Solid paired consonants. How to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonants
In Russian, deaf and voiced consonants are separated. The rules for writing letters denoting them begin to be studied already in the first grade. But even after graduating from school, many still cannot write words without errors, where there are deaf and voiced consonants. This is sad.
Why do you need to write voiceless and voiced consonants correctly in Russian
Some people treat the culture of writing superficially. They justify their ignorance in this area with such a common phrase: “What difference does it make, as it is written, it’s still clear what it’s about!”
In fact, spelling errors indicate a low level of personality culture. You can't count yourself developed person not knowing how to write correctly in their native language.
There is another fact that testifies in favor of the rule of error-free spelling. After all, deaf and voiced consonants are sometimes found in words that are oral in speech are homophones. That is, they sound the same, but are spelled differently. Incorrect use of a letter in them is fraught with loss or change in the meaning of the context.
For example, the words "pond" - "rod", "cat" - "code", "horn" - "rock" are just included in this list.
shameful loss
Schoolchildren in the Russian language lesson can be told a funny episode from life. It should be based on the fact that several children did not know how to correctly write in words the letters denoting voiced and unvoiced consonants.
And it happened during the school team game "Treasure hunters". In its rules, it was noted that you need to move along the route indicated in the notes. Moreover, the place where the next letter was hidden was not indicated exactly. The note contained only a hint of him.
Here the teams received the first letters with the following text: "Road, meadow, stone." One group of guys immediately ran towards the lawn, found a stone there, under which the letter was hidden. The second, having mixed up the words-homophones "meadow" and "bow", ran to the garden. But, of course, they did not find any stone among the brightly green rows.
You can change history in such a way as if an illiterate scribbler wrote notes. It was he who, giving instructions to the members of his team, instead of the word "meadow" used "bow". Not knowing how paired voiced and deaf consonants are written, the “literate” misled the guys. As a result, the competition was cancelled.
The rule for writing dubious paired consonants for deafness-voicedness
In fact, checking which letter should be written in a particular case is quite simple. Paired voiced and deaf consonants raise doubts about writing only when they are at the end of a word or there is another deaf consonant behind them. If one of these cases takes place, you need to choose a single root or change the form of the word so that a vowel follows the dubious consonant. You can also use the option where the letter being checked is followed by a voiced consonant.
Mug - mug, snow - snow, bread - bread; rez - carved, sweat - sweaty.
Didactic game "Connect the word to be checked with the test word"
In order to have time to do more during class, you can conduct a game in which skills are consolidated without writing down. Its condition will be a task in which children are asked only to connect the test words with the traits being tested. It takes less time, and the work done will be extremely effective.
The game will become more interesting if it is carried out in the form of a competition. To do this, make up three options for tasks, where two columns are used. One contains test words. In the other, it is necessary to enter those in which voiced and deaf consonants are in a dubious position. Examples of words may be as follows.
First column: bread, ponds, snow, onion, meadows, twig. Second column: bow, bread, meadow, twig, snow, pond.
To complicate the task, you can include in the column with test words those that are not suitable for verification, that is, they are not the same root as those whose spelling is in doubt: snacks, servant, octopus.
Table of consonants by voiced-deafness
All consonants are divided according to several parameters. During the phonetic analysis of a word at school, characteristics such as softness-hardness, sonority or deafness are indicated. For example, the sound [n] is a consonant, solid, sonorous. And the sound [n] differs from it in only one characteristic: it is not voiced, but deaf. The difference between the sounds [p] and [p '] lies only in softness and hardness.
Based on these characteristics, a table is compiled, thanks to which it is possible to determine whether the sound has a pair of softness-hardness. After all, some consonants are only soft or only hard.
There are also voiced and unvoiced consonants. The table presented here shows that some sounds do not have a pair for this feature. For example, these are
- d, l, m, n, r;
- x, c, h, u.
Moreover, the sounds of the first row are voiced, and the sounds of the second are deaf. The rest of the consonants are in pairs. It is they who make it difficult to write, since a dull sound is often heard where a letter is written, denoting a voiced consonant.
Checks require only paired consonants - voiced and deaf. The table reflects this point. For example, the sound "b", falling into the final position or ending up in front of another deaf consonant, "stuns" itself, turning into "p". That is, the word "hornbeam" (wood species) is pronounced and heard as [grab].
The table shows that these sounds are paired in sonority-deafness. These can also be called “c” - “f”, “g” - “k”, “d” - “t”, “g” - “w” and “h” - “s”. Although the sound “x” can be added to the pair “g” - “k”, which often sounds in a stunned position in place of “g”: soft - soft[m'ahk'y], easy - easy[l'ohk'y].
Didactic game-lotto "Doubtful consonants"
So that classes in which the spelling of voiced and deaf consonants is studied do not turn into a tedious routine, they should be diversified. Teachers and parents can prepare for a didactic game special small cards with pictures and words that contain dubious consonant sounds. A doubtful consonant can be replaced by dots or asterisks.
In addition, larger cards should be made, in which there will be only letters denoting consonants paired by voiced-deafness. Cards with pictures are laid out on the table.
At the signal of the leader, the players take them from the table and cover with them the letters on a large card that are missing in their opinion. Whoever closes all the windows before others and without errors is considered the winner.
Extracurricular activities in the Russian language
Winning options for developing interest in this area of science are evenings, competitions, KVNs. They are held outside school hours for everyone.
It is very important to create an exciting scenario for such an event. Special attention should be devoted to developing tasks that will be both useful and exciting. These activities can be done with students of all ages.
Interesting tasks can also be those that contain an element of literary creativity. For example, it is useful to suggest to the guys:
Make up a story about how the sounds "t" and "d" quarreled;
Think of as many single-root words as possible for the word "horn" in one minute;
Write a short quatrain with rhymes: meadow-bow, twig-pond.
Consonant alternation in Russian
Sometimes, contrary to the laws of spelling, some letters in words are replaced by others. For example, "spirit" and "soul". Historically (etymologically) they are the same root, but they have different letters in the root - "x" and "sh". The same process of alternating consonants is observed in the words "burden" and "wear". But in the latter case, the sound "sh" alternates with the consonant "s".
However, it should be noted that this is not an alternation of voiced and deaf consonants that make up a pair. This is a special type of replacement of one sound by another, which occurred in ancient times, at the dawn of the formation of the Russian language.
The following consonants alternate:
- s - f - g (example: friends - be friends - friend);
- t - h (example: fly - I'm flying);
- c - h - k (example: face - personal - face);
- s - w - x (examples: forester - goblin, arable land - plow);
- w - d - railway (example: leader - driver - driving);
- h - st (example: fantasy - fantastic);
- u - sk (example: polished - gloss);
- u - st (example: paved - pave).
Often, alternation is called the appearance of the sound “l” in verbs, which in this case bears the beautiful name “el epentetikum”. Examples can be pairs of words “I love - love”, “feed - feed”, “buy - buy”, “graph - graph”, “catch - catch”, “ruin - destroy”.
The Russian language is so rich, the processes taking place in it are so diverse that if the teacher tries to find exciting options for working in the classroom both in the classroom and outside the classroom, then many teenagers will plunge into the world of knowledge and discoveries, will really become interested in this school subject.
What sounds are called consonants?
What is a consonant made of?
What are consonant sounds?
How many consonant letters and consonant sounds are there in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?
Sounds, during the pronunciation of which air meets an obstacle in the mouth, are called consonants. A consonant sound consists of noise and voice, or only noise.
The consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced sounds are made up of noise and voice, deaf sounds are made up of noise only.
Sounds consist only of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [h], [w], [u]. These are voiceless consonants.
Many consonants form couples by voice-deafness: [b] — [p], [c] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [h] — [s], [f] — [sh].
To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: " LION AND TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.
Deaf consonants are easy to remember by the phrase: " STEPKA, WANT A CHICK?— Ugh!».
Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:
B,V,G,D,F,W,Y,TO,L,M,H,P,R,WITH,T,F,X,C,H,W,SCH.
In total, the Russian language has 21 consonants.
Consonants are also hard and soft.
Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue during pronunciation. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.
Most consonants form pairs of hardness-softness:
The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs in hardness-softness:
| Solid | [f] | [w] | [c] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Soft | [h❜] | [n❜] | [th❜] |
Table "Consonants: paired and unpaired, voiced and deaf, hard and soft" (Grades 1-4)
Note: v primary school hard consonants are indicated in blue, soft consonants - in green, vowels are in red.
Hardness consonants are indicated in writing by vowels A , O , At , S , E .
Softness consonant sound is indicated in writing by vowels E , Yo , I , Yu , I, as well as the letter b(soft sign).
Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], injection[injection] - coal[ugal❜].
Unpaired voiced sounds [d❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [r], [r❜] are called sonorous, which means "sonorous" in Latin.
Sounds [g], [w], [h❜], [u❜] are called hissing. They got this name because their pronunciation is like a hiss.
Sounds [w], [w] are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
The sounds [h❜] and [u❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.
The sounds [c], [s❜], [z], [z❜], [c] are called whistling.
Consonant can not be percussive or unpercussed.
In Russian, there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [l] and [l❜].
Attention! A consonant can form a syllable only with
1. Grammar tale.
Paired and unpaired
Once the King Alphabet and the Queen ABC arranged a fabulous ball, to which all the letters were invited. There they split into pairs and began to dance. Vowels danced with vowels, and consonants danced with consonants. The letters A - Z, U - Yu, Y - I, E - E, O - E danced a waltz. They had fun!
The consonants also danced in pairs, but their sluggishness hindered them a little, and they puffed, hissed, and whistled with zeal. These were the pairs: B - P, V - F, G - K, D - T, F - W, Z - S.
Moreover, the letters B, C, D, D, F, Z were loudly beaten with their feet to the beat of the music. Those were too loud letters.
But P, F, K, T, W, S were deaf to music. The voiced letters shouted their names merrily to the beat of the music, while the unvoiced letters timidly whispered, like an echo, the names of their girlfriends. What an odd couple they were.
But there were also lonely letters at the ball. They did not want to dance at all and preferred solitude. These are L, M, H, R, Y, X, C, W, b, b.
They didn't have a couple. These are unpaired letters. Since then, this has been the case. On holidays, paired letters dance in tandem with their partner. And unpaired letters just sit quietly and look at the dancers.
2. Consonants, as you know, are deaf and voiced. Some of them are so similar to each other - real "twins"; they walk, look, dress the same. But when some speak, they are heard, while others are very difficult to hear, no matter how hard they try. These are paired in sonority - deafness. Each of this pair has its own costume to adequately represent the sound in the alphabet.
Isn't this overkill?
No, in no case, because, among other things, they also help to distinguish words by meaning: ball - heat, stake - goal, dust - true story, fishing rod - duck, etc.
These twin letters need to be learned well, as there will still be a lot of trouble with them. In the alphabet, they occupied two whole floors.
And the trouble lies in the fact that the voiced ones at the end are deafened and you need to guess (using the test word) which letter should be written. You need to change the word so that the consonant is heard clearly:
oak - oaks, eyebrow - eyebrows, eye - eyes, etc.
3. Words for spelling and commented writing.
Fur coat, hat, snowdrift, fungi, pillar, hawk, mushroom, timid, oak, fish, strong, sheepskin coat, balls, club, bug, oaks, sponge, soup, hazel grouse, chills, slushy, chilly, tooth, fragile, shell, mistake, paw, scratches, turnip, sickle, bread, teeth, ice-hole, sliver, smile, forehead, sticky, molding, club, coat of arms, creak, dove, armful, dove, cork.
V - F
Button, weed, cream, cow, pin, nimble, healthy, watering, cheat, telegraph, floats, shop, a lot of firewood, closet, ready, giraffe, carrot, love, jacket, head, groove, beak, shoes, sleeve, prunes , tree, handsome, polite.
G - K
Snow, lungs, meadow, bow, soft, claws, ravine, enemy, circle, shore, pie, boot, accommodation, flag, cottage cheese, tongue, surgeon, friend, plow, cook, side, sound, god, around, tank, cold, haystack, pillar, south, fist, squeal, iron, Thursday, fisherman, far, wide, deep, high, kitten, wolf cub, gal cub, countryman, worm, bruise, spruce forest, glacier, sailor, oak tree, trifle, messenger, traveler, companion, worker, joker.
D - T
Beds, exercise, notebook, patch, forget-me-not, sweet, breast, labor, year, brother, boat, hike, tent, wool, camel, children, winches, leftovers, steamboat, entrance, riddle, old age, gait, hedge, smooth, horse, city, playground, Kindergarten, remains, ford, west, hail, light, expanse, view, rare, rain, mole, side by side, crib, crossbill, thrush, newsboy, pilot, cat, code, scarves, plant, oil, entry, bridge, detachment, people , bed, duck, exit, bookmark, vegetable garden, portrait, in order, honeycomb, branch, seine, wiring, short. hide-and-seek, wobbly, bear, cobs, saucer, planting, bookmark, Medvedko, package, threads, sensitive, threshing, walking, machine gunner, find, cleaning, coin, dilapidated, berry, liquid, beard, towns.
W - W
Legs, spoons, cups, mugs, hedgehog, path, cart, rye, friends, plush, guardian, landscape, pillow, porridge, pies, good, handsome, snowballs, wilderness, brooch, trembling, palm, roots, insects, already, jumping, bags, flags, lily of the valley, earrings, russula, bear, drawing, mouse, mitten, girlfriend, reportage, birdie, stick, okroshka, walrus, boots, cockerel, nuts, birdie, bump, frog, snowballs, baskets, siskin , shirt, crew, book, horns, beach, luggage, chamomile, accordion, shavings, ears, scallop, gingerbread, pencil, garage, ruff, quiet, shower, reeds, midge, playpen, quiet, pig, edge, jog, potatoes , piece of paper, pita bread, toys, ladle, little brother, crown, hut, kids, hare, coward, feathers, blotter, gossip, grains, grandmother, old woman, wings, feeder, parsley, poor thing, pole, little fish, mother, freckles, kids , volushka, baby, muzzle, zimushka, baby, cake.
Z - S
Sharp, low, Mongrel, frost, elm, locomotive, haymaking, birch, tears, wagon, narrow, taste, watermelon, cargo, sail, froze, drizzle, frost, prankster, horror, fairy tale, Denis, knight, connection, lynx, gnaw, interest, eye, hung, down, cut, bandage, blouse, close, hint, collective farm, pointer, putty, flattery, climb, ointment, clipping, pole, ear, crucian carp, inscription, shepherd, Russia, request, painting, nose, slippery, pasture, radish, carry, crawl, sled, carving, lead, denouement, canopy, tray, nipple, pussy, bowl, disappeared, slices, voice, loader, copyist, viscous.
4. Find paired consonants in proverbs.
There is honey - climb into the hive.
Pick a berry, pick a box.
To eat a fish, you need to float into the water.
The tail of the head is not a pointer.
Bread is the head of everything.
Bread is a father, water is a mother.
Small spool but precious.
According to Senka and a hat.
One with a bipod, and seven with a spoon.
Honey on the tongue, and ice on the heart.
old friend better than the new two.
The snow is deep - the year is good.
Grandma with porridge, and grandfather with a spoon.
Sweeter than all fruits is the fruit of honest labor.
Your eye is a diamond.
More expensive than a diamond are your two eyes.
Not a fur coat warms, but bread.
5. For these nouns, select nouns with the suffix -points-.
La ... ka - _________, blue ... ka - ______,
tetra ... ka - ___________, faith ... ka - ____________,
pro ... ka - ____________, re ... ka - ______________.
6. Choose antonyms for these adjectives.
Thick - ________________, high - __________________,
Distant ________________, bitter - ___________________.
7. Select nouns with voiced and deaf consonants in the middle of the word that are suitable for the sentences.
The blizzard sweeps __________________________________________.
The students of the class made _____________________________ for the books.
8. Insert the missing consonant into the word, write down the test word.
Oshi ... ka, _________________ - var ... ka,
Boom ... ka, __________________ - no ... ka,
Bese ... ka, ___________________ - violin ... ka,
Ska ... ka, ___________________ - village ... ka,
About ... ba, ___________________ - I'll lie down ... ka.
9. Make a sentence with the words of each line.
Mouse, cat, eyes, paws.
Friendship, books and notebooks,
Coat, hat and boots,
And birch, and earrings.
10. Insert missing letters.
Snow ... ki, jump ... ki, flags ... ki, caps ... ki, nuts ... ki.
11. Choose the right words.
What is the name of the hut where the watchman lives?
Ear decoration.
Solid fastening at the waist.
Part of a table or chair.
12. The transformation of words.
Change one letter in words. Choose a test for each and write it down.
Forest - (lion), god - (dog), fairy tale - (pointer), spoon - (boat), turnip - (sliver), circle - (friend), bread - (shed), nibble - (beak), boat - (hat).
13. A chain of words.
Each new word must begin with the letter
ends with the previous one, and ends with a double voiced or deaf
consonant.
Cold - ... (grandfather - dog - gas - tooth - ford - ...).
Bus - (track - friend - year - thrush - debt - hail - ...)
Frost - (tooth - luggage - beetle - cube - ...)
14. Underline the consonant in the words, the pronunciation of which diverges from
spelling.
Flag, detachment, house, cold, ruler, ice, chalk, hike, frost, table, flower,
soup, book, glass.
15. Underline paired voiced and deaf consonants in words.
The hammer is young, the sickle is a coat of arms, the ascendant is a nose, a pond is a rod, a mouth is a rod, a raft is a fruit,
frost - rose, tooth-soup.
16. Add consonants.
Sugro ..., plant ..., this ..., moro ..., hand ....
17. Underline voiced and deaf consonants in words, add to them
test words.
Notebook - notebooks, book-book,
iron-_________, fungus-_________,
pie-________, oak trees-__________,
watchman-_______, narrow-__________.
18. Underline voiced consonants in words.
Car, oak trees, berry, leg, banner, subway, axe, sea, Saturday,
summer, molding.
19. For these words from the first column, select the words from
second column. Make suggestions with them.
the wind is soft ... kaya
bunny at ... kai
ice re ... cue
the road is hard ... cue
pillow ro ... cue
20. Underline the deaf consonants in the words.
Lilac, axe, furniture, bread, bug, peas, circus, people, book, watch, ruler, sheep.
21. Insert the missing words with paired consonants.
The student made three ____________ in the dictation.
Golden _____________ live in an aquarium.
A narrow ___________ led to the forest.
The caretaker lives in ____________.
There was a dilapidated _________ by the river bank.
In the lair hall… brown _____________.
22. Underline in words paired voiceless and voiced consonants in the middle
Cat - spoon, toy track,
stroller-bandage, snowballs-chuckles,
fur coat-hat, mowing-carving.
23. Write the verbs in the past tense.
Get off - ___________, get cold - ______________,
freeze - ________, disappear - _____________,
crawl -_______, bite off -______________.
24. From a poetic passage, first write out all voiced consonants, and
then deaf.
The autumn wind rises in the forests,
More and more noisy.
Dead leaves pluck and fun
In a frenzied dance carries. (I. Bunin)
25. Mistakes.
What words Andrew confuses? Will the sentences be clear in his writing?
In class, they write from dictation:
"I brought a mushroom from the forest."
Only Andrew deftly deduces:
"I brought the flu from the forest."
Well, tell me why?
Players own the bass
And the singer with an enviable pass,
Fruits float on the river
And rafts grow in the garden.
Explain why
Is he unlucky at school?
26. Find all spellings and explain their spelling.
Behind the village is a meadow,
And in the garden - onions.
And along the river - a raft,
And on a pear - a fruit.
27. Read a poem by F.I. Tyutchev.
The view of the earth is still sad, Nature has not yet woken up,
And in the spring the air breathes, But through thinning sleep
And the stalk sways dead in the field, she heard Spring
And the oil stirs the branches. And she smiled involuntarily.
1) Count how many deaf consonants are in each line.
2) Find the most "deaf" line (that is, the one with the most voiceless consonants) and the most "sonorous" (where the most voiced consonants). Read them aloud again.
3) Think about how the content of these lines is related to the number of deaf consonants?
28. Imagine that you are in your kitchen. Wow, how many different
items! I show you an object and you name it and
choose a test word for the named word.
These words are: cup, spoon, mug, spatula, frying pan, mitten -
potholder, napkin.
29. Raise the desired card (V-F, Z-S, D-T).
The stork makes a dawn ... ku - Pelican dives lo ... ko.
Then skipping, then crouching ... ku, That's what it means to train ... ka!
Octopus ... put on gloves ... ki, Rak hall ... on a scooter,
And the seal fled from the square ... ki. Everything is forward ... and he is back ....
30. Write the words: de ..., pru ..., glue ..., ry ... ka, er .... Compose text according to
these key words. Try calling the controller for help -
vowel and determine the correct spelling. What words did you test
by changing the word, and to which one did they choose a related word?
Silent consonants
Sometimes consonants
They play hide and seek with us.
They don't pronounce
But they write in a notebook.
Sometimes in words there are
Terrible consonants.
They don't pronounce
And what to write is not clear to you ...
To know how to write, not wonderful, not wonderful,
It is necessary to change the word, But it is terrible and dangerous
And behind the sound incomprehensible Letter T to write in vain.
Look for a vowel quickly. Everyone knows how lovely
The letter T is appropriate.
1. A conversation about unpronounceable consonants.
Not all consonants in words are pronounced; some of them disappear, hide. If a word with an unpronounceable consonant cannot be checked, you should remember its spelling.
Why do the sounds disappear anyway?
The fact is that three consonants in a row can be very difficult to pronounce, so we simplify their pronunciation in this way. And writing them can not be simplified. Not just because there are unpronounceable consonants. They also have their own history. For example, why do we write the letter t in the word ladder? In the Old Russian language there was a word lystvitsa. So it turned into a staircase under the influence of such words as a sugar bowl, an inkwell. As for the word flattery itself, it is formed from the verb to climb, to climb, with the help of the suffix -tv (a).
This means that the unpronounceable t in the noun ladder is the remainder of the suffix -tv(a).
2. Words for spelling and commented letters.
In some words, the letters D, T, V, L are not pronounced, but are written.
To check an unpronounceable consonant, you need to pick up
one-root word so that this consonant is well heard.
Some words cannot be verified. Remember: feeling, stairs.
D - starry, late, holiday, heart.
T - valiant, sad, bone, oral, stairs, neighborhood, area, whistled, famous, charming, furious, honest, happy, messenger, reed, cabbage, rainy, joyful, private,
Giant, regional, imperious, serf.
B - feeling, hello.
L is the sun.
The combination of sn - zn.
SN - wonderful, beautiful, terrible, dangerous, in vain, tasty, interesting, cramped, insipid, heavenly, sailing, consonant, mute, wordless.
ZN - ugly, amiable, iron, collective farm, serious, diamond.
3. Find and write down words with unpronounceable consonants. Near
write down the test words.
a) Valiant, ladder, leaf, kind, whistled, reed, briefcase,
cloud, messenger, window, hello.
b) Health, sun, leaf, heart, star, book, friend, famous,
joyful, neighborhood, column, furious, honest, holiday,
lovely.
4. Write down the words denoting the signs of objects. Paste
missing letters. Next, write down the words denoting objects.
Known ... ny (who?) .... Festive… festive (what?)… .
Sad ... ny (what?) ... . Starry ... noe (what?) ... .
Kapus ... ny (what?) ... . Honest ... ny (who?) ... .
5. Write off the text by inserting the missing letters
St ... it m ... different p ... years. Hoarfrost pushed birches in the forest, ... blues,
old ol…hu. The l ... snaya p ... Liana came to life. Applied ... bullfinches, titmouse. Under the spruce, the hare burrowed in a dream ....
Suddenly zash ... sang through the forest, a drifting snow ran. It became in l ... su t ... many. Nal… tel wind. D ... revya swayed ... fled. Paul ... drifted snowdrifts from spruce la ... . Sleep ... sprinkled. Started in ... the south.
With ... nce sanctified ... the surroundings ... ness. A crunch ... a dry branch in a dream spilled ... the body of a beautiful ... bird. The shepherd drives the flock to the pasture...bishche.
Sleep ... fell out late ... but. Sad ... st ... yat days. Everyone is waiting for a joyful holiday ... nickname.
6. Form adjectives from nouns.
Joy - ____________________,
bad weather - ___________________,
happiness - ____________________,
star - ______________________,
whistle - ______________________,
charm - ___________________.
7. Make sentences from these words and write them down. Paste
missing letters.
It is difficult to find out ours, in winter, the area ....
Covered, carpeted, snowy, everything.
Nana ... naya, the weather is worth it.
Blowing, furious ... ny, wind, cold.
Look, at, trees, sad ... but, naked.
8. Identify by ear words with unpronounceable and dubious
consonants and choose test words for them.
Frost and sun, wonderful day!
You are still dozing, my lovely friend.
Easily and joyfully plays in the heart of blood,
Desires boil - I'm happy again, young!
Three maidens by the window
Dropped in late at night...
“Hello, my beautiful prince!
Why are you quiet, like a rainy day? .. "
9. Read the poem expressively, explain all spellings, and
then try to write from memory any four that you remember
The sun looks down from the sky, but the sun will shine
Millions of years. And walks away.
The sun is pouring on the ground And a living heart
And warmth and light. Warm day and night.
So the heart is better
the sun itself,
no clouds
Don't overshadow him!
10. Riddles. Write answers with test words
The carpet is spread, Day and night it knocks,
Scattered peas: As if wound up.
Do not lift the carpet, It will be bad if suddenly
No peas to collect. This knock will stop.
(starry sky) (Heart)
Well, which one of you will answer
Not fire, but it burns painfully.
Not a lantern, but it shines brightly,
And not a baker, but bakes? (The sun)
11. From the words given in brackets, form adjectives received
write phrases.
Day (holiday); evening (late); morning (bad weather); smile (joy);
deed (honor); labor (valor); life (happiness); view (sadness).
12. Complete the proverbs with words with unpronounceable consonants.
Hands work - soul ... .
Not in force ... but in truth.
In the big ... and the distant is close.
… labor is our wealth.
… they don't watch the clock.
Reference words: happy, honest, heart, holiday, honesty.
13. Write off, replacing the highlighted words with synonyms with unpronounceable
consonants.
Similar information.
Issue 51
A new Russian lesson began with repetition. The presenter Vasilisa asked me to repeat everything that the students had learned about consonants. Friends from Shishkin Les remembered a lot:
More consonants than vowels.
Consonants cannot be sung.
They are pronounced with noise and voice: B, F, Z.
Or only with noise: P, T, F.
Consonants are voiced deaf paired unpaired.
- How are they paired? Zubok was surprised. Are they steaming in the bath?
“The thing is that you missed the previous lesson, in which we studied paired consonants,” Vasilisa explained. Now Shunya and Freckles will tell you what consonants they know: voiced deaf paired unpaired. And give examples.
The voiced “F” will be paired with a deaf “Sh”. For example: heat is a ball.
“I understand,” Zubok said. A voiceless sound is the same as a voiced sound, but spoken softly, without a voice.
- But it happens that we can not immediately understand: what letter to write in a word. At the end of words, many voiced consonants are heard muffled. For example: in the word "tooth" the sound "p" is heard, and we write the voiced consonant "b".
- So how do we figure out all these voiced voiceless paired unpaired consonants? Zubok was upset. Is it possible to learn everything by heart?
“No, you don’t have to learn all the words by heart,” Vasilisa reassured. It is enough to change the word so that after an incomprehensible consonant there is a vowel. And then we will understand exactly what letter to write. For example, in the word "year" at the end a deaf "t" is heard. We change the word - in early January, we congratulate you on the New Year. In the word "year" a voiced "d" is clearly heard. Here we write it in the word "year".
However, not all consonants are paired. Let's find these loners together in the Russian alphabet. Two houses are drawn on the board. Paired consonants will live in one, and unpaired ones will live in the other. Help, friends!
Paired Unpaired
W - W M, N
Z - S X, C
K - G R, L
And now let's make a story out of words in which there are only unpaired consonants. The students came up with the following words: fly, king, moon, knight. A fly settled on the top of the king's head. He did not notice this because he was looking at the moon. And then his faithful knight entered. And scared away the fly. Well done! Did you come up with your own story?
The lesson in which we studied voiced voiceless paired unpaired consonants came to an end.
Although these consonants are paired,
But they are still very different.
Tooth and soup, shelter and pilaf,
What to write at the end of words?
Either loud, or quieter,
Cat - cat, year - year.
We can easily distinguish.
And at the end we will write the letter correctly.
Exercise 17, p. 10
17. Help the cat and the dog to collect the letters that represent voiced consonants in one group, and the letters that represent voiceless consonants in another group. Connect the letters of each group with lines.
Deaf→ h → x → w → s → t → c → k → u → p → f
voiced→ st → l → n → r → h → m → e → b → g → r → c
- Pronounce the sounds that can be indicated by the highlighted letters
h- [h ’] m- [mm'], th- [th'] T- [t], [t ']
Exercise 18, p. 10
18. Read. Fill in the missing word in the sentence.
It's so cold outside
I'm like an icicle, all frozen.
L. Yakovlev
- Underline the letters in the underlined word that represent voiceless paired consonants.
Exercise 19, p. eleven
19. Read. Fill in the missing words-names of consonants.
1. A voiceless consonant is made up of noise.
2. A voiced consonant consists of noise and voice.
Exercise 20, p. eleven
20. Enter the missing letters in the "house", denoting consonants paired in deafness-voicedness.
- Pick up and write down the words that end with these letters.
Exercise 21, p. eleven
21. Find in spelling dictionary textbook words with paired deafness-voiced consonants at the end of the word. Write down a few words.
Alphabet t , all of a sudden , city , plant , pencil , class , hammer , frost , people , lunch , handkerchief , drawing , student , language .
Exercise 22, p. 12
22. Read. What rule are you talking about? Why are the consonants so named?
Paired consonants- the most dangerous!
At the root, you check them -
Substitute a vowel next!
We are talking about the rule of spelling words with a consonant sound paired in deafness-voicedness at the root of the word. Such consonants are called "dangerous" because we can choose the wrong letter denoting a consonant paired by deafness-voicedness in the root of the word before another paired consonant. These are "error-prone" places, or spelling.
Exercise 23, p. 12
23. Read. Insert the missing letters.
1. There will be bread b , there will be lunch . 2. If there was a pie, there would be an eater. 3. Who is lazy, he is sleepy. 4. Ugly in face, but good in mind. 5. The bear is clumsy, yes hefty.
- Orally select test words for words with missing letters.
Khle b (bread), lunch (lunches), pie (pies), eater (eaters), lazy (lazy), sleepy (drowsy), ugly (ugly), good (good), bear (bears), clumsy (clumsy) .
Exercise 24, p. 12
24. Read.
Frost creaks. Angry frost.
And the snow is dry and prickly.
And the elm is cold, and the oak is frozen.
The fir-trees were chilled through.
G. Volzhina
- Choose the correct letter from the brackets for each word and underline it. Write down these words.
Moreau h, snow, elm, chill, oak, froze, through and through.
Exercise 25, p. thirteen
25. Read the lines from the American song translated by Leonid Yakhnin.
Pyro old Fogg bakes
In the kitchen by the stove
And the dog is a bulldog named Dog
He goes to water the flowers.
Old Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk
And the dog is a bulldog named Dog -
In it next to the table.
- What do you think is true in these lines?
Truth:
The pie is baked by Old Lady Fogg
In the kitchen at the stove...
Old Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk...
The lines about the bulldog are fiction.
- Underline the spelling of the learned rules in the words.
Exercise 26, p. thirteen
26. Read. Write down the words, replacing the highlighted sounds with letters.
cha [sh] ka - cha sh ka uká [s] ka - decree ka
ló [sh] ka - lie ka ká [s] ka - kas ka
la [f] ka - lav ka ló [k] ti - lok ti
kó [f] ta - kóf ta kó [k] ti - kóg ti
shá [p] ka - sháp ka ló [t] ka - lod ka
shý [p] ka - shyb ka shche [t] ka - brush ka
- Get ready to prove that you spelled the words correctly.
Cha w ka (cup), spoon (spoon), bench (shop), jacket - dictionary word, you need to remember, hat (hat), fur coat (fur coats), decree ka (pointer), cas ka (helmet), lok ti (elbows), claws (claws), lod ka (boat), brush ka (brush ).
Exercise 27, p. 14
27. Read. Underline the consonants whose spelling needs to be checked.
But g ty, riddle, slippery, carrot, carrot, ruby, guard, ruby, slide, nail, guard, guess.
- Find a test word for each checked word. Write in the pattern.
(Ro b ok) ro b cue, (side well go) side well ka, (zaga d yvat) zaga d ka, (but G ot) but G ti, (how h it) how much h cue, (carrot v ny) carrot v ka.
Exercise 28, p. 14
28. Read. Name the stories.
1. 3 boobies, running away from the palace, lost a crystal slipper.
2. B elos gentle I became very friendly with the seven dwarfs.
- Insert missing words. Underline in them the letters that denote paired consonant sounds in deafness-voicedness.
Exercise 29, p. 15
29. Choose a single-root test word for each word. Write in the pattern.
Doo b ki - oaks, berries ka - berries.
Cue cue - cue, close cue - close.
Lie ka - spoon, mace ka - pin.
Please - ask, watchman - guard.
Polite - polite, good - good.
- Underline the letters in the words whose spelling you checked.
Exercise 30, p. 15
30. Read the riddle. Insert the missing letters and the word. Draw a clue.
I am round, I am smooth
And it tastes pleasantly sweet.
Every toddler knows
What is my name.
Exercise 31, p. 15
31. Read. Insert the missing letters.
1. Sl v ki, golu b tsy, pyro well ki, aquarius h
.
2. Vdru G, blue h ka, sapo well ki, ruba sh ka.
Unnecessary words - diver, all of a sudden, since the spelling is at the end of the word, and in the rest - at the root of the word.
- Underline the extra word in each group of words. Explain your answer.
Exercise 32, p. sixteen
32. Read. Select the desired letter and insert it into the words.
B? P?
Oak, screw, bug, button, flexible cue.
G? TO?
Iceberg, circus, easy cue, south, soft cue.
V? F?
Island, giraffe, jacket, dexterous cue, beak.
D? T?
Yod, look, cage, riddle, mole.
F? Sh?
Siskin, mitten, ruff, frog, book.
Z? WITH?
Cargo, sauce, sled ki, mask ka, tale ka.
Exercise 33, p. sixteen
33. Read. Insert the missing letters.
1. Each tree has its own plot d. Floating on the river T.
2. In the hands of the boy T. Deep in the village d.
3. Blooming lu is beautiful in summer G. A green lu grew in the garden To.
4. In the flower bed With scarlet rho bush h.
- What is interesting about words with missing letters? In the last sentence, underline the main terms.
Each pair of words are pronounced the same but spelled differently.
Exercise 34, p. 17
34. Read. Complete the tasks given in the table.
- Explain how you selected test words for words with an unstressed vowel sound and for words with a paired consonant sound in the root of words in terms of deafness-voicedness.
We selected such test words for words with an unstressed vowel sound, so that the unstressed vowel sound would become stressed at the root. For a word with a deafness-voiced paired consonant in the root of the word, we selected a single-root word so that the paired consonant in the root would appear before the vowel.
Exercise 35, p. 17
35. Read the riddles. Fill in the missing letters in the clues.
1. Sam hu d, a head with a pood, as it hits, it will become strong. (M o l o t o To)
2. Not snow, not ice, but silver bromine will remove trees. (AND not j)
- Underline the spelling in the words.
Exercise 36, p. eighteen
36. Read. Title the text.
January
I love you, I AM January!
For me you are I am c best -
M O l O doy, b O big, skr and puffy,
W O l O as thick as amber b!
Sun, dream G, O chase, m O roses -
Flame white b e ryo h!
S. Kozlov
- Do you agree with the author's opinion? What does the word amber mean?
Amber is a fossilized resin, yellow-brown or golden in color.
- Which of the highlighted spellings can you not explain? Why? Underline these spellings.
We cannot explain the underlined spellings, because these are unstressed vowel sounds in the root, which cannot be verified. The spelling of such words must either be memorized or checked in a spelling dictionary.
Exercise 37, p. eighteen
37. Read. Insert the missing letters.
Le hot frost, big snowdrift, silvery hoarfrost, Snow Maiden, snowfall, Santa Claus, fluffy snowflakes, soft snow, skates, smooth ice, snowman.
- What theme connects these words and combinations of words?
The theme of winter connects these words and combinations of words.
- Write an oral text on this topic.
It was slightly frosty outside. Yesterday's snowfall wrapped the city in soft snow, the roofs of the houses sparkled from the silvery hoarfrost. The blizzard has covered large snowdrifts.
The children couldn't stay at home. Putting on new skates, from the very morning they drew patterns on smooth ice. The kids played snowballs and made a snowman.
Fluffy snowflakes were spinning merrily, like children in a New Year's round dance with Santa Claus and the Snow Maiden.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
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