Which words are common nouns. "general nouns"
Among the nouns ending in -а (-я), there are nouns with the meaning of a person, which can be assigned either to the masculine or to the feminine, depending on gender: This master is a talented self-taught and This weaver is a talented self-taught. Such nouns belong to the so-called common gender. However, as an independent grammatical meaning meaning generic does not stand out. The gender of these nouns is determined depending on the specific use of them in speech. So, if words of the general gender are used to refer to males, they act as a masculine noun: He is such a fidget, this restless boy, ”the mother complained. If words of the general gender are used to refer to females, then they act as feminine nouns: What a naughty one you are! There is an alternative point of view - to consider that in the Russian language there are two egoza lexemes. The first lexeme is masculine, the second is feminine.
Common nouns include:
- nouns with the meaning of a person in -а (-я): grump, bully, fidget, ignoramus, touchy, miser, disheveled - most of these words serve as a means of expressive characterization;
- some borrowed nouns that characterize persons: vis-a-vis, protégés;
- proper names that call people (unofficial version): Valya, Zhenya, Sasha;
- foreign and Slavic surnames ending in a vowel: Morua, Hugo, Prokhorenko, Sidorenko;
- Slavic surnames ending in -s/ih: Sizykh, Dolgikh.
Many of these names do not have parallel feminine forms at all: associate professor, teacher, agronomist, foreman, candidate of science, etc. Some of them have a parallel feminine education, but are used to refer to the wife of a person of the corresponding profession or rank: professor, director, colonel etc. The same parallel formations can denote a female person by profession and occupation (although they are more often used with a contemptuous connotation). They are used only in colloquial, sometimes colloquial, styles of speech, cf .: doctor, doctor, agronomist, conductor, cashier, librarian, etc.
A few words denoting a profession have only feminine forms: manicurist, typist (working on a typewriter), ballerina. There are no masculine correlative words for these nouns. Instead of the words typist, ballerina, milkmaid, descriptive phrases are used to refer to males: an employee typing on a typewriter; ballet dancer; master machine milking etc.
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Target:
- give an idea of common nouns.
Tasks:
educational:
- to form in students the skills of finding common nouns, the ability to find such words in a sentence, in a text.
developing:
- develop the ability to independently acquire knowledge; develop curiosity, intelligence, attentiveness, spelling vigilance; develop cognitive and Creative skills through a variety of activities.
educational:
- arouse cognitive interest in the lessons of the Russian language and surrounding phenomena; cultivate diligence, responsibility, honesty.
Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, presentation, route sheets, handouts.
Lesson type: learning lesson.
Forms of organization learning activities students: individual, group, collective.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
Hello guys! Today our lesson is different. And it is unusual not only because there are guests in the class, but also because now we are going to visit you. And to whom and where we will find out a little later, having completed one small task and consolidating our knowledge about the noun. Now turn to your desk mate, look at each other, smile, and let your good mood last until the end of the lesson. Let's get started!
II. Checking homework:
1. Letter dictation.
Exercise: answer the question to yourself, write only the first letter of the answer in the line.
1. Find a feminine noun in the sentence:
A star lit up in the dark sky.
2. Is the country a proper name or a common noun?
3. Find in the sentence a noun of 2 declensions:
Goldfish live in my aquarium.
4. What is the case that answers the questions who? what?
5. Find in the offer animated name noun.
From the window of my apartment, I watched the cat.
6. Words that are opposite in meaning.
III. Knowledge update.
- What word did you get?
I hope that all of you will work well in the lesson today, show your knowledge, acquire new ones, and at the end of the lesson I will be able to call everyone ZNAIKA.
- What is its lexical meaning?
- What is the antonym for this word? (Dunno)
- Have you already met this character? (Dunno is a literary character described as a representative of a tribe of little short men, the hero of Nikolai Nosov's trilogy dedicated to his adventures)
- You probably already guessed who we are going to visit? (to Dunno in the Flower City)
- Right! Let's get to know this character better and complete morphological analysis words UNKNOWN.
1. Part of speech - noun (denotes an object and answers the question who?).
2. The initial form (im. p., singular) - Dunno.
Permanent morphological features:
a) own or common noun;
b) animated or inanimate;
c) 1 declination;
d) gender (?)
- Is this noun always masculine?
For example: My friend is such a dunce!
- What kind of word, if it applies to both a boy and a girl? And the question of what gender the word DON'T KNOW belongs to, we will answer at the end of the lesson.
- So what are we going to talk about in class today?
- What do you think our goals will be in the lesson? (to get acquainted with the grammatical features of nouns that can denote a person both female and male)
IV. Learning new material.
1. Teacher's explanation.
In Russian, there are a number of nouns in -a, -ya, which can name both females and males. Such words are common nouns.
- Look at 2 phrases. What do they have in common? What is their difference?
- horrible slob
- horrible slob
Adjectives with such nouns agree in both feminine and masculine.
Nouns of the general gender have an evaluative meaning, an emotional coloring: a positive, more often a negative characteristic.
- Give examples of emotionally charged words with positive characteristic(clever), with a negative characteristic (non-smart).
2. Revealing perception. Dictionary work(work in pairs).
Here we are with you and ended up in the Flower City. Znayka again arranges experiments, he accidentally turned on his weightlessness device. Because of this, the words and their lexical meanings are confused.
Exercise: connect words with their lexical meaning.
| Podliza | untidy, dirty person. |
miserable (unfortunate) person. |
|
restless person (usually about a child). |
|
Dirty |
pampered person. |
an awkward person who does everything absent-mindedly and badly. |
|
Fidget |
one who sucks up to someone. |
one who talks nonsense, nonsense. |
|
insatiable, gluttonous person. |
|
Goremyka |
very cunning person. |
idler |
one who cries a lot and often. |
V. Consolidation of the studied material.
1. Working with text.
Guys! The school received a letter from the Flower City from Chamomile.
Exercise: Read the text. Underline the nouns of the general gender, determine their gender.
- What words did you get? Can you identify the gender of these words?
2. Vocabulary work.
- What word are you unfamiliar with? What is the meaning of the word ignorant? Where can we see the interpretation of the word, its lexical meaning?
Let's turn to explanatory dictionary Russian language S.I. Ozhegov.
Ignorant - a rude, ill-mannered person.
(The ignoramuses judge exactly like this:
What they don’t understand, then everything is a trifle with them. ("The Rooster and the Pearl Seed")
- There is another word - ignoramus. What is its lexical meaning?
An ignoramus is a poorly educated, ignorant person.
(The ignoramus is also in blindness
Defends science and learning,
And all scholarly works
Not feeling that he is eating their fruits. ("The Pig Under the Oak")
- What do you think, are the words Ignorant and Ignorant synonyms? Why?
- What are the names of words that are similar in spelling, sound and pronunciation, but different in lexical meaning? (Paronyms).
- Make up a sentence with one of these words.
- Let's return to our text. Let's pay attention to the words teacher and candidate. What genus do they belong to? Why?
3. Work with the textbook. Reading the rule (p. 146). Discussion.
- What gender do the words TEACHER and CANDIDATE belong to? How did you find out? ( Decided become a teacher, PhD chamomile.)
Fizminutka
We worked, we were tired.
Now, hard workers, stand up together!
To make it all right
We need to recharge.
Clever and well done
Stretch from the heart!
Who is not reputed to be ignorant,
You turn right.
Turn all to the left
"Young people!" - I will say boldly.
Sony raised their hands up
They waved their right hand.
Who among us is not a boaster,
Then wave your left hand.
Cleaners clapped their hands,
The know-it-alls stamped their feet.
Now bent, unbent,
And they smiled at each other.
It doesn't matter who is right-handed, left-handed,
Take your seats.
4. Game "Guess the word".
A) Guys! The artist Tubik from the Flower City needs our help: he has painted several paintings, but he can’t think of a name for them. Are you ready to help him?
Exercise: Match the illustrations with common nouns.
(Dirty, sweet tooth, crybaby, sleepyhead, wimp.)
B) Well done! You helped Tube with the title of his paintings. I think that we will definitely cope with the task that the musician Guslya came up with.
Guslya picked up songs for us in which there are nouns of a common gender.
Task: listen to excerpts from the songs and write out common nouns from them.
(1. They tell me that I am a greedy ... from the cartoon "Once upon a time there was a princess";
2. Children are not afraid of dirt ... from the cartoon "Once upon a time there was a princess";
3. Song of friends from the cartoon “We are going, we are going, we are going to distant lands;
4. The song "Why-why-why";
5. Song of Dyudyuka of Barbidokskaya;
6. The song "The radiant sun loves to ride.")
(Cossacks, greedy, dirty, bully, why, bad, picky, mean, sneak, wretch.)
5. "Try, compose!" (group work)
Guys! Do you know that Dunno tried to compose poetry, but he failed. Therefore, he invited us to compose, and even came up with rhymes for us.
Exercise: compose a couplet (quatrain) to the given rhymes, in which there are nouns of a common gender.
For example: I am a poet, my name is Dunno.
From me to you a balalaika. (from N. Nosov's story "The Adventures of Dunno and His Friends")
| 1 team: | 2 team: |
3 team |
Shorty |
hasty |
upstart |
monkey |
tassel |
VI. Summary of the lesson.
Here we stayed with you in the Flower City, met with many of its inhabitants. It's time to go home and sum up our lesson.
- What was the purpose of the lesson? Have we achieved it?
- To what gender does the noun NON-KNOWN belong?
Graphic dictation.
Now you are waiting for the last independent task. On your guest sheets at the very bottom there is a plate consisting of 10 cells. I will read questions to you.
Exercise: mark in the cell "+" if you agree with the question, and if not, mark "-".
1. General nouns denote the qualities of people.
2. Common nouns are more often used in colloquial speech.
3. Nouns of the general gender have an estimated value, an emotional coloring.
4. Adjectives with common nouns agree in both feminine and masculine.
– 5. The words teacher, doctor, director are common nouns.
6. The words egoza, yula, fidget are synonyms.
7. Nouns that call people by profession, position, occupation are masculine.
- 8. The word well done refers to the masculine gender.
9. Most common nouns end in -а (-я).
10. The words Ignorant and Ignorant are paronyms.
Good! Raise your hands those who have more pluses than minuses in their answers. And now those who have more minuses than pluses. Of course, I will still check your work, but those students who have more “+” in their answers have mastered the topic of the lesson and can rightfully be called KNOWLEDGE. And those students who have less "+" are still DON'T KNOW. But I am sure that you will improve by the next lesson.
VII. Reflection. Self-assessment by students of activities in the lesson.
Raise 2 hands those who liked the lesson; 1 hand - who liked the lesson, but something remained incomprehensible; stand up, who did not like the lesson, but the topic remained incomprehensible.
Thank you for the lesson!
Homework:
( Pupils receive different levels of homework)
- Level 1 ("mandatory") - exercise 279, learn the rules on pages 146-147.
- Level 2 (“conceptual”) - solve the crossword puzzle “Nouns of a common gender”.
- Level 3 ("creative") - write a story using common nouns (optional).
I have compiled a list of Russian words of the common gender, which I remember. These words (nouns ending on -a/-ya) can denote both masculine and feminine human beings. Your additions and corrections are welcome!
I undertook to remember Russian words of a common gender. These are nouns with the endings -a (ya), which serve as the names of both male and female persons (little crybaby - little crybaby, such a wretch - such a wretch). As a rule, these words have an expressive connotation (often disapproving) and are used in colloquial speech.
I have such a list. To help learners of Russian as a foreign language (RFL), I have accompanied them with definitions.
Additions and corrections are welcome! When borrowing material, please provide a link.
white hand- who is not accustomed to dirty work
big man- a tall man (see tall man)
thief- notorious, inveterate thief
vermin- who harms everyone, an unfriendly, unpleasant type (expletive)
reptile – ugly person(expletive)
upstart- a person who intervenes first before others in something, in order to earn approval, to curry favor with someone; a person who has not rightfully taken some sth. position, position
dirty- who does not keep himself or his house clean (cf. clean)
fool- fool
tall- a tall, lanky person
fidget- a mobile, restless person (more often about women, approvingly)
greedy (greedy-beef)- greedy person
infection- scoundrel, scoundrel (expletive word)
bully, bully- a pugnacious person who offends the weak
ringleader– active, enterprising person, the soul of the company
arrogant- who has a high opinion of himself, considers himself the smartest
sleeping- dormouse (see)
stutterer- a person who stutters (neutral word)
nerd- boring, boring person
sang- a singer who starts singing, picked up by the choir; (trans.) initiator, initiator
vicious- an angry person or someone who is constantly angry at everyone
cripple- a person who has lost any part of the body or the ability to own it, crippled, disabled (neutral word)
colleague- workmate, person of the same profession (neutral word)
antics- who grimace, behave pretentiously and coyly
revelry- who spends money in restaurants
gourmet– who loves sweets and delicacies
lefty- a person who uses his left hand better than his right (cf. right-handed) (neutral word). "Lefty" - a story by Nikolai Leskov (1881)
couch potato- a lazy person, a loafer who loves to lie, wallow (cf. sleepyhead)
liar- petty liar, liar
cutie, cutie- nice, likable, likable person
mymra- a dull and gloomy person.
klutz- impractical person
touchy- too sensitive person
dropout- who failed. “The half-educated magician” - song by A. Pugacheva (cf. self-taught)
fidget – active person, who loves to travel, he can not sit still
slut- dirty (see)
sad sack- someone who can do little, an armless person
nurse- crybaby (see)
glutton- who eats a lot, overeats
scribbler- who writes bad, deceitful texts, corrupt journalist
lick- flatterer (from the verb "suck up")
crybaby- who often cries (see roar)
why curious person (usually a child) who asks a lot of questions
right-handed- person who owns right hand better than right, unlike left-handed (see) (neutral word)
dupe- naive, gullible person, "loh"
drunkard- drinking too much alcoholic beverages (neutral word)
hard worker- who works hard (praise), a simple person "of the people"
rift, rift- Distracted, inattentive person. Comedy French films: Le Corniaud and Inspecteur la Bavure
confused (confused, Masha-confused)- who often lose things
muddler- disorganized person
roar- crybaby
self-taught who studied on their own without attending schools(neutral word)
an orphan- a child left without parents (neutral word)
sweet tooth- who likes sweets
dormouse- loves to sleep longer
dude– fan of Western fashion (in the 1950s)
quiet girl- a quiet, timid person
smart girl- smart, intelligent person (praise)
hanyga- beggar, drunkard
grabber- selfish acquirer (from the word "grab")
cunning- cunning
skinny- emaciated, frail person
neat- who cares too much about cleanliness
sneak- who sneaks, denounces (usually about children)
In my opinion, the following words are the most frequent and useful for memorizing RFL students: upstart, stutterer, bore, greedy, cripple, colleague, left-handed (right-handed), slob, glutton, crybaby, drunkard, hard worker, slob, self-taught, orphan, clever , grabber, sneak.
Funny riddle verses(from here). Slutty, slob, greedy?
In the house - dirt, black shirt
And his name is...
Nothing in the world
Petya will not share with you:
Not a cheesecake, not a toy,
Not a funny animal...
And the children shout to the boy:
"Oh and ... you, Petya!"
All year round we have losses:
Calendar - this week
Last month - ticket
This is the book and package.
The whole family is innocent
After all... it's me!
Common nouns also include invariable surnames (Makarenko, Hugo, etc.) and colloquial forms of some proper names (Sasha, Valya, Zhenya).
Words that name a person by profession, occupation (doctor, professor, architect, author, etc.) do not belong to common nouns. They are masculine nouns.
Therefore, the following words in -а (-я), apparently, should be considered masculine words:
bombed- illegal taxi driver ("bomb" - to engage in private transportation without registration)
bully- burglar thief; participant in the pogrom
threw- a swindler (cf. neologisms "throw", "scammer")
changed- who changes money, exchanges one currency for another
Words denoting feminine objects in the main meaning retain the feminine gender in a figurative meaning:
star- well-known, popular person
black grouse- a slow person (sleepy, lazy etc.). deaf t.- about a person who has not heard something or a deaf, hard of hearing person (disapprovingly)
bump (bump out of the blue)- an important, influential person (ironic)
UPD. Thanks to Gunnel Salminen for the addition (left-handed, right-handed, colleague, cripple)
Common gender
A special place is occupied by words with the ending -a, expressing the assessment attached to masculine and feminine persons; they change their gender depending on whether they refer to a man or a woman in each specific case, for example: Petya is a great clever girl, Masha is a great clever girl. Such words are not exactly called words of the general gender. These include: bully, touchy, crybaby, white-handed, dirty, sissy, hard worker, unfortunate, hasty, gourmet, fidget, etc. “Ten years before the events described, Uncle Maxim was known for being the most dangerous bully not only in the vicinity of his estate, but even in Kiev on "Contracts"".
Common nouns do not include the above names of persons by age, family social status with the ending -a: young man, headman, uncle, always remaining masculine words, also evaluative words that do not have an ending -a: darling, bumpkin, lazybones, scoundrel, rascal, slobber general rule belonging to the masculine.
Beloshapkova V.A., Bryzgunova E.A. and others in the textbook "Modern Russian Language" refer to nouns of the general gender words that were previously masculine: doctor, doctor, director, secretary, surgeon, agronomist, etc. Moreover, denoting females, these nouns are easily combined with past tense feminine forms of verbs: the doctor came, the director said, and also easily change with the pronoun - the noun she. Thus, words like director, doctor, engineer are no longer masculine words, but they have not yet become common gender words. After all, they can be combined with adjectives in the masculine form (good, respected, etc.) and cannot be combined with adjectives in the feminine form (in Russian, you cannot say “good doctor” or “respected director” even when designating female persons gender). This is a kind of only "candidates" for the words of the general gender.
The latest changes in the structure of the gender of nouns are associated with the living conditions of people - the active participation of women in industrial and social life, the development of "male" professions. The language had masculine nouns to designate these professions and positions. A contradiction arose between the phenomena of life and the means of language. However, it can hardly be assumed that the full inclusion in the general gender of words like director, and even more so phrases like good doctor (genitive case) or respected secretary ( dative) will happen soon.
Paired gender
The three traditional genders do not reflect the properties of all Russian nouns, even those considered in the nominative singular form. We are talking about nouns that name objects that are unique, specific, related to the idea of counting, but do not have formal means for expressing the uniqueness of plurality: trousers, scales, scissors, glasses, sledges, abacus, watches, tongs, etc. It is clear that nouns of this type, being from the point of view of content the usual words of the Russian language, cannot be attributed to either the masculine, or the middle, or the feminine. These nouns in Russian represent a special gender. Their genus is called paired, because they denote objects consisting of two parts (glasses, sledges, scissors, trousers, gates). Among the nouns of the paired gender there are no such that denote animate objects. Therefore, adjectives, participles, verbs in the past tense that agree with these nouns or pronouns that replace these nouns completely coincide with the corresponding agreed word forms associated with plural forms inanimate nouns masculine, feminine and neuter. However, this point of view is purely formal. Considering the meaning of nouns of the paired gender, it is necessary to recognize that they, as well as the word forms that are consistent with them, have homonymy of numbers. The allocation of paired gender is also dictated by the fact that grammatical categories should cover the entire vocabulary united by the concept of "part of speech".
Beloshapkova V.A., Bryzgunova E.A. and others in the textbook "Modern Russian Language" defined a clear system of childbirth. “In the Russian language there is a system of four genders, three of which are divided into animate and inanimate varieties. This system can be represented as seven matching classes: I - male inanimate (factory), II - male animate (boy), III - female inanimate (factory), IV - female animate (girl), V - middle inanimate (field) , VI - medium animate (insect), VII - paired (trousers). It can be argued that there are no nouns in the Russian language that could not be assigned to one of the seven concordant classes.
But in Russian there are nouns that can be simultaneously attributed to several concordant classes. These nouns of "crossed" concordant classes (according to the terminology of Zaliznyak A.A.) can be of two types:
1. Nouns denoting substances, materials that have a collective meaning, naming abstract actions, processes, states, games, geographical points - nouns whose lexical meaning is not related to the expression of the idea of quantity. These singular nouns are feminine or neuter, do not have the differences in agreement due to animateness and inanimateness, and therefore can be considered as belonging simultaneously to III and IV (youth) or V and VI (students) classes. The plural words of this group can be considered as belonging simultaneously to classes I, III, V and VII (spirits).
2. Nouns that can have two gender meanings - male and female: ignorant, bully, soy. If given word characterizes a female person (Masha was a terrible ignoramus), the word refers to the feminine gender; if the person is male (Petya was an unimaginable bully), the word refers to the masculine gender. Such nouns are called generic nouns.
The noun is one of the most frequently used parts of speech. Moreover, such words have a gender, of which there are three in Russian: male (dog, house, bow, father), female (goat, cat, room, pear) or middle (village, sky, cooking, distance). The gender category refers to the number of constant features of a given part of speech. However, there are a number of exceptions. We offer you to get acquainted with examples of common nouns.
What is a genus
- This is a permanent sign. So, if the number and case can change (for example, the words “cat” - singular and “cats” - plural), then the gender always remains the same. No matter how many cats we are talking about, this word is always feminine.
- In plural nouns do not have this category. In this case, if a definition is necessary, the word should be put in singular. h.
- Words that are not used in the singular (scissors, stretcher) have no gender.
How to determine
The easiest way to determine gender is by substituting pronouns. This is taught in school. For instance:
- Table, house, closet, chair - he is mine.
- Dog, door, skirt, geranium - she's mine.
- Butter, milk, plant, composition - it's mine.
Sometimes, over time, a word can change its gender, for example, the word "swan" was previously feminine, but now it is masculine.
Common gender
Let's get acquainted with examples of common nouns and consider what it is. There are a number of words that can be used in relation to a being of any gender:
- Slut.
- Muddler.
- Crybaby.
- Yabed.
- Quiet.
- Nerd.
From the context it becomes clear what kind in question. For instance:
- Tanya was a terrible crybaby and always solved the problem with tears.
- Egor was a terrible crybaby and always solved the problem with tears.
The word "crybaby" is an example of a common noun.
Examples
There are a lot of words that fit into the category of "general nouns". Here are some examples of phrases:
- Poor dog - poor Olga.
- All-knowing Maxim - all-knowing Katerina.
- Podliza (boy, girl).
- Dirty (Vanya, Anya).
- Glutton (cat, dog).
These are common words. Most often they have a pronounced emotional coloring, express the attitude of the speaker to the subject described by him.
Here are examples of sentences with common nouns:
- The baby son constantly asked a lot of questions.
- Pochemuchka Julia often baffled her parents.
- Simpleton Kirill got into ridiculous situations so often that they were already tired of laughing at him.
- This man went down in history as a regicide.
It can be seen from the examples that in their form such words resemble feminine nouns, this is indicated by the endings -a / ya, however, when combined, it is necessary to take into account what kind of word they depend on.
First example
Hard worker Petrov received the award. The word of the general gender "hard worker" characterizes a man, therefore it also applies to noun. male. The agreed definition should be chosen appropriate: "conscientious, executive hard worker."
Another example
Self-taught Aksenova has achieved significant success in scientific activity. Here "self-taught" describes a woman, so the word should be assigned to the feminine gender, the agreed definition would be: "talented, intelligent, hard-working self-taught."
Examples from texts
Here are examples of nouns of the general gender from Krylov's work "Elephant and Pug":
So crowds of onlookers followed the Elephant.
I can get into big trouble.
There are two words of the general gender here - "onlooker", "bully"; both first declension, plural.
In the fable "The Cat and the Cook" there is another example of a generic noun:
Oh you glutton! ah villain! -
Here the cook reproaches Vaska.
The word "glutton" of the general gender is used here.
Another example is from the Mirror and the Monkey fable:
Of my gossips, there are five or six such wimps.
And again we have an example of a generic noun.
How not to make a mistake
Often, without context, it becomes difficult to identify the gender of a common noun. For example:
- Well, you are an upstart!
- You are a loner, you do not know how to work in a team.
words mean qualitative characteristic person, but do not give an indication of his gender. If we supplement the examples with supporting words, the meaning will become clear:
- Well, you're an upstart, Misha!
- Katya, you are a loner, you do not know how to work in a team.
Thanks to the supporting words, we understand that in the first example the word "upstart" refers to a boy, therefore it is a masculine noun, and in the second - to a girl, therefore its gender is feminine.
Words of the general gender should be assigned to the masculine gender when they designate a male person, or to the feminine when they designate a female person.
Common Mistake
Often, schoolchildren can mistakenly take lexical units that denote professions as nouns of a common gender:
- doctor;
- Professor;
- geologist;
- archaeologist;
- librarian;
- paleontologist;
- surgeon.
They can refer to both men and women, but their gender is always male: Dr. Ivanova, surgeon Smirnova. If it is necessary to coordinate the adjective with them, one should remember that they are combined with the masculine form: the talented surgeon Smirnova. The combination "talented surgeon Smirnova" would be a mistake.
Most of this vocabulary does not have a parallel feminine form, but sometimes in colloquial speech turns like “doctor Ivanov”, “librarian Savinova” can slip through, which are unacceptable in literary speech.
There are also feminine words in Russian, meaning the name of persons by profession: typist, ballerina. If it is necessary to designate a male person, descriptive phrases come to the rescue: ballet dancer.
proper names
As examples of nouns of a common gender, one can also cite proper names - indeclinable surnames of both Russian and foreign origin: Sidorenko, Vidnykh, Grodas.
Diminutive forms that can refer to people of both sexes also have a common gender: Sashenka, Shurochka, as well as abbreviated forms of names: Valya, Sasha.
Common noun groups
Based on the above material, three groups of general gender names can be distinguished:
- Common nouns, in their form resembling feminine words, as indicated by the ending -a / ya: orphan, clumsy, rogue, sweet tooth. Most often they have a bright emotional coloring.
- Diminutive proper names, referring to both boys and girls: Sanya, Valya, Zhenya.
- Indeclinable surnames: Savchenko, Dumas, Sedykh.
It is important to use common nouns correctly in speech, but most often native speakers understand the meaning of the statement thanks to the supporting words or based on the general meaning of the dialogue.
