive cases), standardization. As a result of the reform of office work (rules for paperwork), the need arose to reform the clerical style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance.

Official business style as a language of documents

The process of creating stencil texts consists in allocating permanent parts for a group of texts of the same type, containing previously known information, and spaces for entering changing information. As a rule, these are nominations, dates of execution, signing of a document, indication of cost, quantity, form of delivery of goods (equipment), scope of work, etc.

Template texts with permanent and changing parts are called blanks. "The form is a kind of ideal basis for business paper, in the completed form this is the standard to which it aspires and which it achieves. In the form, the rigidity of the form nullifies all the possibilities of several interpretations," rightly notes P.V. Veselov, one of the leading experts in the field of documentary linguistics.

The standardization of the language of documents has developed special types of text organization: stencil, questionnaire, table.

The questionnaire is a folded text in the form of nominations of generic correspondence.

The table is an even more capacious organization of the document: constant information is placed in the headings of the graph and sidebar (row headings), and the variable is in the cells of the table.

These types of text organization can be used in various genres of business documentaries: the questionnaire method can be used to simulate personnel questionnaires, orders, memorandums, explanatory notes; the following types of documents can be presented in tabular form: staffing, staff structure, vacation schedule, personnel orders. Stencil are often contracts, business letters.

Stencilling, thus, causes a high degree of informative capacity of the text due to the folding of the statement and the possibility of deciphering (including with the help of machine processing), expanding it into a complete structure.

The process of standardization and unification covers all levels of business language documents - vocabulary, morphology, syntax, text organization - and determines the originality and specificity of the official business style. Even well-known types of texts (narration, description, reasoning) are modified in a business style, turning into types of presentation of an affirmative-stating or prescriptive-stating nature. Hence syntactic monotony, lexical homogeneity of speech, high repetition of words.

Typification of business documents allows you to model the text of any variety, situation. At the same time, the constituent text operates with certain modules, standard blocks, which are clichéd parts of the text (in the texts of agreements, this is the representation of the parties, the subject of the agreement, the calculation procedure, the obligations and rights of the parties, the duration of the agreement).

Vnukovo Airport Open Joint Stock Company, hereinafter referred to as ___________ Customer, represented by General Director V.V. Baranov, acting on the basis of the Charter, on the one hand, and the firm "Networks and Systems", hereinafter referred to as the Contractor, represented by Director M.V. Petrov, acting on the basis of the Charter, on the other hand, have concluded an agreement among themselves on the following...

A lease agreement is concluded between Closed Joint Stock Company Wholesale Market Samara, hereinafter referred to as the Lessor, and Ares LLP, hereinafter referred to as the Lessee.

These modules are invariably included in the texts of contracts (on the performance of work, on rent, on sale and purchase). The text of the initial module of the contract itself practically does not change (variation of the members of the proposal, synonymous replacements are allowed), the legal terms that define the social roles of the contracting parties change:

Contract for the performance of work - Customer - Contractor (Contractor)

sale and purchase agreement - Seller - Buyer

· lease agreement - Landlord - Tenant.

All features of the official business style, its iconic nature are due to the action of the dominant and the function of duty, which ensures the legal and social regulatory significance of business texts.

Economic necessity, the development of science and technology cause an ever-increasing unification and standardization of documents, on the one hand, and a trend towards simplification, purification from outdated clerical stamps and clichés of the language of business letters and, more broadly, business correspondence, on the other hand.

Language of business correspondence

The language of business correspondence is the periphery of the official business style. Along with regulated letters, today unregulated business letters are increasingly entering the practice of business communication, along with official ones, semi-official (congratulatory, advertising), in which the ratio of expression and standard changes in one direction or the other. Undoubtedly, the official business style, like the Russian language as a whole, has undergone significant changes. Its formation is closely connected with the formation and development of the Russian state, primarily because the sphere of regulation of legal and economic relations has created a need to single out a special functional variety of the literary language.

The regulation of relations between people, institutions, countries required written evidence, acts, documents, in which the features of the official business style gradually crystallized. So, the official business style is distinguished by:

High degree of terminating vocabulary:

o legal terms (owner, law, registration, ownership, acceptance of objects, transfer of objects, act, privatization, fall, lease, redemption, personal file, etc.);

o economic terms (subsidy, costs, sale and purchase, budget, expense, income, payment, estimate, budget items, budget expenditures, etc.);

o economic and legal terms (loan repayment, sequestration, property rights, the period of sale of goods, quality certificate, etc.);

The nominal nature of speech, expressed in the high frequency of verbal nouns, which often denote an objectified action:

o loan repayment - pay off a loan

o resolving the issue - resolving the issue

o use credit - use credit

o shipment of goods - to ship goods

o deferred payment - defer payment

in a high frequency of denominative prepositions and prepositional combinations: to, in relation to, by virtue of, in connection with, in accordance with, on account of, in, course, in order to, as far as, along the line, at the address, after the expiration, due to , if available, with assistance, provided, in relation to, according to, according to, respectively (what), etc.;

The development of actual clerical meanings associated with the transition of participles into the class of adjectives and pronouns:

o real rules

o this agreement

o current rates

o Appropriate measures

o proper handling

o with inadequate quality

o in due course

standardization of lexical compatibility: the narrowing of the meaning of words explains the limitation of lexical compatibility of words, the emergence of the so-called regulated compatibility:

o control is usually assigned

o deal - is concluded

o payment - made

o invoice - issued (or paid)

o price - set

o right - granted

o Positions are constructive / non-constructive; activity - successful; necessity - imperative; discounts - significant; disagreements - significant/insignificant, etc.;

standardization of syntactic units (sentences, phrases) that are not compiled, but as a formula are reproduced in the text of a document that fixes the corresponding situation of social and legal relations:

o in the prescribed manner; in accordance with the agreement;

o in order to provide technical assistance; in case of non-fulfillment of debt obligations;

o The contract comes into force from the date of signing;

o Complaints are filed in the manner prescribed by law;

o Delivery is made by road transport;

The formal-logical principle of text organization, expressed in the splitting of the main topic into sub-topics, considered in paragraphs and sub-paragraphs, into which the text is graphically divided and which are indicated by Arabic numerals:

o 1. Subject of the contract

o 1.1. The contractor assumes responsibility for supplying the customer with central heating and water supply.

o 1.2. The customer pays for the services provided in a timely manner;

lack of emotionality, a narrow range of speech expression;

The maximum degree of etiquette requirements, expressed in the abundance of etiquette signs, etiquette texts (congratulations, condolences, gratitude).

Functions of formal business style

The official business style is characterized by the functions of expression of will, obligation, presented in texts by a wide range of imperativeness from the genres of orders, decrees, orders to requests, wishes, proposals expressed in petitions and business correspondence; function of fixing legal relations (agreement, contract); information transfer function (newsletters, reports, certificates).

2. The main genres of written business speech: linguistic and compositional characteristics

Vocabulary of the language of business documents

Grammar of the language of business documents

Syntax of the language of business documents

· Business letters

Types of business letters

One of the actual genres of written business speech has now become a contract. An agreement is a document that establishes the legal relationship of legal entities (counterparties) or an individual with a legal entity. The nature of the transaction, conditions, terms, rights and obligations of the parties are certainly reflected in the relevant clauses of the contract and constitute a set of information that provides the document with legal force. From the point of view of text organization, these items are modules - text fragments with typical headings, represented by a set of standard phrases. There should be at least seven such models:

1. Representation of the parties.

2. Subject of the contract.

3. Obligations of the parties.

4. Conditions and procedure for settlements.

5. Responsibility of the parties.

6. Duration of the contract.

7. Legal addresses and payment details of the parties.

8. In addition to the above, the following items are introduced into the text of the agreement, if necessary:

9. Controversial issues.

10. Cost of the contract.

11. Additional conditions (special conditions).

12. Responsibility of the parties (sanctions).

13. Settlement procedure (payments and settlements).

14. Force majeure circumstances (force majeure).

15. Guarantees of fulfillment of obligations (quality of goods).

16. Order of delivery and acceptance of works.

17. The procedure for resolving disputes (arbitration), etc.

You should pay attention to the fact that the title of the document contains the keyword "contract":

Supply contract

contract agreement

Rent contract

Service Agreement

Contract for the supply of electricity

The heading is thus a phrase with a noun in the prepositional case with the preposition "o" ("about") or a noun "contract" with the genitive case of the dependent word

Room lease contract.

Purchase and sale contract.

It is incorrect to use any other case form, for example:

Contract for the supply of electricity or

Contract of sale.

AGREEMENT No. 7

Limited Liability Partnership - the production enterprise "Master-93", hereinafter referred to as the "CONTRACTOR", represented by the director Mikhail Vasilyevich Ganyushev, acting on the basis of the charter, on the one hand, and BLOCK LLP, hereinafter referred to as the "CUSTOMER", in represented by Director Gerasimov Oleg Alekseevich, acting on the basis of the charter, on the other hand, have concluded this agreement as follows:

I. SUBJECT OF THE CONTRACT AND OTHER GENERAL CONDITIONS.

1.1. The Customer instructs, and the Contractor assumes obligations for the manufacture and installation of a mobile book and photo exhibition in accordance with the requirement of register No. 68, Art. 3-12 within 25 business days from the date of receipt of payment to the account of the Contractor.

II OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES

2.1. The customer undertakes:

make payment for the services of the Contractor in accordance with clause 3.1 of this agreement;

provide assistance to the Contractor in the fulfillment of his obligations.

III. AMOUNT OF AGREEMENT AND PROCEDURE OF PAYMENT

3.1. The total amount under this agreement is 34,000 (Thirty-four thousand) rubles.

3.2. Payment is made in advance or 100% within 5 days from the date of signing the contract.

IV. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PARTIES

4.1. In case of late payment for the Contractor's services (including advance payment), the Customer shall pay the Contractor a penalty in the amount of 0.2% of the contract amount for each day of delay.

4.2. In case of untimely fulfillment by the Contractor of his obligations, he pays the Customer a penalty in the amount of 0.2% of the contract amount for each day of delay.

V. TERM OF THE CONTRACT

This agreement comes into force from the moment of signing by the parties and is valid until the parties fulfill their obligations.

VI. ADDITIONAL TERMS AND FINAL PROVISIONS

All other conditions not stipulated by the contract are governed by the current legislation.

1. The Agreement is made in two copies, one of which is with the Contractor, the second - with the Customer.

2. Legal addresses and payment details of the parties:

Vocabulary of the language of business documents

1. High degree of termination. A characteristic feature of the Russian language of documents is, as already mentioned, a high degree of termination, and a huge layer adjoins the terms:

Nomenclature vocabulary:

o nomenclature of names: AOOT "Olimp"

o nomenclature of positions: sales manager, advertising manager,

o CEO, commercial director;

o nomenclature of goods: ZIL-130, gasoline A-76, etc.;

technical terms. In addition to legal, economic and legal-economic terms, a fairly large number of technical terms are used in the language of business papers:

o energy carriers, mineral resource base, auxiliary equipment,

o abbreviations:

o ACS - automatic control system;

o AIS - automatic information system;

o Efficiency - efficiency factor;

o NRB - radiation safety standards.

abbreviations. In addition to terms, the names of well-known legal acts are abbreviated:

o CC - Civil Code;

o CC - Criminal Code.

o Nomenclature signs of the most diverse properties are being reduced; representing the names of organizations:

o IMF - International Monetary Fund;

o CBR - the Central Bank of Russia;

o indicating the form of ownership of the enterprise and included as a classifier in the names of enterprises:

o 000 - limited liability company;

o OJSC - open joint stock company;

o PE - private enterprise;

o MP - municipal enterprise;

o JV - joint venture.

o The range of positions is being reduced:

o IO - acting.

2. High frequency. The homogeneity of the stylistic coloring of the vocabulary of business written speech is also achieved due to the high frequency of the so-called procedural vocabulary (this is a vocabulary with a generalized meaning), which represents a specific action, object or sign in the official legal interpretation in the text of the document:

violation of labor discipline (it can be late, absenteeism, appearing at work in a state of intoxication, etc.),

disruption of the delivery schedule (delay in transit, untimely shipment of goods, etc.),

bear responsibility (subject to fines, pecuniary penalties, criminal prosecution, etc. in case of violation)

The presentation procedure is connected not only with the preference for generalized semantics, but also with the preference for generic lexemes over species ones:

· production - books, booklets, boards, nails;

premises - room, apartment, hall;

building - barn, house, stall, etc.,

with an inclination towards dissected concepts of both actions and objects:

make a calculation - calculate

trade process - trade

cash - money

Terms and procedural vocabulary make up the basic, style-forming vocabulary of the language of documents, which in certain genres makes up from 50 to 70% of all word usage.

The most important feature of procedural vocabulary is that the words are used in the text in one possible meaning. The unambiguity of contextual use is due to the subject of the document:

The parties undertake to provide mutual barter supplies...

With all the ambiguity, the word "parties" is read only in the legal aspect - "legal entities concluding a contract."

A high degree of generalization and abstractness of the main style-forming vocabulary (termination, provision, loss, calculation, work, disagreement, product, name, etc.) in business writing is combined with the specific meaning of nomenclature vocabulary.

Nomenclatural vocabulary with its specific denotative meaning, as it were, complements the high level of generalization of terms and procedural vocabulary. These types of words are used in parallel: in the text of agreements - terms and procedural vocabulary, in annexes to agreements - nomenclature vocabulary. In questionnaires, registers, specifications, applications, etc. the terms seem to get their decoding.

In the texts of documents, the use of swear words and generally reduced vocabulary, colloquial expressions and jargon is not allowed, however, professional and slang words fall into the language of business correspondence: personnel officer, payroll, cape, work in progress, etc. The use of such vocabulary in business letters is just as inappropriate as the use of clericalism in everyday conversation, since its use is reserved only for the oral sphere of communication and it cannot meet the requirement of accuracy.

Grammar of the language of business documents

The grammatical norms of business style, representing the language of documents, include the unification of the grammatical structure of a phrase, word form. The selected option is assigned as a reference for each compositional part of the text. For example, in the text of the order, each item begins with the addressee in the dative hope - "to whom?", And then "what to do?":

1. Head of the technical department Volkov M.Yu. organize the work of the department on Saturdays from 01/10/96 to 02/10/96

2. Chap. accountant Slavin O.G. prepare an offer for overtime pay.

At the same time, it is especially important to take into account the attachment of derivative prepositions to a certain case form. As a rule, they are used either with the genitive or with the dative case. The most widespread mistake in all types of documents is the use of the preposition "according to" with the genitive instead of the dative.

Based on (what?) the existing need, in conclusion (what?) of the report, in accordance with (with what?) the decision made earlier, according to (what?) the decision made earlier, including (what?) accruals (penalties) for outstanding debt, henceforth (until what?) until further notice, and similar clericalisms, which are cliched phrases, are assigned to one grammatical case form. Along with clerical phraseological units (take into account, take into account, put to a vote, take measures, bring to the attention, etc.), such phrases create a rigid text frame, manifested in the interdependence of text parts and sentence fragments.

So, in a cliched sentence, the Treaty comes into force from the date of signing, it is difficult to single out the predicate and the secondary members of the sentence - the words are so merged into a single semantic whole. In fact, it is impossible to write "The Treaty comes into force" and put an end to it, thus we break the predicate "comes into force". "The contract comes into force" - from a legal and linguistic point of view, it is also an unfinished sentence: it is imperative to indicate from what moment. So it turns out that the sentence in the language of documents becomes indecomposable, easily reproduced in a certain situation, a sign of the situation. There are few such sentences in the text of the document, but their constructive, text-forming role is great. This is indicated by the fact that, as a rule, they begin and end the text of an agreement, order, order, and other types of documents.

Business Document Language Syntax

1. Business writing is dominated by simple sentences. A feature of their functioning in the language of business papers is that they often convey information in documents that is equal in volume to the information transmitted using a complex sentence. By what means is this achieved? Of course, due to the greater length and semantic capacity of the sentence. Individual phrases can convey the same information as subordinate clauses.

By mutual agreement, it is possible to change the terms of the contract, which are an integral part of this contract = if mutual agreement is reached ...

If the tax is not paid before the specified deadline, the payer is deprived of the right to re-nominate his candidacy for a loan. = If taxes are not paid by the due date...

As you can see from the examples, the phrase easily replaces the sentence, becoming the nomination of the event. At the same time, such phrases do not just condense information, occupying a smaller volume than a sentence, they create a rigid structure of the statement, in which one component is dependent on the other.

If payment is delayed...

To make a decision...

In order to make a decision as soon as possible

They motivate the action, being an indecomposable and necessary component of the utterance.

2. A sentence in business writing is often complicated by homogeneous members, participial and adverbial phrases. Thus, it grows (especially in orders, resolutions, orders) to a paragraph, sometimes to a page, i.e. up to several hundred words. There are genres in which the text is equal to the sentence (memo, telegram, order, resolution). The table is also a sentence of a special structure: the subject is constant information located in the sidebars, and the predicate is variable information located in vertical columns, which must be taken into account when translating written speech into oral.

3. The word order of a sentence in an official business style is distinguished by its rigor and conservatism. The so-called direct word order, characteristic of the structure of the Russian sentence, consists in the precedence of the subject in relation to the predicate (the goods are sold ...); definitions - in relation to the defined word (credit relations); control word - in relation to the controlled addition and circumstance (fix prices, allocate a loan, send to the ministry). Each member of the sentence has its usual, peculiar place, determined by the structure and type of the sentence, the way this member of the sentence is syntactically expressed, the place among other words that are directly related to it. So, for example, an inconsistent definition, expressed by a noun in the indirect case, should be after the word being defined. The language of business writing is characterized by chains of genitive cases: the order of the Head of the city administration.

In impersonal sentences and passive constructions, the first position instead of the subject is usually occupied by a secondary member of the sentence.

The Commission establishes liability and the amount of compensation for the damage caused.

4. The formal-logical type of text organization is manifested in the headings of a simple sentence, i.e. in dividing the text into its component parts graphically. As a rule, homogeneous members of a sentence are broken down by rubrication, often they are complicated by participial and participial constructions, subordinate clauses, introductory words:

The Intermediary promptly warns the Customer:

about the unsuitability or poor quality of the goods received from the Customer;

that compliance with the instructions of the Customer in the process of performing work stipulated by the contract will lead to damage to the goods;

about the presence of other circumstances beyond the control of the Intermediary that threaten the deterioration of the quality of the goods or the impossibility of fulfilling the terms of this agreement.

Depending on the complexity of the division, one-, two- or three-digit designation of the item, sub-item is selected. The subheadings of the paragraphs give business texts an emphatically logical, analytical character (which is typical for the textual organization of contracts, treaties, agreements).

5. Introductory words act as logical text clips in the text of the document: therefore, thus, in addition, on the one hand, on the other hand. Demonstrative pronouns and participles act as a means of communication in the texts of documents, which replace nomenclature names, terms in the text:

indicated, given, next, given, present, last, etc.

The contractor is obliged to start work no later than three days after payment is transferred. The specified period is necessary for the purchase of materials for this order.

In the texts of contracts (agreements), the same function is performed by the role designations of counterparties (Customer - Contractor, Customer - Contractor, Lessee - Lessor, Buyer - Seller, Supplier - Buyer, etc.), replacing the detailed nominations of legal entities.

6. The text is united by the logic of the theme development, which is divided into micro-themes, each of which is considered independently. In this case, the use of parallel syntactic constructions is inevitable.

Contract

· 1. The Subject of the Agreement

· 1.1. The Supplier undertakes...

· 1.2. The buyer undertakes...

2. Liability of the parties

· 2.1. In case of failure...

· 2.2. In the event of a breach of the contract...

· 2.3. For late payment...

· 2.4. For breach of duty...

7. The peculiarity of the text organization of decrees, orders, resolutions is that this text is one detailed sentence of a directive nature with infinitive constructions as homogeneous members. Stringing these designs creates an open row. Openness for additions creates the originality of the text organization of the ODS:

Decree

To prepare proposals for the implementation of urgent economic problems of the prospective and current development of the city, I decide:

2. Create a financial and economic council under the Head of the city.

3. To approve the Regulations on the Financial and Economic Council under the Head of the city.

The text organization of business letters, memos is more free, less canonical, however, regulated letters are closer in standardization to the texts of the ORD.

Despite the originality, all the genres of business writing discussed above are united by a high degree of standardization, which covers all levels of the language - vocabulary, morphology, syntax and text level. As a result, a certain type of language is formed, which is distinguished by conservatism, isolation, and impenetrability for intrusions of other styles, for the manifestation of the individual style of the author. The impersonality of the presentation is expressed in the rejection of interpretations, evaluation of events, emotional reactions.

8. Business speech has accumulated a huge amount of speech formulas, patterns, idioms, proven by many years of practice, the knowledge of which helps to create new business texts. The formula "typical situation - standardized speech manner" stipulates the use of standard means and helps to ensure that degree of accuracy that distinguishes a document from any other paper. Standardization makes it easier to perceive and process the information contained in a document. Thus, the official business style and the genres by which it is represented in business communication have a number of characteristic features that suggest a fairly high level of linguistic preparation of the document compiler.

· The compiler of the document must know:

o the dominant and main features of the official business style (i.e. the requirements for the language of the document);

o an arsenal of stable formulas and rules for their use in a particular genre of business writing;

o characteristics of genres and their attachment to a particular situation of business communication.

The writer of the document must be able to:

o adequately use speech means in the text, subject to language norms;

o competently draft a document and (or) edit it

Business letters

Official correspondence of various types, which is sent on behalf of one organization, institution of another organization, institution, although it may be addressed to one official and signed by one official, is business correspondence.

A business letter is a special type of document, less strictly regulated than a contract or resolution, but having legal significance. Business correspondence is registered and stored in both organizations as outgoing and incoming documentation. Business letters are classified according to various criteria.

1. On a functional basis, business letters are divided into:

Requiring a mandatory response letter

and not requiring it.

2. By type, business letters can be built as:

initiative commercial letters (letter of inquiry, letter of offer, letter of complaint)

a letter of request

· invitation letter

confirmation letter

letter of notice

reminder letter

letter of warning

letter-declaration (statement)

a letter of command

a rejection letter

· transmittal letter

· letter of guarantee

· information mail

3. On the basis of the addressee, business letters are divided into:

ordinary, that is, letters that are sent to one address;

· circular - letters that are sent from one source to several addresses, as a rule, subordinate authorities (organizations).

4. According to the form of departure, it is possible to distinguish, along with the traditional postal item:

email,

facsimile communication

teletype and telegraph communications.

At the same time, electronic and facsimile communications are used to resolve operational issues.

5. By structural features, business letters are divided into regulated and non-regulated.

· Regulated letters are drawn up according to a certain pattern (this applies not only to standard aspects of the content, but also to the paper format, composition of details, etc.). A regulated letter solves typical issues of regular economic and legal situations and is implemented in the form of standard texts or texts made up of standard syntactic constructions.

Such standard constructions include statements indicating:

o the reason for contacting:

o Due to non-receipt of an invoice...

o Due to the delay in receiving the shipment...

o Referring to your request from...

o According to the protocol on mutual deliveries...

o on target:

o In order to resolve the issue as soon as possible...

o In response to your request...

Regulated letters have a clear structure, as a rule, consisting of two parts: in the first, introductory part, the reasons are stated, the goals of the sender are indicated and links are provided on the basis of which statements are made, speech actions are carried out, representing the second, main part of the letter:

Please send product samples and price list...

Please consider our offer...

· Unregulated letters are the author's text, which is realized in the form of a formal-logical or etiquette text. It, as a rule, includes narrative elements (history of the issue), an etiquette frame and an obligatory element of a business letter - a speech action:

o etiquette rituals: thank you, express hope, wish you success, apologize, etc.;

o messages: inform, inform you, notify, notify, etc.;

o confirmation: confirm;

o statements: declare, declare;

o requirements, requests: I order, I decide, I insist, I ask, we turn to you with a request;

o promises: we guarantee, we assure, we undertake;

o reminders: remind;

o offers: offer

As can be seen from the examples, these performative verbs are used mainly in the form of the 1st person singular and plural, less often in the form of the 3rd person singular.

Unlike regulated business letters, non-regulated business letters do not have a rigid text structure, they rarely use standard phrases.

However, it would be wrong to believe that the language of ad hoc letters does not contain elements of standardization at all. Standard phrases (terms, nomenclature characters *, fixed expressions) are also used in ad hoc letters. These include letters of instruction, letters of explanation, recommendations, letters of presentation, letters of announcement, proposal-representation, etc.

Advertising is an organic and integral part of commercial relations, therefore it is adjacent to business proposals, highlights the stages of formation and activities of a company, organization, institution. The types of advertising business letters listed above (letters-presentations, letters-advertisements, proposals-representations) combine elements of a business message and advertising, being today a mass type of business correspondence. A feature of the language of this type of correspondence is a combination of features of business and journalistic styles: the locale, template, on the one hand, and expression, on the other.

In general, the language of non-regulated letters differs from the language of regulated letters by the inclusion of a significant layer of general literary vocabulary, greater variability in the syntactic constructions of the statement, i.e. greater freedom in the implementation of the plan. Common features of the language of regulated and non-regulated business correspondence are the formality of communication, the tendency to standardize speech means. The desire to create a favorable background for communication determines the universality of the use of etiquette means. Business letter etiquette is not only etiquette formulas. It starts with addressing and includes the entire content aspect of writing.

In conclusion, it should be noted that business correspondence today is more personal and dynamic than it was ten or fifteen years ago. Therefore, mastery of this genre of business writing is one of the priority professional skills of a manager. The ability to clearly state the essence of the issue, the state of affairs, unequivocally formulate a proposal, request, demand, convincingly substantiate one's conclusions does not come by itself. The art of writing business letters requires practice and knowledge of the arsenal of speech means accumulated over a millennium in the language of business writing.

Types of business letters

A reminder letter is sent when it is not possible through negotiations or personal contact to get the necessary answer or achieve the necessary decision. A reminder letter, as a rule, consists of two logical elements: 1) a reminder of the need to respond to a request; 2) reminders of the implementation of the decisions made, agreements and indications of measures to be taken in case of their non-fulfillment.

The mark "secondary" placed on the margin of the letter indicates that this is a reminder.

Petition ADMINISTRATION OF THE CITY OF KALUGA RUSSIA, 243010, Kaluga, st. Kuibysheva, 135 tel.: (346 2) 322 068 fax: (146 2) 332 635
11/17/99 No. 03-358 No. _______	Samara, Volzhsky prospect, 19 Chairman of the liquidation Commission "Prima-bank" TULIN P.B.
Dear Pavel Borisovich!
I ask you to assist in obtaining a cash contribution in the amount of 2 million rubles. pensioner, widow of a participant in the Great Patriotic War. Abramova Lydia Alekseevna, residing at the address: Kaluga, st. Soviet Army, 39-23. Dependent on citizen Abramova L.A. there is an elderly mother at the age of 87, Abramova L.A. is a disabled child. Abramova LA family. really needs help.
First Deputy Head of the City Administration	S.N. Sidorenko

Information mail. Information letters include letters of notification, letters of communication, letters of application, advertising and information letters, for example:

Russian Federation

Moscow City Administration

HEADQUARTERS

EDUCATION

117103, Moscow, Sadovaya-Yamskaya st., 41

Phone 132-11-07

to CEO

joint-stock company

"Production Association

"School Book"

Burakov V.V.

entry No. 3 dated 8.08.99

Copy: To the head of the committee

in Economics and Finance

Gorbunov A.V.

Dear Vyacheslav Viktorovich!

I inform you that as of August 1, 1999, out of the 800 million credit (Order of the Head of the Administration of the City of Moscow No. 722 dated December 30, 1998), you returned 321,541 (three hundred and twenty-one thousand, five hundred and forty-one) rubles. Of these, 231,019 (two hundred thirty-one thousand nineteen) rubles were shipped literature to the Main Department of Education:

1. Primers according to the Zankov system

2. Abstracts

3. Informative-methodical collection No. 21

4. -- \\ -- № 22

5. -- \\ -- № 23

6. Address folders

7. Method. economics manual

Are in work:

1. Lessons of self-determination. Method, manual

2. Fundamentals of physical education of an average student

3. Fundamentals of physical education of an older student

15,500 copies217,000 rubles

1000 copies1 170 rubles

3000 copies1 197 rubles.

3000 copies1 936 rub.

2000 copies1 068 rub.

60 copies 819 rubles

5000 copies 7 827 rubles

2000 copies5 762 rub.

10,000 copies41,878 rubles.

10000 copies42 881 rub.

For the total amount of 90,522 (ninety thousand five hundred and twenty two) rubles.

I also inform you that in your production department there are 2 copies of manuscripts submitted on May 15 and June 1 of this year, work on which has not yet begun:

1. Monuments of wooden architecture.

2. Fundamentals of marketing.

I suggest that you set a date, time and place for a meeting to agree on the ways and terms of repayment of the remaining loan in the amount of 478,458 (four hundred and seventy-eight thousand, four hundred and fifty-eight) rubles.

And about. chief

Main Department of Education

Administration of Moscow

V.A. Poddubnaya

Invitation letter. Letters of invitation are one of the most popular types of business mail. The need for business contacts determines the addressing of invitations to one or several persons on behalf of a legal entity or a specific addressee (individual) representing a particular organization. If it is necessary to invite a large number of people, stencil texts with spaces for the surname, name and patronymic are used. The fax communication system today facilitates the task of distributing correspondence.

All-Russian

research

institute of mechanical engineering

Telephone: ...

Chief Engineer

plant "Progress"

cand. tech. Sciences Aristov A.V.

Invitation

Dear Alexander Vasilyevich!

April 16, 2000 at 12 o'clock in the conference hall of our Institute will discuss the project of a new configuration of cars VAZ-10.

Considering your great contribution to the development of technical progress in industry, I am sending you a draft and asking you to take part in its discussion.

If you are unable to participate in the discussion, please send your comments and suggestions to: ...

Chairman of the Academic Council of the Institute

Secretary of the Academic Council

P. N. Sergeev

A. D. Sukhov

Thank you letter. Letters of thanks are increasingly becoming part of the practice of business communication. The widespread use of this genre in Western European management is determined not only by the standard of behavior of a manager, but also by the principle of optimizing business relations between partners. Thanks for the offer, for the timely response, for participation in the event, for the quality work done.

	Mr. P. Kut Vice President of IAMTI
Dear Mr Kutu!
Thank you for participating in the presentation of the Master and Business Plans for Sheremetyevo International Airport II. This event was the next step in the reconstruction of the airport. We are confident that, with the support of the Moscow City Government and stakeholders, we will be able to lead the modernization of the Russian airport system by delivering high-quality, commercially viable service in an environmentally friendly manner and in line with international standards. I hope that our further cooperation will be mutually beneficial.
Sincerely,	V.F. Bobrov

Letters of guarantee are drawn up to confirm certain promises or conditions for the implementation of the transaction. Payment for the work performed, the timing of its completion, the quality of the work performed, the quality of the goods, the timing of its delivery, payment for the products received, etc. can be guaranteed. These aspects can make up the content of the whole letter or enter the text of the letter as part of it.

Transmittal letter. A cover letter is drawn up to inform the addressee about the direction of any documents, material values, for example, about sending contracts, specifications, catalogs, samples of goods, cargo. Cover letters perform an important function of controlling the passage of documents and cargoes, while at the same time performing the function of a label.

	General Director Mosdortrans Mr. Tazov A.F.
Dear Alexander Fedorovich,
We are sending you an agreement drawn up on our part for the use of access road No. 216d/97. We ask you to review, sign, seal 1 copy of the agreement and protocols of disagreements to it, if any, return to our address within the time period prescribed by law. In case of disagreement with the clauses of the contract, a representative of your organization can resolve disputed issues in the commercial services department of JSC Samara International Airport. We look forward to a good and mutually beneficial relationship.
Application: 5 sheet.
Sincerely, Head of Department commercial services Tel. commercial services department: 227-48-17; 226-18-18	L.N. Kamysheva

A letter of inquiry is a commercial document that is an appeal by a person wishing to conclude a deal (buyer to seller, importer to exporter) with a request to provide detailed information about the product and send an offer for the supply of goods (seller's request to the buyer).

Commercial request
443022 Software "Ekran" Samara, Kirov Ave. 24 03.03.99 No. 50-279/56 1	JSC "Kelmeks"
About Request for Quotation for Spare Parts Please send us an offer in 3 copies for the supply of spare parts in accordance with the attached specification. In the proposal, please indicate the full name, type, technical characteristics, material (where necessary), price and weight for each specification item, as well as possible terms and total delivery volume in cubic meters. Please also indicate separately the cost of packaging and transportation. Please, if possible, provide a more precise date for sending your proposal to our address. In the event that for some reason you are unable to develop an offer, we will be grateful for your notification of this as soon as possible by return mail. When answering, please refer to our number. Thanks in advance.
Commercial Director	L. N. Shishakov

A commercial offer (offer) is a statement by the seller, exporter about the desire to conclude a deal, indicating its specific conditions. An offer to conclude a transaction may be sent in response to the request of the buyer on the basis of a firm agreement or on an initiative basis. The offer usually specifies the name and quantity of goods, services, terms of payment and other terms of the transaction. An offer of this type is similar to the text of a sales contract, has legal force and is subject to mandatory consideration. The offer can be firm and free. If the offer is made to only one buyer and the period is indicated, during which the seller considers himself bound by the terms of the offer, it is considered firm. If there is no validity period for the offer, or it is sent to several addresses, it is considered free.

Response to the offer (acceptance). In the letter of response to the offer, if the conditions of the offer are accepted, the addressee confirms its acceptance, and then the transaction is considered concluded. Acceptance of an offer is the issuance of an order or the conclusion of a contract. A positive response to a commercial offer is called an acceptance, and the person accepting the offer is called an acceptor. If a positive answer does not exclude objections on individual points, correspondence is started between the counterparties.

Complaint. Reclamation is a commercial document, which is a claim against a party that has violated its obligations, and a claim for damages. Claims may be filed in relation to the quality of goods, delivery time, packaging, labeling, payment and other terms of the contract. A necessary component of a complaint is the grounds for making claims, arguments, evidence, specific requirements from the side making the claim. Complaints are often accompanied by acts of examination, acceptance of goods.

	Director of OAO "Bumlestorg" Feklistov O.A.
About the delay in the delivery of goods
Oleg Alekseevich!
Under contract No. 24 dated September 17, 1999, your company was supposed to deliver the goods no later than October 1, 1999. However, in violation of clause 4.1 of the contract, the goods were delivered 22 days late. On the basis of clause 5.4 of the contract, our company charges you a penalty in the amount of ... rubles. We ask you to transfer the specified amount within 5 banking days to our settlement account No. ... in Inkombank. In case of non-payment of this amount within the proposed period, we will be forced to apply to arbitration. Attachment: Certificate of acceptance of goods dated 23.09.99
Director of the firm...

Service telegram. As you know, a service telegram as an official document is used to transmit emergency information. A telegram often has the status of a document: a telegram with certified facts, a telegram with a certified signature, a photo telegram, a power of attorney telegram, a telegram on a special form (cliche text). Among other text messages, the telegram is distinguished by its peculiar language and composition, which are called "telegraphic style". This style has developed under the influence of two factors. The first factor is the high cost of telegraph communication, which determines the extreme laconicism of the text: the telegraph uses the concept of "tariff word", which does not necessarily coincide with the grammatical word. For example, the preposition "in relation to" is defined by linguists as one word, and the telegraph charges three word units in this case. The desire for conciseness leads to the exclusion from the text of all elements without which information can be understood. Unions, prepositions, pronouns are omitted, adjectives, adverbs are rarely used. Verb forms are truncated whenever possible. Information about the quantity and dates is accepted on the telegraph in digital, and not in literal terms. Only one-word numerals are transmitted by letters. In the syntax of the telegram language, there are no complex sentences, participles, participles and other isolated turns, introductory structures. Information is conveyed in simple sentences, which are often incomplete or truncated statements.

All this requires a special skill in composing and processing telegraphic texts, since they often give the impression of an incoherent statement to an unprepared reader:

Eliminate the consequences of the earthquake to ship no later than June 10 Dlsambul region 22 vehicles MMZ-555 to the Kazakh Agricultural Fund second quarter six pieces third quarter sixteen

The second factor - which formed the telegraph style - should contain accessible, understandable information for the addressee. It is obvious that both of these factors are poorly combined, which requires flexibility and a sense of proportion in reducing the usual text from the compiler of the text of the telegram. In this case, it is necessary to take into account: 1) the degree of awareness of the addressee about the reported; 2) certain transformational rules: the use of the nominative case instead of indirect ones to indicate the place and time (Dzhambul region, second quarter), the replacement of verbs with verbal nouns (fulfillment, liquidation, acceptance, shipment, etc.), for example.

on the functional and syntactic heterogeneity of the business language in Russia in the 18th century

Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of the Russian Language and Russian Language Teaching Methods

South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Chelyabinsk, Russia

Annotation . The article discusses the features of the functioning of complex structures in business writing in the initial period of the formation of the Russian national language, preceding the final stylistic "stratification" of Russian oral and written speech, which in the 19th century finally formed the stylistic differentiation of oral and written forms of communication.

Keywords: complex sentence, business language and business writing, syntactic structure and grammatical means of communication in business writing, archaic and new in the emerging official business style.

The development of the grammatical form of complex constructions in the Russian language of the historical period is characterized by not so significant shifts in structure and meaning, in contrast, for example, to the composition of vocabulary, phraseology, morphology of verbs and names, service parts of speech, types of simple sentences, including complicated ones, and word order. Genetically, almost all varieties of complex structures date back to the common Slavic period, that is the formation of the norms of the Russian compound sentence is associated not so much with the birth and formation of its new models, but with the polishing, improvement of these models in different areas of the functioning of the language: the selection of allied means of communication, the development of semantically significant positions of subordinate clauses, the replacement of hypoparatactic structures with hypotactic ones, the emergence of various analogues of conjunctions, including phraseological types. These structural changes in the structure of a complex sentence are a necessary consequence of the evolution of its semantics, syntactic connections and relations, the main path of development of which is the tendency to differentiate meanings between predicative parts with the most accurate verbal expression of these meanings.

By the beginning of the historical period, the Old Russian language had a developed system of complex sentence forms. Paradigmatically in the XIV-XVI centuries. almost all types of complex constructions are represented in the written monuments, not only of a two-component composition, but also polypredicative, recorded in the modern Russian language.

Specific to the ancient period, completely lost by the end of the 17th century, were only the constructions of "chain stringing" and proposals for the hypoparatactic system. Consequently, the Russian language approached the 18th century with a well-developed system of syntactic models of complex constructions and typical semantic-syntactic relations expressed with the help of these models. Even in those genres of business writing of the 17th-18th centuries, which, according to V.V. Vinogradov, were on the “periphery of literariness” and, therefore, were influenced by the structure of oral, colloquial, non-standardized speech, we do not find models and relations specific to earlier eras of language development that would not have been fixed, say, a century earlier or later.

The structure of complex constructions in the 18th century, compared with the previous era, is a reflection of a rather variegated picture of the functioning of the most diverse linguistic means of expression, when a national syntactic norm was being rapidly developed.

In the structure and semantics of complex constructions in the XVIII century. still found archaic, characteristic of the XVI-XVII centuries. elements, significant changes occur in the volume of sentences of various types, a noticeable foreign language (Latin-Polish, German) influence on the syntax of a complex sentence during this period. The syntactically heavy appearance of texts of any styles and genres of the 18th century. they create not so much some new models of complex syntactic constructions and their lexical-semantic content, characteristic of this time, as patterns of word order and the combination of these models into complex structural and semantic complexes.

In the first half of the XVIII century. disorganization, compared with modern, in the field of syntax was very significant. V.V. Vinogradov, speaking of the great diversity of syntactic forms in different styles and genres of the literary language of that time, notes a mixture of "connective" colloquial or connected by unions, characteristic of the old, primitive written and business language, and, yes, but constructions, Church Slavonic, bookish -archaic, as well as constructions following the rules and tricks of the southwestern (Latin-Polish) rhetoric. Analyzing examples from the decrees of Peter I, the treatise of P.P. Shafirov “Reasonings, what legitimate reasons did Peter the Great have for starting a war against Charles XII”, preface to the “Primer” by F. Polikarpov, V.V. Vinogradov shows very complex types of syntactic constructions, seeing in them the imprint of Latin-Polish or German syntax and Slavic-Greek constructions, which go back to the “convolution of words” of literary styles of the 17th century.

Nearby are excerpts from correspondence, notes, newspapers of the early 18th century, indicating that at that time the simplest syntactic constructions were no less common, including complex ones that reflect colloquial forms of communication.

In our opinion, the influence of foreign syntax on the Russian literary language of the first half of the 18th century. was not as deep as V.V. Vinogradov, and not only because the borrowing of syntactic models is an extremely rare phenomenon in the language. We believe that the Latin-Polish and German syntax significantly influenced the word arrangement of words within a sentence (with a verb at the end, the separation of the defined word from the defining word and the postposition of the first, the distant location of the controlled and controlling word, etc.) and the construction of syntactic periods where required "height of words". For journalistic and especially business speech, from which the secular literary language of the Petrine era grew, these features were also characteristic, but to a much lesser extent. It seems that complex constructions and the linkage of predicative parts in them, no matter how intricate in structure they may be, did not reflect the syntactic specificity of other languages. In their structure in the language of the first half of the XVIII century. Rather, it reflected the logical disorder of judgments that are very complex in structure and significant in volume, the writer’s desire to differentially fix, if possible, all the connections and relationships between the elements of judgments in the text, and the syntactic subsystem of that time has not yet developed adequate, hierarchically built forms for their expression.

Intricate (Latin-German, as defined by V.V. Vinogradov) constructions are found in the business language throughout the 18th century, but in the second half of the century there is a tendency to streamline them and limit the volume. There were such spheres of the use of the language, where two internally unified principles were bizarrely combined: bookish, dating back to the depths of centuries, and everyday colloquial, each of which in the 18th century. associated with "Slovenian" and "Russian". This is primarily a prosaic middle style, business and epistolary speech of that time; it was they that reflected those viable linguistic means of expressing thought, which later, in the 19th-20th centuries, would be finally processed as normative.

Second half of the 18th century passed under the sign of "literaturization" of the everyday speech of the Russian society, which, according to V.V. Vinogradov, sought to develop a system of literary styles, freed from the excessive burden of "Slovenism" and combining the European culture of oral and written speech with varieties of Russian social and everyday language. The same processes were going on in the sphere of business communication. Business language, and especially business writing, was internally heterogeneous, not being some kind of monolith, which was based on indestructible, legislatively fixed forms of expression. First of all, it was a permeable functional and stylistic speech subsystem, which, depending on the purpose of communication and the genre, reacted differently to the "Slovenian" and everyday colloquial beginnings. The first was reflected in the style and syllable of the "exemplary" business language - royal laws, decrees of the Senate and the Synod, diplomatic documents (codified business language - hereinafter KDN). The regulatory, normalizing activity of state legislators in the system of documents of this type was very high. Here we find quite a few archaic and stylistically marked conjunctions: be, zane, better, always, how many, so that, for. Complex syntactic constructions, consisting of many predicative units, create difficulties in the perception of the text.

And so that all common heavy barges are light, as in spring, so in summer and autumn, obstacles and stops do not occur, in contrast to the above, it’s hard to see and observe where it is necessary, so that heavy barges, when they start to decrease water in rapids, spits and in to stop in the shallows, and grab the bottom of the river bottom, and after that they will stop, so that the next barges, which are light behind them, pass without hindrance, because the heavy barges can unload, or wait ... for water ...

(Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, vol. XV, pp. 322-323).

Reading the documents of the KDN of the second half of the 18th century, we first of all note the archaic word order for us. However, this arrangement of words was not peculiar only to business speech, it was of a general language character. V.V. Vinogradov believed that word order was a sore point in the syntax of Russian literary speech in the 18th century. The question of the composition and length of the sentence, of the length of the period, will be connected with it. When at the beginning of the 19th century representatives of the new literature spoke of the "old style", they first of all accused it of a confused arrangement of words and of the hampered movement of thought through lingering periods. The KDN was no exception, although, comparing its constructions with the ornamental syntax of the works of the "high" style, we cannot but note that the logical ordering of even a phrase of considerable length was still higher in the business language, and the meaning was easier to perceive than in the "high" style. » prose and poetry of that time.

Along with the KDYA, in the 18th century. there was another sphere of functioning of business speech - the current office work, recorded in a huge number of handwritten sources (business writing - hereinafter DP). These are business correspondence, petitions, complaints, petitions, reports, documents of legal proceedings in that part of it that records the testimony; various public (mainly peasant, philistine and Cossack) agreements, deals and contracts. From the point of view of the norms of the KDJ, they are written in a "low" command style:

About the autumn time, the caretaker Durkov, who came to his inmate Tarakanov, asked if he didn’t see when he was suspicious in the village, to which he answered him that they had some kind of peasant without a passport about three months ago, but where did he go from them? does not know yes and de not at evo he lived

(Chelyabinsk archive, fund 115).

Zotey Semenov, the son of Gorevanov, shows himself to be 16 years old, and last October, on the 29th, he came to them at the house of Nazar Yerokhinskaya, and on the morning of the 30th he got up to put on his shoes, and his father and mother left early that morning for the mill, and his brother Yakov was in the yard cleaning the cattle and suddenly he jumped up from the bench in the stall lying on the bench, grabbed an ax, which he held and said to which he took the ax, but he threw it on the floor and continued along the upper room with the steel of spinning.

(ibid., fund 121).

For the DP language, those features that we spoke about in relation to the QDN are characteristic to a much lesser extent. As shown by the study of numerous monuments of the DP of the provincial institutions of Russia in the eighteenth century. - Moscow, Voronezh, Vologda, Krasnoyarsk, South Urals, they were not characterized by a strong influence of the book-Slavic elements at all language levels, although the focus on legislative acts from the capital cannot be denied. It is quite obvious that the business language in the 18th century was an internally contradictory speech subsystem that functioned, as it were, at two usual levels: official-legislative and everyday-clerical. In handwritten documents of that time, we also note a word order that is archaic from a modern point of view, however, its patterns, systematically presented in bookish literary speech and KDN, are not always found in DP. Here is the transcript of the court testimony:

After a little while, Vinogradov brought the soldier Mosey Polukhin, whom the soldier ordered the horses they had brought to be put in the Salladat’s drive where they put them, and Polukhin went home and ordered them to go to the threshing floor in the hay where Vinogradov and Pesterev had gone, and then the soldier Larivoshka Shchelkunov came and said that he had sent the guy x to the Kyrgyz people so that they bring horses and take them.

(Chelyabinsk archive, fund 121).

At these two levels of functioning of the DYA of the eighteenth century. there are different, although largely similar phenomena in the field of complex syntactic constructions (hereinafter referred to as CSC). Analyzing, say, handwritten South Ural business documents in comparison with the decrees and laws of the Russian Empire of that period, we came to the conclusion that the syntax of the SSK in the DP is much closer to the living folk-spoken language and almost does not have those archaic structural elements that are largely characteristic of the KJA.

Two elements of speech use, including at the level of syntax (book and literary and colloquial speech), have always existed in the Russian language, they are universal and have their roots in the Old Russian period, in relation to which V.V. Vinogradov developed the concept of two types of language of Ancient Russia — colloquial and Book Slavonic. The peculiarity of the Russian situation lies in the fact that these linguistic types did not create bilingualism, since they ascended to the same genotype and found more in common than different, that is, their existence on Russian soil is a purely functional phenomenon. The basis of language development is seen in the growing normativity of the first type under the influence of the second and democratization, Russification of the second language type under the influence of the first. The 18th century was the turning point when these two linguistic elements, interacting in a complex way, are woven into each other, penetrate one into the other. An attempt to turn this process into a regulated one in the field of book and literary styles was the normalizing activity of M.V. Lomonosov, V.K. Trediakovsky, A.P. Sumarokov.

Collision of two principles- colloquial, primordially Russian and literary, "Slovenian" - was characteristic not only of business speech, but also of fiction, only the latter to a certain extent destroyed the confusion of these two functional areas, dividing and differentiating literary genres very early.

In the business language, the processes of socio-linguistic regulation of the means of expression in relation to the emerging official business style were either spontaneous or episodic: instructions were received from St. Petersburg on how to draw up business documents for various purposes. The influence of the syllable of the exemplary business language on the "low" went mainly "according to the model", with an orientation towards how "befits the capital's ranks to write."

However, in our opinion, the orientation to the sample in the preparation of documents of the current office work was of a limited nature: it concerned vocabulary and phraseology, clauses and clichés, as well as the form of papers being compiled, the volume of syntactic structures, the desire to create an “ordered” coloring in the text. The morphology and syntax of the business language of that time, no doubt, reflected those all-Russian phenomena that were going on in the grammar of both the written and colloquial language. In this regard, the information content of business writing, written in a "low" command style, which reflected the "liberty of everyday conversation", is very high. In a bizarre mixture of literary and written norms, dating back to the Slavic, intricate manner of presentation, and the free penetration of folk colloquial ways of expressing thoughts, we see a specific feature of the business language of the 18th century. There is an intra-style heterogeneity of business speech: this is both a “high” and a “low” command syllable. Both of them were already well understood by Russian speakers. Subsequently, in the 19th - early 20th centuries, such heterogeneity gradually disappears, and business writing becomes practically indistinguishable from legislative, metropolitan.

Output:

Cherednichenko A.P. To the origins of the official business style: on the functional and syntactic heterogeneity of the business language in Russia in the 18th century [Electronic resource] / Meteor City: popular science magazine, 2017. N 2. Spec. issue based on the materials of the correspondence international Internet conference "Problems of Philological Research" (February 8–March 8, 2017, SUSGPU, Chelyabinsk). pp. 3–8. URL:

Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution

higher professional education

Department of Documentation

DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS STYLE

RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

Moscow 2010

	Introduction
	Chapter 1. HISTORY FORMING THE BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE XIV-XVI centuries The beginning of the XVIII century - "Peter's era" The end of the 18th century - "Catherine's Golden Age"
	Chapter 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN OFFICIAL-BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE
	Conclusion
	List of used literature

Introduction

The official business style stood out earlier than other written styles because it served the most important areas of public life: foreign relations, securing private property, etc. The need to write down laws, contracts, records of debts began to form a special "language", which, having undergone many changes, still retains its main distinctive features.

The relevance of the course work lies in the fact that the history of the development of the business style of the Russian language is traced in detail and in detail, at each historical stage the features of the formation and change of word formation and word usage of the official business style are noted - the style of business correspondence as one of the most important genres of modern workflow.

1. HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF THE BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

1.1 X- XIIcentury

The emergence of the oldest written code of laws is usually attributed to the reign of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, who in 1016, wanting to reconcile with the Novgorodians, unjustly offended by the prince's squad, which consisted of hired Varangians, left his charter as an assurance that he would rule in accordance with his will " the best husbands" of Novgorod. This is the traditional explanation of how the first part of the monument appeared - Yaroslav's Truth.

Subsequently, the code was supplemented by articles introduced in the second half of the 11th century, the so-called Pravda of the Yaroslavichs, compiled at a meeting of the princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod with the boyars close to them around 1070. And, finally, in the first decades of the 12th century. the lengthy edition of Russkaya Pravda included the articles of Vladimir Monomakh's Rules. Thus, the written fixation of legislation designed to justify and protect the feudal system in the Kievan state took a long time, naturally reflecting somewhat different stages of linguistic development 1 .

The language of Russkaya Pravda already contains the characteristic features of a business style: the use of specific terms (vira - fine, listen - witness, mined - property, etc.), the presence of complex sentences and non-union chains.

The oldest document is also "The letter of the Grand Duke Mstislav Volodymyrovich and his son Vsevolod of 1130". The initial formula of this charter "Se az" ("Here I am") becomes from that time an indispensable element of ancient Russian letters. The letters end with a special construction, which indicates who witnessed the transaction and who signs the letter with his signature.

Consider the language of private correspondence of the time of Kievan Rus, the language of Novgorod letters on birch bark. Birch bark letters are among the most ancient monuments of Russian writing; according to archeology, they date back to the 11th century. Some letters begin with the words: "order from NN to NN". A frequently encountered stencil beginning of a letter can be considered the formula: "Kissing from NN to NN." No less characteristic examples of the application of "literary etiquette" are found in the endings of letters. Typical in the endings of letters are phrases with various forms of the verb bow, n for example: "and we bow to you"; "I bow to you"; "and I bow to you." Also in the letters there is a bright and concise ending: "and on that tobe tsolom." This speaks of the general high cultural level of the inhabitants of ancient Novgorod in the 11th-12th centuries. and at the same time confirms the inseparable connection between the language of Old Russian business writing and book speech.

The given examples prove that such well-established phrases, traditional formulas for the beginning and ending of writing belong to the literary epistolary style that originated in Russia already in the most ancient era, characterize the speech culture of the writers, their ability to master the processed forms of the long-established literary and written language. one

1. 2 XIV- XVIcentury

Local chancelleries receive the name orders, and scribes of grand ducal and local offices are called clerk, bastard. Cases in these institutions were managed by clerks, who developed a special "order syllable", close to the colloquial speech of the common people, but keeping in its composition separate traditional formulas and turns.

Such words and expressions as petition, to beat with a forehead(to ask for something). It has become generally accepted that the petitioner at the beginning of the petition list all the numerous titles and ranks of the high-ranking person to whom he addressed the request, and be sure to give the full name and patronymic of this person. On the contrary, the petitioner had to invariably write about himself only in a pejorative form, without adding a patronymic to his name and adding to it such indications of real or imaginary dependence, such as slave, slave, serf. 1

In this historical period, the word charter in the meaning of business paper, document. Complex terms appear in which the noun is determined by adjectives: literacy, spiritual(will), contractual letter, folding letter, ascribed letter, branch letter(establishing the boundaries of land grants), etc. Not limited to the genre of letters, business writing develops such forms as court records, questioning records.

By the XV-XVI centuries. includes the compilation of new sets of judicial decisions, for example, Ivan III's "Sudebnik" (1497), "Pskov Judicial Charter" (1462-1476), in which, based on the articles of "Russian Truth", the further development of legal norms was recorded. Terms reflecting new social relations appear in business writing (younger brother, older brother, boyar children), new monetary relations that developed in the Moscow period (bondage, money etc.). 2 The development of abundant social terminology, brought to life by the complication of socio-economic relations, is associated with a direct impact on the literary and written language of the folk colloquial speech element.

The language of business monuments of the XV-XVII centuries. - despite the relatively great proximity of the language of monuments of this type to colloquial speech, even such of them as interrogative speeches experienced the continuous and powerful influence of the written orthographic tradition, which originates from the ancient Slavic writing of the 10th-11th centuries. Not a single written source of Ancient Russia in all periods of historical development could be free from such a traditional influence.

The enrichment and increase in the number of forms of business writing indirectly influenced all genres of written speech and, ultimately, contributed to the overall progressive development of the literary and written language of Muscovite Russia. This language was more and more imbued with the speech features of business writing.

Thus, in the period fromXVonXVIIcentury, in the era of the formation of the Russian centralized state, a state system was formed with an extensive system of functions serviced through various groups of documents. At this time, a special administrative institution was born - orders, and they included institutions serving written business communication - the office, mail, archive (which determined the era of order clerical work). The activities of these tools had to be based on a certain system of working with documents, and such a need necessitated the development of regulatory and methodological acts containing recommendations on the execution of documents, including those of a linguistic nature. Thus, a system for working with documents, a system of rules for their execution, begins to take shape.

1.3 Start XVIIIcentury - "Petrine era"

The development of military, and especially naval affairs, which was almost absent in Muscovite Russia, gave rise to many relevant manuals and instructions, military and naval regulations, saturated with new special terminology, new special expressions that completely replaced the words and expressions associated with the old Moscow military order. . Along with this, to meet the needs of the increasingly Europeanized nobility, various manuals were created that regulated the everyday life of the higher social classes.

In connection with the restructuring of public administration, with the development of industry and trade, the language of business correspondence is becoming much more complicated and enriched. It is moving further and further away from the old Moscow norms and traditions and is noticeably moving closer to the lively colloquial speech of the middle strata of the population.

Peter I, recommending that when translating from foreign languages, to refrain from bookish Slavonic sayings, advised translators to take the language of the embassy order as a model: "You don’t need to put high Slavic words; use the words of the embassy order." one

The renewal of the vocabulary of the Russian literary language in the Petrine era was especially evident in the sphere of administrative vocabulary. It is replenished at this time mainly with borrowings from German, Latin, and partly French. About a quarter of all borrowings of the Petrine era falls precisely on the "words of the administrative language", which displace the use of the corresponding Old Russian names. An administrator, an actuary, an auditor, an accountant, a king of arms, a governor, an inspector, a chamberlain, a chancellor, a landgewing, a minister, a police master, a president, a prefect, a ratman, and others appear. committees, offices, city halls, senate, synods and other administrative institutions that have replaced recent thoughts and orders, address, accredit, test, arrest, ballot, confiscate, correspond, claim, second-hand, interpret, ex-authorize, fine, etc. incognito, in envelopes, packages, various acts, accidents, amnesties, appeals, leases, bills, bonds, warrants, projects, reports, tariffs, etc. 1 The structure of this administrative vocabulary includes the names of persons by their ranks and positions, the names of institutions, the names of various kinds of business documents.

And in the "General Regulations" of the Petrine Collegiums, an already complete system of documenting norms was given. "General Forms", i.e. forms of documents, provided for the norms of registration, etiquette norms for addressing the addressee with an indication of the rank, title, rank, uniform norms for naming and self-naming. For violation of the rules of documentation, for the incorrect preparation of documents, the distortion of their meaning, punishment was provided for both "higher and lower ranks", and mandatory references to legislation were introduced when reporting on cases.

In the language of business writing of the Petrine era, old, traditional, and new elements coexisted, opposing each other. The former include Church Slavonic words and forms, as well as expressions from the old Moscow language of orders; to the second - foreign borrowings (barbarisms), vernacular, features of dialectal word usage, pronunciation and form formation. The vocabulary of the business language is increasingly moving away from colloquial, lively speech, a huge number of foreign words penetrate into it.

During the administrative reform of Peter 1, the central government system was restructured (orders were replaced by collegiums), which marked the beginning of the era of collegial office work (1720-1802). During this period, a strict system of document management continued to improve, which meant the streamlining of business writing acts, the further officialization of the language. The normalization of documentary texts came from the state authorities and found its expression in numerous legislative acts, primarily in the "General Regulations of Collegia" (1720) - a set of rules containing an integral system of documenting norms, which served as an impetus for the emergence of modern forms of documents. In the course of the reform, the structure and form of traditional documents were improved and samples of new documents placed in "general forms" were developed - all this led to the unification of documents and the gradual elimination of the personal element in the practice of writing them. Also, the new rules introduced new etiquette norms for addressing the addressee, indicating the rank, title, rank.

1.4 The end of the 18th century - "The Golden Age of Catherine II"

The system of state bodies of power is being developed and strengthened, "Institutions for the management of provinces" are being created. For communication with the supreme power, the governors use Reports and Reports. Decrees of the provincial government are widely used by subordinate institutions, as well as officials (deanery administrations, county and zemstvo courts, governors, police officers).

As a result of the development of interstate relations, the execution of diplomatic documentation becomes more complicated. By this time, international standards were already established for the form and lexical composition of diplomatic documents, the structure of contractual documentation was expanding, treatises, conventions, protocols, and instruments appeared. The Collegiums of Foreign Affairs exchange notes, memoirs, and memorandums with foreign governments. Communication between Russian diplomatic representatives and their government is carried out by means of reports and dispatches.

The workflow and business correspondence of judicial institutions acquire a pronounced specific design of documentation, a strict procedure for the preparation and execution of court documents is established.

Shifts in the Russian literary language of the last third of the 18th century. reflected in the stylistic system created by the head of Russian conservative sentimentalism N.M. Karamzin 1 and then called the "new style". Karamzin faced the tasks put forward by the era - to ensure that they began to write as they say, and that in a noble society they began to speak as they write. "New style" was designed to meet the needs of society. It is freed from Church Slavonicisms and archaisms, as components that burden the literary language, and a logically transparent and natural word order is spreading.

As a result of the Karamzin reform, the Russian literary language came close to establishing national norms for word usage, and, accordingly, the business style becomes more readable and understandable.

1.5 XIXcentury

At the beginning of the XIX century. the formation of the business style of the Russian literary language is associated with the name of M.M. Speransky 1 and his reforms in the field of documentation. The "Manifesto on the Establishment of Ministries" (1802) and the "General Establishment of Ministries" (1811) approved the executive principle, which determined the activities of leaders and executive office work. A hierarchy of "authorities and places" and a corresponding hierarchy of documents were proclaimed. Uniformity was introduced in documentation, strict regulation of the content, structure of documents and the order of business. Researchers of the Russian literary language note that the art in the style of M.M. Speransky introduced the novelty of the presentation into the business style of the Russian language, and served as a model for compiling documents of national importance.

There are significant changes in the form of the document. It clearly shows the desire for formalization, the definition of clear rules for the location and design of details. This is primarily due to the introduction of forms into the process of documenting.

As a result of the reform of office work, the need arose for the reform of the clerical style, which began to be understood as a task of national importance. The characteristic features of the clerical style are actively being formed: the formal-logical organization of the text, the impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic bulkiness, the nominal nature of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity (the prevalence of nominative and genitive cases), the folding of language clichés.

Formation of the styles of the Russian national literary language in the second half of the 19th century. takes place against the backdrop of an intensified social struggle between the forces of progress and supporters of reaction over whose social views will be expressed by an officially standardized and regulated literary language.

Reflections of this struggle can be found on the pages of journalism of this period. So, in the "Diary of a Writer" by F.M. Dostoevsky there is an ironic description of the official business style in the speeches of the then bourgeois publicists: "Someone assured us that if now another critic wants to drink, he will not say" bring water " He will probably say something like this: bring that essential beginning of moistening, which will serve to soften the harder elements deposited in my stomach. one

In official business and scientific speech of this period, there is a desire to develop a peculiar manner of artificially bookish, syntactically confusing (and therefore difficult for people to understand) presentation of thoughts and feelings. Between the word and the meaning, an artificial barrier of conditionally descriptive pictorial techniques is erected, as it were. Here is an example from the memoirs of a well-known public figure, lawyer A.F. Koni, who portrays a lawyer defining a fight with such words: the integrity of its physical integument by the repeated violation of such rights. If one of these elements is not present, then we have no legal right to see the substance of a fight in a mutual conflict." 2

Progressive Russian politicians and writers opposed such an official official language. In particular, V.I. Lenin, in his article "Fighting the Starving" (1903), analyzing the style of the circular issued by the tsarist minister Sipyagin, noted: "The circular ... nine-tenths ... is filled with the usual bureaucratic idle talk. Chewing things known long ago and repeated hundreds of times even in the "Code of Laws", going around and around, painting the details of the Chinese ceremonial of relations "between tangerines, magnificent clerical style with periods of 36 lines and with "sayings" that hurt one's native Russian speech..." 3.

L.N. Tolstoy wrote in 1884 . : " Let there be the language of Karamzin, Filaret, the priest Avvakum, but not our newspaper language" 4. This indicates that in the second half of the 19th century the process of clashes between different stylistic systems in the national literary Russian language intensifies and that the language continues to improve and polish, moving closer to colloquial speech of the masses.

In the second half of the XIX century. in Russia, due to the greatly increased volume of documenting and business correspondence processes, the development of documentation technology is taking place, new ways of documenting appear, such as photography, sound recording, telegrams and transcripts. An extremely compressed "telegraphic" style of presentation is being formed, coding and encryption are being distributed.

In this way,by the end19th centurya system of documentation has developed, the national form of the document has been approved, and a system of recommendations for the design of a business text has developed. Formedcharacteristic features of the clerical style: formal-logical organization of the text, impersonal nature of the statement, syntactic cumbersomeness, nominal character of speech, morphological and lexical uniformity, standardization.

20th century

The standardization of documents took on an irreversible character in the 20th century. In 1918, new rules for maintaining official documentation were developed and a single form of business letter forms was introduced. In the 1920s, new standards for business writing were set, and stenciled texts appeared. A new era in the process of standardization was opened by machine processing and computerization of office work.

Currently, the text and language norms of business speech are under pressure from the increasingly developing method of compiling, storing and transmitting documents using electronic computers. There is "automation of information processes in the control apparatus". For example, organizational and administrative documents (serving the internal side of the organization's activities) began to regularly include in the document scheme a prop - an explanatory "title to the text". Such a title acts as an annotation of the document in the form of a prepositional case construction, for example: "About the situation in single-industry towns." When entering a document into a computer, this heading serves as the basis for turning the prepositional case combination (About the situation) into the descriptor word 1 in the nominative case (Situation ...). Thus, the regulation of the language of official business documentation continues to be improved in accordance with technical progress.

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN OFFICIAL AND BUSINESS STYLE OF THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

The official business style is used when servicing the legal and administrative activities of public authorities, when communicating in public institutions. Business speech provides the sphere of official business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. The official business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, etc., in business correspondence of institutions, etc. Despite the fact that this style undergoes major changes under the influence of socio-historical shifts in society, it stands out among other functional varieties of the language for its stability, traditionalism, isolation and standardization.

The main features of the official business style are accuracy, which excludes the possibility of discrepancies; narrowing the range of speech means used; language standard - the desire to express thoughts in a uniform way, the use of ready-made language formulas-cliches for this; a high degree of repeatability (frequency) of individual sections of document texts. To this we can add such features as formality, strictness of expression of thought, as well as objectivity and logic. These features are reflected in the design of business papers and documents: the nature of the composition, the arrangement of parts of the text, the selection of paragraphs, headings, font, etc.

Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself, but many of its features, historically established genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, and syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character.

The official business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally colored words, conciseness, compactness of presentation. In official papers, the set of language tools used is predetermined. A characteristic feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. Unlike cliches, clichés are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Speech full of cliches cannot be called expressive; on the contrary, it is a stylistic defect.

Chancellery - these are words and expressions used in an official business style. But when they penetrate other styles, this leads to a violation of stylistic norms. If in other styles templated turns often act as a stylistic flaw, then in the official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural belonging to it. The use of language stamps and stereotypes, inappropriate in colloquial speech and in works of art, is mandatory in official documents, it contributes to an accurate and concise presentation of business information, facilitates business correspondence. A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author, on the contrary, the more clichéd a document is, the more convenient it is to use.

Documents, as a rule, do not allow the use of neologisms (even those formed according to traditional models), if they do not have a terminological meaning and can be replaced by general literary words. If they are used, then they need explanations in the text (usually in brackets).

Modern business speech is unthinkable without the use of borrowed words, and the main source of borrowing these days is English. However, the use of foreign words should be necessary. When choosing between synonyms, one of which is Russian and the other is borrowed, it is necessary to determine whether there is a significant semantic difference between them. If a foreign synonym has shades of meaning that are absent from a native Russian word, the choice in favor of a borrowed variant is justified. Thus, borrowed words occupy a special place in the lexical system of the Russian language and require extremely careful handling. one

A common drawback of the official style is pleonasm - the use of redundant words that are unnecessary in terms of meaning. For example: thinnuance. Another disease is tautology - the repetition of single-root words within the same phrase. This stylistic mistake makes speech difficult and makes it difficult to understand the text: benefit from use; address to the address etc. 1

In business speech, the possibilities of lexical word compatibility are limited: a service letter is compiled (not written) and sent (not sent), a reprimand is announced, a reprimand is issued, a salary is set, etc.

The official document should be concise and written in such a way that the necessary information can be found immediately. Therefore, in order to understand what the document is about, to whom it is addressed, it is given a certain form.

Such features of the official business style as accuracy and locale find their expression in lexical, morphological and syntactic language means. Even well-known types of texts (narration, description, reasoning) are modified in a business style, turning into types of presentation of an affirmative-stating or prescriptive-stating nature. Hence syntactic monotony, lexical homogeneity of speech, high repetition of words.

The grammatical norms of business style include the unification of the grammatical structure of a phrase, word form. The selected option is assigned as a reference for each compositional part of the text.

Business writing is dominated by simple sentences. A feature of their functioning in the language of business papers is that they often convey information in documents that is equal in volume to the information transmitted using a complex sentence. This is achieved due to the greater length and semantic capacity of the sentence. Individual phrases can convey the same information as subordinate clauses.

The word order of a sentence in an official business style is distinguished by its rigor and conservatism. The so-called direct word order, characteristic of the structure of the Russian sentence, consists in the precedence of the subject in relation to the predicate ( goods are released); definitions - in relation to the defined word ( credit relations); control word - in relation to the controlled object and circumstance ( fix prices, allocate credit, send to the ministry). Each member of the sentence has its usual, peculiar place, determined by the structure and type of the sentence, the way this member of the sentence is syntactically expressed, the place among other words that are directly related to it. So, for example, an inconsistent definition, expressed by a noun in the indirect case, should be after the word being defined. The language of business writing is characterized by chains of genitive cases ( the order of the Head of the city administration). In impersonal sentences and passive constructions, the first position instead of the subject is usually occupied by a secondary member of the sentence.

In business texts, words and phrases of the literary language are used, which have a pronounced functional and stylistic coloring, for example plaintiff, defendant, protocol, job description, identity card, researcher and others, among them a significant number of professional terms. Many verbs contain the theme of prescription or obligation: forbid, authorize, order, oblige, appoint and so on. Complex sentences with a large number of subordinate clauses are inappropriate in the document, it is required to use short, as a rule, non-union sentences. Conjunctions and allied words that have a hint of conjecture, conditions, should be replaced by words that sound definite and specific. All names of actions or phenomena that duplicate each other, etc., must be eliminated.

Typical for the business language are compound words formed from two or more words: tenant, employer, logistical, above, undersigned etc. The formation of such words is explained by the desire of the business language to accurately convey the meaning and unambiguous interpretation. The same purpose is served by phrases of a "non-idiomatic" nature, for example: destination, institution of higher education, tax return, public company and so on. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition leads to the use of clichéd language means, which gives the texts of the official business style a standardized character.

For an official document, the legal essence is important, therefore, preference is given to generic concepts, for example, arrive(instead of arrive, arrive, arrive), vehicle(instead of bus, plane.), locality(instead of village, town, village), etc. When naming a person, nouns are used, denoting a person on the basis of some relationship or action ( teacher Ivanova, witness Petrov).

Business speech is characterized by the use of verbal nouns, which are more in official business style than in other styles: replenishment of the budget, taking action, the arrival of the train, the provision of housing, public services etc.; compound denominative prepositions are widely used: in order to avoid, upon reaching, upon returning, in part, along the line, on the subject and etc.

The most important feature of procedural vocabulary is that words are used in the text in one possible meaning, polysemy (polysemy), metaphorical use of words, use of words in figurative meanings are unacceptable here, and synonyms are used to a small extent. Terms and procedural vocabulary make up the basic, style-forming vocabulary of the language of documents, which in certain genres makes up from 50 to 70% of all word usage.

In the texts of documents, the use of swear words and generally reduced vocabulary, colloquial expressions and jargon is not allowed. The use of such vocabulary in business letters is just as inappropriate as the use of clericalism in everyday conversation, since it cannot meet the requirement for accuracy.

The formal-logical type of text organization is manifested in the rubrication of a simple sentence, i.e. in dividing the text into its component parts graphically. Rubrication at the text level is associated with the division of the text into paragraphs and subparagraphs, which in the documents are indicated only by Arabic numerals.

Introductory words act as logical text clips in the text of the document: therefore, therefore, moreover, on the one hand. Demonstrative pronouns and participles act as a means of communication in the texts of documents, which replace nomenclature names, terms in the text: indicated, given, next, given, present, last, etc.

Business papers are drawn up according to a certain scheme. Each new thought begins with a paragraph. All words are written in full, except for accepted abbreviations. Genres of official business style perform informational, prescriptive, ascertaining functions in various fields of activity. Therefore, the main form of implementation of this style is written.

The listed distinctive linguistic features of the business style organically fit into the written sphere of use of this style, into the genres of documentation characteristic of it, are an objective fact of the language, their use in the texts of documents is natural and fixed by tradition.

Conclusion

The official business style, like the Russian language as a whole, has undergone significant changes. Its formation is closely connected with the formation and development of the Russian state, primarily because the sphere of regulation of legal and economic relations has created a need to single out a special functional variety of the literary language.

The regulation of relations between people, institutions, countries required written evidence, acts, documents, in which the features of the official business style gradually crystallized.

Economic necessity, the development of science and technology cause an ever-increasing unification and standardization of documents, on the one hand, and a trend towards simplification, cleansing of outdated clerical stamps and clichés of the language of business letters and business correspondence, on the other hand.

In conclusion, it should be noted that business correspondence today is more dynamic than it was ten or fifteen years ago. Therefore, mastering this genre of business writing is one of the priority professional skills of managers and performers. The ability to clearly state the essence of the issue, the state of affairs, unambiguously formulate a proposal, request, demand, convincingly substantiate one's conclusions does not come by itself. The art of writing business letters requires practice and knowledge of the arsenal of speech means accumulated over a millennium in the language of business writing.

List of used literature

1. Basovskaya E.N. Language difficulties associated with the preparation of documents // Secretarial business. - 1997, No. 1

2. Gorbachevich K.S. Changing the norms of the Russian literary language. - Enlightenment, 1971.

3. Kozhin A.N., Krylova O.A., Odintsov V.V. Functional types of Russian speech. - M.: Enlightenment, 1963.

4. Krasivova A. Business Russian: Educational and practical guide - M: from the MFA, 2001, 80 s

5. Leonova G.V. On some features of the use of borrowed words in business speech // Secretarial business. - 1997, No. 4

6. Meshchersky E. History of the Russian literary language [Electronic resource]: www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks

7. Nikitina E.I. Russian speech: Proc. A guide to the development of coherent speech./Scientific. ed. V.V. Babaitsev. – M.: Enlightenment, 1995.

8. Rakhmanin L.V. Stylistics of business speech and editing official documents. - M.: Higher School, 1988.

9. Shmelev D.N. Russian language in its functional varieties. - Enlightenment, 1977.

Language . Thus, the scientific, officially- business, newspaper and journalistic ...

Russian language and culture of speech Features history

Abstract >> Foreign language

fate Russian language and generally persists to the present day. logical development language, ... variability of the norm and stratification language for different styles, mainly book and... tongs etc. . in similar cases in business speech is used to insert the word thing ...

Russian language and culture of speech (17)

Cheat sheet >> Culture and art

ESTIMATES IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 50 PHRASEOLOGIZED SYNTAX CONSTRUCTIONS BUSINESS STYLE AND TALKING... Russian language. 19th century can be considered the first period development modern literary Russian language. Stage start development Russian literary language ...

Styles contemporary Russian language

Test >> Culture and art

O styles Russian language 1.1. Styles Russian language 1) Variety language (style language), used in any typical social situation - at home, in the family, in official business ...

Russian language functional styles

Abstract >> Linguistics, Philology

Functioning officially business style Russian literary language, is an administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies a need ... (words that usually contain an assessment), for example: Development, innovation progress is wonderful in essence...