Regions with a high level of urbanization. Levels and rates of urbanization
According to the level of urbanization, all states of the modern world can be divided into 3 groups:
States with a high level of urbanization - more than 70% (56 of them). These are mainly economically developed countries Western Europe, USA, Canada, Australia, Japan, as well as a number of “new industrial countries: and oil-producing countries of Southwest Asia. In some of them (Japan, Australia, Belgium, UAE, Kuwait, Qatar) - the share of the urban population exceeded 80%;
States with an average level of urbanization (from 50 to 70%), there are 49 of them - Bulgaria, Algeria, Bolivia, Iran, Senegal, Turkey, and others;
States since low level urbanization (less than 50%). These are the underdeveloped countries of Africa, Asia, Oceania. *S 33 countries have an urbanization rate of less than 30%, and Burundi, Bhutan, Rwanda - less than 10%.
Factors contributing to the process of urbanization:
First, the rapid development of the economy, the construction of new plants and factories;
secondly, the development of mineral resources;
thirdly, the development of transport communications;
fourthly, the natural conditions under which the population practically does not engage in agriculture.
Certain functions are assigned to cities: there are cities - administrative centers, cities - resorts, cities - ports, cities - transport hubs, cities - centers of science, etc.
Despite high rates of urbanization, half of the world's population currently lives in rural areas. In addition, there are many countries where rural residents make up 80-90%. There are several forms of rural settlement: group (villages, villages, auls, villages), scattered (farms, small farms) and mixed.
In the fourth quarter of 2011, the world population reached the level of 7 billion people World population. Stages and milestones: population and environmental change. United Nations Population Fund Report. New York, 2011.
This historic event took place 12 years after the moment when it reached the level of 6 billion people. Virtually all of the world's population growth (93 per cent) occurs in developing countries. In addition, all future population growth is expected to take place in urban areas, predominantly in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
Currently, out of every 10 urban residents in the world, more than 7 live in developing countries, which also account for up to 82% of the world's population. Of the 187,066 new urban dwellers who will add to the population of the world's cities on a daily basis during the period 2012-2015, 91.5%, or 171,213 people, will be born in developing countries.
However, contrary to popular belief, rural-to-urban migration is no longer the main determinant of urban population growth in developing countries. Natural increase currently accounts for about 60 percent of urban population growth, and the conversion of rural to urban areas—a process known as "reclassification"—about 20 percent.
These data show the extent to which the world's population is increasingly moving into urban areas. To finally shed light on these trends and the benefits associated with urbanization, several governments have taken appropriate policy, legislative and regulatory measures to unlock the potential of this phenomenon. In 2009, just over two-thirds (67%) of the world's countries reported that they had taken steps to reduce or even reverse the flow of migrants from rural to urban areas.
In the modern world, an intensive process of formation of agglomerations, conurbations, megacities, urbanized regions continues.
Agglomeration is an accumulation of settlements united into one whole by intensive economic, labor and socio-cultural ties. It is formed around large cities, as well as in densely populated industrial areas. in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century. there were about 140 large-scale agglomerations. They are home to 2/3 of the country's population, 2/3 of the industrial and 90% of the scientific potential of Russia are concentrated.
Conurbation includes several coalescing or closely developing agglomerations (usually 3-5) with highly developed major cities. In Japan, 13 conurbations have been identified, including Tokyo, consisting of 7 agglomerations (27.6 million people), Nagoya - of 5 agglomerations (7.3 million people), Osaka, etc. The term "standard consolidated area" introduced in the USA in 1963 is similar. World population. Stages and milestones: population and environmental change. United Nations Population Fund Report. New York, 2011.
Megalopolis is a system of settlements, hierarchical in complexity and scale, consisting of a large number of conurbations and agglomerations. Megalopolises appeared in the middle of the 20th century. In UN terminology, a megalopolis is an entity with a population of at least 5 million inhabitants. At the same time, 2/3 of the territory of the megalopolis may not be built up. Thus, the Tokaido megalopolis consists of the Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka conurbations with a length of about 800 km along the coast. Megalopolises include interstate entities, such as the Great Lakes megalopolis (USA-Canada) or the Donetsk-Rostov system of agglomerations (Russia-Ukraine). In Russia, the Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod region of settlement can be called a megalopolis; the Ural megalopolis is born.
The urbanized region, which is formed by a network of megalopolises, is considered to be a more complex, large-scale and territorially extensive settlement system. Among the emerging urbanized regions include London-Paris-Ruhr, the Atlantic coast of North America, etc.
The basis for selection similar systems are cities with a population of over 100 thousand people or more. A special place among them is occupied by “millionaire” cities. In 1900 there were only 10 of them, and now there are more than 400. It is cities with a million inhabitants that develop into agglomerations and contribute to the creation of more complex settlement and urban planning systems - conurbations, megalopolises and super-large formations - urbanized regions.
At present, urbanization is due to the scientific and technological revolution, changes in the structure of productive forces and the nature of labor, the deepening of links between activities, as well as information links.
Common features of urbanization in the world are L. Tarletskaya. International demographic statistics: estimates and forecasts.// World economy and international relations, - No. 3, - 2008:
Preservation of interclass social structures and groups of the population, the division of labor, fixing the population at the place of residence;
Intensification of socio-spatial ties that determine the formation of complex settlement systems and their structures;
Integration of the countryside (as the settlement sphere of the village) with the urban and the narrowing of the functions of the village as a socio-economic subsystem;
High concentration of activities such as science, culture, information, management, and an increase in their role in the country's economy;
Increased regional polarization of economic urban planning and, as a result, social development within countries.
Features of urbanization in developed countries are manifested in the following:
Slowdown in growth rates and stabilization of the share of the urban population in the total population of the country. Slowdown is observed when the proportion of the urban population exceeds 75%, and stabilization - 80%. This level of urbanization is observed in the UK, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany;
Stabilization and influx of population in certain regions of rural areas;
Cessation of the demographic growth of metropolitan agglomerations concentrating the population, capital, socio-cultural and administrative functions. Moreover, in recent years, in the metropolitan agglomerations of the United States, Great Britain, Australia, France, Germany, and Japan, there has been a process of deconcentration of production and population, which manifests itself in the outflow of the population from the cores of agglomerations to their outer zones and even beyond the agglomerations;
Change in the ethnic composition of cities due to the ongoing myth facies from developing countries. The high birth rate in migrant families significantly affects the decrease in the proportion of the "titular" population of cities;
Placement of new jobs in the outer zones of the agglomeration and even beyond.
Modern urbanization has led to a deepening of socio-territorial differences. A kind of payment for the concentration and economic efficiency of production in the conditions of urbanization was the territorial and social polarization constantly reproduced in the most developed countries between backward and advanced regions, between the central regions of cities and suburbs; the emergence of unfavorable environmental conditions and, as a result, the deterioration of the health of the urban population, especially the poor.
Urbanization is a historical process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society, which covers changes in the location of production and, above all, in the population distribution, its socio-professional, demographic structure, lifestyle, culture, etc. . The process of urbanization is inextricably linked with the growth of cities. A city is a large settlement that performs industrial, organizational, economic, managerial, cultural, transport and other non-agricultural functions.
The population of cities can determine their type:
large cities (population over 100 thousand people);
· millionaire cities (population exceeding 1 million people);
super-cities (or mega-cities). UN demographers include here cities with a population of more than 8 million, but the figure of 10 million is more commonly used.
Now there are about 85 thousand urban-type settlements in the world, of which 372 are “millionaire” cities and 21 agglomerations (the largest are Tokyo-Yokohama, Mexico City and Sao Paulo). An agglomeration is an accumulation around the center (big city) of closely located urban and rural settlements, united by intensive and stable ties. IN Lately there were also such forms of urban settlements as megalopolises and conurbations. Conurbations are formed by the merger of economically and populously equivalent cities. And megalopolises are formed as they coalesce with each other. Moreover, it is characteristic that the megalopolis is not a continuous urban development ─ approximately 90% of its area is open spaces.
Along with the process of urbanization, the processes of suburbanization and urbanization have recently been manifested. Suburbanization is the process of formation and development of the suburban area of large cities, resulting in the formation of agglomerations. Urbanization is the process of transferring urban forms and living conditions to the countryside.
There is such a concept that characterizes the share of the urban population in the entire population of the country ─ this is the degree of urbanization. A state where the share of urban residents is more than 50% is highly urbanized, from 20 to 50% is medium urbanized, and less than 20% is low urbanized. Currently, the most urbanized states (except for such city-states as, for example, Hong Kong, Singapore, Monaco, where this figure reaches 100%) are Kuwait (98.3% of the population lives in cities), Bahrain (96.2%) , Qatar (95.3%) and Malta (95%). The least urbanized countries include countries in Africa and Asia, especially Burundi (9.7%), Bhutan (10.8%), Trinidad and Tobago (11.9%) and Uganda (12.5% of the urban population). In Belarus, this figure is 72% (according to the 1999 census).
The following trends in the development of urbanization at this stage can be distinguished:
Steady growth in the number of cities and an increase in their population;
· strengthening the concentration of population, production and cultural life in large and major cities;
· sprawl of cities across the territory, the emergence of megalopolises and agglomerations.
Now urbanization is developing at an accelerated pace, and the geography of this phenomenon is quite wide and diverse; This process has already spread to all countries and continents. Qualitative differences are observed between urban areas in industrialized and developing countries.
If we talk about the geography of this process, then we can say that usually the level of urbanization directly depends on the degree economic development country. However, one can name such exceptions as Djibouti ─ 85.6%, Jordan ─ 81%, Iceland ─ 92.7% of the urban population, where, despite the weak industrial development, the level of urbanization is quite high.
The modern type of urbanization in economically developed countries is not only a rapid increase in the proportion of the urban population, but also the spread of new forms of urban settlement ─ agglomerations and megalopolises, and recently the growth of such settlements in peripheral areas has prevailed.
In economically developed countries, the process of urbanization has practically stabilized and in some of them it is already close to 90%. Many experts attribute this to deurbanization, as a result of which the growth rate of the urban population decreased to 0.6-0.8%.
As the centers of world urbanization, 3 “centers” are distinguished ─ Western Europe, the USA and Japan. However, at the beginning of the 21st century, a trend towards the strengthening of the Southeast Asian vector in world urbanization is already clearly visible. This is due to an increase in the number of urban residents in these countries (now about half of the city dwellers are concentrated in Asian countries).
Three parts of the world - Australia and Oceania, America and Europe - are dominated by urban dwellers; at the same time, the population of African and Asian countries creates a preponderance of the village over the city on average in the world. However, it should be noted that it is in the countries of Asia and Africa that the greatest growth of the urban population occurs. Unfortunately, due to “false urbanization” (an increase in the number of urban residents without increasing the level of urbanization), since migrants maintain their former way of life in the so-called "poverty belts".
Urbanization in developing countries covers more and more territories, but still the proportion of city dwellers in them is much lower. In the least developed, the level of urbanization barely reaches 10%, but in some regions, due to natural, historical and economic reasons, the rate of urbanization is quite high (for example, in many countries of Latin America). In addition, the process of urbanization in such countries is very fast, and these rates even outpace the growth of city dwellers in economically developed countries - on average, they are about 3.5% per year, i.e. 4-5 times higher than in developed countries.
As the industrial growth of developing countries, their degree of urbanization will tend to the level of industrialized countries.
Land and water resources of the world
I) Land is a universal natural resource, without which no branch of human economic activity can practically exist. Features of land resources in comparison with other natural resources. resources: they are practically impossible to move, they are exhaustible and, moreover, limited to a certain territory.
Of particular value to people is the topmost layer of the earth - the soil, which has fertility, the ability to produce biomass (it can be both natural and artificial, supported by people).
Land fund - the totality of all lands within a particular territory (from a small area to the entire earth's surface), subdivided according to the type of economic use. The entire land fund of the planet is usually estimated at 149 million km2 = the entire land area. In most sources - 130-135 million km2, without the area of Antarctica and Greenland.
The structure of the world land. fund:
1. Agricultural land - only 37%, including the most valuable land under arable land and perennial crops (88% necessary products nutrition) accounts for 11%, pastures - 26% (10% of all world agricultural production)
2. Forest land - 32%. Their significance - climate-forming, water protection, forestry - is very high. However, in the supply of food, their role is purely auxiliary (hunting, fishing, etc.)
3. Other lands - 31% (very many). This category includes lands of very different productivity and households. use. Land under residential development, industrial and infrastructure facilities, mine workings (quarries, mines, dumps), etc. - 2.5-3% of land. fund. The vast majority of other lands are unproductive and unproductive lands - deserted deserts, highlands, rocky outcrops, areas under glaciers and water bodies and etc.
The structure of the earth. funds by major regions:
1. The largest share of cultivated land and land occupied by residential, industrial and transport development in its land. The fund is held by Foreign Europe (29% and 5% respectively). For comparison, the corresponding figures for Australia and Oceania are 5% and 1%, and for the CIS, 10% and 1%.
2. The share of pastures is especially high in the structure of land fund in Australia - 54% (North America - 16%, CIS - 17%).
3. The share of forests is maximum in South America - 52% (Foreign Asia - 17%, Australia and Oceania - 18%).
4. The largest share of unproductive and unproductive land in Asia is 42% (Foreign Europe - 17%, South America - 20%)
The record-breaking countries in terms of the share of arable land in the land fund are Ukraine (56.9%), India (55.9%), Bangladesh and Denmark (56-57%)
In terms of the share of pastures, Kazakhstan (70%), Australia and Argentina (50-55%), Mongolia (75%) stand out
Share of other land - sub-Saharan Libya (91%) and Algeria (82%)
The question of the provision of land with resources is also related to the characteristics of the structure and size of the land fund. (calculated in hectares per capita). The world average is 2 ha/person. Australia - 30, CIS - 8, South Am - 5.3, North Am - 4.5, Africa - 1.25, Europe - 0.9, Asia - 0.8 ha/person.
Provision of arable land. The world average is 0.2 ha/person. Australia and Oceania - 1.8, CIS - 0.8, North Am - 0.6, South Am - 0.35, Europe - 0.25, Africa - 0.22, Asia - 0.13.
Problems - the use of productive land for construction, etc., land degradation due to improper land use, their use "for depletion", erosion, waterlogging, salinization, leaching, dust storms, desertification.
II) Water resources - in a broad sense - the entire volume of hydrosphere water contained in rivers, lakes, glaciers, seas and oceans, in underground horizons and the atmosphere (inexhaustible). The oceans - 71% of the total area of the planet + glaciers, rivers, lakes, etc. The entire volume of the hydrosphere is 1390 million km3 (for one person - 220 million m3). But the use of most of these waters is very difficult (the World Ocean - 96% of the volume, glaciers 2% and groundwater 2%).
In a narrow sense, water resources are fresh waters suitable for consumption. (2.5% of all waters of the hydrosphere). The main source of fresh water supply is river channel waters, their share is extremely small (surface waters of the continents: rivers, swamps, lakes - 0.02%), their volume = 2100 km2. per year, the volume of water in the rivers is renewed about 23 times, so the river runoff resources = approximately 41 thousand km3/year. More than half of them drain into the sea, so that the resources actually available for use do not exceed 15,000 km3.
Distribution by regions of total river flow: Asia (Yangtze, Ganges, Brahmaputra rivers) - 11 thousand km3, SAm (Amazon, Orinoco, Parana) - 10.5, CAm (Mississippi) - 7, CIS (Yenisei, Lena) - 5, 3, Africa (Congo, Zambezi) - 4.2, Austria and Oak - 1.6, Europe - 1.4 thousand km3.
Top 10 countries in terms of freshwater resources: Brazil, Russia, Canada, China, Indonesia, USA, Bangladesh, India, Venezuela, Myanmar.
Water supply. Calculation either for 1 km2 of territory, or for 1 person. The world average is 8 thousand m3/year. Above this level - Austria. and OK - 83, SAAM - 32, CIS and CAm - 15 each. The indicators are lower - Africa - 5.7, Europe - 4.1, Asia - 3.1.
About 60% of the total land area on Earth is in areas where there is not enough fresh water.
The countries with the highest water availability are Suriname (470 thousand m3/year), DR Congo (310), Guyana, Papua New Guinea, Gabon, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Equatorial Guinea, Liberia. 7 of them are equatorial, tropical, subtropical belts.
Countries with the lowest water supply: Egypt (0.96 thousand m 3 / year), Burundi, Algeria, Tunisia, Israel, Yemen, Jordan, Saudi Arabia (0.12), Libya (0.1), Kuwait (0.011) .
To imagine the real water supply, it is necessary to take into account the size of water consumption. During the 20th century, the global water supply increased by 6.8 times (2005 - 6000 km3). Nearly 1.2 billion people now lack access to clean drinking water. Water consumption structure: 70% of fresh water - agriculture, 20% - industry, 10% - domestic needs. It is in cx that the irretrievable water consumption is very high. Nowadays, humanity already uses more than ¼ of the actually available water resources, and irretrievable losses account for more than ½ of their total consumption. The largest water supply – Turkmenistan (7000 m3 per person per year), Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Pakistan, etc. (countries with irrigated agriculture)
The limited and uneven distribution of fresh water resources over the earth's surface, the growing pollution of surface and groundwater are one of the components of the global resource problem. Overcoming scarcity - through rational use of .
The earth is one of the main resources of nature, the source of life. The world land fund is about 13.5 billion hectares. In its structure, cultivated lands, meadows and pastures, forests and shrubs, unproductive and unproductive lands are distinguished. Of great value are cultivated lands, which provide 88% of the food necessary for mankind. Cultivated lands are mainly concentrated in the forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones of the planet. Of considerable importance are meadows and pastures, which provide 10% of the food consumed by humans.
The structure of the land fund is constantly changing. It is influenced by two opposite processes: the artificial expansion of land by man and the degradation of land due to natural process.
Every year, 6-7 million hectares of land fall out of agricultural circulation due to soil erosion and desertification. As a result of these processes, the load on the land is constantly increasing, and the availability of land resources is constantly falling. The least secured land resources include Egypt, Japan, South Africa, etc.
The biomass of the Earth is created by plant and animal organisms. Plant resources are represented by both cultural and wild plants. Among the wild vegetation, forest vegetation predominates, which forms forest resources.
Forest resources are characterized by two indicators:
1) the size of the forest area (4.1 billion hectares);
2) standing wood reserves (330 billion hectares).
This reserve increases annually by 5.5 billion m3. At the end of the XX century. forests began to be cut down for arable land, plantations and construction. As a result, the area of forests is reduced annually by 15 million hectares. This leads to a reduction in the woodworking industry.
The forests of the world form two huge belts. The northern forest belt is located in the temperate and subtropical zones. The most densely forested countries of this belt are Russia, USA, Canada, Finland, Sweden. The southern forest belt is located in the zone of the tropical and equatorial belts. The forests of this belt are concentrated in three areas: in the Amazon, in the Congo basins and in Southeast Asia.
Resources of the animal world are also classified as renewable. Together, plants and animals form the genetic fund (gene pool) of the planet. One of the most important tasks of our time is the preservation of biological diversity, the prevention of "erosion" of the gene pool.
The water shell of the globe - oceans, seas, rivers, lakes - is called the hydrosphere. It covers 70.8% of the earth's surface. The volume of the hydrosphere reaches 1370.3 mln. rivers, swamps and lakes.
Water resources are the main source of meeting human needs for water. Until recently, water was considered one of the free gifts of nature, only in areas of artificial irrigation, it has always had a high price. The water reserves of the planet are 47 thousand m3. Moreover, only half of the water reserves can actually be used. Fresh water resources make up only 2.5% of the total volume of the hydrosphere. In absolute terms, this is 30-35 million m3, which is 10 thousand times more than the needs of mankind. But the vast majority of fresh water is conserved in the glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland, in the ice of the Arctic, in mountain glaciers and forms an "emergency reserve", which is not yet suitable for use. River waters (“water rations”) remain the main source of meeting the needs of mankind in fresh water. It is not so significant and you can actually use about half of this amount. The main consumer of fresh water is agriculture. Almost 2/3 of water is used in agriculture for land irrigation. The constant increase in water consumption creates a threat of fresh water scarcity. Such a shortage is experienced by the countries of Asia, Africa, Western Europe.
The role of the ocean in people's lives
It is difficult to overestimate the role of the World Ocean in the life of mankind. It largely determines the face of the planet as a whole, including its climate, the water cycle on Earth. In the ocean, there were vital waterways connecting the continents and islands. Its biological resources are colossal. More than 160 thousand species of animals and about 10 thousand species of algae live in the World Ocean. The annual reproducible number of commercial fish is estimated at 200 million tons, of which approximately 1/3 is caught. More than 90% of the world's catch comes from the coastal shelf, especially in the temperate and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The share of the Pacific Ocean in the world catch is about 60%, the Atlantic - about 35%.
The shelf of the World Ocean has huge reserves of oil and gas, large reserves of iron-manganese ores and other minerals. Mankind is just starting to use the energy resources of the World Ocean, including the energy of the tides. The World Ocean accounts for 94% of the volume of the hydrosphere. Desalination of sea waters is associated with the solution of many water problems future.
Unfortunately, humanity does not always use the natural resources of the oceans wisely. In many areas, its biological resources are depleted. A significant part of the water area is polluted with anthropogenic waste, primarily oil products.
To solve the problems of water supply, a person uses several ways: for example, he builds reservoirs; saves water through the introduction of technologies that reduce its losses; carries out desalination of sea water, redistribution of river runoff in moisture-rich areas, etc.
River flow is also used to obtain hydraulic potential. There are three types of hydraulic potential: gross (30-35 trillion kW/h), technical (20 trillion kW/h), economic (10 trillion kW/h). The economic potential is a part of the gross and technical hydraulic potential, the use of which is justified. The countries of foreign Asia, Latin America, North America, Europe and Australia have the greatest economic hydraulic potential. However, in Europe this potential has already been used by 70%, in Asia - by 14%, in Africa - by 3%.
The oceans contain a large group of natural resources. First, this sea water, which contains 75 chemical elements. Secondly, these are mineral resources, such as oil, natural gas, solid minerals. Thirdly, energy resources (tidal energy). Fourth, biological resources (animals and plants). Fourthly, these are the biological resources of the World Ocean. The biomass of the ocean has 140 thousand species, and the mass is estimated at 35 billion tons. The most productive resources of the Norwegian, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas. Control water resources. One of the directions for solving water problems is to attract the currently underused water resources of desalinated waters of the World Ocean, groundwater and glacier waters for the purposes of water supply. At present, the share of desalinated water in the total volume of world water supply is small - 0.05%, which is explained by the high cost and significant energy intensity of desalination processes. Even in the USA, where the number of desalination plants has increased 30 times since 1955, desalinated water accounts for only 7% of water consumption. In Kazakhstan, in 1963, the first pilot-industrial distiller was put into operation in the city of Aktau (Shevchenko). Due to the high cost, desalination is used only where surface or underground fresh water resources are completely absent or extremely difficult to access, and their transportation turns out to be more expensive compared to desalination of high salinity water directly on site. In the future, water desalination will be carried out in a single technical complex with the extraction of useful components from it: sodium chloride, magnesium, potassium, sulfur, boron, bromine, iodine, strontium, non-ferrous and rare metals, which will increase the economic efficiency of desalination plants. An important reserve of water supply is groundwater. The greatest value for society is fresh groundwater, which makes up 24% of the volume of the fresh part of the hydrosphere. Brackish and saline underground waters can also serve as a reserve in water supply when they are used in a mixture with fresh water or after their artificial desalination. The factors limiting underground water intake include: 1) uneven distribution of water over the territory of the earth; 2) difficulties in processing saline groundwater; 3) rapidly declining rates of natural renewal with an increase in the depth of aquifers. Utilization of water in the solid phase (ice, ice sheets) is expected, firstly, by increasing the water yield of mountain glaciers, and secondly, by transporting ice from the polar regions. However, both of these methods are practically difficult to implement and the environmental consequences of their implementation have not yet been studied. Thus, on present stage development opportunities to attract additional volumes of water resources are limited. The uneven distribution of water resources across the globe should also be pointed out. The highest availability of river and underground runoff resources falls on the equatorial belt of South America and Africa. In Europe and Asia, where 70% of the world's population lives, only 39% of river waters are concentrated. The largest rivers in the world are the Amazon (annual flow 3780 km3), Congo (1200 km3), Mississippi (600 km3), Zamberi (599 km3), Yangtze (639 km3), Irrawaddy (410 km3), Mekong (379 km3), Brahmaputra ( 252 km3) . In Western Europe, the average annual surface runoff is 400 km3, including about 200 km3 in the Danube, 79 km3 on the Rhine, and 57 km3 on the Rhone. The largest lakes in the world are the Great American Lakes (total area - 245 thousand km3), Victoria (68 thousand km3), Tanganyika (34 thousand km3), Nyasa (30.8 thousand km3). The Great American Lakes contain 23,000 km3 of water, the same amount as Baikal. To characterize the distribution of hydro resources, the volume of total river flow per unit of territory (1 km3) and population is calculated. For 1 million inhabitants of the USSR, there is 5.2 km3 of total sustainable runoff (including regulated by reservoirs) against 4 km3 for the entire globe; 19 km3 of total river flow versus 13 km3; 4.1 sustainable groundwater flow versus 3.3 km3. The average water supply per 1 km2 in the CIS is 212 thousand m3, and for the globe-278 thousand m3. The main ways to manage water resources are the creation of reservoirs and the territorial transfer of runoff. .
6. Urban and rural population of the world. Urbanization, problems of urbanization in the modern world
1. Cities and rural settlements as forms of settlement.
2. Dynamics of the ratio of the urban and rural population.
3. Urbanization as a global process and its stages.
4. Common features of urbanization and examples of their manifestation.
5. Levels and rates of urbanization in countries and regions.
6. Problems of urbanization.
tests for self-control on the topic “Urban and rural population of the world. Urbanization."
1. According to the nature of settlement, the population of the world can be divided into urban and rural.
rural settlement arose with the development of agriculture. Currently, more than half of the world's population lives in rural areas. There are 15-20 million rural settlements. They are different in size, form, specialization of the economy.
There are two forms of rural settlement:
- group (village) - most typical for the countries of Central and Southern Europe, Russia, Japan, as well as for most developing countries;
- scattered (farm) - most common in the USA, Canada, Australia, Northern Europe.
In areas of nomadic pastoralism, there are no permanent settlements at all.
urban settlement . Cities arose in ancient times in the interfluve of the Tigris and Euphrates, and then in the lower reaches and the delta of the Nile as centers of administrative power, trade and crafts. With the development of industry, industrial production was concentrated in them, infrastructure was formed, and transport links developed. Cities gradually became centers of attraction for the entire surrounding territory, their role in the territorial organization of the economy increased. Today, the functions of large cities have expanded. They are industrial, cultural, scientific, administrative centers, transport hubs. Most cities are multifunctional. However, there are cities that have a "specialization" - single-function. These include mining centers, resort towns, scientific centers, and some capitals.
The definition of a city varies from country to country. For example, in the United States, a city is considered to be a settlement of more than 2.5 thousand people, in India - over 5 thousand, the Netherlands - 20 thousand, Japan - 30 thousand, and in Sweden, Denmark, Finland - only more than 200 people. In Russia, not only the number of inhabitants is taken into account, but also the indicator of employment (industry, service sector).
At present, the distribution of the population is increasingly determined by the geography of cities, they are gradually becoming the main form of human settlement.
2. This is confirmed by the change in the ratio of the urban and rural population. Thus, during the 20th century, the urban population increased from 220 million people to 2276 million people, and the proportion of urban residents in the total population increased from 14% to 45%. At the same time, the share of the rural population fell from 86% to 55%, respectively.
3. The process of urban population growth, the increase in the number of cities and their consolidation, the emergence of networks and systems of cities, as well as the increasing role of cities in the modern world is called urbanization. Urbanization is the most important socio-economic process of our time. There are three stages in its development:
- first half of the 20th century. This stage is characterized by an acceleration in the growth of the urban population and the spread of urbanization to almost all regions of the world;
- second half of the 20th century. This stage is characterized by an even greater acceleration of urban population growth, the development of large cities, the transition from a point city to an agglomeration (territorial grouping of cities and rural settlements), as well as the formation of megalopolises (the merger of urban agglomerations), which leads to the spread of an urban lifestyle to a rural one. terrain.
4. Urbanization as a global process has common features that are characteristic of most countries.
| Features of urbanization | Display examples |
| 1. Rapid urban population growth | During the second half of the 20th century, the share of the urban population increased by 16% (at the same time, the number of urban population increases by 50 million people annually). |
| 2. Population concentration mainly in big cities | At the beginning of the 20th century there were 360 large cities (over 100 thousand people), by now - more than 2500 The number of millionaire cities has exceeded 200. 20 cities in the world have a population of more than 10 million people. |
| 3. "Sprawl" of cities, expansion of their territory | Formation of agglomerations. For example, Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Tokyo, New York with a population of 16-20 million people. Formation of megalopolises: Boswash (45 million people), Tokaido (60 million people), etc. |
5. In the presence of common features The process of urbanization in different countries has its own characteristics, which are expressed in the level and pace of urbanization.
Level of urbanization in different regions world is different. It is highest in North America, Foreign Europe, Latin America and Australia (71-75%); a low level is in Foreign Asia (especially in South and Southeast) and Africa (27-34%).
In terms of urbanization There is a sharp difference between developed and developing countries. In developing countries, the growth rate of the urban population is 4.5 times higher than in developed countries. They are highest in Africa and Foreign Asia, in countries where the level of urbanization today is the lowest. The high rate of growth in the number of city dwellers in developing countries has been called the "urban explosion". It is accompanied by an increase in the number of large cities and millionaire cities.
A feature of the process of urbanization in developed countries has become the phenomenon suburbanization- moving part of the urban population to the suburbs. In the US, 60% of the inhabitants of agglomerations live in the suburbs. This is due to the deterioration of environmental conditions in large cities, the rise in the cost of infrastructure.
6. Environmental problems of cities are the main problems of urbanization. Cities provide 80% of all atmospheric emissions and E/4 of the total volume of all environmental pollution.
All cities in the world annually "throw away" in environment up to 3 billion tons of solid waste, over 500 m3 of industrial and domestic wastewater, about 1 billion tons of aerosols.
Large cities and agglomerations have a particularly strong impact on the environment, their polluting and thermal effects can be traced at a distance of 50 km.
In addition, cities change natural landscapes. They form urban anthropogenic landscapes.
Another problem of urbanization is that this process is spontaneous and difficult to manage. The "urban explosion" in developing countries is leading to so-called "slum urbanization", associated with the influx of the poor rural population into large cities.
Efforts are being made in developed countries to regulate the process of urbanization. Various measures are being taken to protect and improve the urban environment. This is an interdisciplinary problem, and its solution requires the participation of various specialists.
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. Why has the pace of urbanization slowed down in developed countries?
The rate of urbanization is directly related to its level. In developed countries, the level of urbanization is high, the share of the urban population in many countries reaches 80% or more, so further growth in the share of the urban population is almost impossible. Moreover, in many developed countries there is a process of suburbanization (resettlement to the suburbs).
2. Why have cities become the main form of human settlement in the modern world?
Cities have become the main form of human settlement, since it is in them that industrial production and infrastructure are concentrated, they are scientific, administrative and cultural centers, and the main transport routes intersect in them.
3. Explain the concept of "false urbanization".
The concept of "false urbanization" is associated with a sharp increase in the proportion of the urban population in developing countries, in which the rural population is "pushed out" to the cities from overpopulated agrarian areas. However, with this phenomenon, there is no development of urban functions that characterize the global process of urbanization.
The distribution of the population on the territory of the Earth.
demographic policy.
In the second half of the XX century.
world population growth rates have increased dramatically due to advances in health care and reduced mortality. By the end of the century, the world population is increasing by more than 90 million people annually. Such sharp increase population has been called the ʼʼpopulation explosionʼʼ. At the same time, the "population explosion" occurred mainly in the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, which are characterized by the second type of population reproduction - they account for 90% of the total world population growth.
The rapid population growth in these countries has created acute problems related to the critical importance of providing people with jobs, housing, medical care, etc. In countries with low population growth (for example, France, Germany), problems arise, associated with the "aging of the nation" - an increase in the proportion of older people in the age structure of the population. For this reason, today many countries of the world are pursuing a targeted demographic policy - a set of measures (economic, propaganda, etc.) aimed at regulating the birth rate in order to increase or reduce natural population growth.
The population of the Earth is very unevenly distributed: 70% of the population is concentrated on 7% of the land area.
The population density in these areas is several hundred people per 1 km2. At the same time, on most of the inhabited land, the population density does not exceed 5 people / km2, and 15% of the land is not inhabited at all. This uneven distribution of the population is caused by a number of interrelated factors: natural, historical, demographic and socio-economic. Since ancient times, people settled in areas with favorable conditions for human life, but as the economy developed, its location began to have a decisive influence on the distribution of the population.
People settle in areas with developed industry, agriculture, along transport routes. Also, high or low natural growth significantly affects the population density of people. Today, half of humanity lives in a 200-kilometer seaside strip. The largest densely populated regions of the world are currently South and Southeast Asia, Europe and the Northeast of the United States, as well as the West African region (Nigeria, Benin, Ghana).
At the same time, there are vast territories (in North America, in northern Asia, in Australia, in northern Africa), where the average population density is less than 10 people / km2.
The process of urban population growth, the increase in the number of cities and their consolidation, the emergence of networks and systems of cities, as well as the increasing role of cities in the modern world is commonly called urbanization. Urbanization is the most important socio-economic process of our time.
There are three stages in its development:
- the initial stage is the 19th century. The process of urbanization has begun in Europe and North America;
- first half of the 20th century. This stage is characterized by the acceleration of urban population growth and the spread of urbanization to almost all regions of the world;
- second half of the 20th century.
This stage is characterized by an even greater acceleration in the growth rate of the urban population, the development of large cities, the transition from a point city to an agglomeration (a territorial grouping of cities and rural settlements), as well as the formation of megalopolises (the merger of urban agglomerations), which leads to spreading the urban way of life to the countryside.
Urbanization as a global process has common features that are characteristic of most countries.
| Features of urbanization | Display examples |
| 1.
Rapid urban population growth |
Over the second half of the 20th century, the share of the urban population increased by 16% (at the same time, the number of urban population increases by 50 million people annually) |
| 2. Population concentration mainly in big cities | At the beginning of the 20th century, there were 360 large cities (over 100 thousand people), by now - more than 2500. The number of millionaire cities has exceeded 200. 20 cities in the world have a population of more than 10 million people. |
| 3. "Sprawl" of cities, expansion of their territory | Formation of agglomerations. For example, Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Tokyo, New York with a population of 16-20 million people. Formation of megalopolises: Boswash (45 million people), Tokaido (60 million people), etc. |
Read also
Distribution of the population on the territory of the Earth.
demographic policy. In the second half of the XX century. the growth rate of the world's population has risen sharply on the back of advances in health care and declining mortality. The world population by the end of the century annually… [read more].
20 countries of the world with the highest level of urbanization
20 most urbanized countries in the world wikipedia
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COMPARISON OF URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION
1. Urban population: increasing role.
From history courses, you know that cities arose in ancient times in the deltas of the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates as centers of administrative power, trade and crafts, as military fortifications. With the development of capitalism and the growth of large-scale machine industry, transport and the world market, industry was increasingly concentrated in them, many cities became transport hubs and trade and distribution centers.
Their role as administrative and cultural centers also increased. In the second half of the XX century. the functions of cities have expanded even more - primarily due to the branches of the non-productive sphere. Usually a modern city performs several functions. But there are also single-functional cities - mining, scientific, resort and even metropolitan. Some cities were specially built to become capitals.
Nowadays, the distribution of the population is increasingly determined by the geography of cities, the total number of which
around the world is in the tens of thousands.
Cities have an increasing influence on the entire area around them - both the natural environment and rural settlements. It is no coincidence that N. N. Baransky called the cities the "commanding staff" of the territory of each country.
2. The concept of urbanization.
Urbanization is one of the most important socio-economic processes of our time.
Urbanization (from lat. urbs - city) is the growth of cities, the increase specific gravity urban population in the country, region, world, the emergence and development of increasingly complex networks and systems of cities.
Consequently, urbanization is a historical process of increasing the role of cities in the life of society, its gradual transformation into a predominantly urban one in terms of the nature of work, the lifestyle and culture of the population, and the specifics of the location of production.
Urbanization is one of the most important components of socio-economic development.
Modern urbanization as a global process has three common features that are characteristic of most countries.
The first feature is the rapid growth of the urban population, especially in the less developed countries.
Example. About 14% of the world's population lived in cities, 29% in the city, and 45% in the city. On average, the urban population is increasing annually by about 60 million people.
V., according to the forecasts of demographers, the share of citizens should be 47.5%.
The second feature is the concentration of population and economy mainly in big cities. This is explained primarily by the nature of production, the complication of its links with science and education.
In addition, large cities usually satisfy people's spiritual needs more fully, better provide an abundance and variety of goods and services, and access to information repositories. "Big cities," wrote the famous French architect Le Corbusier, "are spiritual workshops where the best works of the universe are created."
At the beginning of the XX century. there were 360 large cities in the world (with a population of over 100 thousand inhabitants), in which only 5% of the total population lived. At the end of the 80s. there were already 2.5 thousand such cities, and their share in the world population exceeded 1/3.
Urbanization of Foreign Europe
By the beginning of the XXI century. The number of large cities will obviously reach 4,000.
Among large cities, it is customary to single out the largest "millionaire" cities with a population of over 1 million inhabitants. Historically, the first such city was Rome in the time of Julius Caesar. At the beginning of the XX century. there were only 10 at the beginning
80s - more than 200, century - 325, and by the end of the century their number, apparently, will exceed 400.
In Russia c. There are 13 such cities.
The third feature is the "sprawl" of cities, the expansion of their territory. Modern urbanization is especially characterized by the transition from a compact ("point") city to urban agglomerations - territorial groupings of urban and rural settlements. The cores of the largest urban agglomerations most often become the capitals, the most important industrial and port centers.
There were only three urban agglomerations in the world with a population of over 10 million people—Tokyo, New York, and Shanghai. There are already 12 such "super-cities" in V., and their number is expected to increase to 20.
At the same time, Tokyo has been and remains the largest agglomeration of the world, but their subsequent order should noticeably change.
Many of these agglomerations are already being transformed into even larger entities - urbanized areas and zones.
Levels and rates of urbanization: how to regulate them?
Despite the presence of common features of urbanization as a global process in different countries and regions, it has its own characteristics, which are primarily expressed in different levels and rates of urbanization.
According to the level of urbanization, all countries of the world can be divided into three large groups.
But the main watershed passes nevertheless between more and less developed countries. In the late 90s. in developed countries, the level of urbanization averaged 75%, and in developing countries -41%.
The pace of urbanization largely depends on its level. In most economically developed countries that have reached a high level of urbanization, the proportion of the urban population has recently grown relatively slowly, and the number of inhabitants in the capitals and other largest cities, as a rule, even decreases.
Many city dwellers now prefer to live not in the centers of large cities, but in suburbs and rural areas.
This is due to the rise in the cost of engineering equipment, dilapidated infrastructure, the extreme complication of transport problems, and environmental pollution.
But urbanization continues to develop "in depth", acquiring new forms.
In developing countries, where the level of urbanization is much lower, it continues to grow "in breadth" and the urban population is growing rapidly.
Now they account for more than 4/5 of the total annual increase in the number of urban residents, and the absolute number of city dwellers has already far exceeded their number in economically developed countries.
Example. In terms of the total number of urban residents, developing countries caught up with economically developed countries as early as the mid-1970s. And by the end of the 90s. this preponderance has already become more than twofold: 2 billion and 900 million citizens.
Developing countries now also have a large
most cities-millionaires and "super-cities". Particularly large (up to 1/2) is the share of foreign Asia.
This phenomenon, known in science as the "urban explosion", has become one of the most important factors in the entire socio-economic development of developing countries. However, the population growth of cities in these regions is far ahead of their real development. It occurs largely due to the constant "pushing" of the surplus rural population into the cities, especially large ones.
At the same time, the poor usually settle on the outskirts of large cities, where there are belts of poverty, belts of slums. Such, as is sometimes said, "slum urbanization" has taken on very large proportions.
That is why a number of international documents speak of an urbanization crisis in developing countries, where it continues to be largely spontaneous and disordered.
In economically developed countries, on the contrary, great efforts are being made to regulate the process of urbanization and manage it.
In this work, which is often carried out by trial and error, along with government bodies architects, demographers, geographers, economists, sociologists, representatives of many other sciences participate. According to one of the researchers, "everyone rushes into the same stream, only from different parts of the coast."
As one of the ways to solve the problem of big cities, ultra-tall buildings are being built and designed.
Semi-fantastic projects are also put forward for the construction of underground cities, floating cities, underwater cities, cone cities, tree cities, tower cities, funnel cities, bridge cities, etc.
4. Rural population: village and farm.
Despite the rapid growth of cities, 1/2 of the world's population still lives in rural areas, and the total number of rural settlements is 15-20 million.
There are two main forms of rural settlement: group and scattered.
Their distribution depends on historical, economic development, on the zonal features of nature.
The group (village) form of settlement prevails in Russia, in foreign Europe, China, Japan, and in the vast majority of developing countries (see Figure 19). At the same time, the layout of villages can be very different. Farms are most common in the USA, Canada, Australia. There are also mixed forms of settlement, and in the areas of nomadic pastoralism there are no permanent settlements at all.
Population and environment: the impact of urbanization.
As you already know, urbanization has become one of the main drivers of environmental change these days. It is with it that 3/4 of the total pollution is associated. This is not surprising, given that cities occupy only 2-3% of the earth's land area, but they concentrate almost half of the world's population and the bulk of production.
Large cities and agglomerations, which are almost the main source of pollution, have a particularly strong impact on the environment. Perhaps the number one priority is air pollution.
According to chemical studies, the plume of the polluting and thermal effects of large cities can be traced at a distance of up to, covering an area of 800-1000 km2.
At the same time, the most active impact is manifested in an area that is 1.5-2 times larger than the area of the city itself. Cities such as Los Angeles, Mexico City, not by chance received the nickname "smogopolis".
It is no coincidence that a comic advice to the townspeople was born: "Let everyone breathe less and only in case of emergency."
Recently, the authorities and the public in economically developed countries have been taking various measures to protect and improve the urban environment.
In developing countries, the situation is much more difficult. In conditions of an extreme lack of funds, they cannot ensure not only the transition to low-waste technologies, but also the construction treatment facilities, waste processing plants.
We are interested in population geography.
Population geography studies the size, structure and distribution of the population, considered in the process of social reproduction and interaction with the environment. natural environment. Recently, two main directions have developed in the geography of the population.
The first direction is geodemographic. It studies the size and structure of the population, the main demographic indicators (mortality, birth rate, natural increase, average life expectancy) and population reproduction, the demographic situation and demographic policy in the world, individual regions and countries.
The second direction is actually geographical.
It studies the general geographical picture of the distribution of the population in the world, individual regions and countries, and in particular the geography of settlement and populated areas.
Geourban studies have received the greatest development in this direction.
It studies: 1) the main historical stages of urban development, 2) the main features of the modern process of urbanization, 3) the geographical aspects of urbanization and the development of large urbanized zones of the world, 4) networks and systems of cities, 5) the basics of city design and urban planning.
Such new areas of scientific research as recreational geography, medical geography, geography of culture, geography of religions, geography of lifestyle, etc. are closely connected with population geography.
Main conclusion.
Modern processes of growth, composition and distribution of the population cause many difficult problems, some of them are global in nature, and some are specific to countries of various types. The most important are the continued rapid growth of the world's population, interethnic relations, and urbanization.
List of countries by urban population
Page 4 of 5
By the level of urbanization, you can combine all the countries of the world into groups:
a) highly urbanized countries (the share of the urban population is above 50%). These are the countries of North and South America (except Bolivia, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Australia, the countries of Western Europe (except Portugal), Japan, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, the Baltic states, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, South Africa, Tunisia, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, etc.;
b) medium urbanized countries (the share of the urban population is below 20%).
These are such states as Afghanistan, Nepal, Laos, Bhutan, Bangladesh in Asia; Ethiopia, Somalia, Madagascar, Botswana, Uganda, Burundi, Mali, Niger, Chad, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Tonga, Sierra Leone and Guinea in Africa.
In the early 90s. the level of urbanization in developed countries was approximately 72%, in developing countries 33%.
Despite rapid urban growth, half of the world's population still lives in rural areas.
Their total number on Earth is 12-20 million. They are different in their size, the predominant occupations of their inhabitants. The difference between them is determined by the socio-economic development of the country, the level of development of its productive forces and the specialization of the economy.
Large rural settlements are emerging in the developed countries of the world. Dacha and resort villages, large villas are added to them. Most of the population of these countries is employed not in agriculture, but in production in large cities.
Therefore, they make daily permanent trips to the city to work or study.
In developing countries, rural settlements are very diverse. Their inhabitants are engaged in plantation farming.
In areas of nomadic pastoralism, the population is almost absent.
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SPZ "Nakhodka" and SEZ in Kaliningrad. Comparative characteristics
Comparative characteristics of the two federal districts
Comparative characteristics of the forestry and chemical industries in Germany and China
Characteristics of the level of health development
Characteristics of temperate species in Asia
COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LENINGRAD REGION WITH THE FRONT REGIONS
Nowadays, the distribution of the population is increasingly determined by the geography of cities, the total number of which
around the world is in the tens of thousands.
Urbanization (from lat. urbs - city) is the growth of cities, the increase specific gravity urban population in the country, region, world, the emergence and development of increasingly complex networks and systems of cities.
Modern urbanization as a global process has three common features that are characteristic of most countries.
The first feature is the rapid growth of the urban population, especially in the less developed countries.
80s - more than 200, century - 325, and by the end of the century their number, apparently, will exceed 400.
According to the level of urbanization, all countries of the world can be divided into three large groups.
The pace of urbanization largely depends on its level. In most economically developed countries that have reached a high level of urbanization, the proportion of the urban population has recently grown relatively slowly, and the number of inhabitants in the capitals and other largest cities, as a rule, even decreases.
But urbanization continues to develop "in depth", acquiring new forms.
In developing countries, where the level of urbanization is much lower, it continues to grow "in breadth" and the urban population is growing rapidly.
most cities-millionaires and "super-cities". Particularly large (up to 1/2) is the share of foreign Asia.
That is why a number of international documents speak of an urbanization crisis in developing countries, where it continues to be largely spontaneous and disordered.
In economically developed countries, on the contrary, great efforts are being made to regulate the process of urbanization and manage it.
As one of the ways to solve the problem of big cities, ultra-tall buildings are being built and designed.
There are two main forms of rural settlement: group and scattered.
The group (village) form of settlement prevails in Russia, in foreign Europe, China, Japan, and in the vast majority of developing countries (see Figure 19). At the same time, the layout of villages can be very different. Farms are most common in the USA, Canada, Australia. There are also mixed forms of settlement, and in the areas of nomadic pastoralism there are no permanent settlements at all.
According to chemical studies, the plume of the polluting and thermal effects of large cities can be traced at a distance of up to, covering an area of 800-1000 km2.
Recently, the authorities and the public in economically developed countries have been taking various measures to protect and improve the urban environment.
In developing countries, the situation is much more difficult. In conditions of an extreme lack of funds, they cannot ensure not only the transition to low-waste technologies, but also the construction treatment facilities, waste processing plants.
Such new areas of scientific research as recreational geography, medical geography, geography of culture, geography of religions, geography of lifestyle, etc. are closely connected with population geography.
Main conclusion.
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The growth of urban processes in developing countries, due to their specificity, has a great restraining effect on the qualitative aspects of the development of world urbanization, and sharply increases its spatial differentiation. Indeed, in this group of countries, the overwhelming majority of city dwellers are yesterday's rural residents, who often contribute to the “ruralization” of the city, introducing into it the norms of behavior and value systems characteristic of the countryside. Deep structural shifts do not automatically follow a change of environment, for example, when moving from a village to a city, especially when it comes to the resettlement of a large mass of the population in a short time.
This primarily applies to countries with a low share of the urban population in the recent past and with the highest growth rates in the number of city dwellers in 1950-1990, such as Nigeria (its capital Lagos grew almost 27 times during this period and, according to demographers' forecasts, The UN, by 2000 will take 8th place among the agglomerations of the world), Turkey or Iran, as well as countries with the largest “urban mass” with high rates of its growth during this period - China, India, the USSR, Brazil, Mexico , Indonesia.
At the other extreme are the developed and most urbanized countries of North America, Western Europe and Japan with a high proportion of the urban population and, at the same time, with fairly significant growth rates in the second half of the 20th century. (especially in Japan, USA, France). At the same time, powerful forces pushing people out of the countryside and the success of economic growth have led to a very high proportion of urban dwellers in the total population of a number of developing countries: in Venezuela (92.9% in 1995), Uruguay (90.3), Argentina (87.5 ), Chile (85.9), Brazil (78.7); in the United Arab Emirates (84.0), Saudi Arabia (80.2), Iraq (75.6); in Libya (86.0), Tunisia (59.0% in 1995).
It should be borne in mind that in most developing countries, due to the excessive influx of population into cities, they often have significantly more people than they are able to “digest”, the development of cities is accompanied by an increase in the number of urban residents not assimilated by them and a widening gap between the growth of urban of the population and its real inclusion in the urban lifestyle (by the nature of employment, level of education, culture, etc.). Population growth in cities, far outpacing the demand for labor in modern industries, is accompanied not only by absolute, but sometimes by relative expansion of those strata that do not participate either in modern production or in modern consumption and remain, in essence, non-urbanized. There is a phenomenon referred to in the literature as “false urbanization”. However, in developing countries, urbanization is still more connected with the development of industry and industrialization than it might seem at first glance, only this connection is not as direct and immediate as it was in Western Europe and the United States. Therefore, the noted disproportions in urban development do not mean that there is no genuine urbanization at all in the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, but what is happening is “false urbanization”. On the contrary, these features explain the peculiarity of the process of urbanization in developing countries (compared to Western Europe and North America), which focuses all aspects of their development, perhaps to an even greater extent than in developed countries.
From the middle of the twentieth century the world's largest cities and agglomerations with a population of over 1 million are growing rapidly; their number increased in 1950-1990. from 77 to 275, and the total population - from 187 to 800 million people, respectively. The stage of “super-large-city” urbanization began with the formation of very large agglomerations and supra-glomeration structures of settlement. As a result, in 1990, 1/3 of all city dwellers in the world lived in agglomerations - "millionaires". They grow especially fast in Asia, Latin America and Africa. In Asia (1990) there were 115 such agglomerations, most of all in China (38), India (24), Pakistan, Indonesia and South Korea (6 in each country); in Latin America - 40, in Africa - 24.
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Degree of urbanization of world regions
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the number of urban settlements increased. The intensive process of designing new cities covered all regions of the world, with the exception of foreign Europe (where the urban network was until the beginning of the 20th century.
in fact, it has already been created). At the same time, urban settlements were strongly formed in poorly regulated areas, with the creation of new cities "from the beginning", as well as by the transformation of the largest rural settlements into cities in which urban functions develop, i.e., urbanization spreads across latitude. But gradually, in already highly urbanized areas, there has been an increase in the proportion of urban settlements consisting of complex systems with existing cities.
This form of settlement was called urban agglomeration.
The first urban agglomerations created in the second half of the 19th century.
or in large cities (London, Paris, New York, etc.) or in areas close to the location of a large number of relatively small individual cities (the coast of the Netherlands, the Ruhr coal basin in Germany, etc.). The first type of agglomeration is called monocentric (since they have one main center), and the other type is polycentric (they have more centers of approximately the same value). Monocentric agglomeration is widespread, although polycentricity is very high in the modern world, especially in the mountainous type of the basin of origin.
By the end of the 20th century.
Urban agglomerations have become the main form of settlement in the most urbanized regions of the world, almost completely replacing isolated cities (contained in relatively poorly urbanized areas but concentrated only on a small part of the urban population). Urban agglomerations are rapidly developing in the media and even in underdeveloped countries, but they are few in number.
Very often this is only one agglomeration, formed around the largest state of the country (capital or economic capital).
Thus, urban agglomerations are interconnected groups of settlements, especially urban ones, uniting workers, cultural, domestic, recreational, infrastructural, industrial and other ties. The most important are the working relations, which in the daily cycle, through individual population fluctuations, connect individual settlements with a single whole.
At the same time, such unusual migrants work or study mainly in the capital (core) of the agglomeration, but live in other settlements.
The cultural community and recreational connection between the settlements is mainly realized within the weekly cycle, although the mass may exceed the daily part of the trip. Infrastructural links arise when the settlements of an agglomeration are separated by a larger transport infrastructure (railways, airports, etc.), urban structures (pumping stations, treatment facilities). Industrial communications are carried out between companies in the context of cooperation, when subsidiaries, component suppliers, food warehouses, research and testing facilities move from one place in the agglomeration (as a rule, its main center) to other settlements of the agglomeration.
Scientists from different countries approach in different ways determination of the boundaries of urban agglomerations. Abroad, the outer boundary of the agglomeration in many cases is determined after the end of continuous urban development.
In this sense, the agglomeration is the same as the actual site and is often referred to as conurbation. Thus, the population of the Moscow agglomeration (fortified settlement) estimates European scientists at the level of 10-11 million.
human. Internal scientists within the agglomeration include all settlements that connect a significant part of the population with work trips to the capital of the agglomeration. As a rule, such points make up no more than 1.5 hours of travel from the core of the agglomeration.
With this approach, the population of the Moscow agglomeration is estimated at 12.5-14 million people. People. The US Standard Metropolitan Statistical Regions (SMSAs), which are designated as aggregate counts that fully include primary territorial units (municipalities) that meet certain capital link criteria, must have at least 50,000. Residents (registered and continuous development, labor relations and population density).
After all, regardless of the methods used to define the boundaries of urban agglomerations in developed countries, current population estimates are designed specifically for agglomerations, and not for places within their legal limits.
3.3. Accommodation of urban and rural population
The same applies to the largest cities in developing countries. Indeed, the distribution of individual settlements in the agglomeration "when viewed from the outside" (outside the agglomeration) is unreasonable, since it is a single socio-economic system artificially divided by legally established legal boundaries (boundaries of individual settlements).
Thus, the population of Paris is currently around 2 million within the city's legal limits. But no one doubts that many formally independent settlements outside the city (for example, the Place des Défense Skyscrapers) are also Paris. And the total number of the agglomeration in Paris ("Greater Paris") is estimated at 11-12 million.
human. List of the largest urban agglomerations in the world since the beginning of the XXI century. presented in the table. 4.3.
It is worth noting that at the beginning of the 20th century. The largest capital city on Earth was London (with a population of 4.5 million), which today ranks 20th. Accordingly, the population of London has grown by about 2.5 times in a hundred years. And the first agglomeration with a population of more than 10 million people. in the 40s.
became New York, which currently ranks 7th. For the 20th century. The population of this city has grown by about 10 times. The population of today's Tokyo leader has grown about 100 times in 100 years. However, the population of most modern large urban agglomerations has increased by 100 times or more in the last 100 years (Mexico City, Seoul, Sao Paulo, etc.). Such high rates of urban growth in large developing countries (about 5% of annual population growth on average over 100 years) made up the modern list of the world's largest agglomerations, of which almost two-thirds are in developing countries.
Table 4.3 Largest urban agglomerations in the world
| Yes. | agglomeration | Population, mln. | the country |
| 1 1 | Tokyo | 31,0 | Japan |
| 2 2 | mexico city | 21,0 | Mexico |
| seoul | 19,9 | Korea | |
| Sao Paulo | 18,5 | Brazil | |
| Osaka-Kyoto Kobe | +17,6 | Japan | |
| Jakarta | 17,4 | Indonesia | |
| New York | 17,0 | USA | |
| 8 8 | Delhi | +16,7 | India |
| Mumbai | +16,7 | India | |
| Los Angeles | +16,6 | USA | |
| Cairo | 15,6 | Egypt | |
| Calcutta | 13,8 | India | |
| Manila | 13,5 | Philippines | |
| Buenos Aires | 12,9 | Argentina | |
| Moscow | 12,1 | the Russian Federation | |
| Shanghai | 11,9 | China | |
| Rhine Ruhr | 11,3 | Germany | |
| Paris | 11,3 | France | |
| Rio de Janeiro | 11,3 | Brazil | |
| London | 11,2 | United Kingdom | |
| Tehran | 11,0 | Iran | |
| Chicago | 10,9 | USA | |
| Karachi | 10,3 | Pakistan | |
| Dhaka | 10,2 | Bangladesh |
Over time, suburban settlements in agglomerations begin to develop faster than the central city, including through the movement of the population from the central city to the suburbs.
This procedure is called suburbanization(from the Latin word suburb - suburbs). In this case, "Exit" residents of central cities, difficult ecological situation, crime, high real estate costs, high taxes and other conditions that are much better in suburban communities.
An essential condition for suburbanization is the development of transport, providing transport between the place of residence and place of work, since most immigrants continue to work in the capital.
Therefore, in developed countries, the first signs of suburbanization appeared in the development of suburban rail transportation in them. Intensive suburbanization began only with the mass of the car, since only a passenger car provides a sufficiently high degree of freedom in relative location and place of work.
Initially, the most well-being segments of the population, the elite of society, migrate to the suburbs.
Thus, they create a model of behavior for the rest of the population, which is not realized for material reasons. But, as the welfare of society grows, more and more people are engaged in resettlement. Intensive suburbanization is associated with the resettlement of many in the developed countries of the "secondary" class.
After the resettlement of the population, he moves to the suburbs of industry and other areas of employment.
The movement of trade and services is directly related to the resettlement of the population and almost at the same time. They are promoted to a certain extent in the suburbs and administrative functions. However, the relocation to the suburbs of jobs is still lower than the relocation of the population.
Currently, most developed countries have already passed the stage of privatization.
As a result, most of the urban population in these countries lives in the suburbs. The crisis of large cities, which is one of the reasons for the revival of drilling, has intensified even more. Large cities have lost a significant part of the tax base, and the number of jobs has declined. Accordingly, it increased unemployment, increased the concentration of low-income marginalized populations, etc. D. Therefore, in the first decades after World War II, most developed countries implemented national population and economy transfer programs that encouraged suburbanization, the government, over the last decade . Local programs aim to revitalize urban centers.
Although basically it is not a place of residence, but as a place of concentration of various progressive actions.
But urban agglomerations are not the ultimate form of urban development. In some areas that are particularly attractive for urban development, the neighboring agglomeration spreads and merges with their peripheral parts. Sometimes smaller agglomerations fall within the influence of a larger agglomeration, becoming second-order agglomerations.
Systems of 3-5 agglomerations have been developed urbanized areas. In Russia, these areas are located around the metropolis of Moscow, along the Volga, along the eastern slopes of the Urals, in the Kuzbass.
In some cases, the number of attached agglomerations can usually be considered as the main traffic routes.
These basic forms of urban settlement are called urban areas or metropolitan areas. Megapolis is the original name of its first such urban structure, which was described in the 1950s.
French urbanist G. Gotman in the northeastern United States. Later, similar formations were formed in other regions of the Earth. The table shows the characteristics of the largest metropolitan areas of the Earth. 4.4.
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The area is 244 thousand km2.
The population is 58.1 million people.
Capital London.
The United Kingdom is a country made up of four administrative divisions: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
The head of state is the queen, who is more of a symbol of the state than its leader. The real power in the country belongs to the Parliament and the Prime Minister. This form of government is called a constitutional monarchy.
Urbanization abroad
The state governs the community, which has united its former colonies. Residents of the United Kingdom are Protestant Christians based on religion.
Geographical position. Natural conditions and resources
The country is located on the British Isles (the largest of which is the United Kingdom), located at the crossroads of important international sea and air routes. A favorable circumstance is the Channel Tunnel, which directly connects the country with continental Europe.
The surface of the north and west is predominantly mountainous, while the south and east are flat.
The climate is temperate oceanic, humid. Natural conditions contribute to the development of livestock in particular.
The state is insufficiently provided with mineral resources. The exceptions are coke deposits, rock salt and kaolin.
In the 1970s, there were a lot of oil and gas reserves in the North Sea.
population
The population of Great Britain is one national: 80% are English, the rest are Scottish, Welsh. 5% of the population are immigrants. official language is English.
The UK is characterized by a high degree of urbanization: 4/5 of the inhabitants are urban dwellers who live mainly in large cities and urban agglomerations.
(We call them the biggest). For rural settlements, individual plantations on farms are the most important.
objects
Great Britain is a highly developed country with an exclusive dominance of industry in agriculture. In recent years, it has been the only European country to maintain a high level of production. The newly developed coal industry has replaced the new oil and gas that is concentrated offshore the North Sea.
Currently, the United Kingdom is one of the largest countries in the world in the production of gas and oil.
Engineering is the leading manufacturing industry in the UK. They developed electrical and electronic production, various transport equipment, shipbuilding and the production of agricultural machinery.
Almost all industries are focused on the export of products. The discovery of oil and gas fields in the North Sea greatly stimulated the development of the chemical industry. At the same time, the oldest branch of the British textile industry lost its meaning.
Agriculture almost completely satisfies the country's food needs, although the share of workers in it is the lowest in the world.
The main industry is livestock: breeding of beef and dairy cattle and pig farms, raising sheep and poultry. In agriculture, the leading role belongs to cereals. There is barley and wheat. Important areas for potatoes.
Transport. International relationships
The position of the island state determined the development of sea and later air transport. Nearly all parts of the UK are linked to seaports and around 150 airports have been built to support a range of flights within the country.
The UK has a large merchant and passenger fleet. Many ships flying its flag serve the transport of other countries.
Road transport provides transportation of goods and passengers in the country. The main transport routes are combined with industrial centers, among which the capital is London.
London is great in the area, but very low.
Many districts, quarters and even streets of the city are so different that they seem to belong to different settlements, different countries and different periods. .. There are a number of judicial and financial districts, meeting and demonstration areas, streets of major newspapers in the country, etc. In recent years, the conversion of boilers to gas has drastically reduced the known fogs in London - smog.
The characteristic of Great Britain is dependence on foreign trade.
The main foreign trade partners are the countries of Western Europe, as well as the United States.
Conclusions:
The most economically developed European countries - Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy are included in the "seven major" countries of the world.
The leading sector of the economy of developed countries is an industry that uses heavily imported raw materials.
Germany and Great Britain are a powerful industrial country, the development of which is shaped by the face of Europe.
Read the chapter
These countries have a large proportion of the urban population. Urbanization is the growth of cities, an increase in the proportion of the urban population in a country, region, or world. Countries where the proportion of the urban population exceeds 50% can be considered highly urbanized. This group includes virtually all economically developed countries, as well as many of the developing countries.
The level of urbanization of the world
Among them, the “champion” countries stand out, where the level of urbanization exceeds 80%, for example, Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, Australia, Argentina, and the United Arab Emirates. Medium urbanized countries have a share of the urban population from 20 to 50%. This group includes most of the developing countries of Asia (China, India, Indonesia, etc.), Africa (Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria, etc.) and some Latin American countries (Bolivia, Guatemala, etc.).
Weakly urbanized countries are countries where the proportion of the urban population is below 20%. It includes the most backward countries of the world, mainly in Africa. In some of them (Burundi), less than 10% of all residents live in cities
Urbanization is the process of concentration of population in cities, with migration from rural areas.
Highly urbanized countries are countries with a large percentage urban population
In these countries, a very large number of people live in cities
Urbanization is a global process
The main economic power in the world economy is labor resources. The first factor they influence workspace creation — impact on the environment. Half of the world's population lives in lowland areas, 1/3 - in coastal areas. Most of the inhabitants settle on the banks of the rivers. People inhabit areas with a pleasant climate. Therefore, they are the most populous country in the subtropical and subequatorial climates, as well as in the southern temperate state.
Another factor — Economic. The availability of resources (land, forest, minerals, etc.) has always attracted people, which explains the development of lowland people. Third factor Employment. Industrial regions have a much larger population than others with similar conditions. Basic form of population distribution people in the modern world are gradually becoming cities.
Urbanization is a process of urban growth and urban population, strengthening their economic role, expanding the urban lifestyle. The agricultural population in the world is traditionally larger, and in the 21st century the number of inhabitants of villages and cities has increased (3.4 billion people).
rural areas and 3.4 billion cities). By 2050, a significant increase in the urban population is expected. At the same time, people occupy only 3% of the land area. The influence of the world community on urbanization has become most noticeable in the economically developed regions of the world. Thus, the degree of urbanization in Australia, New Zealand, North America and Europe has already exceeded 80%.
Among the less developed regions in Latin America and the Caribbean (78%), an extremely high degree of urbanization has been achieved.
In contrast, in Africa and Asia, the share of the urban population is 38% and 41%. In the next decade, urbanization is expected to increase efficiency in all key areas, while in Africa and Asia this process will be faster,
The urban population is mainly concentrated in a limited number of countries. In 2007, three-quarters of the city's 3.3 billion inhabitants lived in 25 countries, and 29 million people in urban areas in South Africa reached 561 million people.
person in China. The first three countries largest number city dwellers: China, India and the United States of America. These countries are home to 35% of the world's urban population. The list of 25 countries also includes Russia. GUESTS (unofficial data for 2015 with unknown.
a source)
Urbanization is closely related to the concept of large cities.
Created satellites of large cities agglomeration . The highest connection in the process of urbanization has become megapolized. metropolis is a horizontal line of cities and towns grouped in one line. Linearity is one of the characteristics of a metropolis from a metropolis. There is currently such a thing as suburbanization .
This moves part of the wealthy population to the suburbs. For example: Rublev highway in Moscow. Population density is closely related to urbanization. There are an average of 40 people in the world. per km2. But in general, the entire population of the earth is located on 7% of the mainland.
90% of the population lives in the northern and eastern hemisphere. In today's world, migration has become commonplace.
List of countries by city
migration is the movement of the population. Departure of people from their country permanent place residence is called emigration, entry is called immigration. A natural disaster for the European Union since 2013 has been the process of migration of people from Asia and Africa to Europe.
According to official estimates, as of January 2015, 1.2 million people are seeking asylum in EU countries. Unprecedented income has become a serious burden for many countries in the European Union. By the end of 2016, it is expected that new wave emigration will reach 3 million people. This is more than the population of Lithuania, Slovenia, Latvia, Estonia, Cyprus, Luxembourg or Malta.
The burden of receiving and serving migrants varies from country to country. The most serious - in Germany, France and Sweden.
In Germany, they aspire, as a democratic state with a strong economy, a country where one can play a strong role, they can be Christian and religious freedom, who will receive a good education and adequate medical care. The main motive of migrants when moving is to find a place to use work.
These migrations are called labor migrations. There were many shrinking countries in the 19th century "Thrifty muscles, "Brain drain"
12th place
Urbanization is a global process
The main economic force in the world economy is labor resources. The first factor affecting formation of a labor resource — the influence of the environment.
Half of the world's population lives in the lowlands, 1/3 - in coastal areas. Most of the population lives along the river banks. People inhabit areas with a favorable climate. Therefore, the most populous states are in the subtropical and subequatorial climate, as well as in the temperate south. Second factor - economic. The presence of resources (land, forest, minerals, etc.) has always attracted people, this explains the development of lowlands by people.
Third factor - employment. In industrial areas, there is a significantly larger population than in others with similar conditions. The main form of accommodation of the population people in the modern world are gradually becoming cities. Urbanization is the process of growth of cities and urban population, the strengthening of their economic role, the widespread urban lifestyle. The rural population in the world traditionally has more, but in the 21st century the population of villages and cities has leveled off (3.4 billion people).
rural and 3.4 billion urban) By 2050, a significant increase in the urban population is expected. At the same time, citizens occupy only 3% of the land surface. The global effect of urbanization has become most noticeable in the economically developed regions of the world.
Thus, the level of urbanization has already exceeded 80% in Australia, New Zealand, North America, and Europe.
Among the less developed regions, an extremely high level of urbanization (78%) has been achieved in Latin America and the Caribbean. In contrast, Africa and Asia have urban proportions of 38% and 41%, respectively. Urbanization is expected to increase in all major areas over the next decade, with Africa and Asia accelerating faster.
The urban population is highly concentrated in a limited number of countries. In 2007, three-quarters of the world's 3.3 billion urban dwellers lived in 25 countries, with urban populations ranging from 29 million in South Africa to 561 million in China. The top three countries with the most urban dwellers are: China, India and the United States of America.
Today, 35% of the world's urban population lives in these states. Russia is also in the list of 25 countries. GIANT CITIES (unofficial data for 2015 from an unknown source)
Urbanization is closely related to the concept of huge cities.
Satellites of large cities form agglomerations . Megalopolises have become the highest link in the process of urbanization.
Megalopolis is a horizontal line of large and small cities merged into a single line. Linearity is one of distinguishing features megalopolis from megalopolis. Currently, there is a phenomenon suburbanization . This is the relocation of part of the wealthy population to the suburbs. For example: Rublevskoe highway in Moscow. Population density is closely related to urbanization. The world average is 40 people.
per km2. But basically, the entire population of the land is located on 7% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe continents. 90% of the population lives in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres. Migration has become a common phenomenon in the modern world. Migration is a population shift. The departure of people from their country for permanent residence is called emigration, the entry is called immigration.
Since 2013, the natural disaster for the European Union has been the process of migration of people from Asia and Africa to European countries. According to official estimates, since January 2015, 1.2 million people have applied for asylum in the EU countries. The unprecedented influx of migrants has become a serious burden for many EU countries. By the end of 2016, a new wave of emigration up to 3 million people is expected.
human. This is more than the population of Lithuania, Slovenia, Latvia, Estonia, Cyprus, Luxembourg or Malta. The burden of receiving and servicing migrants is distributed differently among the EU countries. The most serious falls on Germany, France and Sweden. People want to go to Germany because it is a democratic country with a strong economy, a country where the role of both Christianity and religious freedom is strong, and where you can get both a good education and appropriate medical care.
The main motive of migrants when moving is to find a place to apply their labor. These migrations are called labor migrations. In the 19th century, from many backward countries came "muscle drain" in a post-industrial society "brain drain"
SECTION 4. THE PRESENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENT
20th century called the age of urbanization. Urban settlement during this period developed especially rapidly. Intensive processes of urbanization attracted increased attention of specialists from many branches of knowledge, as a result of which general patterns of development of urban settlement in different countries of the world were identified, theories of urbanization were created in various sciences - geography, economics, sociology, etc. The stage of accelerated development of urbanization processes took place in the 20th century . and our country. But before considering the global patterns of development of urbanization and their manifestation in Russia, let us dwell on the general picture of the urban settlement of the modern world.
World processes of urbanization in the XX century.
As noted above, urbanization is the strengthening of the importance of urban settlements in various spheres of society. To one degree or another, urbanization processes turn out to cover almost all areas of the life of modern society. In the most generalized form, this is manifested in the formation and ever wider distribution of the modern urban lifestyle, which in the future, apparently, will cover all of humanity. But a way of life is a qualitative characteristic that is difficult to formalize when comparing different territories, and strongly depends on many characteristics of the population and economy of specific societies (composition of the population, natural resource potential and etc.). Therefore, the development of urbanization processes is usually judged by several characteristics of the population, which narrow the meaning of this concept, but at the same time are relatively easily reflected in quantitative statistical indicators. The most widely used of these indicators are:
Number of urban settlements, including large and largest;
Urban population;
Proportion of the urban population, including the population living in large and major cities.
For the planet as a whole, the change in some of these indicators over the course of the 20th century. presented & tab. 4.1. It is clearly seen that during this century the number of city dwellers on Earth has grown more than 13 times, and their proportion has closely approached half of the inhabitants of the planet. At the same time, more and more large cities were formed. Including at present there are already more than 20 cities and urban agglomerations with a population of more than 10 million people. Whereas at the beginning of the century the largest cities were a few millionaires. It is in these largest urban settlements that a gradual concentration of urban residents occurs. And today, every fifth person on Earth lives not just in a city, but in a very large urban settlement with a population of more than 1 million people. In the short term, no slowdown in the growth rates of urbanization is expected.
Table 4.1 Changes in the main indicators of urbanization in the 20th century
All the indicators listed in the table characterize the degree of urbanization of society, reflecting certain important processes of urbanization - the growth in the number of urban settlements, including large settlements, the concentration of the population in ever larger urban formations, the increase in the number and proportion of the urban population. The most generalized is the last indicator, which characterizes the urban population not only in itself, but also in comparison with the rural population, that is, it reflects the importance of urban settlements in the entire structure of the settlement of a particular territory. Therefore, the indicator of the share of the urban population is also called the indicator of the level of urbanization (urbanization), and it is by it that, first of all, they judge the development of urbanization processes in any particular territory or on the Earth as a whole.
There are several threshold values for the level of urbanization.
1. If it is less than 10%, then the territory is practically unurbanized. And in urban settlements, as a rule, the rural way of life prevails, i.e., the differences between rural and urban settlements are relatively small. All of them are predominantly rural in nature. The number and proportion of city dwellers are growing very slowly.
2. If the level of urbanization is less than 25%, then rural settlement still clearly predominates (i.e., the territory is poorly urbanized), but the urban lifestyle is already distinguished, which becomes attractive to a significant proportion of rural residents. Therefore, the urban population begins to grow rapidly, new urban settlements are massively formed, and the differences between them and rural settlements increase.
3. When the level of urbanization reaches 50%, then urban settlement begins to prevail over rural (medium urbanized territory). The growth rates of the number and proportion of the urban population during this period are the highest. Urban settlements differ sharply from rural settlements in most characteristics.
4. Upon reaching the level of urbanization of 75%, urban settlement clearly begins to predominate over rural (highly urbanized territory). The urban way of life is beginning to spread in the countryside as well, starting from the suburban areas of the largest cities, where new urban settlements are predominantly formed. At the same time, the rate of growth in the number and share of the urban population is sharply slowing down.
5. Upon reaching the level of urbanization III)%, the territory becomes almost completely urbanized. The urban way of life, as a rule, extends to the entire network of rural settlements, i.e., the differences between urban and rural settlements again practically disappear, since all settlements acquire an urban character. The number and proportion of city dwellers are growing very slowly, and in some cases even declining.
As socio-economic development progresses, individual states pass these threshold levels of urbanization, becoming more and more urbanized. But since at each specific point in time different territories differ significantly in the level of socio-economic development, there is a strong differentiation in the level and pace of urbanization. So, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium already at the beginning of the 20th century. were predominantly urbanized countries (more than 75% of the city dwellers), and the proportion of the urban population in them continued to grow. The share of city dwellers increased most rapidly in medium urbanized countries (USA, Germany, France - the share of city dwellers was about 50%). Whereas in most territories of the world at that time the urban population did not reach 10%, and this proportion increased very slowly. The average level of urbanization on Earth was about 14%. And it could be noted that countries with a higher level of urbanization were also distinguished by faster growth rates of this level, i.e., differentiation increased.
At the beginning of the XXI century. differentiation in terms of the level and pace of urbanization is also great, but it has a different character. The most developed countries have 90% or more urban residents, and in them the level of urbanization is almost not growing or even declining. While most developing countries have from 10 to 75% of the city dwellers, and in them the level of urbanization is rapidly increasing. Therefore, it can be noted that in countries with a lower level of urbanization, it is growing faster than in countries with a high level. And as a result, differentiation in this indicator between individual states of the world is reduced.
Nevertheless, even now, differences in the share of the urban population are clearly visible even at the level of regions of the world (Table 4.2). The indicators of the level of urbanization in North and Latin America, foreign Europe, Australia and Oceania have converged. Although at the beginning of the 20th century the differences in the indicator between these regions exceeded "3 times, and in the middle of the century - 1.5 times. Particularly noteworthy is the growth in the level of urbanization in Latin America, which at the beginning of the century was below the world average, and at the end of the century significantly exceeds the world average. Below the world level, the share the urban population is currently only in Africa and overseas Asia.But it is growing here at the fastest pace, and most states can already be considered medium-urbanized (the share of the urban population is about 50%).Although there are still a few practically unurbanized states, the largest in number population of which is Uganda.
The main differentiating influence on the level of urbanization is, of course, socio-economic factors. In general, we can say that the higher the level of socio-economic development of a particular territory (country), the higher the proportion of the urban population. But in some cases, natural factors are also significant, namely, the unfavorability of natural conditions for conducting Agriculture and people's lives. If the socio-economic development of such territories did take place (due to the presence of minerals, favorable geographical location and for other reasons), then the population can be concentrated in urban settlements to a very high degree (over 90%), which does not reflect the real level of development territory. So, in the desert, but with a developed oil production state of Kuwait, the share of the urban population exceeds 90%. And the most urbanized African state is Djibouti, where there is a relatively large port-capital. A similar situation has developed in some northern and eastern regions Russia (Murmansk, Magadan regions, etc.).
Table 4.2
The level of urbanization of the regions of the world
Throughout the 20th century the number of urban settlements has multiplied. The intensive process of the formation of new cities covered all regions of the world, except for foreign Europe (where the urban network had already been basically formed by the beginning of the 20th century). At the same time, urban settlements were massively formed in poorly urbanized areas - both by founding new cities "from scratch" and by transforming the largest rural settlements into cities, in which urban functions were developed, i.e., urbanization spread in breadth. But gradually an increasing proportion of urban settlements appeared in already highly urbanized areas, forming complex systems with existing cities. This form of settlement is called urban agglomerations.
The first urban agglomerations were formed in the second half of the 19th century. or around the largest cities (London, Paris, New York, etc.), or in areas close to the location of a large number of individual relatively small cities (the sea coast of the Netherlands, the Ruhr coal basin in Germany, etc.). Agglomerations of the first type are called monocentric (since they have one main center), and the second type - polycentric (they have several approximately equal centers). Monocentric agglomerations have become more widespread, although there are quite a lot of polycentric agglomerations in the modern world - mainly in mining areas with a basin type of occurrence.
By the end of the XX century. urban agglomerations have become the main form of settlement in the most urbanized regions of the world, almost completely replacing isolated cities (which have survived in relatively sparsely urbanized areas, but concentrate only a small proportion of the urban population). Urban agglomerations are rapidly developing in medium and even poorly urbanized countries, but they are not numerous in them. Very often this is just one agglomeration, which is formed around the largest city of the country (capital or economic capital).
Thus, urban agglomerations are interconnected groups of settlements, primarily urban ones, united by labor, cultural, recreational, infrastructural, industrial and other ties. The most important are considered labor relations, which, within the framework of the daily cycle, through pendulum migrations of inhabitants, connect individual settlements into a single whole?. At the same time, such commuting migrants work or study mainly in the main city (core) of the agglomeration, and live in other settlements. Cultural and recreational ties between settlements are carried out mainly within the framework of a weekly cycle, although in terms of mass they can exceed daily work trips. Infrastructural ties are manifested in the joint use by settlements of the agglomeration of large transport facilities (railways, airports, etc.), urban facilities (water intakes, treatment facilities). Industrial relations are carried out between enterprises within the framework of cooperation, when branches, suppliers of components, product warehouses, and experimental testing grounds of an enterprise from one city of the agglomeration (as a rule, its main center) are located in other settlements of the agglomeration.
Scientists various countries different approaches to defining the boundaries of urban agglomerations. In foreign Europe, the outer boundary of the agglomeration in many cases is determined at the end of continuous urban development. In this sense, the agglomeration coincides with the actual city and is often called conurbation. Thus, the population of the Moscow agglomeration (conurbation) is estimated by European scientists at 10-11 million people. Domestic studies within the framework of the agglomeration include all settlements, a significant proportion of the inhabitants of which are connected by work trips with the main city of the agglomeration. Typically, such points are located no further than a 1.5-hour trip from the core of the agglomeration. With this approach, the population of the Moscow agglomeration is estimated at 12.5-14 million people. In the United States, standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSA) are distinguished as agglomerations, which entirely include primary territorial units (counties) that meet certain criteria for connection with the main city, which must have at least 50 thousand inhabitants (continuity of development is also taken into account , and labor relations, and population density).
Ultimately, regardless of the methods of defining the boundaries of urban agglomerations, in developed countries population estimates are currently given specifically for agglomerations, and not for cities within their legal boundaries. The same applies to the largest cities in developing countries. Indeed, singling out separate settlements within an agglomeration “when viewed from the outside” (from outside the agglomeration) does not make sense, since it is a single socio-economic system artificially divided by historically established legal boundaries (borders of individual settlements). Thus, the population of Paris within the legal boundaries of the city is currently about 2 million people. But no one doubts that many formally independent settlements outside the city limits (for example, the district of La Defense skyscrapers) are also Paris. And the total population of the Paris agglomeration ("Greater Paris") is estimated at 11-12 million people. List of the largest urban agglomerations of the world as of the beginning of the XXI century. presented in table. 4.3.
It is noteworthy that at the beginning of the XX century. The largest agglomeration on Earth was London (numbering 4.5 million inhabitants), which today ranks 20th. Accordingly, over a hundred years, the population of London has grown by about 2.5 times. And the first agglomeration with a population of over 10 million people. in the 1940s became New York, which is currently in 7th place. For the 20th century The population of this city has grown by about 10 times. The population of today's leader Tokyo has grown by about 30 times in 100 years. But the population of most of today's largest urban agglomerations has grown 100 times or more over the past 100 years (Mexico City, Seoul, Sao Paulo, etc.). It is precisely such ultra-high urban growth rates in large developing countries (about 5% of the annual population growth on average over 100 years) that formed the modern list of the world's largest agglomerations, almost 2/3 of which are located in developing countries.
Table 4.3 Largest urban agglomerations in the world
| № | Agglomeration | Population, million people | The country |
| Tokyo | 31,0 | Japan | |
| mexico city | 21,0 | Mexico | |
| seoul | 19,9 | Korea | |
| Sao Paulo | 18,5 | Brazil | |
| Osaka-Kyoto-Kobe | 17,6 | Japan | |
| Jakarta | 17,4 | Indonesia | |
| New York | 17,0 | USA | |
| Delhi | 16,7 | India | |
| Bombay | 16,7 | India | |
| Los Angeles | 16,6 | USA | |
| Cairo | 15,6 | Egypt | |
| Calcutta | 13,8 | India | |
| Manila | 13,5 | Philippines | |
| Buenos Aires | 12,9 | Argentina | |
| Moscow | 12,1 | Russia | |
| Shanghai | 11,9 | China | |
| Rhine-Ruhr | 11,3 | Germany | |
| Paris | 11,3 | France | |
| Rio de Janeiro | 11,3 | Brazil | |
| London | 11,2 | Great Britain | |
| Tehran | 11,0 | Iran | |
| Chicago | 10,9 | USA | |
| Karachi | 10,3 | Pakistan | |
| Dhaka | 10,2 | Bangladesh |
Over time, suburban settlements within agglomerations begin to develop faster than the central city, including due to the relocation of some residents from the central city to the suburbs. This process is called suburbanization (from the Latin word suburb - suburb). At the same time, residents are "pushed" out of central cities by a difficult environmental situation, an increase in crime, the high cost of real estate, high taxes and other conditions that are much better in suburban settlements.
Necessary condition suburbanization is the development of transport to ensure transportation between the place of residence and place of work, since most of the resettlers continue to work in the main city. That is why the first signs of suburbanization appeared in developed countries after the development of suburban rail links in them. But intensive suburbanization began only with the mass motorization of the population, since only a private car provides a sufficiently high degree of freedom in the relative location of the place of residence and place of work.
Initially, the wealthiest segments of the population, the elite of society, move to the suburbs. By doing this, they create for the rest of the population a pattern of behavior that cannot be realized for material reasons. But as the well-being of society grows, more and more masses of the population are involved in resettlement. Intensive suburbanization is associated with the resettlement of the "middle" class, which is numerous in developed countries. Following the resettlement of residents, the movement to the suburbs of industry and other areas of employment begins. The movement of trade and the service sector is directly related to the resettlement of residents and goes almost simultaneously with it. To some extent, they move to the suburbs and managerial functions. Nevertheless, the movement of jobs to the suburbs still occurs to a lesser extent than the resettlement of residents.
Currently, most developed countries have already passed the stage of suburbanization. As a result, the bulk of the urban population in these countries lives in the suburbs. And the crisis of the main cities, which was one of the causes of suburbanization, intensified as a result. The main cities lost a significant part of the tax base and the number of jobs decreased. Accordingly, unemployment rose, the concentration of marginalized strata of the population with low incomes increased, etc. Therefore, in the first decades after the Second World War, most developed countries implemented state programs aimed at deconcentration of the population and economy, spurring suburbanization, then in recent decades, state, and local programs are aimed at, the revitalization of urban centers. Although basically not as places of residence, but as places of concentration of various progressive types of activity.
But urban agglomerations are not the final form of development of the Yurod settlement. In some areas that are especially attractive for urban development, neighboring agglomerations grow and merge with their peripheral parts. Sometimes smaller agglomerations fall into the zone of influence of a larger agglomeration and become second-order agglomerations. The resulting systems of 3-5 agglomerations are called urbanized areas. In Russia, similar areas formed around the Moscow agglomeration, along the Volga, along the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains, in the Kuznetsk coal basin.
In some cases, as a rule, along the most important transport polyhighways, the number of merged agglomerations can be dozens. Such largest forms of urban settlement at the moment are called urbanized zones or megalopolises. Megalopolis is originally a proper name for the first such urban structure, which was described in the 1950s. by the French urbanist J. Gottman in the northeast of the United States, as a result, similar formations were formed in
other regions of the earth. The characteristics of the largest megalopolises of the Earth are presented in Table. 4.4.
