Basic grammatical categories of the sentence. The concept of a grammatical category

Question: how were they found? Found a pattern! The main linguistic method is the method of opposition! It is these oppositions of meaning that form the categories.

For example: forms write - write - write indicate a person and therefore are combined into the grammatical category of a person.

I wrote - I write - I will write express time and form the category of time.

Table - tables, book - books express the idea of the number of objects, they are combined into the category of number, etc.

The number of members opposed to each other in a grammatical category is predetermined by the structure of the language and does not vary in general. Moreover, each member of the category can be represented by one or several one-functional forms. So, the grammatical category of the number of nouns is formed by two members, one of which is represented by the singular forms (table, book), the other - by the plural forms (tables, books). The quantitative composition of some grammatical categories in the literature is defined in different ways, which is actually related not to the volume of the category, but to the assessment of its components. So, in nouns, 6, 9, 10 and more cases are distinguished. However, this reflects only different methods of highlighting cases. As for the grammatical structure of the language itself, the case system in it is regulated by the existing types of declension.

Expression grammatical meaning(content) between the forms that form the category, distributed: writing means first person write- second, writes- third; table, book, pen- indicate units, tables, books, pens- in plural; big- m.r., big- female

Forms that form morphological categories must be united by a common content component (which is reflected in the definition of a grammatical category). This is a prerequisite for highlighting a grammatical category. Without this generality, grammatical categories are not formed. For example, the opposition of transitive and intransitive verbs does not form a morphological category precisely because it is not based on a common content. For the same reason, other FGRs distinguished in independent parts of speech are not morphological categories.

Types of morphological categories:

1. by the number of members in opposition: binary (2 members in opposition - number, type) and non-binary (case, gender).

2. by value:

- mixed

- semantic

- formal

Formal - gr. the category of the number of the adjective is formal. Since: the adjective changes in numbers as well as the noun on which it depends. That is gr. the meaning of the number of the adjective name will be syntactic, and the category will be formal.

But most often in Russian we observe mixed categories: for some group of words, the meaning will be nominative, and for some - syntactic (first of all, the category of the gender of a noun). How do we know that boy- masculine and girl- female? Because it is so in objective reality.

3. by the nature of the relationship: inflectional and non-inflectional(classifying).

Table-tables- the form changes. ceiling, wall, window- sorted by gender.

LGR is such a combination of words within a part of speech, which is characterized by the similarity of lexical meaning and have features in the formation of morphological forms and the expression of grammatical meanings.

The concept of "LGR" is the "bridge" between vocabulary and morphology. The most important thing for LGR is the commonality of lexical meaning!

If a non-unique item is called - nav., unique. subject is own.

This is vocabulary within morphology!

LGR includes 2 components:

1. commonality of lexical meaning (mandatory feature)

features of the formation of the form (optional feature).

A category in the broadest sense is any group of linguistic elements distinguished on the basis of some common property; in a broad sense - a certain feature (parameter) that underlies the division of a vast set of homogeneous language units into a limited number of non-overlapping classes, the members of which are characterized by the same value of this feature (for example, the category of case, the category of soul / non-spirit, the category of species) . Often, however, the term "category" refers to one of the values of the mentioned feature (category accusative). The concept of a category goes back to Aristotle, who singled out 10 categories: essence, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, position, state, action and suffering. The allocation of these categories largely influenced the further separation of parts of speech and members of the sentence.

A grammatical category is a system of rows opposed to each other grammatical forms with uniform values. A grammatical form is a language sign in which a grammatical meaning finds its regular expression. Within grammatical forms, the means of expressing grammatical meanings are affixes, phonemic alternations (internal inflection), the nature of stress, reduplication, auxiliary words, word order and intonation. In the system of grammatical categories, the defining feature is the categorizing feature, for example, the generalized meaning of time, person, voice, etc., which combines the system of meanings of individual tenses, persons and voices and the system of corresponding forms.

Grammar categories subdivided into morphological and syntactic. Among the morphological ones, for example, the categories of species, pledge, gender, number, case are distinguished; the consistent expression of these categories characterizes entire grammatical classes of words (parts of speech). The number of opposing members within such categories may be different: for example, in Russian the grammatical category of gender is represented by a system of three series of forms expressing the grammatical meanings of masculine, feminine. and cf. gender, and the grammatical category of number - by a system of two rows of forms - units. and plural. numbers. In languages with a developed inflection, the gram categories of the inflectional category are distinguished, i.e. those whose members can be represented by forms of the same word within its paradigm (for example, in Russian - tense, mood, verb person, number, case, adjective gender, degrees of comparison) and non-inflective (classifying), i.e. . those whose members cannot be represented by forms of the same word (in Russian - the gender and animateness / inanimateness of nouns).

The languages of the world are different:

1. by the number and composition of grammatical categories - for some Slavic languages specific category of the species; the category of definition/indefiniteness for languages with an article; the category of respectability (politeness) in Japanese and Korean;

2. by the number of opposed members within the same category (6 cases in Russian and up to 40 in Dagestan)

3. by what parts of speech contain a particular category (in Nenets nouns have categories of person and tense)

A combination of broader and narrower categories in different languages may be different. In Russian, names and participles are declined, and Finno-Ugric names can change according to faces ("my mother", "your mother", etc. "eke-m", "eke-n", etc.)

Grammar categories are the best studied, to their characteristic features includes the modifying type of the categorizing attribute, its involvement in syntax, the obligation to choose one of its meanings for word forms from the categorizable set, and the presence of a regular way of expressing it. The presence of the totality of these properties is usually the basis for the unconditional recognition of the grammatical nature of the category, although each of them taken separately is neither a necessary nor a sufficient sign of a grammatical category.

There is not a single grammatical category that would be characteristic of all the languages of the world. The discrepancy between grammatical categories in different languages is the best evidence of the specificity of the selection of grammatical categories in each language.

Thus, the category of certainty-indeterminacy, which is very essential for the Romano-Germanic languages and clearly expressed in these languages with the help of articles, is absent in the Russian language, but this does not mean that Russians cannot have these meanings in their minds. They only express them lexically (by pronouns). If in a language one gramme is expressed by special techniques, then the second one can be expressed negatively - by the absence of a special indicator. For example, in Hebrew: bajio "house", habbajio "certain house", in Tajik, on the contrary, there is only an indefinite article. Therefore, the first property of a grammatical category is the regularity of distinguishing grammatical meanings.

An example of repetition in African and Indonesian languages; dual. The division of animate-inanimate (V. p.) is unusual for ancient European languages; also the distinction of the category of aspect, does not even know the gender of nouns English language and all Turkic languages.

The second property is obligatory (in the Romano-Germanic languages, it is impossible to do without the definiteness of indefiniteness).

The number of homogeneous categories is different in different languages; so in languages with declension, the number of cases can vary from 3 (in Arabic), 4 in German, 6 in Russian, 15 in Estonian and more (Dagest languages).

Even sometimes, when there is a correspondence between languages in relation to cases, the same thing can be expressed in different cases: "I went for firewood" (Tv.p.), and in Kazakh it is also expressed in the dative case.

It is customary to distinguish lexico-grammatical categories of words from grammatical categories in morphology - such subclasses within certain parts of speech that have a common semantic feature that affects the ability of words to express certain categorical morphological meanings. The meaning of plurality in plural forms is grammatical, in collective names it is a fact of lexical meaning, expressed by the basis, and the grammatical method shows the singular (fist-fist-fist), concrete, abstract, material nouns are also distinguished; adjectives qualitative and relative, etc.

The grammatical categories have changed over time: Latin did not yet have a definite article, and in vernacular Latin the pronoun "ilia" was used so often that it became a definite article in the Romance languages. Later, the indefinite article arose from the pronoun "one"

Grammema(English) grammeme) - grammatical meaning, understood as one of the elements of the grammatical category; different grammes of the same category are mutually exclusive and cannot be expressed together. So, in Russian, the only and plural- grammes of the number category; one or the other value must be expressed, but not both at the same time. It can also be called a gramme grammatical indicator- a plan for expressing grammatical meaning (in the same meaning, the term proposed by J. Bybee is used gram, English gram), as well as the unity of meaning (content plan) and ways of expressing it.

The grammeme in the language is represented by a number of forms, united by the meaning of the component of this grammatical category, but differing in the meanings of other categories inherent in this part of speech: for example, the grammeme of the second person of the verb in Russian is represented by a number of forms, united by this value, but differing in the values of mood, tense, form , pledge, numbers. Grammemes, expressed by a number of morphological forms, constitute a morphological category. There are also grammes expressed syntactic forms- classes of syntactic constructions (for example, active and passive constructions) - and constituent syntactic categories.

A gramme, understood as a unit of the content plan, is correlated with a morpheme as a unit of the expression plan. The unit of the expression plan, correlated with the grammes of several grammatical categories at the same time, is called an inflectional morpheme, or inflection.

GRAMME - a component of a grammatical category, which in its meaning is a specific concept in relation to the meaning of a grammatical. category as a generic concept. Such are, for example, G. units. and many others. number, 1st, 2nd and 3rd person, G. owls. and nesov. kind. Like grammar. category as a whole, G. is a unity of meaning and ways of expressing it. In the structure of grammar category G. is one of the grammatical rows opposed to each other. forms constituting grammatical. category as a system. For example, rows of forms opposed to each other present, past. and bud. time form the structure of grammar. time categories. G., considered as elements of the structure of grammatical. categories are close to the “formal categories” of A. M. Peshkovsky and the “categorial forms” of A. I. Smirnitsky. axes. structural type G. - a number of morpho-logical. forms, united by the meaning of one of the members of the grammar. categories. Grammemes of this type are formed morphological. categories. At the same time, G. can be represented syntactically. forms - syntactic classes. structures (cf. active and passive structures). Such G. are syntactical components. categories. A number of grammar forms, which make up the structure of G., includes forms, to-rye are combined by the value of the component of this grammatical. categories, io differ from t. sp. other categories inherent in this part of speech. For example, G. 2nd l. verb in Russian lang. It is represented by a number of forms, united by the meaning of the 2nd letter, but differing in mood, tense, type, voice, number. In some languages (synthetic-agglutinating type, etc.), a generic concept fixed grammatically. category, it can also be the meaning of one of the G. (for example, such is, according to V. Z. Panfilov’s mieiyu, the ratio of singular and plural forms in the Nivkh language). The specified bilateral (content-formal) understanding of G. reveals one of the meanings of this term. Its other meaning appears in those cases when it is used only in relation to the content plan and is interpreted as an elementary unit of grammar. values. The second meaning of the term hG. does not contradict the first, since it is always assumed that G. has one or another formal expression.

There are also grammatical categories that are syntactically identifiable (relational), i.e., indicating primarily the compatibility of forms in a phrase or sentence (in Russian - gender, case) and non-syntactically identifiable (nominative), i.e. expressing, first of all, semantic abstractions, abstracted from the properties, connections and relations of extralinguistic reality (in Russian, form, time); such grammatical categories as, for example, number or person combine features of both these types.

The basic unit of grammar is the grammatical category. The word category denotes a generic (general) concept in relation to specific (private) concepts. For example, the name dog will be a category in relation to the names of specific breeds - shepherd, terrier, dachshund.

The grammatical category combines grammatical forms with a homogeneous grammatical meaning. A set of homogeneous and opposed grammatical forms of a particular language is called a paradigm. For example, the grammatical category (paradigm) of the case in modern Russian consists of six forms with grammatical meanings of nominative, genitive, etc. cases; the grammatical category of case in English includes two forms - nominative and possessive (genitive with the meaning of belonging) cases.

Grammatical meaning is a generalized meaning inherent in a number of words or syntactic constructions and expressed by regular (standard) means. Grammatical meanings, according to grammatical categories, are morphological and syntactic.

In a word, grammatical meanings are an obligatory addition to lexical ones. The differences between them are as follows:

a) lexical meaning is inherent in a particular word, grammatical meaning is inherent in a number of words.

b) lexical meaning is associated with realities - objects, features, processes, states, etc. The grammatical meaning indicates 1) the relationship between objects and phenomena (gender, number, case); 2) the relation of the content of the utterance to reality (mood, tense, face); 3) on the attitude of the speaker to the statement (narration, question, motivation, as well as subjective assessments - confidence / uncertainty, categorical / presumptiveness).

c) lexical meaning is always meaningful. In a sense, the exception is words with an empty lexical meaning. They are called desemantized. The word girl defines female representatives at the age of approximately 15-25 years, and as an address is used in relation to much more mature saleswomen, conductors, cashiers, etc. In this case, the word girl does not mean age, but indicates the professional status of the addressee.

The grammatical meaning is purely formal, i.e. having no prototype in reality itself. For example, genus inanimate nouns- stream - river - lake; Spanish el mundo ‘peace’, fr. le choux ‘cabbage’ (m.s.); neuter gender of animate nouns - Russian. child, child; Bulgarian momche ‘boy’, momiche ‘girl’, heap ‘dog’; German das Mädchen ‘girl’. An analogue of formal grammatical meanings are words with empty denotations (goblin, Atlantis, etc.).

The grammatical form is the external (formal) side of the linguistic sign, in which a certain grammatical meaning is expressed. The grammatical form is a representative of the grammatical paradigm. If a language has a certain grammatical category, then the name will always have one or another grammatical form. When describing linguistic facts, they usually say this: a noun in the form of the genitive case, a verb in the form of the indicative mood, etc. Grammatical form is the unity of grammatical meaning and the material means of its expression.

Grammatical meaning can be expressed in two ways - synthetically (within the word) and analytically (outside the word). Within each method, there are different means of expressing grammatical meanings.

Synthetic means of expressing grammatical meanings.

1. Affixation (inflection, suffix, prefix of a species pair): mother (s.p.) - mothers (s.p.); run (infinitive) - ran (past tense); did (non-sov. view) - did (sov. view).

2. Stress - hands (ip, pl.) - hands (r.p., singular).

3. Alternation at the root (internal flexion): collect (non-common view) - collect (owl view); German lesen ‘read’ – las ‘read’.

4. Reduplication - doubling the root. In Russian, it is not used as a grammatical means (in words like blue-blue, reduplication is a semantic means). In Malay, orang ‘person’ is oran-orang ‘people’ (complete reduplication); partial reduplication - Tagalsk. mabuting ‘good’ mabuting-buting ‘very good’.

5. suppletivism - the formation of word forms from another stem: I - to me; good - better; German gut ‘good’ – besser ‘better’ – beste ‘best’.

Grammatical meanings can be expressed in several ways. In the formation of the perfect form of ancient Greek. τέτροφα ‘fed’ from τρέφο ‘I feed’ four means are involved at once: incomplete repetition of the stem τέ-, inflection -α, stress and alternation at the root - τρέφ / τροφ.

Analytical means of expressing grammatical meanings.

1. Actually analytical means - special grammatical means for the formation of analytical forms: to teach - I will read (bud. time); fast ( positive degree) - faster (comparative) - the fastest (superlative).

2. A means of syntactic links - the grammatical meanings of a word are determined by the grammatical meanings of another word. For indeclinable words of the Russian language, this is the only means of expressing their grammatical gender. Indeclinable animate nouns belong, as a rule, to the masculine gender: funny kangaroo, green cockatoo, cheerful chimpanzee. The gender of inanimate indeclinable nouns is usually determined by the generic word: malicious tsetse (fly), deep-sea Ontario (lake), sunny Sochi (city), unripe kiwi (fruit).

3. Functional words - grammatical meanings are expressed through prepositions, particles or their significant absence: the highway shines (s.p.) - stand by the highway (r.p.) - approach the highway (d.p.) - drive onto the highway ( v.p.) - turn around on the highway (p.p.); learned (indicative mood) - would have known (subjunctive mood).

4. Word order - grammatical meanings are determined by the position of the word in the sentence. In a construction with homonymous nominative and accusative cases, the first place of the word is recognized as its active role (subject), and the second as its passive role (object): ) - The mouse sees the horse (mouse - ip, subject horse - ch, addition).

5. Intonation - the expression of grammatical meanings with a certain intonation pattern. ↓Money went to the phone: 1) with a logical stress on the word money and a pause after it; the verb went is used in the indicative mood; the meaning of the phrase "Money spent on buying a phone"; 2) with an unaccented intonation pattern, the verb went is used in the imperative mood; the meaning of the phrase "You need to put money on the phone."

Questions and tasks for self-control:

1. What is grammar?

2. What is the difference between lexical and grammatical meaning?

3. What features does the reflection of reality in grammar have?

4. What means of expressing grammatical meanings do you know?

More on the topic § 2. Grammatical category. grammatical meaning. Grammar form.:

Basic concepts of morphology: grammatical category (GK), grammatical meaning (GZ), grammatical form (GF).

In the widespread definitions of G. to. its meaning is brought to the fore. However, a necessary feature of G. k. is the unity of meaning and its expression in the system of grammatical forms as bilateral (bilateral) language units.

G. to. are divided into morphological and syntactic. Among the morphological categories are, for example, G. to. species, voice, tense, mood, person, gender, number, case; the consistent expression of these categories characterizes entire grammatical classes of words (parts of speech). The number of opposing members within such categories may be different: for example, in Russian, G. to. gender is represented by the system three rows forms expressing the grammatical meanings of the masculine, feminine and neuter gender, and G. k. numbers - a system of two series of forms - singular and plural. In languages with developed inflection, G. to. inflectional ones are distinguished, that is, those whose members can be represented by forms of the same word within its paradigm (for example, in Russian - time, mood, verb person, number, case , gender of adjectives, degrees of comparison), and non-inflective (classifying, classifying), i.e. those whose members cannot be represented by forms of the same word (for example, in Russian - gender and animation / inanimateness of nouns) . The belonging of some G. to. (for example, in Russian - type and voice) to inflectional or non-inflectional type is the subject of discussion.

Syntactically identifiable (relational), i.e., indicating primarily the compatibility of forms as part of a phrase or sentence (for example, in Russian - gender, case), and non-syntactically identifiable (referential, nominative), i.e. e. expressing, first of all, various semantic abstractions, abstracted from the properties, connections and relations of extralinguistic reality (for example, in Russian - type, time); such G. to., as, for example, a number or a person, combine the signs of both of these types.

The languages of the world differ: 1) in the number and composition of G. k. (cf., for example, the category of the verb species specific to some languages \u200b\u200b- Slavic and others; the category of "grammatical class" - a person or thing - in a number of Iberian-Caucasian languages ; category of certainty / indefiniteness, inherent mainly in languages with the article; category of politeness, or respectfulness, characteristic of a number of Asian languages, in particular Japanese and Korean, and associated with the grammatical expression of the speaker's attitude to the interlocutor and the persons in question); 2) by the number of opposed members within the same category (cf. six cases in Russian and up to forty in some Dagestan); 3) by what parts of speech contain this or that category (for example, in Nenets nouns have the categories of person and tense). These characteristics may change in the course of the historical development of one language (cf., for example, three forms of number in Old Russian, including the dual, and two in modern Russian).

Some features of the detection of G. to. are determined by the morphological type of language - this applies to both the composition of categories and the way of expressing categorical meanings (cf. the syncretism of the affixal expression of inflectional morphological meanings, for example, case and number, which prevails in inflectional languages, and the separate expression of these meanings in agglutinative ). In contrast to the strict and consistent obligatory nature of the expression characteristic of the GK of languages of the inflectional-synthetic type, in isolating and agglutinative languages the use of forms with special indicators is not mandatory for all those cases where this is possible in terms of meaning. Instead of them, the main forms are often used, which are neutral with respect to the given grammatical meaning. For example, in Chinese, where signs of G. to. numbers are seen, nouns without the plural indicator “-men” 們 can denote both one person and many people; in Nivkh, it is possible to use the name in the form of the absolute case in cases where, according to the meaning, the form of any of the indirect cases could be used. Accordingly, the division of GK into morphological and syntactic ones is not traced in such languages as clearly as in languages of the inflectional-synthetic type; the boundaries between those and other GK are erased.

Sometimes the term "G. To." applies to broader or narrower groupings in comparison with G. to. in the indicated interpretation - for example, on the one hand, to parts of speech (“category of a noun”, “category of a verb”), and on the other hand, to individual members of categories (“ masculine category”, “plural category”, etc.).

In morphology, it is customary to distinguish lexico-grammatical categories of words from G. k. - such subclasses within a certain part of speech that have a common semantic feature that affects the ability of words to express certain categorical morphological meanings. Such, for example, in the Russian language are collective, concrete, abstract, material nouns; adjectives qualitative and relative; personal and impersonal verbs; the so-called modes of verbal action, etc.

The concept of G. to. is developed mainly on the material of morphological categories. The question of syntactic categories has been less elaborated; the boundaries of the application of the concept of G. to syntax remain unclear. It is possible, for example, to single out: G. to. the communicative orientation of the statement, which is built as a contrast between narrative, incentive and interrogative sentences; G. to. activity / passivity of the sentence construction; G. k. of syntactic tense and syntactic mood, which form the paradigm of the sentence, etc. It is also debatable whether the so-called word-building categories belong to G. k.: the latter are not characterized by opposition and homogeneity within the framework of generalized categorizing features.

Shcherba L. V., On the parts of speech in the Russian language, in his book: Selected works on the Russian language, M., 1957;
Doculil M., On the question of the morphological category, "Issues of Linguistics", 1967, No. 6;
Gukhman M. M., Grammatical category and structure of paradigms, in the book: Studies in the general theory of grammar, M., 1968;
Katsnelson S. D., Typology of language and speech thinking, L., 1972;
Lomtev T. P., Sentence and its grammatical categories, M., 1972;
Typology of grammatical categories. Meshchaninov readings, M., 1975;
Bondarko A. V., Theory of morphological categories, L., 1976;
Panfilov V. Z., Philosophical problems of linguistics, M., 1977;
Lyons J., Introduction to theoretical linguistics, trans. from English, M., 1978;
Kholodovich A. A., Problems of grammatical theory, L., 1979;
Russian Grammar, vol. 1, M., 1980, p. 453-59.

A category in the broad sense is any group of linguistic elements distinguished on the basis of some common property; in a broad sense - a certain feature (parameter) that underlies the division of a vast set of homogeneous language units into a limited number of non-overlapping classes, the members of which are characterized by the same value of this feature (for example, the category of case, the category of soul / non-spirit, the category of species) . Quite often, however, the term "category" refers to one of the meanings of the mentioned feature (category of the accusative case). The concept of a category goes back to Aristotle, who singled out 10 categories: essence, quantity, quality, relation, place, time, position, state, action and suffering. The allocation of these categories largely influenced the further separation of parts of speech and members of the sentence.

A grammatical category is a system of opposed rows of grammatical forms with homogeneous meanings. A grammatical form is a language sign in which a grammatical meaning finds its regular expression. Within grammatical forms, the means of expressing grammatical meanings are affixes, phonemic alternations (internal inflection), the nature of stress, reduplication, auxiliary words, word order and intonation. In the system of grammatical categories, the defining feature is the categorizing feature, for example, the generalized meaning of time, person, voice, etc., which combines the system of meanings of individual tenses, persons and voices and the system of corresponding forms.

Grammatical categories are divided into morphological and syntactic. Among the morphological ones, for example, the categories of species, pledge, gender, number, case are distinguished; the consistent expression of these categories characterizes entire grammatical classes of words (parts of speech). The number of opposing members within such categories may be different: for example, in Russian the grammatical category of gender is represented by a system of three series of forms expressing the grammatical meanings of masculine, feminine. and cf. gender, and the grammatical category of number - by a system of two rows of forms - units. and plural. numbers. In languages with a developed inflection, the gram categories of the inflectional category are distinguished, i.e. those whose members can be represented by forms of the same word within its paradigm (for example, in Russian - tense, mood, verb person, number, case, adjective gender, degrees of comparison) and non-inflective (classifying), i.e. . those whose members cannot be represented by forms of the same word (in Russian - gender and animateness, inanimateness of nouns).

The languages of the world are different:

1. by the number and composition of grammatical categories - for some Slavic languages, the aspect category is specific; the category of definite indefiniteness for languages with articles; the category of respectability (politeness) in Japanese and Korean;

2. by the number of opposed members within the same category (6 cases in Russian and up to 40 in Dagestan)

3. by what parts of speech contain a particular category (in Nenets nouns have categories of person and tense)

The combination of broader and narrower categories in different languages may be different. In Russian, names and participles are declined, and Finno-Ugric names can change according to faces ("my mother", "your mother", etc. "eke-m", "eke-n", etc.)

Grammatical categories are the best studied, their characteristic features include the modifying type of the categorizing attribute, its involvement in syntax, the obligatory choice of one of its meanings for word forms from the categorizable set, and the presence of a regular way of expressing it. The presence of the totality of these properties is usually the basis for the unconditional recognition of the grammatical nature of the category, although each of them taken separately is neither a necessary nor a sufficient sign of a grammatical category.

An example of repetition in African and Indonesian languages; dual. The division of animate-inanimate (V. p.) is unusual for ancient European languages; also distinguishing the category of aspect, even the gender of nouns does not know English and all Turkic languages.

The second property is obligatory (in the Romano-Germanic languages, it is impossible to do without the definiteness of indefiniteness).

Grammema(English) grammeme) - grammatical meaning, understood as one of the elements of the grammatical category; different grammes of the same category are mutually exclusive and cannot be expressed together. So, in Russian, the singular and plural are grammemes of the category of number; one or the other value must be expressed, but not both at the same time. It can also be called a gramme grammatical indicator- a plan for expressing grammatical meaning (in the same meaning, the term proposed by J. Bybee is used gram, English gram), as well as the unity of meaning (content plan) and ways of expressing it.

The grammeme in the language is represented by a number of forms, united by the meaning of the component of this grammatical category, but differing in the meanings of other categories inherent in this part of speech: for example, the grammeme of the second person of the verb in Russian is represented by a number of forms, united by this value, but differing in the values of mood, tense, form , pledge, numbers. Grammemes, expressed by a number of morphological forms, constitute a morphological category. There are also grammes expressed by syntactic forms - classes of syntactic constructions (for example, active and passive constructions) - and constituting syntactic categories.

End of work -

This topic belongs to:

Grammar as a language level. Morphology and adjacent levels of the language; morphology and phonology; basic concepts of morphonology; morphology and syntax

The term morphology consists of two ancient Greek roots and literally means the doctrine of form; it has two main .. a system of language mechanisms that ensures the construction and understanding of it .. a section of grammar that studies the patterns of functioning and development of this system ..

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