Definition of participle and participial turnover, morphological characteristics. What is a passive participle in Russian
The participle is a special form of the verb with the following features:
1. Denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the questions which? What is doing, what is doing?, what is done?.
2. It has the morphological features of a verb and an adjective.
The features of the verb are
Type (SV and NSV),
Transitivity (the feature is relevant for real participles),
recurrence,
Time (present and past).
Voice (active and passive).
In school grammar, voice is considered as a feature that is not characteristic of all verb forms, but only participles, while in scientific grammar the feature of voice is seen in the verb in any form (cf.: Workers are building a house - The house is being built by workers) - see reflexivity of the verb .
The features of the adjective are
Case (for full participles),
Completeness / brevity (only for passive participles).
3. Participles agree with nouns like adjectives and in the sentence they are the same members as adjectives, that is, the definition and nominal part of the compound nominal predicate (short participles are only part of the predicate).
Dependence of the number of participial forms on transitivity and the form of the verb
A verb can have from one to four participial forms, depending on its transitivity and aspect.
Transitive verbs can have forms of real and passive participles, intransitive verbs have only forms of real participles.
CB verbs have only past participles (that is, CB verbs cannot have any present tense forms - neither in the indicative mood, nor in participial forms), NSV verbs can have both present and past participles. In this way,
transitive verbs NSV have all 4 participles (reading, reading, reading, reading),
intransitive verbs NSV have 2 participles - real present and past tense (sleeping, sleeping),
transitive verbs CB also have 2 participles - real and passive past tense (read, read).
intransitive verbs CB have only 1 participial form - the real participle of the past tense (overslept).
Valid participles
Real participles denote a sign of an object that itself produces an action: a boy reading a book.
The real participles of the present tense are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV from the stem of the present tense using suffixes
Usch-(-yushch-) for verbs of the I conjugation: run-yush-y, run-yush-y,
Ash-(-box-) for verbs of the II conjugation: lying-ash-th, hundred-box-th.
The real past participles are formed from the transitive and intransitive verbs NSV and SV from the basis of the past tense using suffixes
Vsh- for verbs with a stem ending in a vowel: chita-vsh-y,
Sh- for verbs with a consonant stem: carried-sh-th.
Verbs can form real past participles from another stem:
Some verbs in -sti (lead, acquire) form the participles under consideration from the stem of the present / simple future tense (and not from the stem of the past tense): having gained (the stem of the future tense has found-ut, the stem of the past has found-la), who led;
The verbs to go and fade form these participles from a special stem that is not equal to any other: walked-sh-th, fade-sh-th.
Some verbs can form two participles from different stems: one from the stem of the past tense dried up and the other from the stem of the infinitive dried up, and the choice of the suffix is carried out in accordance with the above rule.
Passive participles
Passive participles denote a sign of the subject to which the action is directed: a book read by a boy.
Passive present participles are formed from the transitive verbs of the NSV, from the basis of the present tense with the help of the suffix
I eat- (sometimes -om) for verbs of the I conjugation: read-em-th, ved-ohm-th,
Im- for verbs of II conjugation: store-im-th.
Passive participles can be formed from single intransitive verbs: led and managed are formed from intransitive verbs to lead and manage (the meaning of the object with these verbs is expressed by the noun in the form not V. p., but T. p.: to manage, manage the plant).
The passive participles of the present tense do not have verbs to beat, write, sew, revenge and others.
The passive present participle of the verb to give is formed from a special stem (give-em-th).
The verb move has two passive participles in the present tense: moved and moved.
Passive past participles are formed from transitive verbs NSV and SV (participles from NSV verbs are few) from the stem of the past tense using suffixes
H (n) - from verbs on -at, -yat and -et: read-nn-th,
En (n) - from the bases to the consonant and -it: carried away-yonn-th, built,
T- from the bases to -nut, -ot, -eret and from monosyllabic verbs and their derivatives: close-t-th, ring-t-th, locked-t-th, bi-t-th, break-t- th.
Passive past participles are not formed in the verbs love, seek, take.
For some verbs in -sti, -st, passive past participles are formed from the basis of the present / future tense: given, acquired, spun, stolen.
Passive present and past participles can also be formed by adding the postfix -sya to the active form:
Passive participles have a full and short form: a letter written by me - a letter written by me. Short participles have the same grammatical properties as short adjectives, that is, they do not change by case and act in the sentence mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.
Participles and verbal adjectives
Both forms of participles and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb to burn with the help of the suffix -yash- the participle burning is formed, and with the help of the suffix -yuch- - the adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -im-), it is more difficult to distinguish between them.
However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case.
1. Participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, “arising as a result of an action”, “capable of participating in an action”), cf .:
She was brought up in strict rules(= She was brought up in strict rules) - communion;
She was educated, educated (= She was educated, educated).
2. A word in full form with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:
unmowed meadows (adjective)
not mowed slanting meadows (participle, because there is a dependent word),
sloping meadows (communion, because ST).
3. Since passive participles of the present tense can only be found in transitive verbs of the NSV, words with the suffixes -im-, -em- are adjectives if they are formed from the verb CV or an intransitive verb:
waterproof boots (adjective, because the verb to get wet in the meaning of “let water through” is intransitive),
invincible army (adjective, since the verb is to defeat the NE).
1. Define the sacrament.
Participle is an independent part of speech that answers the questions what? which? which? which? and designates a sign of an object by action. Participles are formed from verbs and have verb features: aspect and tense (present and past). For example: laugh - laughing (non-native view, current v.), shout - shouted (perfect view, past v.).
They change by numbers, cases and in the singular by gender: laughing (girl) - singular, female, I.p.; waving (flag) - singular, m.p., etc.; blue (lake) - singular, cf., D.p.; written (compositions) - pl., R.p. Textbooks and notebooks are stacked (predicate) in a briefcase.
2. What is the difference between real and passive participles?
Real participles denote a sign of an object that itself produces an action: a fluttering (which flutters) butterfly, a laughing (who laughed) child. Passive participles denote a sign of an object that is affected by another object: dishes washed (by whom? - by mother), dishes told by (grandfather) story.
Passive participles can be short, real participles are not.
3. What do full and short participles have in common and how do they differ?
General: they vary by number and gender (singular): the suit is ironed (m.r., singular), the skirt is ironed (f.r., singular), the dress is ironed (cf., singular), trousers ironed (pl.).
Differences: 1. Short participles do not change by case. 2. Full participles can be different members of the sentence, short participles can only be a predicate.
4. What rules should be followed when writing vowels in the suffixes -usch- (-yush-), -ash- (-yash-)? In suffixes -em- (-im-)?
For the correct spelling of vowels in the suffixes of real and passive participles of the present tense, it is necessary to determine the conjugation of the verb from which they are formed. If the verb belongs to the I conjugation, you should write the suffix -usch- (-yusch-) for real participles (stabbing, swaying), -em- - for passive participles (forwarded). If the verb is of conjugation II, then the suffix -ash- (-yash-) - (breathing, glueing) is written for real participles, and the suffix -im- (visible) is written for passive participles.
5. In what cases in passive participles is written a (i) before one and two letters n, in which - e?
To determine the spelling of the vowel before n and nn in passive participles, you need to look at what ends indefinite form verbs from which these participles are formed. For example, draw - drawn (drawn), dispel - dispelled (dispelled), offend - offended (offended). If the verb ends in -it-, then you need to write the vowel e: spread - spread out (spread out).
6. How many letters n are written in full and short passive participles?
In full passive participles, two letters n are written, in short ones - one: read (book), (book) read.
7. When is one and two letters n written in the suffixes of passive participles and adjectives formed from verbs?
NN is written:
1. in the suffixes of participles formed from perfect and imperfect verbs, if they are the main word of the participial turnover (that is, they have explanatory words): drawn (by the artist's picture), knitted (mittens with knitting needles);
2. in participle suffixes formed from perfective verbs: broken wheel, problem solved;
3. in the suffixes of short verbal adjectives, which have lost the meaning of time and acquired the meaning of a permanent feature: people are excited (restless), the girl is well-mannered (cultured);
4. in participles that have a prefix other than NOT;
5. in participles that have the suffix -ova-, -eva-, -irova-.
N is written:
1. in suffixes of short passive participles: the houses are built, the task is completed, the picture is drawn;
2. in the suffixes of verbal adjectives formed from imperfective verbs that do not have explanatory words with them: a broken line, dried meat, dried mushrooms.
8. Talk about spelling without participles.
Written separately:
1. with short participles (The walls are not painted.);
2. with full participles:
a) if they have dependent words (Walls not painted by workers);
b) if there is a contrast with the union a (Not painted, but pasted walls).
They are written together with full participles:
1. if they are not used without not (raging storm);
2. if they do not have dependent words and opposition with the union a (non-ceasing noise, unopened book).
9. What is participle turnover? When is it separated by commas in a letter?
Participle turnover is a participle with a dependent word. The sentence emphasizes as one member of the sentence - the definition.
It is separated by commas in the letter if it is after the word being defined. For example: Birds preparing to fly away began to gather in flocks. Birds preparing to fly away began to gather in flocks.
1. Participle - a form of the verb (special), which denotes a sign of an object by action, answers the questions of the adjective what? what?, what?, what?. Participles can be perfect and imperfective, reflexive and irrevocable, present or past tense (there is no future!). They can be active or passive. They have a short or full form (if passive). They change by gender, number, cases (these are non-permanent signs. Syntactic role (definitions, predicates, sometimes subjects).
2. The real ones themselves produce actions, and the passive ones are influenced by another object. A student who took (himself, really) a briefcase. A portfolio taken (not by himself, suffering) by the student.
3. General: they change in numbers, gender, have a present and a past tense. Difference: only full participles have cases. Full and short in sentences can be predicates, but full ones can also be subjects or definitions.
4. It is written ush, yush, eat, om, if the participles are formed from the verb of the first conjugation, it is written with it, ash, yash, if the participles appeared from the verb of the second conjugation. Cooing (from cooing, 1 ref.), changeable (from changing, 1 ref.), healing (from treating, 2 ref.), audible (from hearing, 2 ref., excl.).
5 It is written A if in the verb from which given word formed, A. In other cases - e. Decorated (from decorate), repaired A NNy (from repaired A t).
6. In short passive participles, H is written (not corrected (what?, short). In full ones, NN is written if it is formed from a verb with a prefix (attached), if it appeared from a perfective verb (bought from buy, sov.v.) , if the word has the suffixes OVA, EVA (canned), if the participles include dependent words (rye sown by someone (z.s.)
7. In short participles N. NN in short participles, which are formed from verbs and which stand in plural. in the feminine or in the middle, if they are formed from verbs with prefixes or suffixes OVA, EVA. Masha Rasseyanna (there is a prefix, female).
8. Not - separately: with short participles (not fulfilled), with full participles, in which there is a union A (not dried up, but wet) or a dependent word (not drunk by anyone (c.s.)). Not - together, if they are not used without NOT, if there is no z.s. or opposition with union A. (indignant look (no s.s.), misunderstood material (no s.s., no A)
9. Communion with a dependent word - participle turnover. It is separated by two commas if it is in the middle of a sentence after the defined word, it is separated by one comma if it is at the end of the sentence after the defined word. If it is before the defined, then most often commas are not put (with the exception of those cases when the turnover has a circumstantial value). / Stunned by the roar of aircraft / Vanya lowered his head / ~~~~/ Why did he lower it? Vanya what? A comma, since there is a reason value. Teddy bear (def. words), / ~~~ dressing up in a suit / . / Dressing up in a suit ~~/ Bear is about to go for a walk. Bear, /dressing up in a suit~~/, was about to take a walk.
Among scientists there is no single definition of participle within the framework of lexico-grammatical classes. Some linguists consider it a special form of the verb. Others, agreeing with Academician L.V. Shcherba, call the sacrament an independent part of speech. There are some experts who define participle as a verbal adjective. V. I. Dal spoke of him as a part of speech, "participated in the verb in the form of an adjective."
However, the verb form
School textbooks reflect different points of view. However, if we consider the participle as a special form of the verb, then it is easier to immediately distinguish it from other parts of speech and write without errors. The very name "communion" characterizes it as something attached to something, and not independent.
Meaning
So, participle is a special form of the verb. It designates, as well as an object, but only according to its action. Questions for the sacrament: "what?" (as an adjective), as well as "what is he doing?", "what is he doing?", "what is he doing?".
Some linguists define the participle as a "hybrid" intraverbal form denoting an action expressed as a sign of an object.
Morphological characteristics
Participles have signs of two independent parts of speech at once - a verb and an adjective. The participle received all the constant signs "inherited" from the verb, and the changeable ones - from the adjective.
Immutable or permanent features
Communion can be either perfect or imperfect.
· It can be transitive and intransitive.
Communion can be returnable and irrevocable.
The word can stand in tense: present, past, future.
Has a passive or active voice.
Changeable or non-permanent signs
The participle changes form according to:
with neuter, masculine and feminine;
with plural and singular;
with six cases
Passive participles can be both in full and in short form.
In a sentence
The syntactic function of participles is determined by the completeness and brevity of the form: full participles - definition or part compound predicate, short can only be a predicate.
How to distinguish between passive and active participles
We know that the participle expresses only the sign that is associated with the action. Knowledgeable specialist is the expert who knows. Checked notebooks are those notebooks that have been checked. As we can see from the example, 2 states are possible: the object performs the action itself, or another object performs the action on the object. Therefore, all participles are divided into two groups:
1. Valid, naming the sign of the object that performs the action: a yellowing (which turns yellow) leaf.
2. Passive, denoting such a sign that undergoes the action of another object: a problem solved (by whom? - by me).
What is the difference between full and short participles
Let's compare two constructions: "Artificial intelligence created by the efforts of cyberneticists" and "Artificial intelligence created by the efforts of cyberneticians". In the first case, the participle "created" is full, in the second ("created") it is short. They play different roles in sentences. The full participle is a definition, and the short participle is a predicate. If we want to decline both participles in cases, we will see that this can only be done with the full form. One letter "n" is written in short participle suffixes, and two "n" - in full forms. What they have in common is that both forms are able to change, firstly, by gender, and secondly, by numbers. Distinguish short forms participles from similar adjectives because they are spelled differently.
How the sacraments are made
All participles arise from verbs, but their various forms depend on aspect and transitivity.
All 4 forms of participles (active and passive in the present and past tense) can only be produced from transitive and imperfective verbs. For example: meet - meeting (d. p., present time), meeting (d. p., past time) met (s. p., present time), met (s. p., past . vr.).
How to distinguish a participle from a verbal adjective
There is a group of adjectives that are formed, like participles, from a verb. What is the difference? If an object participates in an action and time and appearance matter to it, then this is a participle: to captivate - enthusiastic. AT this example you can determine the perfect form and the past tense, therefore, we have a participle. The definition in the phrases “boiled beets”, “frozen fish” indicates a result that has become permanent, the type and time are not relevant for it, which means that we have a verbal adjective.
What is participial turnover
We have defined the sacrament and considered its possible forms. However, this lexico-grammatical unit can participate in a syntactic construction, which is called participial turnover. If the participle has dependent words (tokens to which we ask a question), then we are dealing with a participial turnover. In a sentence, it always plays the role of a definition. Let's compare: "duck swimming" and "duck swimming in the lake". In the first case, there is a definition expressed by the participle "floating". In the second example, the participle has a dependent word: floating (where?) in the lake. The definition is expressed by participial turnover.
How to place commas
Which were given above, differ from the definitions expressed by participial phrases, punctuation. As part of a sentence, the turnover is separated by commas, but only if it follows the word being defined. Let's compare 2 constructions in which the word being defined is “snowflakes”: “snowflakes swirling in the air” and “snowflakes swirling in the air”. However, this nuance does not apply to morphology; it is the subject of a separate discussion.
