Foreign words in the Russian lexicon. Foreign words in Russian vocabulary

Introduction

1. History of borrowings

3. Mastering foreign words

4. Orthoepic norms of borrowed words

Conclusion

The language in its present state cannot be unified, since it is a combination of separate individual languages. Solution practical issues should be based on how close these individual languages currently are to each other.

Much of the Russian language was borrowed from the Indo-European culture. It is assumed that the original territory of the eastern Indo-European tribes, including the ancestors of the Slavs, was the north-west of Russia, the Baltic Sea basin. A comparative study of the Indo-European languages proves a special closeness between the Slavic and Baltic languages.

It should be noted that the original Slavs gravitated to the west - to the Germans, from whom they borrowed their material culture, their military life, and political structure. Consider the words related to these areas, borrowed by the Russian language from the Germanic languages. For example: shelom - a helmet; small - milk, hyz - house, hut; as well as glass, buy, livestock, etc.

The number of words borrowed from the Iranian languages is very small. These are words such as God - from the ancient Persian. baga; ax - tappari.

Another example of borrowing: from the Germanic, Celtic and Latin is the word sea - lat. Mare, germ. Mary, Celt. Muir.

Much is borrowed from the Finnish languages: palttina - canvas; varpu - sparrow; arti - army; suntia - church minister; sun'd - judge, court.

2. Foreign vocabulary

Before talking about foreign vocabulary in Russian, let's say a few words about native Russian vocabulary. Once again, we say that these are words that go back to the Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Slavic and Old Russian eras and inherited by the Russian language, as well as created in the Russian language according to the models existing in it.

Actually Russian words arose from the end of the XIV century. These are almost all nouns with suffixes -schik, -chik, -yatin (a), -lk (a), ovk (a), -tests (o), -sh (a), -ness, -ability, -schin ( a), -tel (with the meaning of a tool or fixture). For example: a bricklayer, a hauler, sour stuff, a lighter, a leaflet, a certificate, a doctor's wife, reality, manageability, piecework, a switch; compound nouns: university, salary. Properly Russian are also words that arose in earlier eras, but then changed their meaning. So, the word red in Proto-Slavic and in Old Russian meant “good”, “beautiful”, and in Russian it began to denote a color.

The most ancient, Proto-Indo-European layer of the original Russian vocabulary has correspondences in other Indo-European languages. These are some terms of kinship: mother, son, brother; animal names: wolf, goose, deer. Natural phenomena: water, moon, snow, stone. Body parts: nose, tooth, ear, eye; some actions: take, give, be, see; numbers: two, three, etc.

Proto-Slavic vocabulary is presented big amount and their diversity than the Proto-Indo-European. These are words that have correspondences in Slavic languages and are absent in other Indo-European ones: heart, child, spring, rain, grass, snake, saddle, work, kind, ring, yesterday, etc. There are only about 2000 words of these two layers, but they refer to the most commonly used.

The Old Russian layer of vocabulary is made up of words common to Russian, Ukrainian Belarusian languages and absent in other Slavic languages. These are words such as, for example: uncle, spinner, samovar, lark, cheap, pockmarked, vouch, forty, ninety, etc.

The words of other languages used in Russian as regular lexical units are called foreign vocabulary. In Russian, about 10% of words are borrowed from other languages. Borrowing is based on trade, cultural, scientific ties between peoples and, as a result, language contacts. The vast majority of foreign words were borrowed by the Russian language along with the thing, the concept: school is a Greek word, class is Latin, a briefcase is French, a knapsack is German, a pencil is Turkic, a pioneer is English, tea is Chinese, candy is Italian, tundra is Finnish.

As you know, a borrowed word can denote a special kind of object, concept that existed in the Russian language. For example, the word jam from in English means "a special kind of jam", from French, for example, a porter - "a type of service in a hotel."

The reason for borrowing words from other languages may also be the desire to replace a descriptive expression, a phrase with one word. Let's take an example: the English word sniper instead of the phrase "accurate arrow." Or, for example, motel (English word) - instead of "hotel for autotourists", tour (French word) - instead of traveling along a circular route.

Foreign words penetrated into the Russian language into the Russian language at different periods of its history. Some of these words came from the Old Russian language, which, in turn, could get them from Proto-Slavic. Such ancient borrowings from the Germanic languages are, for example, prince, king, beech, carp, onion (as a plant), stable.

The words knut, hook, pud, herring came to the Old Russian language from the Scandinavian languages. From Finnish - saffron cod, herring, salmon, fir, riga, blizzard, tundra. Of the Turkic - Armenian, hood, shoe, sheepskin coat, horse, herd, barn, barn, chest, hero, guard. From Greek - bed, notebook, ship, sail, beets, whale, lantern.

It should be said that the borrowing of a word may not be direct, but through the medium of another language. So, many Greekisms penetrated into the Old Russian language through Old Church Slavonic, through Turkic languages borrowed words from other oriental languages. The words beads, dagger are borrowed from Arabic. The tub, turquoise, cripple are borrowed from Persian. At a later time, Greek words penetrated through various Western European languages. Such as anatomy, geometry, philosophy, analysis, democracy, politics, drama, tragedy, architecture. Latin words: inertia, radius, student, dean, dictatorship, republic. Words from Western European languages could be borrowed through Polish. For example, a bottle, a guitar, a lady, a turkey, a carriage, a market, a fruit.

From the era of Peter I, the expansion of the vocabulary of the Russian language began due to borrowing from Western European languages. The terms of maritime affairs were borrowed from the Dutch language. For example, words such as boatswain, harbor, sailor, storm. And also from the English language: emergency, boat. At a later time, sports terms were borrowed from English. Let's give an example: boxing, volleyball, start, finish, champion. From German language military terms came to Russian, for example: parapet, camp, officer, soldier, bayonet. And the terms of mining, such as mine, adit, drift. The terms of art were borrowed from the French language: ballet, parterre, landscape, still life, director. Literary terms: genre, novel, feuilleton, march. Culinary: dessert, cutlet, soup, puree, stew. Clothing names: jacket, muffler, suit, coat. Musical terms entered Russian from the Italian language. For example: aria, baritone, cello, mandolin, serenade and many others.

At the very beginning of the 20s of the 20th century, due to the isolation of the country, borrowings became small. In the 1920s, the influence of vernacular, dialects, and jargons on the literary language was especially noticeable. The strengthening of the norms of the literary language, which began in the 1930s, weeded out many words that were used in various literary genres in the previous period, but some of these words remained in literary language. In the late 1920s and 1930s, mainly English words were borrowed. Such as jazz, harvester, conveyor, container, speedometer, trolleybus. From vernacular and dialects, such words as wilderness, milkmaid, dark, shortbread, braid, trouble, new settler, time off, ladle, comb, study entered literary use. From jargon - junk. Blat, thug, buzz. Some of these words have lost their non-literary coloring, while others still belong to colloquial or vernacular vocabulary.

The number of foreign words in everyday speech is increasing exponentially from year to year. It is frustrating that equivalent words at the same time exist in Russian and are used less and less. The situation is aggravated thanks to the mass media, as well as the policy pursued by the ministries and departments of Russia in this direction. Increasingly, on TV screens, we hear newly introduced words from a predominantly Germanic group of languages \u200b\u200b(mainly English), such as " manager", "campus", "shopping", "creativity", "digger" and other similar words. It is worth noting that presidents, prime ministers and other high-ranking officials set a bad example in the use of the above words.

Below is a list of foreign words with their equivalent meanings in Russian. The list is formed in alphabetical order. If you have any additions or want to discuss this article, you can leave your messages in a specially created topic on our forum.

About the list

The Russian language is deliberately polluted, and the common people forget that there are words of the same meaning in their native language. Therefore, the question "Where is this rich and powerful Russian language?" comes to mind. We began to forget about the formation of words in our language. Where did such richness come from in our language? Separate articles can be devoted to this and other similar issues.

In some countries, special institutions are being created at the government level that protect the originality of their native language. For example, the population in France is very attentive and attentive to the language of their everyday communication. At the same time, it is interesting that the inhabitants of the country are primarily concerned not with the effect obtained in response to the linguistic policy of official Paris, but with the problem of the possible gradual simplification of French, and as a result, the impoverishment and degradation of its potential. On December 1, 1975, French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing signed a law to protect the French language from the invasion of English and any other language, and therefore a foreign culture. Similar measures should be taken in Russia as well.

The purpose of this article is to write equivalent Russian words to English, German and others that have taken root in our everyday use, as well as to mark with references to the misuse of words by celebrities and high-ranking officials.

The following words are widely used by the media in Russia and in the speeches of famous people at a time when there are native Russian meanings. If there are no such words or expressions in the list, then everyone can add them to this list by first registering in Wikijournal.

A

authoritative, significant
Alphabet - (came from Greek - ἀλφάβητος). original word " abyss", also takes place to be the meaning of " Glagolitic".
Accent - equivalent value emphasis.
Emphasize - pay attention.
Analogy, Analogue, Analogous - (in English and French "analogue"). Has an equivalent meaning in Russian " similarity"or as an adjective" like" or " same".
Annotation - (in English "annotation"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " content".
Aristocracy (from Greek - αριστοκρατία). Equivalent word in Russian " know".

D

AND

TO

L

Legitimate - (from the English language "legitimate") - the original Russian equivalent meaning - " law".

M

Market - (from English "market"). Equivalent value " market".
Manager - the most frequently used word, from English means " manager" / "manager" or " supervisor". Often used in phrases office manager - from English it means " secretary".
Message - (from English "message") - given word often used in the Russian media. Equivalent value " message".
Method - (from the ancient Greek "μέθοδος" - the path of knowledge, in English "method") - means in Russian only " way".
Moment - (with Latin momentum - means driving force, but independent value does not have. In English, "moment" - means a short period of time) - an equivalent meaning in Russian " moment".
Monitoring - (from the Latin word "monitor") - today this word is often used as the verb "monitor". Russian equivalent word " track", "track".

H

Nick or Nickname - (from English "nick" or "nickname") - it's best to say " nickname", "nickname" or " pseudonym".

ABOUT

Okay - (from English "ok"). Frequently used word in Everyday life, while in Russian there are many equivalent meanings such as " Fine", "OK", in other cases you can also say " Great", "agree", "goes", you can pick up a lot of words, but the use is probably due to the brevity of the English version.

P

Person - (from Latin "persōna", in English "person") - an equivalent meaning in Russian - " personality".
Positive - (from English "positive"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " positive". In different variations, it can carry other meanings.
Prolong (from the English language "prolong"). Nothing but " prolong" in Russian. Used in relation to the extension of any contracts.

R

Reception - (from English "reception" - reception, accept) an equivalent word in Russian " reception room(most often in hotels).
Real - (in English "real") means nothing more than " valid".

WITH

Synchronously - (with English word"synchronously" - means "at the same time", "simultaneously").
Selfie - (from the English word "self" - means "himself" or "yourself"). This word has become widespread in the sense of "taking pictures of oneself (or a group of people with oneself)". They could not think of anything how to take this word from the English language, while how can one say " self". Quite understandable and in Russian.
Sketch - (from English "scatch" - translates only as " sketch"). This term is widely used in the construction industry and architecture. It is interesting that the Russian language has long had an equivalent word" sketch", but in common people you can say" underpainting".
Speechwriter - (from English "speech" - speech and "writer" -writer) - a person who writes a speech for someone. An equivalent meaning could be the word " author" or " text author". This word is increasingly included in the vocabulary of central television channels and magazines.
Stagnation - (from lat. stagno - to make motionless) - an equivalent meaning in Russian " stop", "slow down"or as a noun" slowdown".
Storage - (from English storage - storage, keep in stock) - equivalent meaning in Russian " storage".
Soldier - (from Latin "Soldus", "Solidus", in English "soldier") - the original Russian equivalent meaning " warrior", "warrior" or " howl".

T

Tolerance - (from the Latin language tolerantia) an equivalent word in Russian " tolerance".
Traffic - (from English "traffic" - movement). In Russian, this word began to be used mainly in two meanings. 1) In cases of describing the traffic situation on the roads - "dense traffic" - when it can be said only " road congestion" or " loaded stream"(cars) or even simpler -" traffic jams". 2) In a technical sense, about the number of users who visited a particular site - "large / small traffic", when equivalent definitions can be said " big/small attendance"(website).
Tradition - (from Latin "traditio" - tradition, in English "tradition"). Single meaning in Russian " custom".
Trading - (from English "trade" - to trade). The word is being used more and more on the internet. Equivalent meaning in Russian " trade".
Tour - (from English "tour"). Equivalent value - " journey".

At

Weekend - (from English "weekend"). Literally means "end of the week", not otherwise than in Russian" weekend".
Unique (from Latin "unicus", in English "unique"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " special", "exceptional", "unique".

F

Fake - (from English "fake"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " fake".

X

Hobby - (from English "hobby") - equivalent meaning " enthusiasm".

W

Shopping - (from English "shop" - store) - also means " purchase"or verb" shop". On the sign of one of the large stores in Moscow, there was an inscription "pleasant shopping" - you can say "pleasant shopping."
Show - (from English "show" - show) - equivalent meaning " showing", is also used in the phrases "TV show" - with the equivalent meaning " telecast" or " TV program".

E

Equivalent - (derived from the Latin word "aequivalens", in English "equivalent") - in Russian it means nothing more than " equivalence".
Experiment - (derived from Latin "experimentum", in English "experiment") - equivalent meanings in Russian - experience, trial.
Existential - (in English the verb "exsist") - equivalent meaning " existing"

Conclusion

The list, as we see, is quite impressive and other words will be gradually added to it. Dear readers, if you have additions to this article, other foreign ones with equivalent meanings, then leave your examples on

IN modern Russia, unfortunately, one often has to deal with the illegal and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech ...

Everyone knows that cultural contacts with neighbors are vital for the normal development of any nation. Mutual enrichment of vocabulary, borrowing words, terms and even names are inevitable. As a rule, they are useful for the language: the use of the missing word allows you to avoid descriptive phrases, the language becomes simpler and more dynamic. For example, the long phrase “trade in a certain place once a year” in Russian is successfully replaced by the word fair that came from the German language. In modern Russia, unfortunately, one often has to deal with the illegal and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech. All sorts of shops, consulting, marketing and leasing literally litter the Russian language, by no means decorating it. However, it should be recognized that sweeping prohibitions can harm its normal development. In this article, we will talk about the successful use of foreign words and terms.

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Let's start with terms that are close and familiar to any teacher of the Russian language and literature. The word poetry has become so firmly established in our language that we no longer even think about its meaning. And meanwhile, in translation from Greek, it means "creativity." The word poem is translated as "creation", and rhyme - "proportion", "consistency", the word rhythm is the same root to it. The stanza in Greek means “turn”, and the epithet is “figurative definition”.

WITH Ancient Greece such terms as epic (“collection of legends”), myth (“word”, “speech”), drama (“action”), lyrics (from the word musical), elegy (“mournful tune of a flute”), ode ( "song"), epithalama ("wedding poem or song"), epic ("word", "story", "song"), tragedy ("goat song"), comedy ("bear holidays"). The name of the latter genre is associated with the holidays in honor of the Greek goddess Artemis, which were celebrated in March. This month, the bears came out of hibernation, which gave the name to these performances. Well, the stage is, of course, the “tent”, where the actors performed. As far as parody is concerned, it is “singing inside out”.

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Whereas the Greeks took upon themselves the "duty" of naming poetic and theatrical terms, the Romans took up prose in earnest. Latin connoisseurs will tell us that this short word can be translated into Russian with the phrase "purposeful speech." The Romans generally liked precise and short definitions. It is not for nothing that the word lapidary came to us from the Latin language, i.e. "carved in stone" (short, concise). The word text means “connection”, “connection”, and the illustration means “explanation” (to the text). A legend is “what should be read”, a memorandum is “what should be remembered”, and an opus is “work”, “work”. The word fabula in Latin means "story", "tale", but in Russian it came from German with the meaning "plot". A manuscript is a document “written by hand”, but an editor is a person who must “put everything in order”. Madrigal is also a Latin word, it comes from the root "mother" and means a song in the native, "mother" language. To finish with literary terms, let's say that the Scandinavian word runes originally meant "all knowledge", then - "mystery" and only later began to be used in the meaning of "writing", "letters".

But let's get back to the Romans, who, as you know, developed a unique set of laws for that time (Roman law) and enriched the world culture with many legal terms. For example, justice (“justice”, “legality”), alibi (“in another place”), verdict (“truth is spoken”), lawyer (from the Latin “I call”), notary - (“scribe”), protocol (“ first page”), visa (“viewed”), etc. The words version ("turn") and intrigue ("to confuse") are also of Latin origin. The Romans, on the other hand, came up with the word blunder - “fall”, “mistake”, “wrong step”. Most medical terms are of Greek and Latin origin. As an example of borrowings from the Greek language, one can cite such words as anatomy (“dissection”), agony (“struggle”), hormone (“I set in motion”), diagnosis (“definition”), diet (“lifestyle”, "mode"), paroxysm ("irritation"). The following terms are Latin in origin: hospital (“hospitable”), immunity (“liberation from something”), invalid (“powerless”, “weak”), invasion (“attack”), muscle (“mouse”), obstruction ("blockage"), obliteration ("destruction"), pulse ("push").

At present, Latin is the language of science and serves as a source for the formation of new words and terms that never existed. For example, allergy is “another action” (the term was coined by the Austrian pediatrician K. Pirke). Christianity, as you know, came to us from Byzantium, whose inhabitants, although they called themselves Romans (Romans), spoke mainly Greek. Along with the new religion, many new words came to our country, some of which were sometimes represented by tracing paper - a literal translation of Greek terms. For example, the word enthusiasm (“divine inspiration”) was translated into Old Slavonic as “possession” (!). This interpretation was not accepted by the language. More often, new terms were adopted without change. The original meaning of many of them has long been forgotten, and few people know that an angel is a “messenger”, an apostle is a “messenger”, a clergy is a “lot”, an icon case is a “box”, a liturgy is a “duty”, a deacon is a “servant” , the bishop is “looking from above”, and the sexton is “watchman”. The word hero is also Greek and means "holy" - no more, no less! But the word filthy, which has become abusive, came to us from the Latin language and means only “rural” (resident). The fact is that pagan cults were especially tenacious in rural areas, as a result, this word became synonymous with pagan. Foreign in origin are also the words that are called representatives underworld. The word demon in Greek means "deity", "spirit". It is known that Mikhail Vrubel did not want the demon depicted in his paintings to be confused with the devil or the devil: “Demon means“ soul ”and personifies the eternal struggle of the restless human spirit, seeking reconciliation of the passions that overwhelm him, knowledge of life and not finding an answer to his doubts neither on earth nor in heaven – this is how he explained his position. What do the words devil and devil mean? Damn is not a name, but an epithet (“horned”). The devil is “seducer”, “slanderer” (Greek). Other names of the devil are of Hebrew origin: Satan - "contradictory", "adversary", Belial - from the phrase "without benefit." The name Mephistopheles was invented by Goethe, but it is made up of two Hebrew words - “liar” and “destroyer”. But the name Woland, which M.A. Bulgakov used in his famous novel The Master and Margarita, it is of Germanic origin: in medieval German dialects it meant "deceiver", "rogue". In Goethe's Faust, Mephistopheles is once mentioned under this name.

The word fairy is of Latin origin and means "fate". The Welsh believed that fairies were descended from pagan priestesses, while the Scots and Irish believed that they were from angels seduced by the devil. However, despite the centuries-old domination of Christianity, Europeans still treat fairies and elves with sympathy, calling them "good people" and "peaceful neighbors."

The word dwarf was coined by Paracelsus. In Greek, it means "inhabitant of the earth." In Scandinavian mythology, such creatures were called "dark elves" or "zwerg". Brownie in Germany is called a "kobold". Later, this name was given to a metal that had a "harmful character" - it made it difficult to smelt copper. Nickel was the name of an elf living by the water, a great lover of jokes. This name was given to a metal similar to silver.

The word dragon in Greek means "sharp seeing". Interestingly, in China, this mythological creature was traditionally depicted without eyes. The legend tells that one artist of the Tang era (IX century) got carried away and painted the eyes of a dragon: the room was filled with fog, there was thunder, the dragon came to life and flew away. And the word hurricane comes from the name of the god of fear of the South American Indians - Huracan. The names of some precious and semi-precious stones also have their own meaning. Sometimes the name indicates the color of the stone. For example, ruby is “red” (Latin), chrysolite is “golden” (Greek), olevin is “green” (Greek), lapis lazuli is “sky blue” (Greek), etc. But sometimes their name is associated with certain properties that were attributed to these stones in antiquity. So, amethyst is translated from Greek as “non-drunk”: according to legends, this stone is able to “curb passions”, therefore Christian priests often use it to decorate vestments, insert it into crosses. For this reason, amethyst has another name - "bishop's stone." And the word agate in Greek means "good", which he was supposed to bring to his owner.

There were cases when the same word came to our country from different languages and at different times, resulting in different meanings. For example, the words colossus, machination and machine have the same root. Two of them came to us directly from the Greek language. One of them means "something huge", the other - "trick". But the third came through Western European languages and is a technical term.

Sometimes words are formed as a result of combining roots belonging to different languages. For example: the word abracadabra contains a Greek root meaning "deity" and a Hebrew root meaning "word". That is, "the word of God" is an expression or phrase that seems meaningless to the uninitiated.

And the word snob is interesting because, being Latin in origin, it appeared in England at the end of the 18th century. It came from the Latin expression sine nobilitas ("without nobility"), which was shortened to s. nob.: this is how passengers on English ships began to be called who did not have the right to dine with the captain. Later in English houses this word was put in the lists of guests in front of persons who should have been announced without a title.

***
But what about other languages? Did they contribute to the Russian vocabulary? The answer to this question is clearly in the affirmative. There are many examples.

So, the Arabic phrase "lord of the sea" became the Russian word admiral.

The name of the fabric is satin, translated from Arabic means "beautiful", "smooth". Bondage is a “receipt”, “obligation”, shackles are “fetters”, “fetters”, etc. It has long been perceived as Russian Turkic words doodle ("black or bad hand") and karapuz ("like a watermelon"). The antiquity of the word iron is evidenced by its Sanskrit origin (“metal”, “ore”). The kettlebell is “heavy” (Persian), the stage is “scaffold” (Spanish), the coat of arms is “inheritance” (Polish). The words roll (from "to lay the ship on its side") and yacht (from "to drive") are of Dutch origin. The words avral (“up all” - over all), bluff (“deception”), velveteen (“velvet”) came to Russia from England. The last word is interesting because it is a “false friend of the translator”: readers have probably been surprised more than once that at receptions and balls, kings and court ladies flaunt in velvet suits and dresses. From the German language came the words jung ("boy"), tie ("scarf"), weather vane ("wing"), flask ("bottle"), workbench ("workshop"). There are a lot of borrowings from Italian and French. For example, a trampoline (“hit”), a quarry (“running”), a feint (“pretense”, “fiction”), a stamp (“seal”), a relay race (“stirrup”) are Italian. Scam ("case"), gauze ("muslin"), balance ("scales"), compliment ("hello"), negligee ("negligence") - French.

Italian and French have given life to so many musical and theatrical terms. Here are some of them. The Italian word conservatory ("shelter") recalls the decision of the authorities of Venice to turn 4 convents into music schools (XVIII century). Virtuoso means "valor", the word cantata is derived from the Italian cantare - "sing", capriccio - from the word "goat" (a work with a galloping, "like a goat", a change of themes and moods), opera - "composition", tutti - " performance by the whole team.

Now it's France's turn: arrangement - "bringing in order", overture from the word "open", benefit performance - "profit", "benefit", repertoire - "list", decoration - "decoration", pointe shoes (hard socks of ballet shoes) - " point”, “tip”, divertissement - “entertainment”, foyer - “hearth”. And in modern pop music, the word plywood is very popular, which comes from the German “overlay” (voice over already recorded music).

Speaking of borrowing from the French language, one cannot ignore the culinary theme. So, the word garnish comes from the French "to supply", "equip". Glace means “frozen”, “icy”. Cutlet - "rib". Consomme - "broth". Langet - "tongue". Marinade - "put in salt water." Roll - from the word "folding". The word vinaigrette is an exception: being French in origin (from vinaigre - "vinegar"), it appeared in Russia. All over the world, this dish is called "Russian salad".

It is interesting that many dog names popular in our country have a foreign origin. The fact is that peasants in Russian villages could not often afford to keep a dog. The landlords, on the other hand, often kept dozens and even hundreds of hunting dogs on their country estates (and even took bribes with “borzoi puppies”) and several lap dogs in city houses. Since the Russian nobles knew French (and later English) better than their native language, they gave foreign names to their dogs. Some of them are widely spread among the people. What familiar word could be heard by a peasant who did not know French, nicknamed Cheri (“Cutie”)? Of course, Sharik! Trezor translated into Russian means "treasure" (French), the nickname Barbos comes from the French word "bearded", and Rex is "king" (Lat.). A number of nicknames are derived from foreign names. For example, Bobik and Tobik are variants of the Russian adaptation of the English name Bobby, Zhuchka and Zhulka came from Julia. And the nicknames Jim and Jack do not even try to hide their foreign origin.

But what about the great and mighty Russian language? Did he contribute to the development of foreign languages? It turns out that many languages of the world included Russian word man. The word grandmother in English is used in the meaning of "women's headscarf", and pancakes in Britain are called small round sandwiches. The word vulgarity got into the English dictionary because V. Nabokov, who wrote in this language, having despaired of finding its full-fledged analogue, decided to leave it without translation in one of his novels.

The words satellite and comrade are known all over the world, and Kalashnikov for a foreigner is not a surname, but the name of a Russian machine gun. Relatively recently, the now somewhat forgotten terms perestroika and glasnost made a triumphal march around the world. The words vodka, matryoshka and balalaika are used so often and out of place by foreigners talking about Russia that they cause irritation. But for the word pogrom, which was included in the dictionaries of many European languages in 1903, frankly ashamed. The words intelligentsia (author - P. Boborykin) and disinformation are not Russian "in origin", but they were invented in Russia. From the Russian language, which became their “native”, they switched to many foreign ones and received wide use worldwide.

In conclusion, we will give several examples of the successful formation of new words that were invented by poets and writers and appeared in the Russian language relatively recently. So, we owe the appearance of the words acid, refraction, balance to M.V. Lomonosov. N.M. Karamzin enriched our language with the words influence, industry, public, generally useful, touching, entertaining, concentrated. Radishchev introduced the word citizen in its modern meaning into the Russian language. Ivan Panaev was the first to use the word dude, and Igor Severyanin - the word mediocrity. V. Khlebnikov and A. Kruchenykh claim the authorship of the word zaum.

Of course, in a short article it is impossible to adequately and fully describe the meaning of words borrowed from foreign languages. We hope that we managed to interest readers, who themselves will be able to continue their fascinating journey through the vocabulary of the Russian language.

http://www.distedu.ru/mirror/_rus/rus.1september.ru/2005/16/9.htm
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200 foreign words that have a replacement in Russian

Absolute - perfect
Abstract - abstract
Agrarian - agricultural
Adequate - appropriate
active - active
Actual - topical
immoral - immoral
Analysis - parsing
Entourage - environment
Argument - argument
business - business
Boyfriend - buddy
Briefing - letuchka
variant - variety
Dimensions - dimensions
Sealed - impenetrable
hypothetical - conjectural
Goalkeeper - goalkeeper
Humanity - humanity
Diver - diver
Digest - Overview
Debate - debate
Devaluation - depreciation
Demo - show
Destructive - destructive
Detailed - Detailed
Dialogue - conversation
Director - Managing Director
Discomfort - inconvenience
Discussion - discussion, dispute
Differentiation - division
Dominate - dominate, dominate
duel - duel
ignore - disregard
identical - identical
Image - image
Import - import
individual - sole
indifferent - indifferent
Industry - Industry
inert - indifferent
Intervention - invasion
international - international
infected - infected
Information - information
Camouflage - cover
Merchant - merchant
Compensation - reimbursement
Comfort - convenience
Comfortable - convenient, well-appointed
specific - specific
Competitor - Rival
Competition - competition
ascertain - establish
construct - arrange, build
Constructive - creative
Continent - mainland
Contract - agreement
Confrontation - confrontation
Concentration - concentration
Corrections - amendments
Correspondence - correspondence; message
lender - lender
criminal - criminal
Legitimate - legal
Lepta - contribution
Liquidation - destruction
Linguist - linguist
Lifting - skin tightening
Maximum - maximum, limit
Mask - disguise
Mentality - mindset
Method - reception
Minimum - smallest
Mobility - Mobility
Model - sample
Modernization - update
Moment - moment
instant - instant
Monologue - speech
monument - monument
monumental - majestic
natural - natural
Negative - negative
Level - equalize
Objective - unbiased
Original - original
Hotel - hotel
Parameter - value
Parking - parking
Passive - inactive
personal - personal
Pluralism - plurality
positive - positive
Controversy - dispute
potential - possible
prevail - prevail
claim - claim
Precise - refined
Private - private
Primitive - mediocrity
Forecast - prediction
Progress - promotion
Propaganda - distribution
Publication (action) - publication, publication
Radical - indigenous
Reaction - response
Implement - put into practice
Revision - check
Revolution - coup
Regression - decline
Resolution - decision
Resonance - echo
Result - consequence, consequence
Reconstruction - perestroika
Relief - outline
Renaissance - rebirth
respectable - venerable
Restoration - restoration
Reform - transformation
secret - secret
Service - maintenance
Symposium - session
Symptom - symptom
Synthesis - collection, generalization
Synchronously - simultaneously
Situation - position, situation
Social - public
Sociology - social science
Sponsor - philanthropist (philanthropist)
Stability - resilience
stagnation - stagnation
Stress - tension, shock
Structure - device
Subjective - personal, biased
Sphere - area
Theme - subject
Tolerance - tolerance
Tomatoes - tomatoes
Transformation - transformation
Actual - valid
Forum - meeting
Fundamental - fundamental
Hobby - hobby
Chief - head
Shopping - shopping
Show is a spectacle
Exclusive - exceptional
Experiment - experience
Exposition - display
Export - export
Embryo - fetus
Era - chronology

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Everyone knows that cultural contacts with neighbors are vital for the normal development of any nation. Mutual enrichment of vocabulary, borrowing words, terms and even names are inevitable. As a rule, they are useful for the language: the use of the missing word allows you to avoid descriptive phrases, the language becomes simpler and more dynamic. For example, a long phrase "trade in a certain place once a year" in Russian is successfully replaced by the word that came from the German language fair. In modern Russia, unfortunately, one often has to deal with the illegal and unjustified use of foreign words in everyday speech. all sorts of shops, consulting, marketing and leasing literally litter the Russian language, by no means decorating it. However, it should be recognized that sweeping prohibitions can harm its normal development. In this article, we will talk about the successful use of foreign words and terms.

Let's start with terms that are close and familiar to any teacher of the Russian language and literature. Word poetry has become so firmly established in our language that we no longer think about its meaning. However, in Greek it means "creation". Word poem translates as "Creation", A rhyme – "proportionality", "consistency", the word rhythm is the same root to it. Stanza translated from Greek "turn", A epithet – "figurative definition".

Ancient Greece is associated with such terms as epic ("collection of stories"), myth (word, speech),drama ("action"), lyrics(from the word musical), elegy ("the mournful tune of the flute"), Oh yeah ("song"),epithalamus("wedding poem or song"),epic ("word", "story", "song"), tragedy ("goat song"), comedy ("bear holidays"). The name of the latter genre is associated with the holidays in honor of the Greek goddess Artemis, which were celebrated in March. This month, the bears came out of hibernation, which gave the name to these performances. well and scene- of course, "tent" where the actors performed. Concerning parodies, that is - "singing inside out".

Whereas the Greeks took upon themselves the "duty" of naming poetic and theatrical terms, the Romans took up prose in earnest. Latin connoisseurs will tell us that this short word can be translated into Russian with the phrase "purposeful speech." The Romans generally liked precise and short definitions. No wonder it was from the Latin language that the word came to us lapidary, i.e. "carved in stone" (short, concise). Word text means "connection", "compound", A illustration – "explanation"(to the text). Legend- This "what needs to be read",memorandum – "things to remember", A opus– "work", "work". Word plot translated from Latin means "story", "tale", but it came to Russian from German with the meaning "plot". Manuscript- This handwritten document, well and editor- This a person who has to "put everything in order". Madrigal- also a Latin word, it comes from the root "mother" and means song in native, "mother" language. To finish with literary terms, let's say that the Scandinavian word runes originally meant "all knowledge", Then - "secret" and only later began to be used in the meaning letters, letters.

But let's get back to the Romans, who, as you know, developed a unique set of laws for that time (Roman law) and enriched the world culture with many legal terms. For example, justice ("fairness", "lawfulness"), alibi ("in the other place"), verdict ("truth spoken"), advocate(from Latin "call"), notary – ("scribe"),protocol("first sheet"), visa ("viewed") etc. Words version ("turn") And intrigue ("confuse") is also of Latin origin. The Romans coined the word blunder – "fall", "mistake", "wrong step". Most medical terms are of Greek and Latin origin. As an example of borrowings from the Greek language, one can cite such words as anatomy ("dissection"), agony ("struggle"), hormone ("set in motion"), diagnosis ("definition"), diet ("lifestyle", "mode"), paroxysm ("irritation"). The following terms are Latin in origin: hospital ("hospitable"), immunity ("liberation from something"),disabled person ("powerless", "weak"), invasion ("attack"),muscle ("mouse"), obstruction ("blockage"), obliteration ("destruction"), pulse ("push").

At present, Latin is the language of science and serves as a source for the formation of new words and terms that never existed. For example, allergy – "another action"(the term was coined by the Austrian pediatrician K. Pirke). Christianity, as you know, came to us from Byzantium, whose inhabitants, although they called themselves Romans (Romans), spoke mainly Greek. Along with the new religion, many new words came to our country, some of which were sometimes represented by tracing paper - a literal translation of Greek terms. For example, the word enthusiasm ("divine inspiration") was translated into Old Church Slavonic as "rage"(!). This interpretation was not accepted by the language. More often, new terms were adopted without change. The original meaning of many of them has long been forgotten, and few people know that angel- This "herald", apostle – "messenger",clergy – "lot", icon case – "box", liturgy – "duty", deacon – "servant", bishop– "seeing from above", A sexton– "watchman". Word hero also Greek and means "saint"- no more, no less! But the word that has become abusive filthy came to us from the Latin language and means only "rural"(inhabitant). The fact is that pagan cults were especially tenacious in rural areas, as a result, this word became synonymous with pagan. Foreign in origin are also the words that are called representatives of the other world. Word daemon "deity", "spirit". It is known that Mikhail Vrubel did not want the demon depicted in his paintings to be confused with the devil or the devil: “Demon means“ soul ”and personifies the eternal struggle of the restless human spirit, seeking reconciliation of the passions that overwhelm him, knowledge of life and not finding an answer to his doubts either on earth or in heaven, This is how he explained his position. What do the words devil and devil mean? Crap- this is not a name, but an epithet ( "horned"). Devil same - "deceiver", "slanderer"(Greek). Other names for the devil are of Hebrew origin: Satan – "opposite", "adversary", Belial- from the phrase "useless". Name Mephistopheles invented by Goethe, but it is composed of two Hebrew words - "liar" and "destroyer". And here is the name Woland, which M.A. Bulgakov used in his famous novel The Master and Margarita, is of Germanic origin: in medieval German dialects it meant "deceiver", "rogue". In Goethe's Faust, Mephistopheles is once mentioned under this name.

Word fairy is of Latin origin and means "fate". The Welsh believed that fairies were descended from pagan priestesses, while the Scots and Irish believed that they were from angels seduced by the devil. However, despite the centuries-old domination of Christianity, Europeans still treat fairies and elves with sympathy, calling them "good people" and "peaceful neighbors."

Word dwarf invented by Paracelsus. In Greek it means "inhabitant of the earth". In Scandinavian mythology, such creatures were called "dark elves" or "zwerg". brownie in Germany is called "kobold". Later this name was given to a metal that had "bad character", - made it difficult to smelt copper. Nickel called elf living by the water, a big fan of jokes. This name was given to a metal similar to silver.

Word the Dragon in Greek means "sharp seeing". Interestingly, in China, this mythological creature was traditionally depicted without eyes. The legend tells that one artist of the Tang era (IX century) got carried away and painted the eyes of a dragon: the room was filled with fog, there was thunder, the dragon came to life and flew away. And the word Hurricane comes from the name of the god of fear of the South American Indians - Huracana. The names of some precious and semi-precious stones also have their own meaning. Sometimes the name indicates the color of the stone. For example, ruby – "red"(lat.), chrysolite – "golden"(Greek), olevin – "green"(Greek), lapis lazuli– "sky blue"(Greek), etc. But sometimes their name is associated with certain properties that were attributed to these stones in antiquity. So, amethyst translated from Greek as "not drunk": according to legends, this stone is able to "curb passions", therefore Christian priests often use it to decorate vestments, insert it into crosses. For this reason, amethyst has another name - "bishop's stone." And the word agate in Greek means "good", which he had to bring to his owner.

There were cases when the same word came to our country from different languages and at different times, resulting in different meanings. For example, words colossus, machination and machine- single root. Two of them came to us directly from the Greek language. One of them means "something huge", other - "trick". But the third came through Western European languages and is a technical term.

Sometimes words are formed as a result of combining roots belonging to different languages. For example: word abracadabra contains a Greek root with the meaning "deity" and Hebrew with the meaning "word". That is "word of God"- an expression or phrase that seems meaningless to the uninitiated.

And the word snob interesting because, being Latin in origin, it appeared in England at the end of the 18th century. It came from the Latin expression sine nobilitas ( "no nobility"), which was reduced to s. nob.: so on English ships passengers who did not have the right to dine with the captain began to be called. Later, in English houses, this word was placed on the guest lists opposite persons who should have been announced without a title.

But what about other languages? Did they contribute to the Russian vocabulary? The answer to this question is clearly in the affirmative. There are many examples.

Yes, the Arabic phrase "lord of the sea" became a Russian word admiral.

Fabric name atlas translated from Arabic means "beautiful", "smooth". cabal- This "receipt", "commitment",shackles – "fetters", "fetters" etc. Long been perceived as Russian Turkic words scribble ("black or bad hand") And peanut ("like a watermelon"). About the antiquity of the word iron evidence of its Sanskrit origin ( "metal", "ore"). Weight- This "heavy"(Persian), stage – "platform"(Spanish), coat of arms – "inheritance"(Polish). Words bank(from "put the ship on its side") And yacht(from "drive") are of Dutch origin. Words rush ("top everything"– over all), bluff("deception"), velveteen("velvet") came to Russia from England. The last word is interesting because it is a “false friend of the translator”: readers have probably been surprised more than once that at receptions and balls, kings and court ladies flaunt in velvet suits and dresses. The words came from the German language cabin boy("boy"), tie ("scarf"), vane ("wing"), flask ("bottle"), Workbench ("workshop"). There are a lot of borrowings from Italian and French. For example, trampoline("hit"),career("run"), feint ("pretense", "fiction"), stamp ("seal"), relay race ("stirrup") are Italian. scam ("case"), gauze ("Kiseya"), balance ("scales"),compliment ("Hello"), negligee ("negligence") are French.

Italian and French have given life to so many musical and theatrical terms. Here are some of them. Italian word conservatory("shelter") recalls the decision of the authorities of Venice to turn 4 convents into music schools (XVIII century). Virtuoso means "valor", word cantata derived from Italian kantare – "sing", capriccio- from the word "goat"(a work with a galloping, “like a goat”, change of themes and moods), opera –"composition", tutti – "performing by the whole team".

Now it's France's turn: arrangement – "tidying up", overture from the word "open", benefit – "profit", "benefit", repertoire– "scroll", decoration – "decoration", pointe shoes(solid toe ballet shoes) - "point", "tip", divertissement– "entertainment", foyer – "hearth". And in modern pop music, the word is very popular plywood which comes from the German "impose"(voice to already recorded music).

Speaking of borrowing from the French language, one cannot ignore the culinary theme. Yes, the word garnish derived from French "to equip", "to equip". Glace- Means "frozen", "icy". Cutlet – "rib". Consomme – "bouillon". Langet – "tongue". Marinade– "put in salt water". Roll- from the word "clotting". Word the vinaigrette– exception: being French in origin (from vinaigre – "vinegar"), it appeared in Russia. All over the world this dish is called "Russian salad".

It is interesting that many dog names popular in our country have a foreign origin. The fact is that peasants in Russian villages could not often afford to keep a dog. The landlords, on the other hand, often kept dozens and even hundreds of hunting dogs on their country estates (and even took bribes with “borzoi puppies”) and several lap dogs in city houses. Since the Russian nobles knew French (and later English) better than their native language, they gave foreign names to their dogs. Some of them are widely spread among the people. What familiar word could be heard by a peasant who did not know French, nicknamed Cheri ("Cutie")? Of course, Ball! Trezor translated into Russian means "treasure"(French), nickname watchdog derived from the French word "bearded", A Rex- This "tsar"(lat.). A number of nicknames are derived from foreign names. For example, Bobik and Tobik- these are variants of the Russian adaptation of the English name Bobby,Bug and Julie descended from Julia. And the nicknames Jim and Jack do not even try to hide their foreign origin.

But what about the great and mighty Russian language? Did he contribute to the development of foreign languages? It turns out that the Russian word has entered many languages \u200b\u200bof the world man. Word grandmother in English is used in the meaning "women's headscarf", A pancakes in Britain is called small round sandwiches. Word vulgarity got into the English dictionary because V. Nabokov, who wrote in this language, having despaired of finding its full-fledged analogue, decided to leave it without translation in one of his novels.

Words satellite And comrade known all over the world and kalashnikov for a foreigner - not a surname, but the name of a Russian machine gun. Relatively recently, the now somewhat forgotten terms made a triumphal procession around the world perestroika and glasnost. Words vodka, matryoshka and balalaika are used so often and out of place by foreigners talking about Russia that they cause irritation. But for the word pogrom, which entered the dictionaries of many European languages in 1903, is frankly a shame. Words intelligentsia(author - P. Boborykin) and disinformation are not Russian "by origin", but they were invented precisely in Russia. From the Russian language that became their "native" language, they passed into many foreign languages and became widespread throughout the world.

In conclusion, we will give several examples of the successful formation of new words that were invented by poets and writers and appeared in the Russian language relatively recently. So, the appearance of words acid, refraction, equilibrium we must M.V. Lomonosov.N.M. Karamzin enriched our language with words influence, industry, public, generally useful, touching, entertaining, focused. Radishchev introduced the word into Russian citizen in its modern sense. Ivan Panaev first used the word dude , A Igor Severyanin- word mediocrity . V. Khlebnikov and A. Kruchenykh claim copyright zaum .

One of the sections of vocabulary is etymology, which studies the origin of a word against the background of changes in the entire vocabulary of the language. Originally Russian and are considered just from the standpoint of etymology. These are the two layers into which the whole lexicon Russian language, in terms of origin. This section of the vocabulary gives an answer to the question of how the word came about, what it means, where and when it was borrowed, and what changes it has undergone.

Vocabulary of the Russian language

All words that exist in a language are called vocabulary. With their help, we name various objects, phenomena, actions, signs, numbers, etc.

The vocabulary is explained by the entry into the system, which led to the presence of their common origin and development. Russian vocabulary is rooted in the past of the Slavic tribes and has developed along with the people over the centuries. This is the so-called primordial vocabulary, which has existed for a long time.

There is also a second layer in the vocabulary: these are words that came to us from other languages as a result of the emergence of historical ties.

Thus, if we consider the vocabulary from the position of origin, then we can distinguish the words originally Russian and borrowed. both groups are represented in the language in large numbers.

Origin of Russian words

The vocabulary of the Russian language has more than 150,000 words. Let's see what words are called native Russian.

Originally Russian vocabulary has several tiers:

Borrowing process

In our language, native Russian and borrowed words coexist. This is due to the historical development of the country.

Since ancient times, as a people, Russians have entered into cultural, economic, political, military, and trade relations with other countries and states. This quite naturally led to the fact that the words of those peoples with whom we collaborated appeared in our language. Otherwise it was impossible to understand each other.

Over time, these language borrowings became Russified, entered the group, and we no longer perceive them as foreign. Everyone knows such words as "sugar", "banya", "activist", "artel", "school" and many others.

Originally Russian and borrowed words, examples of which are given above, have long and firmly entered our everyday life and help build our speech.

Foreign words in Russian

Getting into our language, foreign words are forced to change. The nature of their changes affects different sides: phonetics, morphology, semantics. Borrowing is subject to our laws and regulations. Such words undergo changes in endings, in suffixes, the gender changes. For example, the word "parliament" is masculine in our country, but in German, where it came from, it is neuter.

The very meaning of the word may change. So, the word "painter" in our country means a worker, and in German it is a "painter".

The semantics are changing. For example, the borrowed words "canned", "conservative" and "conservatory" came to us from different languages and have nothing in common. But in their native language, French, Latin and Italian, respectively, they came from Latin and have the meaning of "preserve."

Thus, it is important to know from which languages words are borrowed. This will help to correctly determine their lexical meaning.

In addition, sometimes it is difficult to recognize native Russian and borrowed words in the mass of vocabulary that we use every day. For this purpose, there are dictionaries that explain the meaning and origin of each word.

Classification of loanwords

Two groups of borrowed words are distinguished by a certain type:

those who came from the Slavic language;
taken from non-Slavic languages.

In the first group, Old Slavonicisms make up a large mass - words that have been in church books since the 9th century. And now such words as “cross”, “universe”, “power”, “virtue”, etc. are widespread. Many Old Slavonicisms have Russian analogues (“lanites” - “cheeks”, “mouths” - “lips”, etc. ) Phonetic (“gates” - “gates”), morphological (“grace”, “benefactor”), semantic (“gold” - “gold”) Old Slavonicisms are distinguished.

The second group consists of borrowings from other languages, including:

Latin (in the field of science, politics of public life - "school", "republic", "corporation");
Greek (household - "bed", "dish", terms - "synonym", "vocabulary");
Western European (military - “headquarters”, “junker”, from the field of art - “easel”, “landscape”, nautical terms - “boat”, “shipyard”, “schooner”, musical terms - “aria”, “libretto”);
Turkic (in culture and trade "pearl", "caravan", "iron");
Scandinavian (household - "anchor", "whip") words.

Dictionary of foreign words

Lexicology is a very precise science. Everything is clearly structured here. All words are divided into groups, depending on the feature underlying them.

Native Russian and borrowed words are divided into two groups based on etymology, that is, origin.

There are various dictionaries that suit specific purposes. So, you can call a dictionary of foreign words, which contains foreign examples that have come to us over the course of many centuries. Many of these words are now perceived by us as Russian. The dictionary explains the meaning and indicates where the word came from.

Dictionaries of foreign words in our country have a whole history. The first was created at the beginning of the eighteenth century, it was handwritten. At the same time, a three-volume dictionary was published, the author of which was N.M. Yanovsky. In the twentieth century there was whole line foreign dictionaries.

Among the most famous are the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words”, edited by The dictionary entry provides information about the origin of the word, gives an interpretation of its meaning, examples of use, set expressions with it.