Dative case rules.

Case is a form of formation and function of a word, endowing words with certain syntactic roles in a sentence, a connecting link between individual parts of speech of a sentence. Another definition of case is the declension of words, parts of speech, characterized by a change in their endings.

Possession in perfection of the ability to inflect different parts of speech in cases is a distinctive feature of a literate, educated person. Often school program, which explains in detail the cases of the Russian language, is forgotten after a few years, which leads to gross mistakes in drawing up the correct structure of the sentence, which makes the members of the sentence inconsistent with each other.

An example of an irregular declension of a word

To understand what is at stake, it is necessary to consider an example showing the incorrect use of the case form of a word.

The apples were so beautiful that I wanted to eat them right there. Their shiny red skin hid the juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing taste delight.

There is an error in the second sentence, indicating that the cases of nouns in Russian have been safely forgotten, therefore the word "taste" has the wrong declension.

The correct option would be to write the sentence as follows:

Their shiny red skin hid the juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing delight (what?) Taste.

There are so many cases in the Russian language, there are so many forms of changing the endings of words that determine correct use not only the case form, but also the number and gender.

I wonder what percentage of adults not involved in writing, editorial, educational, or scientific activities, remembers how many cases are in Russian?

The disappointing results of the Total Dictation held this year leave much to be desired, showing the insufficient level of literacy of the majority of the population. Only 2% of all participants wrote it without a single mistake, having received a well-deserved "five".

The largest number of errors was found in the placement of punctuation marks, and not in the correct spelling of words, which makes the results not so dire. People do not experience any special problems with the correct spelling of words.

And for the correct declension of them in the sentence, it is worth remembering the names of the cases, as well as what questions the word answers in each specific case form. By the way, the number of cases in Russian is six.

Brief description of cases

The nominative case most often characterizes the subject or other main parts of the sentence. He is the only one always used without pretexts.

The genitive case characterizes belonging or kinship, sometimes other relationships.

The dative case defines the point that symbolizes the end of the action.

The accusative case is the designation of the immediate object of the action.

The instrumental case denotes the instrument with which an action is performed.

The prepositional case is used only with prepositions, denotes a place of action or indicates an object. Some linguists tend to split the prepositional case into two types:

explanatory, answering the questions "about whom?", "about what?" (characterizing the subject of mental activity, storytelling, narration);
local, answering the question "where?" (the area itself or the hour of the action taking place).

But in modern educational science, it is still customary to distinguish six main cases.

There are cases of the Russian language of adjectives and nouns. Declination of words is used for both singular and plural.

Cases of the Russian language of nouns

A noun is a part of speech denoting the name of objects, acting as a subject or addition in a sentence, answering the question "who?" or "what?"

The variety of ways to inflect words makes it difficult for foreigners to perceive the multifaceted and rich Russian language. Cases of nouns inflect the word, changing its ending.

Case forms of nouns can change endings by answering questions:

regarding animate subjects - "who?", "to whom?";
inanimate objects - "what?", "what?".

Cases of nouns with prepositions

Cases	Questions	Examples of changing endings	Prepositions
Nominative		Boy (), ball ()
Genitive	Whom? What?	Boy (s), ball (s)
Dative	To whom? What?	Boy (ooh), ball (ooh)
Accusative	Whom? What?	Boy (a), ball ()	On, behind, through, about
Instrumental		Boy (ohm), ball (ohm)	For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?	Boy (e), ball (e)	Oh, on, on, on, on, on

Non-declining nouns

There are nouns that are used in any case without declension of endings and do not form a plural. These are the words:

kangaroo, taxi, subway, flamingos;
some proper names foreign origin(Dante, Oslo, Shaw, Dumas);
common foreign nouns (Madame, Mrs., Mademoiselle);
Russian and Ukrainian surnames (Dolgikh, Sedykh, Grishchenko, Stetsko);
complex abbreviations (USA, USSR, FBI);
surnames of women denoting male objects (Alisa Zhuk, Maria Krol).

Changing adjectives

Adjectives are an independent part of speech that denotes the signs and characteristics of an object, answering the questions "what?", "What?", "What?" In a sentence, it acts as a definition, sometimes a predicate.

Just like a noun, it declines in cases by changing the endings. Examples are shown in the table.

Adjective cases with prepositions

Cases	Questions		Prepositions
Nominative
Genitive	Whom? What?	Kind	From, without, at, before, near, for, around
Dative	To whom? What?	Kind
Accusative	Whom? What?	Kind	On, behind, through, about
Instrumental			For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?		Oh, on, on, on, on, on

Non-inflected adjectives

The cases of the Russian language are capable of changing all adjectives if they are not represented in short form, answering the question "what is it?" These adjectives in a sentence act as a predicate and are not declined. For example: He is smart.

Plural cases

Nouns and adjectives can be singular and plural, which also reflect the cases of the Russian language.

The plural is formed by changing the ending, declension of words depending on the question to which the case form answers, with or without the same prepositions.

Plural cases with prepositions

Cases	Questions	Examples of changing the endings of nouns	Examples of changing the endings of adjectives	Prepositions
Nominative		Boy (s), ball (s)	Kind, red
Genitive	Whom? What?	Boy (s), ball (s)	Kind, red	From, without, at, before, near, for, around
Dative	To whom? What?	Boy (s), ball (s)	Kind, red
Accusative	Whom? What?	Boy (s), ball (s)	Kind, red	On, behind, through, about
Instrumental		Boy (s), ball (s)	Kind, red	For, under, over, before, with
Prepositional	About whom? About what?	Boy (ah), ball (ah)	Kind, red	Oh, on, on, on, on, on

Features of the genitive and accusative cases

Some people find it difficult and somewhat confusing to have two cases with seemingly identical questions to which the inflected word answers: the genitive case and the question "who?", And the accusative case with the question "who?"

For ease of understanding, it should be remembered that in the genitive case, the inflected word answers the following questions:

there was no "who?" at the party (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
there was no "who?" in the store (seller), "what?" (of bread);
there was no "who?" in the prison cell (prisoner), "what?" (beds).

That is, the case indicates the belonging of the object, focusing on the event itself, and not on the object.

In the accusative case, the same phrases would sound like this:

delivered to the party "who?" (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
the store did not bring "who?" (seller) "what?" (bread);
in the prison cell was not found "who?" (of the prisoner) "what?" (bed).

The case points directly to the object around which the action is performed.

The ability to correctly inflect different parts of speech in case, number, gender is a hallmark of an intelligent, literate person who highly appreciates the Russian language and its basic rules. The striving for knowledge, repetition and improvement of knowledge is a distinctive feature of a highly intellectual personality, capable of self-organization.

Used to express an action aimed at something, carried out in favor of someone, in particular, the transfer of something (hence its name). Very often he appears in conjunction with the accusative, for example, "I will give my mother-in-law an apple", "I will write a message to my brother" and in impersonal phrases like "I'm bored", "my heart is empty."

How the dative case is formed

In some cases, such - let us emphasize, very widespread - word usage serve as a kind of cultural marker. Another difficulty associated with the dative case concerns the declension of female names into -and I- Victoria, Lilia, Maria, Natalia, etc. All of them have a dative ending -and: Victoria, Lily, Maria, Natalia. This, however, does not apply to oriental names, in which in -and I the stress falls on the last vowel: Alia, Alfiya, Zulfiya, etc. Such names in the dative case end in -e: Aliye, Alfie, Zulfie. There are also 11 neuter exceptions, if the dative case is used with them, the endings of these words will be -and: burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown and children(this is how the word “child” in the dative case looks normatively).

The Russian language has six cases that express certain roles of nouns in sentences: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. One of them is the dative case in Russian. It occupies a special place in comparison with other indirect cases, since it is opposed to them by the fact that it has its own semantics.

The dative case indicates the object to which the action is directed, to the addressee (for example, to write to the sister, to help the parents), to the object (for example, to enjoy the birth, to belong to the child), to the object of state and properties (for example, fidelity to what was said, devotion to the owner). It expresses an attitude that determines the purpose of an object (a hymn to work), is used in impersonal sentences to convey the state of the subject (the child was unwell, he wanted to sleep). The dative case answers the question (you can sometimes mentally substitute the word “give”) “to whom?”, “What?”, “Where?”, “Where?”.

The dative case, in comparison with other indirect cases, can be used with fewer primitive prepositions ("k" and "po"). In the proverbial position, the dative case in Russian with the preposition "k" can perform the function of an informative-replenishing form (refer to the most famous sayings), have object meaning (respect for parents), have a definitive meaning (in place: go to the door; by time : warming by noon; by purpose and purpose: food for dinner).

In an unconventional position, the dative case with the preposition "k" has the meaning of a predicative sign (the ability to sing), object meaning in determination (this dress lacks something bright), determinative and adverbial meaning of place and time (it got warmer in the evening). When using the preposition "by" in the proverbial position, the dative case has the following meanings: object (knock on wood, miss your brother), attributive with the meanings of place (to walk on the road), time (to sleep at night), reason (to say by mistake), goals (call to check). In an unconventional position, these are the values of the predicative feature (longing for parental home), subjective meaning (everyone has a book) and attributive meaning (the store is closed on Sundays).

The dative case is combined with such non-primitive prepositions: in contrast to (what was said), thanks to (mother), in spite of (himself), following (company), in spite of (fate), in relation to (professor), according to (contract), in accordance with (goals) ), judging by (quantity). With particular attention should be paid to the dative in which the names of the 1st declension (masculine and feminine gender, which end in "-а", "-я") depend on the name itself, in the dative case, the endings have "-e", "-i" in singular (for example, mom, wall, stories, aunt) and "-am", "-yam" - in the plural (for example, mothers, uncles).

Nouns of the second declension (masculine and neuter with and ending in "-o") singular endings have "-y", "-y" (for example, window, table) and plural - "-am", "-yam" (for example, windows, tables) in the dative case. The nouns of the third declension (ending in the dative case, the endings have “-i” in the singular (for example, by night, by fabric) and “-am”, “-yam” - in the plural (for example, at night, by fabric ).

All world languages can be conditionally divided into inflectional and nonlective. This means that the words that are part of the languages of the first group have endings, and the lexical units belonging to the second group of languages do not have them. The Russian language belongs to the first type of languages. This is due to the fact that words in the native language in a sentence and a phrase are related in meaning and grammar, that is, with the help of endings.

The endings of the nominal parts of speech indicate in which case the sought part of speech is used. In general, the category of a name in Russian has such a grammatical feature as case. It is he who allows you to connect lexemes into phrases, and phrases into sentences, that is, larger units of expression of thought.

It is customary to refer to a case as one of the morphological signs of the nominal parts of speech. It is intended so that grammatically correct it is possible to determine in what relations are the constituent phrases or

The category of the case of a noun is defined as a feature that is part of the group of morphologically unstable. When a part of speech changes, its case also changes. In general, there are six cases in the Russian language. They are also included in the study in the school curriculum.

A nominative is a case in which a noun is singular. For comparison: lilac(what?), child(who?). The noun in this noun phrase is never used in speech with a preposition. For this reason, I. p. Is direct.
Genitive. Indirect. It is always used with prepositions. You can substitute the auxiliary word "no" for verification. For example: (no one?) Misha.
Dative. The auxiliary word is "I will". Indirect, its use is possible without a pretext and with it. Example: (will I give it to whom?) Nikita.
Accusative. Helps to correctly define his word "see". Indirect. Nouns in V. n. Are additions in a sentence. According to the above characteristics, it cannot be confused with the nominative. For example: through (what?) time,(see what?) banner.
Instrumental. For him, the auxiliary word will be "satisfied." Indirect. It is used with. Example: (happy with whom?) daughter, (happy with what?) the result.
Prepositional. Indirect. Its name directly indicates that it is always used with a preposition. Auxiliary word "think". For example: (thinking about who?) about beloved; (think about what?) on thesis defense.

Russian language case table with questions:

Falling system

It turns out that the case system of our native language is represented by fifteen cases. Six of them are studied in the course. And the rest will be discussed further.

Vocative. It was part of the case system of the Old Church Slavonic language. Now its form can be considered a word God... Today, similar forms in the language are formed when the flexion is cut off. The result is not quite "full-fledged" in the grammatical sense of the word: mom, bab, dad and similar forms.
Local. It's easy to guess by the pretexts in, on, at and on the question where ?: (where?) at the shelf, (where?) on the wardrobe, (where?) in the nose.
Separating. Derived form of genitive. Defined in context. For example: drink tea, there will be no light, in the heat of the heat.
Countable. An indicator is a word denoting a number or quantity in context: two hoursA, two stepsA.
Suspended. It is used with the preposition from... The beginning of the movement matters. For example: from home etc.
Lacking. It is easy to recognize it by context. Always used with the not particle. For example: cannot have a child.
Waiting. It looks like an accusative. It can only be defined in context. For example: wait for the weather from the sea.
Turny or inclusive. He, too, is recognizable in context. For example: I will marry, fit a daughter etc.

How to define

Definition grammatical category, for example, the cases of nouns and their endings, schoolchildren should be able to perform both orally and in writing.

First, consider the algorithm by which you can orally determine the case:

In the sentence, it is necessary to highlight such a phrase so that the noun in it is a dependent word.
Ask a question for a noun.
at the noun.

For example: I hear daddy's call. Call(whom?) dads(R. p.)

Now we will describe the scheme for determining the case of a noun in writing:

In the sentence with signs // mark the boundaries of the phrase.
The main word in the phrase is designated by H.
Draw an arrow from the main word to the dependent word.
Write a question above the arrow.
Determine the case.
Write the case over the noun.

Case endings

Indirect cases in Russian and their endings require careful study by schoolchildren in the framework of the general education curriculum.

Despite the fact that most often it is not difficult for native speakers to write the ending correctly in nouns, there are also special cases that require the ability to identify cases and correctly write the endings in words.

Endings in Russian cases:

1 sq.	Name	Singular endings	Plural endings
	Nominative	-and I	-y, -and
	Genitive	-y, -and	-, -her
	Dative	-e, -and	-am, -yam
	Accusative	-y, -y	-y, -and, -ey
	Instrumental	oh, oh	-s, -s
	Prepositional	-e, -and	-ah, -ah
2 declension	Nominative	-o, -e (Wed)	-a, -i, -y, -and
	Genitive	-and I	-, -ov, -ev, -ey
	Dative	-y, -y	-am, -yam
	Accusative	-o, -e (Wed)	-a, -i, -y, -and
	Instrumental	-om, -em	-s, -s
	Prepositional	-e, -and	-ah, -ah
3 declension	Nominative	-	-and
	Genitive	-and	-her
	Dative	-and	-am, -yam
	Accusative	-	-and
	Instrumental	-NS	-s, -s
	Prepositional	-and	-ah, -ah

Useful video

Let's summarize

With the change in case in mind, we are actually talking about declension. By the way, there are three types of them in the Russian language system. The case is formally expressed through the endings (inflections) of words. Thus, in the course of reflections, we came to the conclusion that the case category in the Russian language performs the function of changing words. It is needed so that words are combined into phrases and form a sentence. Moreover, this sentence must be logically complete and grammatically correct.

). For masculine and feminine nouns 1 declension in the singular, the inflections of the dative case coincide with the inflections of the prepositional case: to sister / to dad - about sister / about dad.

Masculine nouns ending in - donkey and - look for have variant forms of the dative singular - - e and -y, cf .: little house – house and house; cat – kitty and kitties.

Table 1 shows the distribution of variants of the endings of the dative case of words in - donkey and - look for according to the Main Building:

Table 1. Distribution of variants of the endings of the dative case of words in - donkey and - look for

little house

town

little mind

cat

conk

disgrace

-e

-y

Words how, so many, several, many, as well as numbers from five before ten and some others there are variants of case forms after the preposition on: three apples (*by three); five apples vs. five apples; how many apples vs. how many apples; [is it possible to eat] as many apples vs. for so many apples; many times vs. many times... One of these forms is dative, the other coincides with the nominative-accusative form.

Table 2 shows the distribution of word endings how, so many and many in a quantitative-distributive construction according to the Main Corpus data:

Table 2. how many, so many, many: variants of dative endings in quantitative-distributive construction

how

so many

many

by ... -o

by ... -y

controlled (vocabulary) dative case (corresponds to the valence of the predicate word and is determined by its semantics);
constructively conditioned dative case (is a construction element or is attached to a sentence as a determinant);
freely attached dative case (is an optional word spreader).

The controlled (vocabulary) dative case is included in the control model of a specific word and is determined by its semantics: for example, transmission verbs of the type to give, give (what to whom) contain in their semantics an indication of the recipient person (i.e. have the recipient's valence (see Semantic Roles)), speech verbs of the type confess (to whom what), promise (who what)- an indication of the addressee (i.e. have the addressee's valence (see Semantic Roles)), etc. There are cases when the dative case expresses semantically degenerate relations and is not associated with any semantic role ( akin to a hobby), but, nevertheless, is assigned to the given word as a unit of the dictionary (in the concept of academic grammar, this case corresponds to a complementary relationship (see p.)).

The constructively conditioned dative case is used as part of a structure, none of the elements of which has a dictionary valence expressed by the dative case: He is twenty years old; He can't sleep; He won't sleep today(verb sleep as a lexicon does not require a dative case, cf .: He is not sleeping; however, in impersonal and infinitive constructions, regardless of the semantics of the verb, the Subject is expressed by the dative case); Jumping unsuccessfully from the springboard, broke his leg(with the verb break the dative case does not express valence); You can't do everything yourself... The constructively conditioned cases also include determinants attached to the entire sentence: For a fool seven miles is not a hook(last).

There are practically no examples of a freely attached dative without a sentence, which does not fill the valency of a predicate word and is not an element of the construction, but is an optional spreader of the word. The intrinsic dative ( shirt son) and the adjective dative benefit ( buy me milk), but in this grammar they are considered constructive.

Prepositional-case forms have the same types of use as non-sentence forms:

managed ( strive for success, appeal to the people, prone to colds);
constructively determined - as part of the structure ( in a ratio of five to one) and as a determinant attached to the sentence ( By the evening everything calmed down);
freely attached to the word forms - attributive ( math test, road to home) and adverbial ( walk around the room; call in the evenings, go down to the river, skip class due to illness; fly into the wind; get together according to the schedule).

Forms of the dative case without a preposition and with a preposition can be used independently as a heading (" Kuchelbecker»; « To a friend-poet"- poems by A. Pushkin); stage direction ( Natasha (to the maid) What?- A. P. Chekhov. Three sisters); pointer ( To the stadium) or inscriptions ( Ivanov- label on the package).

In addition, the dative case, like any other, can be consistent, i.e. duplicating the case of the matching substantive (see Glossary) ( small house ; a young peasant woman). This section does not deal with the negotiated dative.

2.1.2. Semantic Roles Expressed in the Dative Case

The main semantic roles expressed by the dative in a sentence:

The canonical subject, in addition to the morphological property - to be expressed in the nominative case - and the syntactic property - to control the concordant signs of the predicate, - also has a number of other syntactic and communicative-pragmatic properties, such as control of the reflexive, control of target subordinate clauses, control of adjectives, linear arrangement in the extreme left linear position and gravitation towards the communicative status of the topic.

Dative noun phrases with a subjective meaning, without having a canonical morphological design and not being a reconciliation controller, may, nevertheless, have a number of minor properties of the subject:

reflexive control ( He feels sorry for himself; He doesn't have enough time for himself; He needs tickets for himself and for the children; Do you blame yourself!; I can't convince myself);
control of the infinitive target clause ( How should we dress so as not to catch a cold?);
control of adverbial circulation ( How can he walk along the shore without approaching the water?);
linear properties (usually located at the beginning of a sentence to the left of other nominative groups, including the formal subject in the nominative case): Gentlemen like blondes; thus, such noun phrases are a theme.

Subject dative noun phrases can be both vocabulary (see) ( He's offended), and constructively conditioned (see) ( How are we to be?).

2.2. Dative case predicate classes

2.2.1. Recipient (Recipient)

The Recipient, or Recipient (see Semantic Roles) is a participant in the transfer situation. The main participants in the prototypical transmission situation are the transmitting subject (expressed in the nominative case), the transmitted object (expressed in the accusative) and Recipient (expressed by the dative case), cf .: Sister gave brother an apple... This "case frame" refers only to verbs in the active voice, with words of other parts of speech (adjective, noun), as well as with the passive forms of the verb Subject or Object are expressed in other superficial cases (see Pledge). However, the dative way of expressing the Recipient remains. The semantic role of the Recipient is sometimes referred to as "dative", although initially the dative is a syntactic term (however, this term itself is associated with the idea of transmission and comes, as mentioned above, from donative verbs).

The semantic role of the Recipient is played by verbs and verbal nouns with the meaning of transfer, donation, provision, etc. smb. what l. items, values:

Verbs: return, return, return, compensate, hand over, give out, allocate (to whom a ticket), pay out, donate, bestow, give, deliver, grant, donate(who what), book, bequeath, drive, ask, compensate, send, borrow, donate, give, send, transfer, forward, donate, give, throw, put, donate, donate, send, provide, present, bring, appropriate, send, sell , give away, give out, send out, shake off, sell, hand over, send, push(meaning ‘sell’), pay, yield(meaning ‘sell’);

nouns: gift, bribe, payment, gift, offering (to whom).

(1) There are also such cult objects that cannot be transferred to the Church

(2) Here, let's say provided Grenada credit 160 thousand Soviet rubles. ["Arguments and Facts" (2003)]

(3) Dzerzhinsky donates the first 50 rubles earned to the party. [R. B. Gul. Dzerzhinsky (The beginning of the terror) (1974)]

(4) Anniversary show of "Big Chaplin" on the Kultur TV channel dedicated to the artist's 115th birthday present to the viewer... [Screen and Stage (2004)]

(5) Return the state personal carbine is one of the most beloved holidays in Switzerland. [Izvestia (2003)]

2.2.2. Destination

The Recipient of Information can be considered a kind of Recipient, but more often it is designated by a special term - the Addressee (see Semantic Roles).

The field of information transfer includes:

verbs of a speech message: address, broadcast, announce, object, lie, blurt out, give out, deflate, blurt out, express, speak, be rude, insolent, dictate, report, report, convey, complain, read, read, declare, call, expound, pour out the soul, expound , confess, shout, shout, lie, flatter, pray, promise, write, weave, prophesy, rattle, boast, boast, boast, boast, whisper, pester, promise, promise, outline, explain, answer, answer, answer , call back, retell, assent, assent, prompt, complain, wish, swear, pray, reproach, dedicate, send greetings, promise, boast, boast, offer, prescribe, predict, predict, present, introduce yourself, present (accusation), contradict, lie, threaten, confess, swear, blurt out, talk, dictate, shout, preach, prophesy, prophesy, signal, whisper, radio, blurt out, blab, explain, report, lavish (praise), blurt out, blatant, say, lie, confess, report, write, promise, telegraph, telephon, interpret, talk, ring , drop a line, whisper;
verbs of speech motivation: command, prohibit, prohibit, prohibit, advise, discourage, recommend, instruct, advise, suggest, order, advise, recommend, command, advise;
verbs of signaling, etiquette actions and other addressed actions: applaud, nod, bow, make faces, wave, wave, blink, blink, bow, salute, salute, signal, wink, wink, bow, wave, whistle, signal, applaud, salute, whistle, make a sign, signal, honk, make a face, make a face, make eyes, clap, smile, smile.

The addressee's valence is also found in nouns with the meaning of speech: gratitude, denunciation, the bell, sign, Promise, answer, advice, wish, bow, prescription, confession … (to whom), including for nouns with the meaning of the text: a note, letter, agenda, message, telegram ... (to whom).

(6) Kryuchkov read out deputies Andropov's letter, sent to the Politburo on January 24, 1977, which was titled "On the CIA's plans to acquire agents among Soviet citizens." [A. Yakovlev. A whirlpool of memory. (2001)]

(7) Customer representatives set out designers the main features of your business and your own expectations from creative work... ["Business Journal" (2004)]

(8) The officers chuckle in the bunker. - Command division construction, - orders general Andreev... - I will thank everyone in front of the formation. [AND. F. Stadnyuk. Keys to the Sky (1956)]

(9) Initially, it was decided to remove him from the proceedings of the investigative unit of the Main Investigative Department of the Main Internal Affairs Directorate of Moscow and transfer him for further investigation to the Prosecutor's Office of the Tver Region, about which instructions given to the Moscow prosecutor... ["Top Secret" (2003)]

(10) And Chonkin answered his willingly and thoroughly, until he realized that blurts out first comer top secret Military Secret. [V. Voinovich. Life and extraordinary adventures soldier Ivan Chonkin (1969-1975)]

(11) The next candidate for rector, Leonid Melnikov, whom Dmitry Trubetskov named his successor, also promised delegates flourishing of the university. ["Get Rich" (2003)]

(12) - You are too much complained Caesar on me, and now my hour has come, Kaifa! [M. A. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita (1929-1940)]

(13) Our teachers never did not flatter young... [V. Laughter. Theater of my memory (2001)]

(14) However, contrary to the custom and fears of Vasily Ivanovich, to be rude the owner Fyodor did not. [B. Vasiliev. There were and were not. (1988)]

(15) Berezkin looked back at the German houses, winked Glushkov and ran. [V. Grossman. Life and Fate (1960)]

(16) Public applauded soloists Bolshoi Theater Ekaterina Golovleva and Konstantin Tolstobrov in "Tosca", conductors Pavel Klinichev and Vladimir Andropov. ["Russian Musical Newspaper" (2003)]

(17) Questions to the writer rained down from all sides. Most of them were naive, scholarly, with a great touch of "literary". [N. Penkov. It was time (2002)]

(18) We are aware that Kasyanov's attack on Kudrin and Gref is in no way directed against the president. On the contrary, it is rather message to the president... ["Weekly Magazine" (2003)]

(19) Jobson and Cook have alcoholism― conscious answer being, which for various reasons does not satisfy. [Screen and Stage (2004)]

(20) Reserves of the Kazan team ( separate "thanks" Mrsic and Simpkins) in skill they differed little from those who started, and even surpassed them in the level of passion and zeal. [Izvestia (2003)]

(21) The coming of the incompetent Commodus and the bloody strife of the commander after his death - here sign Christians that soon it would be their turn to streamline the dilapidated legacy of Caesar and Augustus! ["Knowledge is Power" (2003)]

NOTE... Not all verbs of speech express the Addressee in the dative case (cf. ask who; ask who; warn who; call whom), cf. also to get nasty to whom, but fool who... In all these cases, the person expressed in the accusative case combines the role of the Recipient with some other role (the executor of the future action, cf. ask, the Object of influence, cf. curse, etc.).

(22) Request David say a few words about whether / has increased throughput stadium. [Meeting of the Lokomotiv football club with fans, Moscow (2004)]

This colloquial example shows how an incorrect, but semantically motivated dative case turns out to be "stronger" than a legitimate prepositional control ( a request to david).

On the other hand, the dative case for speech predicates does not always correspond to the Addressee:

(23) Yu.A. Levada, A.G. Levinson. " The word of praise "scarcity["Horizon" (1988)]

With a noun praise(cf. praise for stupidity) and phraseme word of honor the dative is the Object of Assessment (cf. reproach to whom, curses to whom, to whom, where the dative expresses the Addressee). Moreover, with the original verb to praise (what / who to whom) the dative case expresses the Addressee:

(24) A couple of days ago, in my absence, they called from the editorial office of the newspaper and very praised wife my stories. [B. Levin. Foreign body (1965-1994)]

(25) The women listened, they were afraid, praised mom my speech. [A. Kabakov. The last hero (1994-1995)]

Wed also to praise whom – glory to whom:

(26) Eternal glory courageous sons and daughters Belarusian people! [A. Rybakov. Heavy Sand (1975-1977)]

2.2.3. Benefaktiv / Malefaktiv

A beneficiary / malefactive is a participant who is affected by a certain situation, on which it is reflected in one way or another (see Semantic Roles). It can be a "recipient" of benefit, benefit, assistance (Benefactive) or harm, interference, opposition (Malefaktiv):

verbs and predicative phrasemes: accompany, favor, favor, carry (He is lucky), fly in (He flew in from the authorities for being late), prevent, repay, harm, rub glasses, threaten, give an opportunity (to whom), bother, annoy, annoy, get (he got it from his father for a broken bike), donate(to whom what), fool your head, prohibit, obstruct, interfere, take revenge, annoy, bore, spoil, give, give, spoil, annoy, provide, pay tribute, poison (to whom life), dirty, succumb (to the younger brother in the game), put a pig on, help, play along, let, go for the future / not for the future(Science did not go for him), to do good, patronize, hinder, help, help, get in (he got it from his father), help, hurry up, indulge, hinder, remember(‘Revenge’) , serve, inflict, (not) pass (it won't work for you so easily), forgive (who what), resist, resist, powder your brains, sympathize, condole, assist, get away with it (He gets away with everything), empathize, sympathize, contribute, arrange (I'll arrange for him voucher), arrange (I'll arrange a fun life for him), give in, rub glasses, fool your head, put a pig on, go for the future / not for the future(Science did not go for him); to benefit; powder brains.

NOTE... Many verbs of speech have a beneficial (malefactive) component, therefore, their dative valence should be interpreted as beneficial or as doubled (address-beneficial): echo, mind, dare, forbid, contradict, assent.

nouns: harm, benefit, sacrifice, reward, benefit, hindrance, help, relief, counteraction, assistance, threat, service, concession, damage (to whom).
adjectives and predicatives: Harmful / harmful, beneficial, useful / useful, convenient / convenient (to whom).

(27) Duke Leszko prevented Daniel connect with his father-in-law before the battle: this famous young man only managed to see the fresh trophies of the Russians in its place. [N. M. Karamzin. History of the Russian State (1808-1818)]

(28) Trust you now harm to his son as soon as possible. [O. Pavlov. Karaganda Nines, or The Tale of the Last Days (2001)]

(29) The Peasant Bank got the opportunity not only to promote peasants in the acquisition of land, but also to issue loans for the organization of the economy on the security of allotment land. [A. Yakovlev. The pool of memory (2001)]

(30) This transfer of the capital of the empire from Rome to Constantinople coincided with the conversion of the emperor Constantine himself to Christianity just before his death, and until then he began patronize this religion... [AND. Meyendorff. Spiritual and Cultural Renaissance of the XIV century and the fate of Eastern Europe (1992)]

(31) Those tax relief, which does government oligarchs, then the reduction of the single social tax for large campaigns, which was recently approved by the Cabinet of Ministers, is in many respects comparable to the means that are needed to ensure the minimum social protection of people with disabilities. "[" Soviet Russia"(2003)]

(32) Definite attention to motivating hackers paid in the sociological study of P. Taylor and in the study carried out two decades ago by S. Teckl. ["Questions of Psychology" (2003)]

(33) But this department has one more, special task - counteraction offenses on the aircraft of the RF Ministry of Defense. ["Aerospace Defense" (2003)]

(34) The lawyer, and not the principal, is interested in securing in the contract the conditions for limiting the amount and nature of his liability, if the negligent violation of obligations under the contract will be damage caused to the principal... ["Lawyer" (2004)]

(35) This is perhaps the only service for the population- administration, - which is absent in social insects. ["Knowledge is Power" (2003)]

(36) The term "innovative education" is used by us as training using modern information technologies or as providing students with "information and educational services"(in terms of the QMS). [" Information Technology"(2004)]

(37) Favor team and the regional authorities, although in the long term a lot will depend on the governor's elections. ["Top Secret" (2003)]

(38) So they stopped Agriculture... A. Klimov Country threatens hunger. V. LUKIN - This means that almost half of the population will die there. [Conversation between A. Klimov and V. Lukin on the air of the radio station "Echo of Moscow" (2003)]

(39) 10-20 years ago NATO's main task was to confront Russia... [Conversation in Novosibirsk (2004)]

In examples (37) - (39) inanimate noun metonymically denotes a set of persons (see about similar cases in the article Animation). However, in the position of Benefit / Malefactual, there are also impersonal nouns denoting abstract objects and situations:

(40) Democracy can only be limited if there is direct threat to the rights and freedoms of citizens... ["Lawyer" (2004)] - ‘Something bad can happen to the rights’

(41) If lawyers feel / that they are based on the actual will / and not the will of the client / private person / I think this very great benefit to cooperation... [Meeting of the New Rights Club (2004)]

The far periphery of the extended beneficial-malefactive semantics is different types activities and internal attitudes aimed at the Object, which is (or is assessed by the Subject) as dominant (higher, stronger, valuable, etc.). The subject of this relationship commits positive / negative actions (serve, resist) or has positive / negative feelings ( thankful) in relation to the Object, which may be very little involved and not experience the results of the actions or relations of the Subject. In some cases, the Object is a member of the relationship only in the consciousness of the Subject and may not really be affected by this relationship at all ( Knight worships beautiful lady - the lady may not even suspect about it). In the extreme case, the Object is not a person: believe fairy tales; worship good; resist evil; to follow fashion:

a) chain of command, hierarchy and control:

Verbs: obey, obey, worship, submit, resist, surrender, follow b (what) , serve, resist, please and etc.

adjectives: faithful, subdued, devoted to (to whom), committed (ideas of good); (not) alien (Not alien to the secular entertainment);

nouns: loyalty, submission, worship, obedience, service, resistance.

NOTE... Perhaps this group also includes verbs swear, to swear having a speech component and a commitment component.

(42) The janitor was also a prisoner, but obeyed the commandant of the institute, but not prison

(43) I, resignedly submitting to grandmother's command, ate disgusting rice porridge with dried apricots, and Vinya, in spite of any threats, chose only dried apricots from the plate. ["Capital" (1997)]

(44) How served to his father, so I will become and his serve... [L. A. Charskaya. Dul-Dul, the king without a heart (1912)]

b) faith, trust, appreciation:

Verbs: believe, trust, trust (whom);
adjectives: grateful (to whom), grateful, must: I am very much obliged to him;
predicative: thanks (to whom): Thanks to Petya for dropping on a motorcycle, otherwise we would have missed the plane.

2.2.4. Object (second term) of ratio, comparison, conformity / nonconformity

The far periphery, served by the dative case, is the role of the second term of the relation in predicates with the value of ratio, comparison, conformity / nonconformity (see Comparative constructions):

Verbs: fit, go (The suit suits him), answer (requests), approach, approach, contradict, equal, correspond and etc.; including the ratio of events on the time axis: accompany, precede;
adjectives: adequate, analogous, correlative, inverse, simultaneous, parallel, perpendicular, similar, proportional, opposite, equal, equivalent, native, symmetrical, synchronous, modern, contiguous, contiguous, proportionate, alien, alien (to whom / what);
predicative phrasemes: (who / what to whom / what) strife; (not) fit; just; to face(meaning ‘goes’) ; not by age; beyond his years; not in height; no match; not a couple, cf. (The jacket is not for his height / fits / just right / to his face);
derivative prepositions: like (what), according to (what), according to (what), according to (what).

(45) Liquid Computing will enable IT staff reply momentary requests business". [" Computerworld "(2004)]

(46) So, if you are the owner of dark skin, suit you warm and dark tones ["Dasha" (2004)]

(47) Now the interests of the state, as an aggregate of officials, bandits, magnates, are absolutely contradict the interests of society as a whole, interests of Russia as such... ["Tomorrow" (2003)]

(48) Templates― are cutouts with cutouts, the outlines of which are correspond to the contours of the knocked out products... ["Folk Art" (2004)]

(49) Buyer the buyer is different... ["Behind the Wheel" (2003)]

(50) According to this principle, the user can "build" a system of required functionality, customize it in accordance with changes in conditions and peculiarities of the university's activities, use the data of one subsystem into the data of another without any transformation. ["Information Technology" (2004)]

(51) A diagram of the movement of goods from the sphere of trade to the sphere of consumption and adequate to these processes costs. ["Questions of statistics" (2004)]

(52) Such models are completely alien to Galileo, Descartes, Spinoza, Newton... ["Knowledge is Power" (2003)]

(53) In the 1920s-1930s, old things are destroyed as alien to the Soviet build and ideology as a "sign of philistine". ["Safety Stock" (2004)]

2.2.5. Experienzer

The Dative case can also express the semantic role of the Experienced (the Subject of the situation of perception, emotional or mental state, modal situation, see Semantic Roles).

Verbs: to believe, to feel sad, to think, to see (to whom), to remember, to meet, vtemyashitsya, to be remembered, to want, to impress, to seem, to relieve, to appear, to be(Maud.), get bored, don't give a damn, get bored, unwell, itch, don't care, can't wait, like it, get tired of it, get sick of it, get sick of it, seem, take it easy, fall in love, fancy, get caught, hear, fancy, take a liking, dream about, get tired, get sick (He will have to leave), stick(He shouldn't be involved in such matters.), have to, remember, bore, dream, fancy, give up(It seems to me that P), to follow(Maud.), be heard, succeed(You won't be able to intimidate me), want to sneeze(Him sneeze at all this), fancy and etc;
adjectives: close, important, visible, roads, sign, famous, nice, hateful, unaccustomed, needed, pleasant, disgusting, pretty, heard, painful, pleasing and etc.

NOTE. With predicates glad (to whom), happy (what) the dative case expresses the Stimulus, and the Experienzer expresses the nominative case.

impersonal-predicative pronouns: no reason, no reason, no place, no place (He has nowhere to go) and etc;
predicatives: indifferent, it hurts, it seems, just right (we are just right to contact the police); far from (He is far from a champion), enviable, noticeable, possible, necessary, unaware, unknown, unbearable, unbearable, harmless, unbearable, unbearable, worthless, lack of time, once, uncomfortable, awkward, impossible, unkind, hateful, not necessarily, reluctant , not bad (would), disagreeable, unusual, unsuitable, indecent, obscene, unforgivable, difficult, inconvenient, restless, intolerable, disagreeable, uncomfortable, necessary, offensive, memorable, lousy, understandable, pleasant, audible, funny, ashamed, ashamed, sad, sickening, anxious, purple (colloquial), cold and etc;
predicative phrasemes: uncomfortable; not before; no time for jokes; not a sin, not given, not a matter (it’s not a matter for such a small child to go alone), not living, all the same / to the light / to the lantern / don't care / even though the grass doesn't grow(cf .: “He got an apartment, and now at least the grass won't grow,” said the watchman at the hospital.[V. Chivilikhin. My dream is to become a writer (2002)) / and it doesn't matter / what's in the forehead or what's on the forehead / one devil / (he doesn't care); not to your liking / not to your liking / not to your liking / not to your heart / not to your liking / (not) to high / not to joy / not to your nose; not out of hand; not to the face; not a trace; not in a hurry; not on the way; not on the road; on hand; too tough, not able to [cf. not able to], not able to; (not) on the shoulder, not on the budget; beyond our means; just spit.

(54) If Europeans will like follow in the footsteps of our "heroes", then the Spaniards will find something to remember the British, the French, the Germans, the Italians, the French ... ["Swan" (2003)]

(55) Secretaries and bureau members who went to the celebration bored stand in the wind, and they got back into their cars. [V. Grossman. Life and Fate (1960)]

(56) A tall, poorly preserved flat woman with eyebrows fused on her nose, calling herself Chigrasov's sister, strictly said that Viktor Matveyevich is not feeling well, and asked not to disturb my brother in the next week. [WITH. Gandlevsky. NRZB (2002)]

(57) And Arkady Lukyanovich thought that the university, academic and other institutions of the current intelligentsia seemed to him now, in his recollections, more fragile, unstable, ready at any moment to collapse and crush the inhabitants there. [F. Gorenstein. Heap (1982)]

(58) Nikanor Ivanovich felt better after squirting, and he fell asleep without any dreams. [M. A. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita (1929-1940)]

(59) Performance the audience will like it... Eggs will not be thrown and, moreover, they will not climb onto the stage. ["Vremya MN" (2003)]

2.2.6. Possessor (Owner)

With verbs and predicatives with the meaning of possession, acquisition, sufficiency / insufficiency of resources, the dative case can express the role of Possessor, or Possessor (see Semantic Roles):

Verbs: get it, belong, get it, get it; to do, to cost (X cost someone what);
predicatives: enough, little, much;

(61) To the lucky ones the real Dahl got from great-grandmothers-great-grandfathers. [Izvestia (2001)]

(62) Volunteers cheaper will cost taxis, theaters and swimming in pools, as well as goods in stores that will join this program. ["Behind the wheel" (2004)]

(63) Modern craftsmen lacks knowledge of national folk culture. ["Folk Art" (2004)]

(64) - Really not enough for you the huge amount of water that is poured on you every day? [V. M. Garshin. Attalea Princeps (1879)]

(65) ― He has a lot of halves, - the wife intervened, having returned very on time with the plates. - Now such a man has gone, one glass falls from his hooves. [A. Shcherbakov. Antelope Groin (2002)]

2.2.7. Carrier properties

With adjectives with a property value, the dative case can introduce the semantic role of the Carrier of the property: peculiar, inherent to whom / what.

(66) The element of skaz, that is, attitudes towards oral speech, is mandatory inherent every story... [M. M. Bakhtin. Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics (1963)]

2.2.8. Semantically degenerate strongly controlled dative

For some predicates, the strongly controlled dative case defies semantic interpretation (in the terminology of academic grammar, this is the so-called completive dative): indulge in thought; the manuscript defies decryption; metal subject to corrosion. For the dative case, this is generally not typical, since dative is one of the most "semantic" cases. Desemantization of the case is associated with a change in the semantics of the control word. The most "transparent" role semantics is for predicates with subject actants, ie. in situations in which objects and people are participants. When filling the valencies of a verb with nouns with abstract and situational semantics, the original role semantics "wears out" and the case becomes an indicator of the connection, the formal subordination of the noun to the verb:

(67) He did not succumb to temptation embellish the economic situation of the country, although, of course, he did not ignore the significant shifts that occurred during last years... ["St. Petersburg Vedomosti" (2003)]

(68) Unfortunately, it turned out that the most pathogenic and almost untreatable genotype 1b. ["Questions of Virology" (2002)]

(69) But great apes prefer to express their feelings not with looks, which are difficult for them amenable to interpretation, but by head movements such as bobbing or nodding. ["Knowledge is Power" (2003)]

2.3. Constructively conditioned dative case: constructions and determinants

Dative constructions have a certain formal structure, and the dative form in their composition can express various “dative” meanings.

From the point of view of the formal structure, constructions with the dative case can be of several types:

The dative case in constructions can usually (though not always) be semantic. This is possible due to the fact that in many cases the construction corresponds to some type of situation - and a class of predicates - with a dative participant, and the dative noun phrase included in this construction correlates with the corresponding semantic role - Recipient, Addressee, Benefactive / Malefactive, Experienzer, Posessor (see Semantic Roles).

2.3.1. Constructions with a basic grammatical form - infinitive or impersonal

In this type of constructions, a certain grammatical form is responsible for the use of the dative case:

a) the infinitive ( He does not understand; How do we find the library?), cm. ;

2.3.1.1. Dative case for infinitive

In Russian, the Subject of infinitive sentences is expressed by the dative case (in the corresponding two-part sentences with a finite form of the verb, the Subject is expressed by the nominative case): You are on duty tomorrow (cf. You are on duty tomorrow); We can't get through here (cf. We won't / won't be able to get through here); You should go to the doctor (cf. You would go to the doctor); Not for you to complain. See also the article Infinitive.

This use of the dative case is determined not just by the grammatical form of the word (infinitive), but by the construction, which is constituted not only by the syntactic configuration, but also by a set of grammatical and lexical restrictions.

NOTE... Grammatical restrictions: not every infinitive is capable of subordinating the dative case, cf. * decided to go alone vs. you alone decide... First of all, this is a property of the so-called independent infinitive - the main member of infinitive sentences, in which various modal semantics are expressed. In the presence of modal semantics (expressed, for example, by a modal verb), the dependent infinitive can also control the dative case, cf. I had to go alone; I wanted to do it myself.

Lexical restrictions. The natural and most common in the infinitive construction is the personal subject. As for the impersonal subject (cf. Consolidated, as they say ... After all, do not rot the grain, eh?[A. Hair. Real Estate (2000)]), then its use is regulated complex rules and it is not always possible: ? Temperature rise; ? Water evaporate... For more details see the article Infinitive.

(70) And on what to me yet to ride When did I buy the first Volga almost forty years ago? ["Autopilot" (2002)]

(71) She said / that he is a talented boy / but his yet work/ work and work. [Conversation in Voronezh (2001)]

(72) Dorn's soothing words cannot correct anything: Arkadina already not recover from the blow. [Screen and Stage (2004)]

(73) Shouldn't Korobov know, through what incredible collisions passed and, as a result, what role did such Grachev's quatrain play for the formation of the intra-Crimean poetic “we”. ["October" (2001)]

(74) The merchant would leave, and he still looks at the dog. [G. G. Belykh. Lapti (1929)]

(75) The director is habitually and contemptuously rude: “not enough for meat pies, eat with liver”. I wouldn’t speak to Kurochkin about meat. [A. Arkhangelsky. Letter to Timothy (2006)]

2.3.1.2. Dative case with impersonal passive

2.3.2. Offset designs

In constructions with an offset, there is a word with a valence, which is not expressed with this word, but is expressed with another word by the form of the dative case. Therefore, we can talk about a shift: the noun phrase is shifted from the word with which it is semantically associated (but in which it would be expressed in a different, non-dative form), to another word, cf. Put a note in his pocket(in his pocket) or refers (as a determinant) to the whole sentence, cf. He doesn't belong here; in doing so, it receives a dative encoding (and - sometimes - additional connotations associated with it).

Offset constructions requiring the dative case include:

2.3.2.1. Constructions with an external Possessor

The Dative case can express Possessor, for whom the main (at least more typical) way of expression is the genitive and possessive pronouns: Look into his eyes (his eyes); As he gave Petya on the head (Petya's head); Sorinka got in my eye (my eye); Broke his leg (his leg); Broke my life (my life)

Such a dative formally syntactically refers not to the word whose valency it corresponds to, but to another - usually to a verb that does not have a dictionary valency expressed by the dative case.

NOTE... This constructively conditioned and extremely common type of expression of the Possessor should be distinguished from the so-called. "Vocabulary given Posessor" (cf. belong to whom), characteristic of a very small group of predicates (see).

2.3.2.2. Relational named constructs

Such constructions involve relational names (nouns with the meaning of a relation), which have the valence of the second member of the relation ( brother, friend, comrade, rival etc.), as well as functional names with an element of relational semantics ( Chief assumes a subordinate, judge assumes the defendant, etc.). In the standard case, the valency to the second person participating in the relationship is expressed by the genitive case ( friend of Petit; Ivanov's chief) or possessive pronoun ( my helper, our friend):

(76) He you father; I AM you not a judge / not a friend / not an assistant / not a boss; You to me not a friend after that; I AM her relatives, she also favors me; goose pig not a comrade (cf. not a couple, not an equal).

(77) - I don't know any Grachevs, and Grachev to me not a decree, - said Minkin less confidently. [D. Bykov. Spelling (2002)]

(78) But even here "United Russia" is not competitors communists and especially- Liberal Democratic Party... ["Results" (2003)]

(79) The end - business crown. (last)

2.3.2.3. Offset lexicalized constructs

Strongly lexicalized constructions like:

(80) Dare only to my square! I'll hand you over to the police! Worse - in a madhouse! There you very place! [AND. Grekov. Fracture (1987)]

(81) For old people this is not the place!

(82) You it's time to intervene.

and constructions like:

(83) US end / cover / skiff / krants / hana!

as well as numerous and lexically diverse constructions such as: He has no place among us; There is no forgiveness for him; There is no excuse for this; I have no rest; He has no faith; He has no need / need / meaning / reason / calculation / benefit to go there; I have little joy that he will go there; What a joy to me that he will go there; What difference does it make to me who did it; What is the use / profit for me / what is the point / reason / calculation for me to go there?

2.3.2.4. Level constructions

In level constructions ( He has grass up to his waist; An adult is knee-deep here) dative of the same origin as in constructions with an external Possessor: in the design there is a designation of a part of the body that has a valency for a whole (Possessor), but the Possessor is expressed not with this word, but takes the position of a determinant in relation to the entire structure.

2.3.2.5. Design with a dative age

The distant periphery of structures with an offset can be attributed to a structure with a dative age. At first glance, such a construction contains a semantically non-motivated dative case, similar to a complementary dictionary-given dative (see): He is twenty years old... However, the quantitative group in this construction cannot be understood as work experience or prison term - it is interpreted here only as age. Therefore, we can assume that the semantic structure of this construction contains the meaning ‘age’ (‘His age is twenty years’). Strictly speaking, this meaning was expressed in the complete (now outdated) version of the design: He is twenty years old, where the last component unambiguously indicated exactly the age. So this construction is not unmotivated in the full sense, but simply has lost its motivating element. The reduction process continues, and in modern language the age design has an even more reduced version - without a form years: He is twenty / over thirty / under forty / about fifty / sixty / not even thirty... Accordingly, in the question How old is he?; How old was he? I mean exactly the age (just like in the design He was given a ten / tag etc. I mean the term of conviction, and, for example, not the salary; while in the design How old are you to her will you give?; Can't give her thirty-five with a donative verb to give again referring to age). On the other hand, verbs can be used in the age construction: He turned / knocked / came running/ there are thirty.

In sentences with the names of natural objects and artifacts ( This car is ten years old; This manuscript / this tree three hundred years etc.) the quantitative group also denotes the time of existence, i.e. "age".

2.3.3. Elliptical structures

Elliptical constructions do not contain a verb and are constituted by the very form of the dative case, on the basis of which the verb semantics are reconstructed:

(84) To you letter; Father- not a word; It is you to me?; From each - according to ability, to each- according to work; All the best - children; Town - village; You and cards in hand; Business- time, fun- hour; to me two tickets, please; You to the doctor; Where you, sit already; to me a boat; And why his so much money ?; - To you whom? - to me would be the chief; - To you where? - to me to the base.

In elliptical constructions, the dative can express semantics:

Beneficiary Recipient:

(85) - And this to whom? - The dress - Marina(in a situation of distribution of gifts); To you letter / To you package; From each - according to ability, to each- according to work; All the best - children; Town - village; To you- word; You and cards in hand; To the world- peace; Party- glory;

with prompting semantics (‘give’):

(86) to me chicken, please (in the dining room);

rhetorical denial:

(87) Figurines to you/ horseradish you(‘X won’t get P’);

impersonal Benefact:

(88) Business- time, fun- hour;

Malefactual:

(89) Death fascist invaders; A shame nesunam; Drunkenness- the battle; No war;

Addressee:

(90) Letter - you; Father- not a word; Everyone, everyone, everyone!

Addressee + Benefit (in wishes):

(91) No fluff you, not a pen; Good luck to you!; Happiness to you!; Good to you weekend!

Experienced (with the experimental semantics of the Subject of the modal state - desires, needs [‘X needs, needs, wants’] - sometimes with the semantics of a potential Possessor):

(92) to me a boat; to me a voice like Shervinsky's; And why his so much money ?; Why do you need it?; What is it to me ?; - To you whom? - to me chief / to me would be the chief; - To you where? - to me to the base.

2.3.4. "Expanding" the situation by including additional participants

2.3.4.1. Dative benefit (interest)

The situation described in a sentence can be "exhausted" ("covered") by the semantics of the verb (cf. Grandmother gave her grandson mittens: semantics of the verb give includes the giver and the recipient). But it can be broader than the semantics of the verb "captures" (cf. Grandmother knitted mittens for her grandson: the situation includes an action, the result of which is intended for another person; while the semantics of the verb to knit includes only the action, but does not include the “interested” person who is the potential recipient, i.e. the verb describes only a part, a fragment of the situation indicated by the sentence). Although the verb does not have a dictionary-specific valency for the person concerned, it uses a dative with beneficial semantics (the so-called dative assignment, or dative benefit, or dative interest). It is used with the verbs of creation, impact on an object, acquisition, etc., if they denote an action in the interests of another person: Grandmother knits mittens for her grandson; Buy me milk; Pour me some tea; Sew me button; Leave me the keys; Call me the number. Thus, the whole situation is interpreted as beneficial, although there is no beneficial verb in the sentence.

(93) He sewed the children, sewed dresses wife and costumes myself... [A. Solzhenitsyn. In the first circle (1968)]

(94) And Vinitar in sullen silence cooked warriors mead and porridge, and then washed the cauldrons. [M. Semenova. Wolfhound: Sign of the Way (2003)]

(95) Mother borrowed fifteen rubles from a neighbor for him. Bought Suchkov train ticket. [WITH. Dovlatov. Our (1983)]

2.3.4.2. Mismatch constructs

The dative has a similar origin in constructions with a mismatch value:

(96) to me the jacket is small; To kid this chair is high.

In constructions High chair; Jacket small the value of a parameter of an object is simply characterized; this is, so to speak, a "minimal" situation. In the constructions To a child this chair is high an extended situation is described: a "consumer" appears who is going to use the given item and who does not like the given parameter value. In such constructions, the dative expresses semantics close to male-active.

2.3.4.3. Expressive ("rhetorical") dative

Expressive dative constructions are common in colloquial speech.

In such constructions, the dative can have:

beneficial semantics:

(97) I you do not dig this hole; I AM them do not guard this technique; Yes he you in ten minutes he will learn any poem; Like me you will I get a job without registration?

experimental semantics:

(98) - He you not Dima, remember, but Dmitry Veniaminovich, - the "constructivist" said quietly to Karabas. [M. Bunny. Debt of Karabas]

(99) - Yes, Vova, this you not Bukhara, - said Zuev. [V. Arro. Refuge House]

(100) “Well, Alka, are you tired? it you do not play Chopin ... ". [A. Belyakov. Alka, Allochka, Alla Borisovna]

(101) Will he you to ride a Zhiguli.

Such a dative is optional and is introduced to achieve a certain rhetorical effect - to enhance the expressiveness of the utterance. For these constructions, the 2nd person is characteristic (since it comes on strengthening the impact on the Addressee), although the 3rd is possible.

Another type of construct is with the Speaker's dative. They usually have a threat value: Talk to me some more; Look at me!

The function of the rhetorical dative is to include in a sentence describing a situation (cf. Will he ride a Zhiguli, how), a certain person - usually a participant in a speech act, i.e. communicative situation ( He will be for you…), And thus make this person involved in the described situation, to which he really has nothing to do in the sense that he is not a participant in it.

2.3.5. Determinants

Unsolicited forms are not common:

(102) Drunk reckless.

(103) Mad dog seven miles is not a hook.

NOTE... Dative Subject forms with predicatives ( He is cold), which in academic grammars are considered determinants, and in the concept of G.A. Zolotova - as conditioned syntaxemes, in this grammar are considered as a vocabulary given (valence) dative of the Subject.

Basically, prepositional forms are used as a determinant: By evening, the whole family gathered at the dacha; The head of the department receives visitors on Mondays.

NOTE... As already noted in, in the function of the freely attributable case, the non-sentence dative is almost never used (the dative in combinations of the type monument to Pushkin we refer to constructive). As an inconsistent definition and circumstance, only prepositional forms are used.

3. Dative case in syntactic theories

3.1. Dative case in academic grammar

In academic grammar [Grammar 1980 (1): §1169], the dative case, like other indirect cases, has the following main meanings:

3.1.1. Complementary meaning

The comprehensive meaning (the meaning of the necessary information replenishment) is the most abstract and semantically incomplete. It is found only at the level of word connections: indulge in what, dress what, follow what, proportional to what, akin to what.

Completive relationships arise in words of abstract semantics (a typical example of complimentary relationships is numerals and other quantitative words that require completion by nouns in the genitive case, cf. two tables, plenty of water, weight hassle). Abstract words can be combined with a wide and semantically indefinite range of words that do not form a single semantic class (and which cannot be assigned a single semantic role). Due to the abstract nature of the meaning, such a word requires mandatory informational completion. At the same time, it is impossible to determine what the meaning of the dependent complementary case form is, and explain why one and not the other case was chosen. Wed examples of the use of the verb to follow with a dative case:

(104) I am not interested in interior magazines, so that there is no temptation to follow "fashion", I try to cultivate ideas in myself. [" Brownie "(2002)]

(105) Following covenants Ilyich, to the numerous training camps, Volodya took with him a bunch of textbooks and studied, studied and studied. ["Case" (2002)]

(106) He should choice your heart. [V. Otroshenko. Essays from The Secret History of Creations (2001)]

(107) Strictly follow regulations doctor and follow exactly healing procedures... ["Health" (1999)]

(108) Following custom, she quickly bent down to pick up a wreath or what flashed in the air like a wreath. [A. S. Green. Willow (1923)]

(109) If to follow logic reforms, big dividends they won't get it. ["Krasnoyarsk Worker" (2003)]

3.1.2. Object value

Object meaning is the relationship of a case expressed to an action expressed by a predicate (usually, but not always, a verb). The dative case, in contrast to the accusative non-sentence, expresses the so-called indirect object (see Syntactic roles).

NOTE... Traditional syntax distinguishes between a direct object directly affected by an action and an indirect one.

Since there is no strict criterion for distinguishing between complementary and object relations in academic grammars, the border between them remains unclear. So, in [Grammar 1970: 330] relations in phrases give in to persuasion, cool off to music are considered object, and in phrases heed the advice, bring to court- object-compliant.

Academic grammars include in the heading "object relations expressed in the dative case" examples of a different nature: Smoking is harmful to health(the dative case implements the valency of the verb), He wants people to do well(dative case, not due to the semantics of the verb), "No" to indifference, Indifference - fight(special constructions including the dative case are elliptical sentences).

3.1.3. Subjective meaning

The subjective value is the value of the relationship of the producer of an action or carrier of a state to this action or state:

(110) Once only when Olga unwell and she accidentally sneezed, the old woman Myasoedova told the neighbors that, apparently, Mark died in prison, that apparently he came to his nine to say goodbye to his home, wandered around the room and sneezed. [V. Petsukh. Closet (1997)]

(111) AND her ok and the military funny; they are no longer so angry at the downsizing of the army; they were not set aside? [A. Arkhangelsky. 1962. Letter to Timothy (2006)]

(112) Even layman it can be seen that the smell is absolutely not the same, and much less interesting. [Beauty, health, rest: Cosmetics and perfume (forum) (2004)]

(113) In one company to the correspondent of "Autopilot" said, what new clients you should order at least a week in advance. ["Autopilot" (2002)]

From the point of view of the semantics of the predicate, this is the Subject of a physiological, emotional, perceptual or modal state, respectively.

3.1.4. Definitive (characterizing) meaning

In addition to the listed abstract meanings in the dative case, a definitive, or characterizing, meaning is highlighted, which is due to the lexical-semantic class of the control word and therefore is more specific. The definitive dative expresses a characteristic of an object, action, state or whole situation: value for money, monument to Pushkin, grain to birds.

NOTE... There are also different types of circumstance-characterizing meanings - locative ( walk up to the house, walk along the paths); temporal (