Basic coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. Conjunctions coordinating and subordinating

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words are the connecting link between the main and dependent clause in a complex sentence (CSP). Here is a list of allied words and subordinating conjunctions, depending on what kind of subordinate clause they attach in meaning.

Subordinating conjunctions

Unlike unions, words of the service part of speech, they play the role of a union and at the same time remain full members of the sentence.

I was asked who I was, first in Portuguese, then in Spanish, then in French, but I did not know any of these languages ​​(Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe).

• (Who?) I- is the subject;
• (What does it say about me?) who it- compound nominal predicate.

We list allied words - pronouns:

• who;
• what;
• which;
• what;
• which;
• whose;
• how much (how much).

Examples of sentences with allied words - pronouns

Let me ask you, who has the honor of being the first? (Arthur Conan Doyle. Hound of the Baskervilles).

Berlioz looked around sadly, not understanding what frightened him (M. N. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita).

Sometimes the gentleman, no matter how angry he was, would calm down with her and talk graciously to me (A. S. Pushkin. Belkin's Tales).

There was no answer, except for that general answer that life gives to all the most complex and insoluble questions (Leo Tolstoy. Anna Karenina).

But what this period was, he did not know and could not find out (Anatoly Rybakov. Children of the Arbat).

Is he really doomed to perish, this young man with a beautiful strong body, a young man whose voice sounds like a call of a bugle and the ringing of weapons? (Jack London. Iron heel).

But come on, how much is still unspoiled, childish in it (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).

But he was already in such a rage that he did not notice how futile his efforts were (Jack London. Hearts of Three).

Allied words are pronominal adverbs:

• where;
• why;
• as;
• when;
• where;
• from where;
• why;
• why;
• how much.

Examples of sentences with allied words - adverbs

A rich collection of pistols was the only luxury of the poor hut where he lived (A. S. Pushkin. Belkin's Tales).

They guessed why the tsar called to the palace (Alexei Tolstoy. Peter the Great).

It is not known how he did it, but only his nose sounded like a pipe (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).

And when he opened them, he saw that everything was over, the haze dissolved, the checkered one disappeared, and at the same time a blunt needle jumped out of the heart (M.N. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita).

He did not understand where he was walking, spreading his legs wide, but his legs knew perfectly well where they were carrying him (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).

Two were already driving forward to the place where they were supposed to let them in (Leo Tolstoy. Anna Karenina).

Maud released his hand, causing his fingers to open slightly and the pencil fell out (Jack London. Sea Wolf).

Then he lost his patience and began to grumble why he is always forced to do what he does not want (Mark Twain. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer).

Yura understood how much he owed his uncle the general properties of his character (Boris Pasternak. Doctor Zhivago).

How to distinguish unions from allied words

Subordinating unions are not members of the subordinate clause, but serve only to attach clauses to the main or another clause.

For example:

It is bitter to think that life will pass without grief and without happiness, in the bustle of daily worries. (I. Bunin.)

Compare:

My father guessed what was in my soul (Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe).

allied words not only attach subordinate clauses to the main (or other subordinate clause), but also are members of subordinate clauses.

For example:

In autumn, birds fly away to places where it is always warm.

I don't know why he did it.

In these sentences, allied words "where" and "why" are circumstances.

According to syntactic properties, unions are divided into coordinative
and subordinates.

Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members of a simple
sentences and parts of compound sentences. Formal
a feature of the coordinating union is that, being located
waiting for connected components, it is not included in the syntactic
the structure of none of them. Whereas the subordinating conjunction belongs to
lives in the adnexal part, together with which it can occupy different positions

tions in relation to the main sentence: When the detachment entered the
kind, the sun was setting -> The sun was setting when the detachment entered the city ->
The sun was setting when the detachment entered the city.

Coordinating conjunctions connect components both functionally
equal: when composing, it is impossible to single out either the main or the dependent
my parts. At the same time, the homogeneity expressed by the coordinative conjunction
um, it's not the same. It can refer to the syntactic level -
union connects the same members of the sentence: I will get a cat and a parrot;

can be lexico-semantic - the union connects different forms
with their common or the same type of referential orientation: I say
with poets and about poets(V. Z. Sannikov); as well as communicative
uz connects functionally different members of the sentence: It's raining,
and strong; She will return, but not soon - adjective and adverb
connected by a coordinating union to a sentence, are read
also as a suggestion) 106 .

Coordinating unions are divided into: 1) connecting, 2) separating
telative, 3) adversative, in which gradational,
4) connecting and 5) explanatory.

Note. This classification is traditional. She (with not-
significant variations) is presented in many grammars
Russian language. V. 3. Sannikov proposed a division of coordinative
unions not on the basis of a syntactic relationship, but on the basis of
range. He singled out connecting, dividing and substituent
solid unions. Connecting unions connect parts, each of
which denotes a real / unreal fact. On the basis of re-
modality, adversatives are also classified as connective
unions (and, obviously, explanatory
unions). Separating unions are associated with the modality of possible
sti fact. Substitutive unions include unions of the type not... but, which
indicate that only the second part of the syntactic
structures denotes a real fact: Petya does not sleep, but reads(Petya,
reads instead of sleeping) 107 .

Connecting unions and, neither ... nor, yes(in the meaning of m), like... so
«... and. These unions express a connection that is not complicated by an additional
meanings, they are often used to refer to the listed
niya: And my Matryona became neither a peahen nor a crow(Krylov); And a sling
and an arrow and a crafty dagger spare the winner years(Pushkin). by the most
abstract from connecting unions is the union and, which, by
according to A. M. Peshkovsky, expresses the "pure idea of ​​\u200b\u200bconnection." Union
and is not only used to express enum and join.

For more on this, see: V. Z. Sannikov. Russian writing constructions. Semanti-
ka. Pragmatics. Syntax. M., 1989. S. 13-25.

V. Z. Sannikov. Decree op. pp. 92-97.

Based on adverbs, particles, modal words (and then, and therefore,
and therefore, and therefore, and yet, and yet, and yet) as well as
the meaning of the combined parts, he can convey temporary, causes
but-investigative, concessive, conditional, adversative and attached
divisive values.

Divisive unions or, either, then... then. not that... not that, or... or,
either ... or, either ... either, or that, or not that express two main syn-
taxic relations: 1) meaning of mutual exclusion: Is she-
telegram - fell into a snowdrift and now lies deep under the snow, or
she fell on the path and was pulled away by some passer-by ...(Gaidar), 2)
order of precedence: That rain, then hail, then snow, like white fluff, then the sun,
glitter, azure and waterfalls...(Bunin); A storm clouds the sky. Whirlwinds of snow
nye twisting: The way the beast she will howl, Then she will cry like a child(Pushkin).

Note. V. 3. Sannikov noted the use in the dividing
meaning of the union and; to this meaning he cites an example from "The Miserly
knight" by Pushkin: The Baron is healthy. God willing - ten years, twenty,
and twenty five. and he will live thirty sh.

Opposing alliances ah, but, however, yes(meaning but) are
polysemantic, the context can modify their content; os-
new meaning of the union a comparative: Snow is still whitening in the fields,
and the waters are already rustling in the spring(Tyutchev), unions but, nevertheless, yes - contra-
body: She approaches - and in tears She looked at the noisy waters. hit,
sobbing into her chest, In the waves she decided to drown - However, she did not jump into the water
And continued on her way(Pushkin).

Gradational unions (they are also called double matchers)
unions) not only but. not only ... but, not only not ... but, not
so much, .. how much, not even that and others express a comparison or
opposition in terms of significance: He is not only handsome, but
and talented.

Affiliating unions yes and, yes and that, (and) moreover, (and) moreover,
too, also express additional information to what has been said: Water
there was a lot, and besides, it was not spoiled.

Explanatory conjunctions namely, that is, or, somehow express in
clarification and clarification: They drank as usual, that is, a lot(Push-
kin); Anna spent the whole day at home, that is, at the Oblonskys...(L. Tolstoy);

Pets, namely cats, have a calming effect on a person.
impressively; She is called so, that is, her nickname is Manilovka, and Zamanilovki
not here at all(Gogol).

Note. In some works, explanatory conjunctions delimit
are derived from coordinative ones and are recognized as lexemes that form

a special type of syntactic relations, intermediate between
subservient and submissive relationships.

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions attach subordinate parts to the main
parts of a complex sentence. Some subordinate
solid conjunctions are also used in the construction of a simple sentence.
Yes, union as can be placed before the nominal part of the compound
called: House as a courtyard or enter into the circumstance of the image
actions: Like smoke dissipated dreams(Lermontov), ​​union to maybe
attach the circumstance of the goal expressed by the infinitive:

Gathered to discuss a plan of action.Wed: Gathered to discuss the plan
actions.

Subordinating conjunctions are usually divided into semantic and ase-
mantic. The latter include unions that attach subordinate
nye explanatory sentences: what, how, to, as if. They are usually
compared with grammatical cases, since with the help of explanatory
native unions are often replaced by such syntactic places,
in which there may be a grammatical case (I hear the sound of the wind,
It is heard that 1 as 1 as if the wind is making noise; Dreaming of spring. Dreaming like
Spring; I remembered what happened. remember what happened). Like gram-
matic cases, explanatory conjunctions express syntactic
relations predetermined (given) by the semantics of that word (or
word forms) to which the subordinate clause refers. Izyas-
native union does not form the syntactic meaning of a complex preposition
position, but only expresses it.

However, it would be wrong to think that in terms of content
explanatory conjunctions are empty words. Explanatory conjunctions
differ from each other by the modal components of the meaning. Union
to expresses the desired modality (tell me to come)
as if - uncertainty (I see that someone is standing) that and as connection-
us with real modality.

Semantic subordinating conjunctions have their own meanings
niya. They define syntactic relations in the structure of a complex
suggestions.

Semantic unions are divided into groups according to their meaning: 1) tense
unions when, before, after, just... how, as soon as,
just barely 2) causal because, because, since, in view of that
that, especially since, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that
that, in connection with the fact that. due to the fact that, as a result of the fact that;

3) conditional if. if... then, if, if, provided
what if and etc.; 3) concessions despite the fact that, although, despite

to the fact that, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, regardless of
what; 4) consequences so, resulting in; 5) goals in order to, for that
so that, for the sake of, in order to, so that; 6) comparative
as, as if, as if, as if, as, as, as, as
as, as if; 7) comparative unions coinciding with subordinate
unions on a formal basis, but not opposite in meaning
assigned to coordinating conjunctions if... then, while, inter-
du those how, then how, as, how, than ... those. For example, Fathers
they didn’t go to each other’s, she hadn’t seen Alexei yet, while
(= a) young neighbors only talked about him(Pushkin).

Notes. 1. Comparative unions, due to the fact that they are not expressed
reap syntactic inequality, sometimes included in the composition
coordinative, especially in cases where it is possible to replace
union a 109 . 2. Among the comparative unions, it should be especially noted
union as, used in the structure of a simple sentence
in a function synonymous with preposition as (We know him as a teacher
tel 1 as a teacher). The specifics of the corresponding design
tions is that the union attaches a noun, case-
whose final form is chosen on the basis of agreement: is he(I. p.)
like it as a poet(I. p.), help him(D. p.) like a poet(D. p.), ce-
him him(V. p.) like a poet(V. p.), interested in him(T. p.) what is it in-
this(T. p.s. I'll tell you about it.(P. p.) how about a poet(P. p.) 110 .

allied words

Allied words (or relative pronouns) - this is a place-
nominal words of various parts of speech used in the construction
complex sentence as a subordinating conjunction.
Submission, formalized by an allied word, is usually called relative
telny.

The following lexemes are used as allied words: who what,
which, which, what, whose, where, where, from where, when, how, why, why,
why, how much.

Unlike unions, allied words are members of a sentence
a semantic question can be posed to them, and, what is important, they
are divided into subordinate parts on the basis of syntactic connection with other
components. For example, in a sentence The most amazing thing was
how quickly they agreed(Fadeev) word as forms phrases
adverb fast, in which the value of the degree is expressed, and in
therefore cannot be considered an alliance. Similarly, the union word what -

109 Modern Russian language. Part 2 / Ed. E. I. Dibrova. pp. 148-149.

110 For more on this see A. F. Priyatkina. Union "as" in the meaning of "as". Vladivostok
stock, 1975.

it is always or strongly controlled V. p. (Remember what you said ut-
rum), or I. p. subject (It's hard to understand what's going on).

The allied function of relative pronouns is based on
their properties. 1. When making subordinate explanatory clauses
pronoun sentences implement their interrogative semantics
and are selected depending on what the question is directed to: Us
they asked who was coming, what happened when the cold came, why
planes do not fly, what summer is expected etc.

Note. lexeme when is a union if it attaches
exact time.

2. If the subordinate clause refers to a noun
or correlative pronoun, then the allied word realizes
its ability to be used anaphorically: most often it introduces
in the subordinate clause the component mentioned in the main part:

tell me about the letter you received; I am the one you are waiting for; we were
where you are going; on the birch that grows under my window, the jackdaws
nest.

Note. Relative pronouns-adjectives in formalization
substantive clauses in gender and number are consistent with
noun in the main part to which they refer, and the form
case is determined by their place in the structure of the subordinate clause
zheniya. Cm. The places they passed through could not be named
picturesque(Turgenev) - prepositional case form for which
predetermined by the syntactic relationship with the verb passed (Where
passed? - Passed through ...), and the number is determined by agreement
with the word form places.

Subordinating conjunctions according to their meaning, they are divided into two groups: functional-syntactic and semantic.

Functional-syntactic unions indicate the syntactic dependence of the subordinate clause on the main one, without specifying the nature of this dependence. Valgina N. S. emphasizes that it is with indefinite semantics, i.e., they can be used in various types of subordinate clauses, they include unions what, to, as .

• He didn't hear
• how a greedy wave was rising. (Addendum explanatory.)
• (A. S. Pushkin)
• Why arapa
• Young loves Desdemona
• how the moon loves dark nights? (A comparative clause.)
• (A. S. Pushkin)
• His desert corner
• Rented out as deadline has expired. (Addendum of time.)
• (A. S. Pushkin)

Semantic conjunctions serve not only to formally attach the subordinate clause to the main one, but also to express certain semantic relations.

Semantic subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:

1. Temporary alliances: as, when, barely, Bye, only, only, once, before, after, since. They express the temporal relationship of two events, situations.

• Nicely, when There are people in the world who want to help.
• (P. A. Pavlenko)
• When hurry up, the road always seems longer.
• (D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak)
• As soon as I entered the edge of the forest, as immediately stumbled upon boars ...
• (V.K. Arseniev)

2. Explanatory conjunctions: what, to, as, as if. Express relationship explanations.

• I told the boys what got lost, and sat down with them.
• (I. S. Turgenev)
• I want,
• so that to the bayonet
• equated pen.
• (V. V. Mayakovsky)
• The children feel who loves them.

Galkina-Fedoruk E. M., Raspopov I. P. and Lomov A. M. do not include explanatory conjunctions in the group of semantic ones (Rosental D. E. and Telenkova M. A. consider them to be semantic).

3. Target alliances: to, if only, if only, so that(outdated), in order to, so as to, for the purpose of. Transfer target relationships. The subordinate clause explains the content of the main part of the complex sentence.

• To love music, you must first listen to it.
• (D. D. Shostakovich)
• Everyone was silent to hear the rustle of flowers.

4. Causal unions: as (then), because, for, insofar as, due to the fact that, thanks to, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because of, because of, because of. Express causal relationships. The basis or motive is indicated in the subordinate part, in the main part - the consequence.

• BUT as upset mother was silent, then Chuk and Gek were also silent.
• (A.P. Gaidar)
• Because of the clouds almost touched the tops of the birches, it was quiet and warm on the ground.
• (K. G. Paustovsky)

5. Conditional unions: if, if, if, once, if only, when, how soon. The conditional relations indicated in the subordinate part are transmitted, in the main part - the result is shown.

• How well all the people in the world could live, if if only they wanted if If only they understood!
• (A. A. Fadeev)
• When two people quarrel - always both are to blame.
• (L. N. Tolstoy)

6. Concession unions - although, let be, let, otherwise, for nothing that, while, despite the fact that , as well as pronominal conjunctions no matter how much, no matter how - express concessive relations. The subordinate clause describes a situation or event in spite of which another event occurs.

• This morning in the steppe it was quiet, cloudy, despite the fact that the sun has risen.
• (L. N. Tolstoy)
• No, you won't be enough for everyone
• Though what general are you?
• (A. T. Tvardovsky)
• Though he could not look more diligently,
• But also the traces of the former Tatyana
• Could not find Onegin.
• (A. S. Pushkin)

7. Comparative unions: as, how, as if, as if, like, exactly, than, as if, similar to. Comparative relations are transmitted through a complex sentence, which describes the similarity of two events, situations - real and supposed.

• Similar to an impatient young man is waiting for the hour of a date, I was waiting for the hour of the night.
• (M. A. Bulgakov)
• Cool summer has come
• as if a new life has begun.
• (A. A. Akhmatova)

8. Investigative Alliances: so. The subordinate part conveys relations expressing the consequence, result, conclusions, while the main part expresses the cause, foundation.

• The house stood on a slope so the windows to the garden were very low from the ground...
• (S. T. Aksakov)
• The rain has stopped, so we can go for a walk.

Many linguists tend to believe that investigative relations are transmitted only by a single union so (Lekant P.A.). Meanwhile, V. V. Babaitseva, L. Yu. Maksimov, V. V. Vinogradov, the union before that .

• And before that I suddenly felt ashamed what Tears literally ran down my cheeks...
• (F. M. Dostoevsky)

Before starting to study the topic "Composing conjunctions", let's consider in which section of the Russian language they are included. In the Russian language there are service parts of speech, where particles, prepositions, conjunctions and copulas are studied. They do not have a nominative function, i.e. do not name objects, signs, phenomena, but help to express the relationship between them. In a sentence, they are not members and are used as a formal grammatical means of the language. They have no stress, they are unchangeable and morphologically indivisible.

Unions

Unions connect homogeneous members of simple sentences and parts of a complex sentence. They are composing and subordinating.

Homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a compound sentence can connect coordinating conjunctions.

Unions and their groups

By value, these unions are divided into the following groups:

1. Connecting: and, yes (and), neither ... nor, and ... and. For example: Write and read in Russian. It rained all day and the wind continued to whistle outside the window. And he listens to everything Yes shakes his mouth. Neither wind, neither storm, neither the thunder could not keep him from the trip. And first, and second, and the third was brought to the table without delay.

2. Nasty: but, yes (but), but, however, the same. For example: Father said a the whole family listened attentively. Today is cloudy, but warmly. Little, Yes remote. It was difficult there but very interesting. The officer approached the building but not in a hurry to enter the entrance.

3. Dividing: or, or…or, either, or…or, then…that, or…either, not that…not that. For example: Whether sun, either snow, either love, either no. Be or not to be? Wet dogs wandered around or sat waiting for food. Or I had to go ahead or stay and wait. Sharp gusts of wind then plucked the leaves from the trees, then branches were bent to the ground.

4. Comparative: like…and; not only but). For example: Guests as unexpectedly arrived so suddenly they left. They visited Not only in Moscow, but and in Kyiv.

5. Connecting: yes, and, also, also. For example: We are learning, adults are learning too. He laughed at us also became fun. We were praised for our work yes and for the children too

Differ:

Singles: but...

Recurring: and...and, or...or, either...either, neither...nor...

Double: like...and, not only...but also...

Spelling of coordinating conjunctions. Punctuation marks

A comma is placed before the union and when it connects parts of a complex sentence.

before the union and the comma is not put if it connects two members of the sentence.

When repeating the union and a comma is placed after each member of the sentence connected by it.

Before opposing alliances ah, but, yes (but) always put a comma: The sky was overcast, but there was no more rain. We went to the commandant a the son went into the room. Small spool, Yes roads.

Unions are written together: also, also, but. To make sure that also, also, but unions, you need instead too, also substitute union and, but instead but- union but. If such a stand is possible, then these are unions and they need to be written together.

1. I too wrote, but Same(pronoun then and particle same) while listening carefully.

2. Poet also sang well. They all same way(adverb So and particle same) every day waiting for letters from children.

3. Hide for that(pretext behind and demonstrative pronoun then) wood. Worked a lot but all finished.

Conclusion

Sentences with coordinating conjunctions are very widely used in the scientific, colloquial, official vocabulary of the Russian language. They make our speech rich and interesting.

Unions, as an integral part of speech, are the relationship of simple concepts of sentences and homogeneous members of a certain sentence in the middle of a complex sentence. There are several types of unions, which are divided into blocks according to the structure of phrases and the meaning of phrases. In the article we will analyze the coordinating and subordinating conjunctions of the Russian language, and also show examples in the table.

The concept of coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating unions are those that are intended to unite the members of a sentence. They answer the same question in a sentence and are equal in meaning to simple sentences in writing a complex sentence.

Example: (Morning came and it started to rain. I am not a ballerina and I can never become one.).

Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three blocks by definition of meaning:

• Connecting - reflect the transfer of homogeneous members. Such unions express the simultaneous action or sequence of events, phenomena (a-, yes-, also-, also-, but also-, not only-, as well as-). Example: Clouds float and fly in the blue, and a miracle is created on earth. But a strong hurricane destroyed everything and took away the clouds, and the heavenly darkness became empty.
• Opposite - reflect the opposition of actions, phenomena or differentiation (a-, but-, yes-). Example: To tell a sad story, but there is no time to be sad.
• Dividing - give the sentence the meaning of alternation, choice (either-, then ... then-, or-). Example: A guitar sings behind a mountain, then it will calm down, then it will sing again. If it rains or a tornado, you and I will run away.

In complex stable sentences, a separating comma is used between sentence members of similar meaning, which are connected by separating or connecting unions (and-, neither-, or-, or-).

Example: Both the sky and the sun sang. Either I look at the sky, or everything seems to me.

Where homogeneous members of a complex sentence are connected by unions with one word, a comma is not put, without exception.

Example: The carousel rose, descended and took off.

In the case of separation of compound unions, a comma is located between the parts of the union.

Example: Among the forest trees there are both huge and small old-timers. Either we were standing near the forest, or we were enveloped in fear.

The concept of subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating are unions that logically combine simple sentences in their composition into a complex one. In these complex lexical constructions, from one simple sentence to the second simple sentence as part of a complex one, one can pose a question. Example: The notebooks are heavily stained with ink, (why?) because little Ulyana loves to draw patterns. The more rain, the bigger the rainbow.

The essence of subordinate unions is divided by value into:

Participation in the offer in a detailed table

The difference between coordinating conjunctions and subordinating (unions) in relation to morphological analysis and syntactic analysis is rather contradictory and not stable. Suppose the union - although - can reunite both homogeneous and simple sentences in the analysis of a complex one.

Examples of main and subordinate clauses

The functions of unions for clarification can be pronouns, as part of speech, and adverbs, which under such conditions are called allied or relative words. When such words act as unions and combine several sentences, they play the role of an auxiliary part in a complex sentence.

Thus, we have analyzed what the coordinating and subordinating unions are, and also presented examples in the table.