Sentence outline: example. Sentence diagram with direct speech

You can learn how to quickly analyze the most complex sentences and draw up diagrams at trainings. Classes are held weekly from September to the end of May. In addition to webinars, you will receive a wealth of material for independent work.

But perhaps this article is enough for you.

So. There are two main types of schemes complex sentence: vertical (also called expanded) and horizontal.

Horizontal supply diagram

On a horizontal diagram, subordinate clauses are depicted using round brackets, main clauses are depicted using square brackets, construction breaks are shown, punctuation marks are placed, and arrows indicate a subordinate relationship (arrows go from the main clause to the subordinate clause). Such a diagram clearly shows the boundaries of sentences; with its help, it is easy to explain the placement of punctuation marks between sentences and show which word the subordinate clause refers to.

Example.

I keep remembering the day when you settled in flower shop to earn money, when you came home with a whole armful of flowers, when you talked about more valuable things than money, you were happy that evening, and I gave you a flower vase, which is still standing on coffee table, pretending that everything remains the same.

Vertical supply diagram

On the vertical diagram, all sentences are depicted as numbered rectangles (sometimes teachers require subordinate clauses to be depicted in circles, and main clauses to be depicted as rectangles), the figures are distributed according to levels of subordination. Sentence connections are indicated by straight lines. The main sentences, regardless of their location in the text, are depicted at the first level and are connected by lines. Homogeneous sentences are circled in an oval. Such diagrams do not show structural breaks and do not place punctuation marks. The vertical diagram clearly shows the relationships between simple sentences in a complex sentence.
Here is a vertical diagram of the complex sentence from the previous example.

Instructions for drawing up a complex sentence diagram

1. Circle in an oval or mark with a marker all subordinating conjunctions and allied words. These words will have to be learned. Otherwise, you will not be able to parse complex sentences.
2. Underline the stems of the sentences (subjects with one line, predicate with two lines).
3. Number the sentences as shown in the pictures.
4. Construct a horizontal diagram.
5. Construct a vertical diagram.
6. Count the number of sentences in the diagrams and in the sentences. It is important that it matches. Sometimes students get confused when numbering, at which point the error should be detected.

Do not deviate from this procedure, otherwise you will get confused.

If the sentence is given without punctuation, then first draw diagrams of the sentence, then place the symbols on the diagrams, and only after that arrange the symbols in the text.

How to show a break in a structure on a diagram of a complex sentence

If a sentence is broken by another sentence, draw it as in mathematics (brackets in parentheses). Sometimes it is impossible to show the structure of a sentence only with brackets; in these cases, dots are placed to show part of the structure. Look at the picture. It shows a diagram of a complex sentence with a construction break.

How to show homogeneous sentences on a diagram

Circle homogeneous sentences in a vertical diagram in an oval. This way it will be clear that they are homogeneous, and not just subordinate, for example. On the horizontal diagram we show homogeneous main clauses and homogeneous subordinate clauses with arrows with questions. If you don't have subordinating connection, and makes sentences homogeneous common word, then you won’t be able to show on a horizontal diagram that the sentences are homogeneous. In the proposed example, the main clauses are homogeneous.

How to show direct speech in a sentence diagram

Direct speech is not shown on the diagram of a complex sentence, since it is considered a complication of the structure of a simple sentence within a complex one. If direct speech itself is complex design, its diagram is drawn separately, next to the diagram of the main sentence. The same applies to insert structures. The picture shows how it is shown diagram of a complex sentence with direct speech.

Scheme of a simple complex sentence- This is a linear diagram. It reflects the features of the location, connection, etc. of each specific complication. Complications can include homogeneous members, addresses, introductory and insertion elements, participial and adverbial phrases, constructions with the meaning of clarification, explanation, etc. Let us consider the most traditional cases of complicated simple sentences and comment on the construction of their schemes.

1. Homogeneous members.

NB! Homogeneous members (OH) are graphically indicated by circles in which syntactic function VERY Between points in the scheme, punctuation marks and conjunctions are preserved. The OC diagram itself is enclosed in square brackets indicating a simple sentence.

Quiet, beautiful, and fabulously sad birch trees stood above the water.

[And och, and och, and och...].

2. Appeals.

NB! When constructing sentence diagrams with an address (O), it is important to reflect in the diagram the location of the O - at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence, as well as punctuation marks with it. O is not a member of the sentence, so most often in the diagram it is separated by straight vertical lines
| |, leaving the field inside empty, and mark “O”.

Taiga, I have never seen you more beautiful in my life.

3. Introductory words, phrases and sentences (VS).

NB! Similar to addresses, in the BB diagram it is important to indicate the position of the BB in the sentence and their punctuation marks. BBs are not a member of the sentence.

It seems he had a friend Kulikov.[…, | ВВ|, …].

In the Snowballs - as old people often used to say - the most terrible legends came to life.
[… – | BB| –...].

4. Participial phrases.

NB! For participial phrase(PO) in the diagram it is important to show its place relative to the defined word, denoted as X, as well as corresponding signs punctuation.

The frost, gradually getting stronger in the evening, did not allow the children to finish playing hide and seek.

[X, | ON |, …].

The year that passed without looking back was little remembered by Antonina.

[| Software | X …].

5. Participial phrases.

NB! The participial phrase (DO) requires an indication of its location in the sentence in the diagram - it is not tied to one word, as is the case with PO, as well as its punctuation marks.

Arriving at the lake, Serge lowered his gun. [| DO |, ch. ...].

Serge lowered his gun as he approached the lake. [Ch., | DO |].

Serge, driving up to the lake, lowered his gun.[…, | DO |, ch...].

6. Constructions with the meaning of clarification, explanation, accession and etc.

NB! Such constructions add additional meaning to the sentence. For their diagram, it is important to indicate the location in the sentence and punctuation marks.

It was very cold, especially at night.[...nar, | joining |].

In this article we looked at the most common cases; In addition to the already discussed options, you can find proposals with plug-in structures, etc. You can also come across combined proposals. Let's consider one of them.

Contrary to weather forecasters, the sun was warm and promised people a great weekend, giving them a boost of energy for the whole week.

[|BB|, ... OC and OC... noun, | software |].

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The ability to draw up a sentence outline is necessary for schoolchildren and students of philological faculties. Often, when performing syntactic analysis, problems arise with drawing up a sentence diagram. Moreover, precisely thanks to the clear and clear diagram you can see the parts of a complex sentence, trace the logic of composition and subordination, and visually record the main members. It is especially convenient to use diagrams when analyzing sentences with a complex structure, with different types connections. Schools and universities also conduct classes in which they not only draw up diagrams of ready-made sentences, but also compose texts according to given schemes. It is important to master the basic techniques in order to create a proposal outline correctly. Then it will help you visualize the syntactic structure of the text.

We draw up a proposal outline. General recommendations
First, you will need to remember all the basic information from the “syntax” section.

• You need to know exactly how a simple sentence differs from a complex one, and be able to find parts in a complex sentence.
  
• Requires knowledge of the types of simple and complex sentences.
  
• The skill of determining the boundaries of a sentence and its grammatical basis is of great importance.
  
• To accurately highlight the grammatical basis, you need to know the types of predicates and the main ways of expressing them.
  
• It is necessary to repeat all the complicating elements of the sentence in order to quickly find and distinguish from each other isolated, homogeneous members of the sentence, appeals, introductory and clarifying constructions.
  
• You must be able to determine the type of sentence by the structure of its grammatical basis.
  
• It is advisable to freely navigate the means of communication of sentences, to distinguish conjunctions from allied words. It’s great if you can immediately determine the type of connection or the type of subordinate clause based on the conjunction.
  
• IN this moment special attention is paid to the analysis of sentences of a complex structure with different types of connections, so you will need the skill of analyzing such sentences, the ability to determine parallel, sequential, homogeneous subordination.
  

If you have the opportunity, please contact textbooks, parsing samples. At the training stage, it is advisable to do analysis and draw up diagrams, checking with samples. Write for yourself a special memo for drawing up a sentence diagram: indicate in it different types diagrams, notation methods, add examples. This way, you will better remember the necessary information, and you will be able to use the reminder if difficulties arise while completing the task.

Algorithm for creating a proposal diagram
The proposal scheme must be drawn up according to a specific algorithm. Try to concentrate and not be distracted, take notes on a piece of paper, write a draft. Only after a complete analysis of the proposal, when you check whether your diagram is drawn up correctly, can you transfer it to the final copy.

1. Read the sentence carefully 2-3 times. Think about the meaning of each word - this will help you not to confuse the role of words in a sentence in the future.
   
2. First, define the grammatical basics. Select the subject and predicate. The predicate is emphasized by two lines, and the subject by one.
   
3. Think about whether the sentence in front of you is simple or complex. Sometimes there is only one subject, two predicates, and the sentence is complex. Don't forget that there are one-part and incomplete sentences.
   
4. Mark the boundaries of sentences with vertical lines.
   
5. Identify all the minor members of the sentence, underline them, following general conventions:
   • definition – wavy line;
     
   • addition – dotted line;
     
   • circumstance – dot, dash, dot, dash;
     
   • participial phrase - dot, dash, dot, dash, highlighted on both sides by vertical lines;
     
   • the participial phrase is a wavy line, distinguished by vertical lines on both sides.
     
6. Highlight the predicative parts in a complex sentence. To do this, you will need to determine the type of connection in the sentences; the designation will depend on it:
   • equal parts of a compound sentence are enclosed in square brackets;
     
   • in a complex sentence, the main part is indicated by square brackets, and the subordinate clause by round brackets.
     
7. Pay attention to conjunctions: in a complex sentence, the conjunction must be left outside the boundaries separating simple sentences from each other. In a complex sentence, the conjunction is included in the subordinate clause. Sometimes conjunctions are double, one part of them remains in the main clause.
   
8. Find a word in the main sentence from which you can ask a question to the subordinate clause. Sometimes the question is asked from the entire sentence as a whole. Thus, there is a difference between a word connection and a sentence connection. If the connection is conditional, put a large dot above the main clause and draw an arrow from it to the subordinate clause. Above the arrow, write down the question that answers. subordinate clause. When the connection is propositional, the arrow is drawn without a dot.
   
9. Now you can start transferring the schema. There is no need to rewrite the sentence itself into it. IN classic scheme indicate only grammatical basics, sentence boundaries, complicating elements, connection of sentences, indicate an arrow with a question to which the subordinate clause answers, enter conjunctions and allied words. However, do not forget about the specific requirements of the teacher. Sometimes for practical exercises it is necessary to indicate in the diagram all the members of the sentence.
   
10. If you have a proposal with a complex structure in front of you, your diagram will not be built in one line, but three-dimensional. Determine the type of subordination, build a scheme depending on it.
    • Sequential subordination: First, mark the main clause, draw an arrow down from it, and on the next line graphically mark the subordinate clause by drawing parentheses. From the subordinate clause, draw the arrow down to the next subordinate clause, then follow the sequence.
      
    • Homogeneous subordination - subordinate clauses depend on the main clause and answer one question. Indicate the main sentence and draw arrows down from it. On the second line, place the designations of all subordinate clauses. Write one general question.
      
    • Parallel subordination - subordinate clauses answer different questions and depend on the main one. Indicate the main sentence with square brackets, draw arrows from it to the subordinate clauses, and next to each arrow write the question that the subordinate clause answers.
      
    • With combined subordination, different types of communication are combined. The scheme will also be combined: place sequentially subordinate sentences on top of each other, and place parallel or homogeneously related sentences on the same line.
      
11. Mark the levels of division with numbers. For example, when the subordination is sequential, the first subordinate clause is on the first level, and the second is on the second. One level is one line, but the main sentence is not taken into account in the numerical designation: these are precisely the levels of division, and not the number of sentences.
    

After drawing the sentence diagram, be sure to re-read the text again. Special attention Pay attention to sentence boundaries, complicating elements, and types of communication. After a complete check, proceed to drawing up the proposal scheme in a clean copy. By using the algorithm and thinking about the meaning of the sentence, the meaning of all its members, you can draw up its diagram without errors.

Syntactic analysis of a simple sentence has become firmly established in the practice of primary and secondary schools. This is the most difficult and volumetric view grammatical analysis. It includes the characteristics and outline of the sentence, analysis by members indicating parts of speech.

The structure and meaning of a simple sentence is studied starting from the 5th grade. The full set of features of a simple sentence is indicated in the 8th grade, and in the 9th grade the focus is on complex sentences.

In this type of analysis, the levels of morphology and syntax are correlated: the student must be able to identify parts of speech, recognize their forms, find conjunctions, understand how words are connected in a phrase, know the signs of the main and minor members of a sentence.

Let's start with the simplest thing: we will help the children prepare for parsing in 5th grade. In elementary school, the student remembers the sequence of analysis and performs it at an elementary level, indicating grammatical basis, syntactic connections between words, the type of sentence according to the composition and purpose of the statement, learns to draw up diagrams and find homogeneous members.

Used in elementary school different programs in the Russian language, so the level of requirements and preparation of students are different. In the fifth grade, I took in children who studied in elementary school according to programs educational system"School 2100", "School of Russia" and "Primary school XXI century." There are also big differences. Teachers primary school They do a tremendous amount of work to compensate for the shortcomings of their textbooks, and they themselves “create” continuity between primary and secondary schools.

In grade 5, the material on sentence analysis is generalized, expanded and built into a more complete form; in grades 6-7 it is improved taking into account newly learned morphological units (verb forms: participle and gerund; adverb and state category; function words: prepositions, conjunctions and particles ).

Let us show with examples the differences between the level of requirements in the parsing format.

In 4th grade	In 5th grade
In a simple sentence, the grammatical basis is highlighted, familiar parts of speech are indicated above the words, homogeneous members are emphasized, phrases are written out, or syntactic connections between words are drawn. Scheme: [O -, O]. Declarative, non-exclamatory, simple, common, with homogeneous predicates. Noun (main word) + adj., Ch. (main word) + noun. Ch. (main word) + place. Adverb + verb (main word)	Syntactic connections are not drawn, phrases are not written out, the scheme and basic notations are the same, but the characteristics are different: narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, two-part, common, complicated by homogeneous predicates. Analysis is constantly practiced in lessons and participates in grammatical tasks in control dictations.
In a complex sentence, the grammatical basics are emphasized, the parts are numbered, familiar parts of speech are signed over the words, the type is indicated according to the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring, according to the composition and presence of minor members. Parsing scheme: [O and O] 1, 2, and 3. Narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, widespread.	The scheme remains the same, but the characteristics are different: narrative, non-exclamatory, complex, consists of 3 parts that are connected by a non-union and union connection, 1 part has homogeneous members, all parts are two-part and widespread. Analysis of a complex sentence in grade 5 is for educational purposes and is not a means of control.
Sentence patterns with direct speech: A: “P!” or "P," - a. The concept of quotation is introduced, which coincides in design with direct speech.	The diagrams are supplemented by a break in direct speech with the words of the author: “P, - a. - P.” and "P, - a, - p". The concept of dialogue and ways of its design are introduced. Schemes are drawn up, but sentences with direct speech are not characterized.

Plan for parsing a simple sentence

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Find out the type of sentence by emotional coloring (non-exclamatory or exclamatory).

3. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence, underline it and indicate the methods of expression, indicate that the sentence is simple.

4. Determine the composition of the main members of the proposal (two-part or one-part).

5. Determine the presence of minor members (common or non-common).

6. Emphasize the minor members of the sentence, indicate the ways of their expression (parts of speech): from the composition of the subject and the composition of the predicate.

7. Determine the presence of missing members of the sentence (complete or incomplete).

8. Determine the presence of a complication (complicated or not complicated).

9. Write down the characteristics of the proposal.

10. Create an outline of the proposal.

For analysis, we used sentences from Sergei Kozlov’s wonderful fairy tales about the Hedgehog and the Little Bear.

1) It was an extraordinary autumn day!

2) Everyone’s duty is to work.

3) Thirty mosquitoes ran out into the clearing and began to play their squeaky violins.

4) He has neither a father, nor a mother, nor a Hedgehog, nor a Bear.

5) And Belka took some nuts and a cup and hurried after.

6) And they put things in a basket: mushrooms, honey, a teapot, cups - and went to the river.

7) Pine needles, fir cones, and even cobwebs - they all straightened up, smiled and began to sing with all their might the last autumn song of the grass.

8) The Hedgehog lay, covered up to his nose with a blanket, and looked at the Little Bear with quiet eyes.

9) The hedgehog sat on a hill under a pine tree and looked at the moonlit valley, flooded with fog.

10) Across the river, the forest was dark, blazing with aspens.

11) So until the evening they ran, jumped, jumped off the cliff and screamed at the top of their lungs, setting off the stillness and silence of the autumn forest.

12) And he jumped like a real kangaroo.

13) Water, where are you running?

14) Maybe he's gone crazy?

15) It seems to me that he imagined himself... as the wind.

Examples of parsing simple sentences

The proposal scheme is not just another faculty whim. Thanks to it, you can better understand the structure and specifics of a sentence and parse it faster. However, not all students know how to create a sentence diagram, considering this activity useless. But any diagram is a visual aid that allows you to understand the essence. And having understood it, you can apply this scheme to other sentences, which means you can avoid mistakes in writing in the future.

Making a proposal outline

Before you compose graphic diagram sentences, you need to start by determining which parts of the sentence the words are. First of all, you should determine the subject and predicate, which form its grammatical basis. Then you should distribute the remaining words among the members of the sentence, only taking into account that each of them belongs to the subject or predicate. The subject includes definitions, the predicate includes an object and a circumstance. It should also be taken into account that some words do not belong to the members of the sentence: conjunctions, interjections, inserted and introductory constructions. It may also be that several words together form one member of a sentence: participial and participial phrases. After the analysis, you will have an initial outline of the sentence, from which you only need to remove the words and leave the lines that underline the members of the sentence.

Making a diagram of a complex sentence

If with a simple sentence Everything is quite easy, but the complex puzzles many. And most schoolchildren wonder how to diagram a complex sentence. If this is a complex sentence, then the diagram should reflect all the predicative parts present in it. After this, both parts need to be highlighted with square brackets, and between them put a punctuation mark and a conjunction connecting them: , and . If the sentence is complex and non-union, then we also analyze each of its parts separately, and then highlight them in square brackets.

If you need to parse a complex sentence, then in this case you should show all the relationships between the parts. Here it should be taken into account that the part that is subordinated is the main one, the one that is subordinated is the subordinate one. Thus, the main one is indicated by square brackets, while the subordinate clause is indicated by round brackets: , (which...). After studying the material, you will be able to easily create sentence diagrams, and they will tell you how to place commas correctly, and you will be able to avoid many punctuation mistakes.