The concept of utterance. Types of statements

statement- a sentence expressing a judgment. If the proposition that constitutes the content (meaning) of a certain statement is true, then this statement is also said to be true. Similarly, a statement is said to be false if it is an expression of a false proposition. Truth and falsity are called logical or truth values ​​of propositions.

The statement must be a declarative sentence. Statements are usually opposed to imperative, interrogative and any other sentences, the assessment of the truth or falsity of which is impossible.

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  The same proposition can be expressed in different languages and in different sign forms within the same language. When a proposition is considered in connection with some particular form of its linguistic expression, it is called an utterance. The term "judgment" is used when abstracted from what exactly its sign form is.

  Types of statements

  Logical statements are usually divided into compound (or complex) and elementary. Compound logical statements are statements containing logical constants. Compound statements are built on the basis of other statements. The logical meaning of a complex statement is determined by the logical meaning of the statements included in it and by those logical constants with which it is built.

  Elementary logical propositions are propositions that are not related to compound ones. An example of an elementary statement is 5 < 7 . An example of a compound logical statement is if 5< 7, то 5 - even number .

  Boolean constants

  Logical constant (logical constant, logical operation) - the name of a term that retains the same value in all statements and does not depend on the specific content of the statement. Logical constants are used to connect simple statements into complex ones. Logical constants are divided into quantifiers and logical unions (bundles). The words: not; it is not true that; and; or; if..., then; if and only if; or either; incompatible; no no; not... but; but and their closest synonyms are logical connectives, words for all...it is the case that; for some... it is the case that and their closest synonyms are quantifiers. Logical constants serve both to express thoughts in everyday reasoning and in scientific evidence.

  • ∀ (\displaystyle \forall )- logical constants all, for everyone ... it is the case that(general quantifier);
  • ∃ (\displaystyle \exists )- logical constants there is one that..., for some... it is the case that(existence quantifier);
  • ∧ (\displaystyle \land ), & (\displaystyle \And )- union and(conjunction);
  • ∨ (\displaystyle\vee )- union or when it appears in a connecting-separating meaning (disjunction);
  • ∨ ˙ (\displaystyle (\dot (\vee ))), ∨ ∨ (\displaystyle \vee \vee )- union or when it appears in a strictly divisive exclusive meaning (disjunction);
  • → (\displaystyle\rightarrow ), ⊃ (\displaystyle \supset )- union if...then(implication);
  • ¬ (\displaystyle \neg )- the words not, wrong(negation).

  Logical conjunctions are part of the propositional logic language, quantifiers have been further introduced into the predicate logic language, which is an extension of the propositional logic language.

  Logical subject and logical predicate

  The logical subject is what is said in the sentence (statement), what the statements or denials contained in the sentences refer to. Logical predicate - information contained in the sentence (statement) about the logical subject.

  The role of logical subjects is played by simple and complex names, the role of logical predicates is played by predicators (or predicates). The latter include properties and relationships. Predicators act as a subject-truth mapping, giving the objects of a certain class an assessment of "true" or "false". In this case, the properties are one-place predictors, characterizing one separate subject, and relations are many-placed, characterizing a pair, triple, etc. items . The statement itself in the case of a multiplace predicator contains several logical subjects.

  Statement forms

  The propositional form (statement form, predicate) is an incomplete logical statement in which one of the objects is replaced by an objective variable. When substituting any value for such a variable, the propositional form turns into a statement. The subject variables in natural language are common names that represent classes of objects and are replaced in formalized languages ​​by special characters. The form is similar to a statement, but it is neither true nor false (indefinitely true), since it is not known what the statement or negation refers to.

  The form of the statement needs to be supplemented, whether the affirmation or negation in the judgment applies to all or not to all objects of the class that represents the given common name. The function of such pointers is performed by explicit or implied quantifiers. It is impossible to evaluate as true or false such a propositional form as Man is fair. The above phrase is similar to the expression y - fair. From the specified form, you can get a statement by replacing the common name with a single one: Ivanov is fair, or by introducing quantifiers: Some people are fair. Statements using quantifiers express plural - general and particular - judgments.

  see also

  Notes

  Literature

  • Brodsky I. N. An elementary introduction to symbolic logic. - Publishing House of the Leningrad University, 1972. - 63 p.
  • Rozental D. E. , Telenkova M. A. Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. - 2nd ed. - M. : Enlightenment, 1976.
  • Great Soviet encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
  • Kondakov N.I. Logic dictionary. - 2nd ed. - M. : Nauka, 1975. - 721 p.
  • Chupakhin I.Ya., Brodsky I.N. formal logic. - Leningrad: Leningrad University Press, 1977. - 357 p.
  • Voishvillo E. K. , Degtyarev M. G. Logics. - M. : VLADOS-PRESS, 2001. - 528 p. - ISBN 5-305-00001-7.
  • Karpenko, A.S. Modern research in philosophical logic // Logical research. - M.: Nauka, 2003. - Issue. 10 . - S. 61-93. - ISBN 5-02-006257-X.
  • New Philosophical Encyclopedia. - M., 2010. - T. 2.

  A grammatically correct declarative sentence, taken together with the meaning it expresses. In logic, several concepts of logic are used, which differ significantly from each other. First of all, this is the concept of descriptive, or descriptive, ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

  In logic, a sentence that can be true or false. See also: Propositional Calculus Financial Dictionary Finam. Statement A statement is a complete thought formed in speech, the meaning of which depends on a specific or ... ... Financial vocabulary

  Suggestion, judgment, statement; remark, tautology, pronunciation, speaking, counterdiction, logos, speech, statement, laying out, saying, outpouring, statement, exposition, discourse, phrase, outpouring, reasoning, sutra, ... ... Synonym dictionary

  STATEMENT, statements, cf. (book). 1. only units Action under ch. express. Expressing your opinion. 2. Expressed judgment, remark, opinion. Collect the statements of the classics of Marxism about language. Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

  A thought expressed by a declarative sentence and which may be true or false; in linguistics, a unit of speech communication, designed according to the laws of a given language ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

  STATEMENT, I, cf. 1. see express, xia. 2. Expressed judgment. Content in. 3. In grammar: any intonation-shaped syntactic unit containing a message, a phrase. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

  STATEMENT- STATEMENT. A unit of speech communication that has a semantic integrity, designed by a certain actual articulation as part of a speech act. V. may coincide with a sentence, but it may also be a message that does not fit into the scheme of a simple ... ... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

  statement- A possible state of entities, about which it can be asserted or denied that such a state takes place. [GOST 34.320 96] Database topics EN proposition … Technical Translator's Handbook

  statement- The utterance is a unit of verbal communication. The need to single out the statement as a linguistic concept is associated with a deepening of the study of the functioning language forms in speech. The statement is defined in relation to the concept of the sentence. ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

  Proposition: A proposition (logic) is a sentence that can be true or false. An utterance (linguistics) is a sentence in a specific speech situation. See also Judgment ... Wikipedia

  statement- I. STATEMENT STATEMENT, pouring out, expression, outpouring, expression EXPRESS / EXPRESS, pour out / pour out, express / express, pour out / pour out, bookish. express / express SPEAK OUT, pour out SPEAK OUT / SPEAK OUT, ... ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

  Books

  • Statement and its correlation with reality. Referential aspects of the semantics of pronouns, Paducheva E.V. This monograph is devoted to the problems of correlating a statement with reality - with specific objects, events and situations real world. The book explores the theory...

  The expression of a particular thought, idea occurs through the formation of sentences. Their core is the thought that needs to be expressed. At the same time, in the Russian language there is the concept of "statement". It is similar to a sentence, but has a slightly different meaning.

  What is a statement

  An utterance is a thought expressed. However, this idea comes from a specific person. That is, the utterance is a repetition of direct speech or directly direct speech.

  Therefore, the statement can be the words of a particular person that he is currently pronouncing or has just said. In addition, the statement may be the words of a person that were spoken a long time ago and have become well known.

  For example, it can be quotes from films, " idioms» famous people. Similar expressions are used to refer to a particular situation. At the same time, they very intelligibly explain the essence of the situation or characterize the attitude of a person towards it.

  Many statements have become aphorisms. As a rule, they very accurately and capaciously express some idea. Therefore, a statement is always a thought and it is always a separate sentence.

  A humorous connotation is also possible. After all, a statement is the words that were once uttered by a person regarding a particular situation or event.

  What is the difference between a sentence and a sentence

  Every sentence is a sentence, but not every sentence is a sentence. The validity of this statement can be substantiated as follows:

  • A sentence can only include one word. Such a word is used in a general context and emphasizes a single thought that the author expresses in the text. Meanwhile, a statement is several words connected by a single thought. Statements from one word do not exist;
  • The proposal may be introductory. By itself, it does not express a separate thought. But the statement necessarily expresses an idea or a thought;
  • A sentence can only consist of someone's statement. This is enough to express the essence of the text.

  Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

  statement

  sayings, cf. (book).

  only ed. Action on verb. express. Expressing your opinion.

  Expressed judgment, remark, opinion. Collect the statements of the classics of Marxism about language.

  Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

  New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

  Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

  statement

  a thought expressed by a declarative sentence and which can be true or false; in linguistics - a unit of speech communication, designed according to the laws of a given language.

  statement

  a declarative sentence considered together with its content (meaning) as true or false. V. understood in this way are usually opposed to imperative, interrogative, and, in general, any sentences, the assessment of the truth or falsity of which is impossible. Examples of V.: “Moscow is the capital”, “5 is less than 3 and more than 2”, “All engineers studied the strength of materials”. Of these V., the first and third are true, and the second is false. "True" and "false" are called the truth values ​​of V. (or the values ​​of its truth). By definition, any V. has grammatical and logical aspects. The grammatical aspect of V. is expressed by a declarative sentence (simple or complex), while the logical aspect is expressed by its meaning and truth value. V., differing as grammatical sentences (for example, belonging to different languages), can express the same idea. This idea, common to grammatically different V., is called the content, or meaning, V.; often it is also called judgment. However, the terminology related to V. has not been established, and the terms "V.", "sentence", "judgment" are sometimes used as synonyms or assigned meanings that differ from those described above.

  In connection with language practice, there are various ways use of V. It is said that V. is used in the affirmative if it is used for the purpose of asserting the truth of the thought expressed in it. The affirmative use of V. is their most frequent use: when expressing their thoughts, people usually claim their truth. (In logic, in order to distinguish B. as a sentence, which can be either true or false, from the truth statement of B., in some cases a special sign is used; ═A means the statement of A's statement.) In the case when the truth of the content of B. . is not affirmed, they speak of the non-affirmative use of V. (for example, in class dictation, V. is used non-affirmatively). One of the ways of non-affirmative use of V. is their indirect use. It aims not to affirm the truth of thought, but only to convey the content of B. This is exactly how, for example, V. used “the orbits of the planets are in the form of a circle” in the composition of V. “Kepler believed that the orbits of the planets are in the form of a circle.” In asserting the latter, we do not at all want to say that it is true that the orbits of the planets are in the form of a circle, but only to report what V. Kepler claimed; this V. itself can be both true and false (the latter actually takes place). From various kinds the use of V. should be distinguished by their mention (citation).

  In logic, one deals with V. mainly in the application of logical calculus in any particular area of ​​objects. In the formulas of the so-called "pure" logical calculi themselves, V. variables and V. forms (propositional forms) mainly appear. Variable V. is not V. in the true sense, but a variable for V., i.e., a variable, in place of which specific (“constant”) V. (of a given type) or their names can be substituted. The form V. ≈ is an expression containing variables (in particular, perhaps, variables for V.) and turning into V. after substituting any values ​​≈ from the corresponding admissible ranges of values ​​≈ instead of all the variables included in it. For example, the form of V. is the formula x + y > 2 (x, y ≈ variables that take values, for example, from the region of real numbers; for x = 1, y = 2, this formula turns into true V. 1 + 2 > 2) .

  Lit .: Tarsky A., Introduction to the logic and methodology of deductive sciences, trans. from English, M., 1948; Church A., Introduction to mathematical logic, trans. from English, vol. 1, M., 1960.

  B.V. Biryukov.

  In linguistics, language is a unit of linguistic communication. Segmentation of linguistic material according to intonational and semantic features allows us to distinguish communicative units of speech, sometimes called phrases. Segmentation of linguistic material according to formal features makes it possible to single out syntactic units language, often called sentences (there are other correlative pairs of terms). A sentence and a phrase are units of the same (commutative) level, but belong to different aspects of the linguistic material. V. as a real unit of communication is a synthesis of correlative units of language and speech - sentences and phrases. In modern linguistics, there are other interpretations of the concept of "B.".

  Lit .: Vannikov Yu. V., Statement as a synthetic unit, in the book: Questions of grammar and word formation, M., 1968; Hausenblas K., On the characterization and classification of discourses, "Travaux linguistiques de Prague", 1966, ╧ 1.

  Yu. V. Vannikov.

  Wikipedia

  Proposition (logic)

  statement- a sentence expressing a judgment. If the proposition that constitutes the content of some statement is true, then this statement is also said to be true. Similarly, a statement is said to be false if it is an expression of a false proposition. Truth and falsity are called logical or truth-values ​​of propositions.

  The statement must be a declarative sentence. Statements are usually opposed to imperative, interrogative and any other sentences, the assessment of the truth or falsity of which is impossible.

  statement

  statement:

  • A proposition is, in logic, a sentence that can be true or false.
  • Statement - in linguistics, a sentence in a specific speech situation.

  Examples of the use of the word statement in the literature.

  Graves was silent for so long that Eisenberg felt embarrassed at the excessive pathos of his statements.

  And this is his statement clearly shows that by the names of the diseases that allopaths operate with, they mean only the gross outward manifestations of a disorder of the vital force.

  Not prone to software statements, Annensky in his social aspirations is extremely close to the position expressed by P.

  This action was carried out despite the fact that Igor Dobrovolsky was well acquainted with all statements Sergei Prokofiev and Christian Lazarides about the many glaring contradictions, both in the worldview of Tomberg himself, and in the worldview of this Dutch anthroposophist - Harry Zalman.

  And Fantasia, Trio, and many other instrumental and vocal pieces by Arensky, not being very deep in their emotional and intellectual content, not distinguished by innovation, at the same time attract with the sincerity of the lyrical - often elegiac - statements, generous melody.

  Why the disengagement is being carried out is also clear: this is done in order to deprive the philosophical discourse of its inherent atonality, the polemical sharpness of some statements against others.

  After all these years of carefully censoring my own statements, Bergen felt satisfied when he said these words, speaking truthfully and without diplomatic embellishments.

  These statements Charlotte Bronte, as well as the satirical images of English priests she created, show how false are the statements of some bourgeois literary critics who claim that the main source of her work is.

  Mr. Booby's imposing advice to Joseph, and Fanny's meeting with the seducer Habit, my good reader, has such power over the human mind that no statements about it should not seem too strange or too strong.

  What is in a simple peering expression statements may be absent, does not give the right to deny this simple vision any articulate interpretation and thus as-structure.

  Wittgenstein gave the first formulation of the verification requirement as a criterion for the meaningfulness of scientific statements.

  The texts of telegrams, notes and statements Rasputin are partly taken from documents discovered after February 1917 in the files of close associates of the guy, including Goremykin, Stürmer and Voeikov, partly from the correspondence of the Romanovs, memoirs and records of contemporaries.

  Only in this way can this being in itself be capable of binding every possible statement, T.

  Every originally learned phenomenological concept and position as communicated statements subject to the possibility of degeneration.

  However, the memoirs of Alexander Pavlovich coincide with statements Chekhov himself, both in letters and in his stories to his contemporaries.

  a derivative form of the implementation of the interpretation, “reporting defining indication”. Being derivative, the statement modifies the interpretation. improvised tool becomes the object of utterance, the “with-what” of having something to do becomes the “about-what” of utterance, in handyness a cash is revealed that obscures handyness. If in interpretation the structure of references encompasses the entire world integrity, then in the statement it is limited to what is immediately available to be seen.

  Great Definition

  Incomplete definition ↓

  STATEMENT

  a term of modern logic, usually used in the sense of a sentence (a certain language - natural or artificial), considered in connection with certain assessments of its truth (true, false) or modality (probably, perhaps, impossible, necessary, etc.). Examples of V. can be: "Mathematics is science", "Moscow is a big city and the capital of the USSR", "5 > 3". One V. may be part of another; V., including others. V., called. complex. Any V. expresses a certain thought, which is its content and is called the meaning of V., and its truth or falsity is a truth value [or truth value, see Truth, Meaning (in mathematical logic and semantics)]. With this understanding, the concept of "B." refers to logical semantics. A sentence as a syntactic formation, considered only in form, regardless of the meaning and assessments of truth or modality, called. often grammatical sentence . V., belonging to different languages ​​and even the same language, can express the same thought. If sentences that have the same meaning, but differ as syntactic formations, are considered as the same V., then they are often called judgments. However, it should be borne in mind that the words "V.", "proposal", "judgment" are sometimes used simply as synonyms or they are assigned meanings different from those given above. A number of discussions are connected with the distinction between the concepts of "V.", "sentence" and "judgment" (similar to the one drawn above) in modern logical and philosophical literature, especially between representatives of modern nominalism and their opponents. A distinction is made between affirmative and non-affirmative use of B. The statement is used affirmatively if the purpose of its use is to express a true thought. Expressing their thoughts, people usually claim their truth. But B. can be used simply as a syntax. expression. This happens, for example, during a dictation; dictated by V. do not lose their meaning. character, but the dictator does not at all assert (and the writers do not perceive) them as true. Such use of V. is not affirmative. When constructing a logical calculus, it may be expedient to distinguish V. as a sentence, which can be true or false, from the statement of the truth of V. This was first noticed by Frege, who proposed putting the sign |– before the asserted V.. If U is a k.-l. V., then | - U means the assertion of its truth. One of the ways to use V. is their indirect use. It aims not at asserting the truth, but only at conveying the thought contained in B. This is exactly how, for example, V. uses "the orbits of the planets are in the form of a circle" in the composition of the complex V.: "Kepler believed that the orbits of the planets are in the form of a circle." In asserting this complex V., we do not at all want to say that it is true that the orbits of the planets have the indicated form, but only to report what thought Kepler expressed; this thought itself can be both true and false (the latter actually takes place). It is necessary to distinguish them from various types of use of V. in mentioning (quoting). The mention of V. is intended to communicate its exact text (and only through this message to express the thought contained in it). Therefore, the mentioned V. (to-rye are usually part of other V.) are distinguished using certain means, for example. using quotation marks. The indirect use of V. is not found in the most common logical. calculations, because his assumption leads to means. difficulties (see Extensional and Non-Extensional Languages). In mathematical logic, the mention of V., as a rule, is made with the help of special. signs denoting V. (usually letters of the k.-l. alphabet, see Signs). The indirect use of linguistic expressions was first studied by Frege; he explained the logic. the role of quotation marks and signs for V. In natural. languages ​​score V. with t. sp. the truth often depends on who, when and where applied this V. The expression of this dependence is the indicator words included in V.: "I", "you", "now", "there", etc.; The meaning of these words varies depending on the situation. When building art. languages ​​- interpreted calculus mat. logic or intermediary languages ​​when translating from one natural language to another (see Formalized languages, Mathematical Linguistics) - are abstracted from the dependence of V.'s assessment on the indicated circumstances, i.e. exclude from consideration the pragmatics of language (see also Semiotics), which makes it possible to make the concept of "B." more precise. When constructing the most elementary logical calculus, the two-valued calculus of propositions (see Calculus of propositions), they proceed only from the division of V. into components of V. Te V., which are not subjected to further division into components of V., called. elementary. Of these, with the help of logic. conjunctions ("and", "or", "if...then", etc.) complex sentences are composed. education). The basis of the analysis of V. (including elementary) mathematical. logic puts the concept of a predicate, or logical. functions, i.e. functions, to-paradise to each subject of the considered area of ​​subjects refers either true or false. Logic functions - this is what is in the logical. calculus usually corresponds to the concepts of meaningful human thinking (see Concept). For example, logical a function that assigns true to each of the numbers 1 and 2, and false to each of the numbers 3, 4, 5, ..., corresponds to the concept of "be less than 3" (the field of objects is positive integers). Expressions representing in the language of logical. functions, in themselves are neither true nor false, i.e. are not V. Such expressions contain variables (see Variable) and turn into V. when substituting the names of objects from the given area (see Name) instead. Such, for example, is the expression "x Lit.: Zhegalkin II, On the technique of calculating sentences in symbolic logic, "Mat. Sat. ", 1927, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 9–26; his own, Arithmetization of Symbolic Logic, ibid. 1928, vol. 35, no. 3–4, pp. 311–69; Hilbert D. and Ackerman V., Fundamentals of Theoretical Logic, translated from German, ed., introductory article and comments by S. A. Yanovskaya, M., 1947; Tarsky A., Introduction to the logic and methodology of deductive sciences, translated from English. , M., 1948, pp. 31–106; Novikov P. S., Elements of Mathematical Logic, M., 1959, ch. 1–2; Frege G., Funktion und Begriff, Jena, 1891; his own, ?ber Sinn und Bedeutung, "Z. Philos, und philosophische Kritik", Lpz., 1892, Bd 100, H. l, S. 25-50; his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, begriffschriftlich abgeleitet, Bd l, Jena, 1893, S. 5-10; Stegm? ller W., Das Wahrheitsproblem und die Idea der Semantik, W., 1957; Church A., Introduction to mathematical logic, v. 1, Princeton, 1956 (see Introduction). B. Biryukov. Moscow.