The modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The phonetics of the modern Russian number defines 42 sounds. Sounds are vowels and consonants. The letters ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign) do not form sounds.

Vowel sounds

In Russian, there are 10 vowels and 6 vowels.

• Vowels: a, i, e, e, o, y, s, e, y, i.
• Vowel sounds: [a], [o], [y], [e], [and], [s].

For memorization, vowels are often written in pairs according to a similar sound: a-z, o-e, e-e, i-s, u-y.

Percussion and unstressed

The number of syllables in a word is equal to the number of vowels in a word: forest - 1 syllable, water - 2 syllables, road - 3 syllables, etc. The syllable that is pronounced with more intonation is stressed. The vowel forming such a syllable is stressed, the rest of the vowels in the word are unstressed. A stressed position is called a strong position, without an emphasis a weak position.

Yoted vowels

A significant place is occupied by iotated vowels - the letters e, e, yu, i, which mean two sounds: e → [y '] [e], e → [y'] [o], yu → [y '] [y], i → [th '] [a]. Vowels are iotated if:

1. stand at the beginning of a word (spruce, tree, whirligig, anchor),
2. stand after the vowel (which, sings, hare, cabin),
3. stand after b or b (stream, stream, stream, stream).

In other cases, the letters e, e, yu, i mean one sound, but there is no one-to-one correspondence, since different positions in the word and different combinations with the consonants of these letters give rise to different sounds.

Consonant sounds

There are 21 consonants and 36 consonants in total. The discrepancy in the number means that some letters can mean different sounds in different words- soft and hard sounds.

Consonant letters: b, c, d, d, g, h, d, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, sch.
Consonants: [b], [b '], [c], [c'], [g], [g '], [d], [d'], [g], [h], [z ' ], [y '], [k], [k'], [l], [l '], [m], [m'], [n], [n '], [n], [n' ], [p], [p '], [c], [c'], [t], [t '], [f], [f'], [x], [x '], [q] , [h '], [w], [u'].

The ‘sign means a soft sound, which means the letter is pronounced softly. The absence of a sign indicates that the sound is solid. So, [b] - hard, [b ’] - soft.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

There is a difference in how we pronounce consonants. Voiced consonants are formed in a combination of voice and noise, voiceless consonants are formed due to noise (the vocal cords do not vibrate). A total of 20 voiced consonants and 16 voiceless consonants.

Voiced consonants		Voiceless consonants
unpaired	paired	paired	unpaired
th → [th "]	b → [b], [b "]	n → [n], [n "]	h → [h "]
l → [l], [l "]	in → [in], [in "]	f → [f], [f "]	u → [u "]
m → [m], [m "]	r → [r], [r "]	k → [k], [k "]	c → [c]
n → [n], [n "]	d → [d], [d "]	t → [t], [t "]	x → [x], [x "]
p → [p], [p "]	f → [f]	w → [w]
	h → [h], [h "]	s → [s], [s "]
9 unpaired	11 doubles	11 doubles	5 unpaired
20 ringing sounds		16 muffled sounds

By pair-unpaired voiced and voiceless consonants are divided into:
b-p, v-f, g-c, d-t, z-sh, z-s- paired for voiced-deafness.
d, l, m, n, p - always voiced (unpaired).
x, c, h, u are always deaf (unpaired).

Unpaired voiced consonants are called sonorous.

Among the consonants according to the level of "noise", groups are also distinguished:
w, w, h, w - hissing.
b, c, d, d, g, h, k, p, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, u- noisy.

Hard and soft consonants

Hard consonants		Soft consonants
unpaired	paired	paired	unpaired
[f]	[b]	[b "]	[h "]
[NS]	[in]	[in"]	[SCH"]
[c]	[G]	[G"]	[th "]
	[d]	[d "]
	[h]	[z "]
	[To]	[To"]
	[l]	[l "]
	[m]	[m "]
	[n]	[n "]
	[NS]	[NS"]
	[R]	[R"]
	[with]	[with"]
	[T]	[T"]
	[f]	[f "]
	[NS]	[NS"]
3 unpaired	15 doubles	15 unpaired	3 doubles
18 solid sounds		18 soft sounds

GOALS:

• actualization, clarification and concretization of students' knowledge about paired and unpaired voiced and voiceless consonants; Introduction to active dictionary terms paired consonants and unpaired consonants;
• development of speech, attention, memory, thinking, phonemic hearing; enrichment of vocabulary;
• fostering a culture of communication and interest in the Russian language.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT.

I greet you as the staff of the Sound Laboratory of the Russian-Speaking Institute. Where do we start? With a smile! Smile at each other. Indeed, it is more pleasant to communicate with friendly, benevolent people.

II. MOBILIZING STAGE.

Our Sound Laboratory works under the motto:

The Russian language is interesting!

Do you agree? Why?

As we did this exercise, we said many different words. Tell me, what are words made of?

What two groups are all the sounds of the Russian language divided into?

What sounds are there more in Russian?

Based on your answers, tell us what we will be working on today.

What kind of work needs to be done?

Repeat:

Develop skill:

In our laboratory, you need to work, knowing important information about sounds:

• Sounds live in words.
• You can hear them, but you can't see them.
• They can be pronounced, but not written.

And how are the sounds in the letter indicated?

III. MINUTE OF CLEANING.

Look at the letters on the board:

C, b, w, x, f, d.

What groups can they be divided into?

Make and write down different letter strings for each group:

skhf sf hsf hfs fsh fhs

bjd bj jbd jb dbj jb

What sounds do the letters you write on the first line represent? In the second?

So, today we will talk about voiced and voiceless consonants.

IV. DICTIONARY AND SPELLING WORK.

Today a new word has come to us that needs to be investigated. You can determine it if you arrange the rectangles in the order of increasing number of points in each of them.

What word did you make up?

Write it down in a notebook.

Determine the stressed syllable, emphasize the unstressed vowel.

What is a shovel?

What distinguishing features of this tool can you name?

Tell me in full what the word shovel means. .

What are the consonants in the word shovel, give them a characteristic.

How are consonants pronounced?

So, the sounds of speech are pronounced with the help of either noise, or voice, or both. Look at the diagram "The Rock of Sound" and try to tell what the names of the sounds that are pronounced with the help of a voice are called; noise; voices and noise.

V. STUDYING A NEW TOPIC. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants.

There are a couple of words written on the board:

Barrel - kidney;

Board - longing;

Heat is a ball;

Itching - judgment.

Read the written word pairs aloud. What words are you unclear about the meaning?

How are these words similar to each other?

Pronounce the first sounds in the words of the left column.

What are these consonant sounds?

How are they pronounced?

Pronounce the first sounds in the words of the right column.

What are these consonant sounds?

How are they pronounced?

Compare the first sounds in each word pair. What can you say about them?

(The first sounds in each pair of words meet the same obstacle. Only the voiced one is pronounced with a voice, and the deaf one - without a voice.)

This means that each voiced sound with the corresponding voiceless sound forms a pair:

CALLS [B] [B,] [C] [C,] [D] [D,] [D] [D,] [F] [W] [W,]

DEAF [P] [P,] [F] [F,] [K] [K,] [T] [T,] [W] [S] [S,]

Using the table, name the pairs of consonants by voicing / voicelessness.

What can you call sounds that have a pair?

CONCLUSION: pairs for voicing / deafness - 11. Paired consonants are friendly. They are almost twins and differ from each other in only one thing: a voiced consonant has a voice, but a deaf one does not.

What letters in the letter represent these sounds?

B C D E F G

P F K T W S

Write the paired consonants in a notebook.

Vi. EXERCISE MINUTE.

I will name the words. If the word begins with a voiced paired consonant, you squat, spread your arms to the sides. If the word begins with a voiceless paired consonant - get up, put your hands down.

Bunny, saika, Venya, Fenya, grass, firewood, live, sew, shadow, tree stump, door, beast, hemp, days.

Vii. FIXING.

1. Recognition of paired consonants by voicing / voicelessness.

Find and write down the words in which there is one of the pairs of voiced-voiceless consonants. Underline paired consonants.

Parade, horn, ball, firing, peephole, small step, patronage, there, buffet, gray, here.

2. Working with the textbook. Exercise 74 (p. 73).

Open the tutorial on page 73.

Get to know the words in the exercise.

What are the words for reference.

Pay attention to the sample. What can you say about these words? How do they differ? Match the other words in the same way.

The tower is arable land, an owl is a sofa, guests are bones, a summer house is a wheelbarrow, heat is a ball, roses are dew.

In the recorded words, name and underline letters in place of paired voiced and voiceless consonants.

VIII. Physical education. The development of fine motor skills.

Moved by the flower
All four petals.
I wanted to rip it off
He fluttered and flew away.

The pendulum swings
Back and forth, back and forth
From yellow to green
Then vice versa.
While the arrow is swinging
So many times in a row
You're green from yellow
Translate your gaze.

IX. STUDYING NEW MATERIAL. Unpaired voiced and voiceless consonants.

Read the words. Which consonant is pronounced at the beginning of each word - voiced or voiceless?

Goldfinch, elk, rhino, walrus, heron, ferret, lynx, seagull, iodine.

Consider the table. Explain why the named consonants are positioned this way.

[Y,]	[L] [L,]	[MM, ]	[N] [N,]	[R] [R, ]
					[X] [X,]	[C]	[H,]	[SCH, ]

So, how can they be called?

NON-PAIRED
[Y,]	[L] [L,]	[MM, ]	[N] [N,]	[R] [R, ]
MOST CALLING AGREED
					[X] [X,]	[C]	[H,]	[SCH, ]

So, voiced and voiceless consonants are paired and unpaired.

X. SECURING.

1. Game "Lost".

Dear employees! We have an unpleasant incident. While we were exploring the sounds

It is not known how it happened
Only the sound got lost:
He dropped into someone's house
And he runs it!

Correct the word. Name the "lost" sound. What is he? What letter is indicated? Write down the word. Underline the letter.

Old grandfather Pakhom
Riding a goat. (Kone.)

The sea is turning blue in front of us
T-shirts fly over the waves. (Seagulls.)

There are no roads in the swamp.
I'm on cats - gallop and gallop! (To bumps.)

The hunter shouted: - Oh!
The doors are chasing me! (Beasts.)

In full view of the kids
The rat is painted by painters. (Roof.)

Dropping the doll from my hands,
Masha rushes to her mother:
- Crawling there green onions
With a long mustache! (Beetle.)

So, what are voiced and voiceless consonants?

2. Individual work. Three students work at the blackboard.

Place the number 1, 2, or 3 above the word, which correspond to the following statements:

1. There are only voiceless consonants in a word;

2. Words in which consonants are only voiced;

3. Words containing both voiceless and voiced consonants.

Scallop, beard, cockerel, sausage, petroleum jelly, frog.

3. Frontal work.

While the guys are working at the blackboard, we will work verbally. Find the unnecessary in each chain of words. Lean on the topic of our lesson and the first letters. Justify the answer.

Poppy, meadow, soup, crayfish.

Chizh, garden, oak, onion.

Tutu, point, daughter, kvochka.

4. Checking individual work.

You should have got a record: 3 2 1 1 2 3.

5. Writing from memory based on associations.

Now turn your attention to full power. Read word combinations. Try to remember them (2 minutes). I remove the words of the second column. Focusing on the first words, write the second.

Underline in the written words: boys - letters in place of voiced consonants, girls - letters in place of voiceless consonants.

6. Group work.

Add one consonant to each word to create a new word. For example, a ball is a scarf.

1. Deck, table, paw.

2. Mustache, rose, mouth.

3. Table, spruce, cat.

4. Tooth, wasp, cancer.

5. Paul, dacha, parish.

XI. GENERALIZATION Work with signal cards.

Now let's work with signal cards. I utter a saying. If you agree with him, show the green card, no - the red one.

• A consonant letter can denote either a hard or a soft sound.
• The consonants x, c, h, u have their own pair of voicing-voicelessness.
• L, m, n, p, d are the most voiced consonants.

XII. HOMEWORK.

Learn the rules at home on p. 70-71, complete Exercises 72 and 73 on pages 72.

XIII. MARKING OUT.

Our working day at the Sound Laboratory has come to an end. Now I will celebrate the work of active employees.

• Sage 5 points -:.
• Wise woman 4 points -:.

Well done! You did a good job!

XIV. LESSON OUTCOME.

What do you remember about your working day?

At home and on the street, we can hear many sounds: human footsteps, the ticking of a clock, the sound of rain, birdsong, the whistle of a car. However, the sounds of human speech stand apart and differ from others, because they can be used to form words. It is known that all sounds of the Russian language are divided into two groups: consonants and vowels. When vowels are formed for air, there is no obstruction in the oral cavity. But in the case of the pronunciation of consonants in the oral cavity, an obstacle arises. So, what groups can they be divided into, what does the expression "paired consonants" mean?

Voiceless and voiced consonants

The division into these groups is as follows: voiced consonants are pronounced using noise and voice, but deaf ones consist of one noise. The first and the second can form deaf / voiced pairs. Relative pairing is represented by 12 rows. For example: "d" - "t", "g" - "k", "z" - "s" and others. Such sounds are paired consonants. But not all consonants can be paired. They are not formed by voiced "n", "m", "l", "y", "r", as well as voiceless "ts", "x", "u", "h". In writing, sounds are indicated by the corresponding letters. It's important to be careful. Paired and unpaired consonants at the end of a word or in the middle before a consonant can sound the same, but be designated by different letters. To check their spelling, it is necessary to find a word with the same root so that after the checked consonant there is a vowel, and the sound leaves no doubt about the spelling. For example:

gris b- gri b s, gri nn- gri nn meaningful;

ro T- ro T new (cavity), ro d- ro d ovoy (castle).

Consonants soft and hard

Depending on the position of the tongue when pronouncing sounds, all consonants are divided into hard and soft. These are different phonemes. Paired consonants and unpaired consonants are distinguished. Examples of pairs: "in" - "in,", "k" - "k,", "p" - "p," and others. The icon ( , ) denotes the softness of the sound during transcription. Steam does not form soft "u", "h", "d", as well as always hard "w", "w", "c". Of course, it is very important to distinguish between hard and soft paired consonants. Sometimes they even distinguish between words. For example:

m ate - m ol, me l- me l b.

IN " m ate "and" me l b "highlighted consonants are soft, and in words" m ol "and" me l "- solid. Thanks to this special pronunciation, words are not confused.

When writing words, the softness of consonants can be indicated in the following ways:

• With the help of "b". For example: skates, elk, kick.
• Using the letters "i", "i", "e", "e", "u". These are the cases: a wheel, thrown, a ball.

It is important to remember that in the middle of a word before a consonant, softness is not indicated by a soft sign in the following combinations: "st", "schn", "nt", "rsh", "chn", "chk", "nsh", "nch". Pay attention to the words: ko LF ina, spo rsh itza, mo st iki. In the selected combinations, the first consonant is heard softly, but it is written without

The letters "i", "e", "e", "u" can represent the vowel sounds "a", "e", "o", "u" + the softness of a consonant in front of them. In other cases (at the beginning of a word, after after "b", "b") they mean two sounds. And before the sound "and", the consonants will always be pronounced softly.

So, one could notice that the creation of pairs is a feature that is very characteristic of the system of consonant sounds of the Russian language. Paired consonants are combined into groups and at the same time opposed to each other. They often help distinguish words.

Today, almost all children know the letters and the alphabet already in early childhood. However, it is recommended that you learn letters without naming the letters as they sound in the alphabet. Letters must be taught with sounds. Speaking about the letter “B”, it is necessary to call it [b], not “bh”. This is necessary so that later it would be easier for the child to combine letters into syllables and words.

However, the world of sounds is not limited to this. And when the baby grows up, he will have to master such concepts as vowel sounds, hard, soft, paired, voiceless and voiced consonants. I invite you to talk today about such different sounds. We will talk about this in a fabulous form, in the form that is closest to children's perception. I invite you to phonetic tale . This is an expanded version of the tale of sounds presented in.

So, friendly letters live in hospitable. And the sounds created a large Kingdom called Phonetics.

Kingdom of Sounds - Phonetics

In the kingdom of sounds of the Russian language Phonetics lived together - lived together vowels and consonants sounds. Each sound had its own house. For vowel sounds, houses were painted red, and for consonants, blue. But the roofs of all the houses were white and changed on their own when sounds came to visit each other.

In total in the kingdom 42 inhabitants: 6 vowels [a], [e], [o], [y], [i], [s] and 36 consonants. They lived together and often visited each other. And every time they visited each other, magic happened: as soon as they held hands, new sounds for new words were obtained.

The vowels loved to sing. Therefore, music was always played in their houses. But the consonants could not sing at all. But they were very flexible and always and in everything "agreed" with the vowels. At the same time, they could become hard or soft ... For example, the sound [n]. In a word "saw" sounds soft, but in a word "dust"- firmly. And all because the sound [and] softened [n], and the sound [s], on the contrary, gave firmness.

This is how consonants, when they join hands with vowels, become soft or hard at their request.

However, there were also "naughty" sounds in the kingdom. And although they lived in blue houses and were called consonants, they did not want to change in any way. And it happened on a day when sitting idly on the benches, they argued over who is more important: vowels or consonants. And the sounds [f],[NS] and [c] decided to become independent and not obey anyone, especially the vowel sounds. They proclaimed themselves hard sounds that will never, under any circumstances, become soft! And as proof of their firm decision, they painted the white roofs of their houses in dark blue.

But compliant and non-conflicting sounds [SCH],[th] and [h] they were very upset and afraid that the balance of the ratio of sounds would be disturbed in the kingdom and decided to remain soft forever. And so that all residents of Phonetics knew about this, they painted the roofs of their houses in green.

However, soon 2 more inhabitants appeared in the kingdom of Phonetics - soft and solid marks... But they did not violate the unity of the sound world. Soft sign helped the consonants to become soft, and hard - hard. They built themselves white houses and they all healed peacefully and amicably.

But the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Phonetics were famous not only for their hard and soft characters. Many of them had and still have their own special preferences. Some of the sounds loved the sound of falling leaves, while others loved the sound of rain. They even built separate quarters for themselves so that in one - the bell always rings loudly, and in the other - as under a dome - dull and noisy ... voiced and voiceless consonants ... And a river flows between the quarters.

So the sounds [p], [l], [m], [n], [y], [b], [d], [c], [d], [g], [h] settled in the quarter with a bell ... And in a quiet neighborhood - [n], [f], [t], [w], [s], [k], [x], [q], [h], [u]. And some of the letters became so friends that they connected their houses with bridges. So there is a bridge between the sounds p-b, f-v, t-d, w-w, s-z and k-g. This is paired consonants .

This is how the amazing Kingdom of Phonetics lives. Sounds visit each other, change, adjust, make noise, shout, sing ... They have fun. And in this fun words are born, from them sentences that make up our speech. By the way, it happens ... But by the way, we'll talk about it another time.

How to learn soft and hard consonants

These are the complex relationships between sounds. To make it easier for my son to draw phonetic schemes of words, we made very convenient clouds with him. It is very easy to determine the hardness or softness of consonants based on them.

Read about how we learned hard and soft consonants with the help of clouds.

How to distinguish voiced and voiceless consonants

And a very simple technique helped us to make it easier for the child to distinguish between voiced and voiceless consonants. Place your palm against your neck as you name the sound. If the sound is ringing, then vibration (trembling) of the vocal cords is felt. If the sound is dull, there will be no vibration.

For the same purposes, we used the picture with houses and bridges over the river, which you saw above.

Enjoy your acquaintance with the world of Phonetics!

All the best!