What are passive participles. Real and passive participles
In the course of studying morphology, schoolchildren go through the topic “Suffixes of real and passive participles". Let's take a closer look at the intricacies and features of this group.
Participle
What is this interesting phenomenon? Before today disputes of linguists do not subside. Opinions are divided: some consider the sacrament because it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are sure that this is just a verb form. If we turn to the history of its occurrence, we can find out that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, outwardly it is more like an adjective. Yes, and it borrowed some functions from him: they both answer the same question (which one?), And they have the same syntactic role (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a unanimous decision.
Various educational and methodical complexes, according to which the Russian language is taught at school, also approach this situation in different ways. For example, M. M. Razumovskaya refers the participle to the verb form, and V. V. Babaitseva to an independent part of speech. But in both textbooks it is said that it is still not clear to which category it should be attributed.
Valid
Before considering the suffixes of real and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups by meaning. The first is called real. They received such a name due to their purpose: to name the signs of such objects that themselves perform an action.
Consider the example: "The wind blowing from the sea was raging."
As we can see, the wind blew on its own from the sea, without resorting to anyone's help and without being affected in any way. It is these forms that are called real.
Another example: "The dog guarding the house was a large breed."
The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle "protected" belongs to the category of real.
Passive
The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform an action, but are subjected to it.
Let's take an example: "The parents called to school by the teacher were worried."
In this sentence, we see the participle "called out". It was formed from the verb "call". We will make sure that the parents did not decide to come to the school themselves, but at the request of the teacher. We see that the action is not performed by them, it is performed on them. Therefore, they refer to such communion as passive. That is, parents, as it were, “suffer”, experiencing someone’s influence on themselves.
Suffixes of real and passive participles of the present tense
Now that we have figured out the intricacies of this morphological group, we can move on to main topic. Each of the categories will have its own characteristics of word formation.
The suffixes of active and passive participles will differ depending on the tense. So, in the present tense, the following are distinguished: -usch and -yushch, as well as -ashch and -yashch. Example: rebelling, singing, holding, speaking. As you can see, they are all real. For the suffering ones, they are different: -om, -im, -em. Example: drawn, persecuted, condemned.
In the real participle of the present tense, all suffixes have spelling features.
If you do not know the rules, many questions arise. For example, how should you write: struggling or struggling? The verb from which this word is formed will help us with this - fight. Let's define its conjugation. Since its stem ends in -ot, this is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if the word belongs to 1 conjugation, we write -usch or -yushch. If to the second - then -ashch or -yashch. Thus, we found out that in the word "struggling" it is necessary to write -yushch. The main thing is to know how to determine the conjugation of verbs.
The table helps to remember the suffixes of real and passive participles better. And besides, you can always turn to her if the rule suddenly flies out of your head.
Suffixes of real and passive past participles
Now, having considered the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can proceed to the next stage. It is worth remembering that participles cannot be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this sign from the verb.
In the past tense, the suffixes -vsh and -sh are distinguished. For example: melted, sprouted.
The suffering ones have more of them: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, stabbed.
And again, the table will help us remember the suffixes of real and passive participles.
With the first category, everything is clear, no difficulties arise, but with the passive ones it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -enn. Consider the word "offended" It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make a mistake. But it's not. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in -at, -yat, -et, then we select the suffix -nn.
V this example the stem of the verb "offend" ends in -et, so we define the suffix -nn in the participle.
Let's take another example: "dressed up". And again, let's recall the rule: if the verb ends in -it, -ty or -ch, then in this case we use only the suffix -enn.
We will also act in the words "baked" (bake), "brought" (bring), "asked" (ask).
Tasks
At the lessons of the Russian language Special attention the teacher pays attention to how and when the suffixes of real and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help you to understand it more fully.
First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the guys to determine their conjugation. Then it is worth giving the task to form a sacrament of different categories and times from them.
For instance:
- prick (1 sp.) - stabbing (act., present time), pricking (act., past time);
- speak (2 sp.) - speaker (act., present temp.), spoke (act., past temp.);
- shave (1 ref., excl.) - shaving (actual, present time), shaving (actual, past time), shaved (suffering, past time);
- offend (2 ref., excl.) - offended (suffering, present time), offended (suffering, past time).
In Russian, it is a form of a verb, but it also has the features of an adjective. Therefore, not all linguists distinguish participle in separate part speech.
But in schools, the sacrament is a special one that has a lot of signs of an adjective. In addition to the fact that the participle answers the questions of adjectives, it also
denotes a sign of an object, but this sign is associated with an action and is also called a verbal sign or a sign by action. For example, falling snow is snow that falls.
With what the sacrament is, students get acquainted in the 6th grade. Before that, it is not distinguished from an adjective. Like adjectives, participles can be of any kind, and also stand in plural. The sacrament has an initial form. It has gender and number. For example, the word "flying" can be in the form "flying", "flying" and "flying". Participles are also declined by cases, they can stand in short form, for example, "opened", "painted". It is always a definition in a sentence, like an adjective.
What is participle in terms of verb signs? Participles are in the present and past tense, however, there are no future participles. For example, "sitting now" and "sitting before". Another verb feature is the view, and in phrases built according to the type of control, participles require a noun in accusative. There are reflexive participles, for example, "stumbling."
It is very important to correctly determine the conjugation of the verb from which the participle was formed, otherwise you can make a mistake in writing the suffix. It is also important to be able to determine the basis of transitivity and to know what reflexive verbs are. Therefore, before studying what a participle is, you need to study the topic "Verb" in detail.
All sacraments are divided into two large groups. They are active and passive. You can distinguish them not only by meaning, but also by suffixes. indicate that the object itself does something. The suffixes -usch-, -yushch-, -ashch-, -yashch- are attached to the basis of the verb in the present tense, and for the verb in the past tense -vsh- and -sh-. For example, sleeping, chewing, flying.
If the action is performed not by the object itself, but by someone else, then the sign of this action is denoted by passive participles. The suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t- are involved in their formation. For example, licked, closed, turned on. Passive participles are not formed from all verbs. For example, the verb "to take" does not have the form of a passive participle; such participles are not formed from intransitive verbs either. But only passive participles form a short form.
Very great difficulties for students arise not from the passage of the very topic "What is the sacrament", but from the inability to correctly write participle suffixes. Students make especially many mistakes when writing the double letter "n".
What is the sacrament, you need to remember and know after school. In order to use words correctly in written and oral speech, you need to be able to form them.
The participle in Russian simultaneously performs the functions of such parts of speech as an adjective and a verb. That is, it indicates both a sign and an action. In the doctrine of the Russian language, separate real and passive are distinguished. The first are designed to display a sign of an object that independently performs an action (reading, dressing). But in this article we will focus on the second type. What is the answer below.
What is a passive participle?
To start, let's install main feature This kind of special science of the Russian language gives an answer to the question of what a passive participle is. It is intended to denote a sign of an object that does not act independently, but is influenced by another object. Speaking about what a passive participle is, we should mention its features. As you know, it has the properties of both an adjective and a verb. From the first participle took the ability to decline and agree with nouns in number, gender and case. The verb, on the other hand, endowed its special form with a look, tense, a criterion of transitivity and recurrence.
How are passive participles formed?
Words in Russian are divided into non-derivatives and those formed from other parts of speech (derivatives). The second includes the sacraments. The features of their formation depend on the criterion of time. It is worth clarifying that participles can be used in the present, or consider each case in detail. So, the passive participle of the present tense is formed from the basis of any. At the same time, the word taken as the base must also be imperfect. Assistants in the formation of such passive participles are special suffixes: -em- and -om-. They apply if the verb used has the first conjugation, and the suffix -im- if the second. Examples are words such as solved and audible. As for the past tense of passive participles, it is formed from the stem of the infinitive of the verb, which is transitive. In this case, suffixes such as -enn-, -nn-, -t- are used. Examples include words such as sown, seen, washed. It should be noted that it is impossible to form passive participles in the past tense from some verbs (for example, from the words "drive", "live", "take", "know").
Syntax questions
A passive participle is a form of a word that incorporates the signs of two parts of speech, as already mentioned above. I wonder what role they play in sentences then? Are they definitions or predicates? It can be answered that passive participles can be both those and other members of the sentence. Let us take as a basis for the analysis the statement: "Carried away, we did not notice how he turned out to be immersed in thought." The first participle is a definition. The second is part of the compound predicate.
Students should pay attention to the fact that passive past participles are formed from perfective verbs and are almost never formed from imperfective verbs (exceptions are participles read, written, seen, heard, put on, carried, grated, chipped and some others).
It is useful to show this on paired verbs, for example: meet and meet; from the perfective verb to meet, the form met is formed, and from the imperfective verb to meet, the passive participle of the past tense is not formed (students often form a non-existent form "met").
The acquired knowledge is consolidated in the course of the exercise.
Indicate the form and transitivity of each verb. Where possible, form passive participles of the past tense, where it is impossible, explain why: quit (s.v., transition) - abandoned; throw (n. v., transition) - not formed; rush (s. v., non-transition.) - does not form.
a) reveal, reveal; decide, decide; deliver, deliver; raise, raise; clear, clear; water, water; sow, sow; turn off, turn off.
b) Repeat, repeat, repeat; meet, meet, meet; name, name, call; return, return, return; walk, proceed; run away, run; to walk, take a walk; occupy, occupy, occupy, occupy.
When forming passive past participles, students most often make mistakes in writing a vowel before the suffix -nn- or incorrectly use the suffix -enn-. It is very important to teach them to distinguish these suffixes. To do this, students must remember that the suffix -nn- is added to the stem of the past tense ending in a, i.
In all other cases, the suffix -enn- is added. Before the suffix -nn-, the same vowel is preserved that was in the past tense verb. It is useful for students to be reminded that the real and passive past participles are formed from the basis of the past tense, to which the participle suffixes are added.
Training can be done on the following material.
1. Form passive past participles with suffixes -nn- and -enn- from these verbs.
Finish, lose, offend, grab, ignite, plow, listen, disturb, offend, illuminate, hear, soothe, ridicule, bake, transform.
2. Form real and passive past participles from verbs.
Cleanse, melt, endure, cherish, open, confuse, decompose, deliver, bite, promise, stitch, tell, destroy, reward, fan, transform.
3. Disassemble the participle data by composition; indicate the verbs from which they are formed.
Crowned with glory, screwed nut, broken chair, broken will, scattered things, abandoned fields, infused herbs, awarded, pumped out of the cellar, pumped out water, weighed goods, hung carpets, kneaded dough, stirred mortar, soldered pipe, boiled with milk, hidden resentment, a game started, peat thrown out of the car, fish rolled in flour.
4. Form passive participles of the past tense and make phrases with them: lose - lost time.
a) Seal, print, possess, limit, sow, feed, distort, learn, spend, retain, cure, wake up, color, multiply, smear.
b) Stitch, break, understand, bend, forget, knock out, weed, fold, hide, remove, unfold, accept, leave, open, deceive, take out.
5. To these verbs, select aspectual pairs and, where possible, form real and passive participles of the past tense: leave - left - left; leave - leaving.
Return, continue, preserve, correct, prohibit, surprise, embitter, lead, explain, clarify, constrain.
After appropriate training, students quite successfully master the spelling of this spelling. However, difficulties arise when it becomes necessary to distinguish the participle from similar forms of the adjective. So, schoolchildren mix up the spelling of the same-root words exchanged (ruble), replaced (detail), exchanged (coin) because they cannot correctly parse them in composition and find the words from which they are formed. Or another example: students consider the word slow to be a participle formed from the verb to delay.
However, the verb to delay is intransitive, and passive participles are not formed from it. This means that slow is an adjective (from it you can form a comparative degree slower, which is typical for quality adjectives), the word slow (step) is a participle, it is formed from the transitive verb of the perfect form to slow down.
Therefore, students should understand that if given word it is impossible to find the verb from which it is formed, so it is an adjective.
If you do not know what the sacrament is, then first of all we advise you to read the article "" on this site.
Valid participles
Real Communion- This is a participle that denotes a sign produced by an object / object. Example: A girl jumping rope. The action is performed by the object "girl" - she jumps over the rope.
Active participles are present and past tense. Let's look at examples:
- The person who writes the news. Writer - actual communion present time. Man writes news this moment. Such participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -usch-, -yushch- (for the first conjugation of verbs) and -ash-, -yash- (for the second conjugation of verbs).
- The man giving the compliment. Made - real past participle. The man has already made a compliment. Such participles are formed from verbs in the past tense using the suffixes -vsh-, -sh-.
Passive participles
Passive Communion- This is a participle that denotes a sign produced on one object or object by the actions of another. Example: a ship built by the villagers. The villagers performed an action on the ship - they built it.
Passive participles are present and past tense. Let's look at examples:
- A chair broken by a student. Breakable - present passive participle. The student performs an action on the chair - breaks it. Such participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -om-, -em- (for verbs of the first conjugation) and -im- (for verbs of the second conjugation).
- Dog beaten by owner. Beaten - passive past participle. The owner performed an action on the dog - he beat her. Such participles are formed from verbs in the past with the help of suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-, -ot-.
